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Eng. Proc., 2024, ICGA 2024

2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024)

Chengdu, China | 6–8 November 2024

Volume Editors:
Weihong Zhang, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Shichun Yang, Beihang University, China
Leiting Dong, Beihang University, China
Xungang Diao, Beihang University, China
Shijun Yin, Civil Aviation Administration of China, China
Lixin Guan, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, China
Zuxi Xia, The Second Research Institute of CAAC, China
Xue Zhang, Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics/International Association for Green Aviation, China

Number of Papers: 30
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA2024) was co-organized by the International Association for Green Aviation (IAGA) and the Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics [...] Read more.
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8 pages, 3984 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Defects and Ultrasonic Characterization of Scarf-Repaired Composite Structures
by Yalin Qu, Ning Ning and Ting Jiao
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080001 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 353
Abstract
Scarf repairs are the most common method of repairing composite structures. With the development of repair technology, the problems of strength evaluation and damage detection of repaired structures need to be solved urgently. Taking the repaired laminate structure as an example, the possible [...] Read more.
Scarf repairs are the most common method of repairing composite structures. With the development of repair technology, the problems of strength evaluation and damage detection of repaired structures need to be solved urgently. Taking the repaired laminate structure as an example, the possible types of defects and the ultrasonic characteristic signals are summarized and analyzed, which are then compared and verified with repair process characteristics to provide data accumulation for the establishment of the complete ultrasonic detection criteria for such structural defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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4 pages, 353 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Impact of AI on the Aviation Industry: An Industry View of Opportunities and Challenges for a Sustainable Future
by Zhiqi Fang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080002 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been on the agenda worldwide for at least 10 years. As more evidence of industry applications becomes apparent, it continues to gain momentum. In aviation, AI is seen as a new generation of “stealth engines” that drive the industry. [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been on the agenda worldwide for at least 10 years. As more evidence of industry applications becomes apparent, it continues to gain momentum. In aviation, AI is seen as a new generation of “stealth engines” that drive the industry. This paper explores the application of AI technology in the aviation industry and its impact on the sustainable development of the industry. Through the method of systematic literature review, it has been found that while AI contributes to making more informed decisions and optimizing operational efficiency, addressing challenges such as regulatory compliance, ethical considerations, and cyber security is crucial to realizing its full potential responsibly and sustainably. By examining current trends and future prospects, this paper provides an overview of AI’s role in shaping the future aviation, aiming to balance technological progress with industry resilience and sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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10 pages, 1189 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
An Overview of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel: LCA, TEA, and the Sustainability Analysis
by Meiting Wang and Xiao Yu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080003 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 694
Abstract
This paper investigates how the present paths support massive manufacturing by evaluating the existing state of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technologies, examining technology readiness levels (TRL), fuel readiness levels (FRL), costs, economic conditions, emissions, etc. This assessment summarizes major conclusions about bio-jet replacements [...] Read more.
This paper investigates how the present paths support massive manufacturing by evaluating the existing state of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) technologies, examining technology readiness levels (TRL), fuel readiness levels (FRL), costs, economic conditions, emissions, etc. This assessment summarizes major conclusions about bio-jet replacements for conventional jet fuels. In order for SAF to play a sustainable role, a full life cycle emissions assessment, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and discussions about the sustainability of SAF materials are required. The life cycle assessment (LCA) discusses the capability of SAF in cutting down emissions, TEA argues for its economic viability, and the sustainable supply of SAF feedstock is a third critical factor determining the sustainability of the industry. With all the analyses, this overview provides recommendations for the sustainable development of the SAF industry and calls on industry stakeholders to enhance cooperation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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12 pages, 1932 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Research on Text Information Extraction and Analysis of Civil Transport Aircraft Accidents Based on Large Language Model
by Jianzhong Yang, Tao Su and Xiyuan Chen
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080004 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 2364
Abstract
Civil aviation safety is crucial to the airline transportation industry, and the effective prevention and analysis of accidents are essential. This paper delves into the mining of unstructured textual information within accident reports, tracing the evolution from manual rules to machine learning and [...] Read more.
Civil aviation safety is crucial to the airline transportation industry, and the effective prevention and analysis of accidents are essential. This paper delves into the mining of unstructured textual information within accident reports, tracing the evolution from manual rules to machine learning and then to advanced deep learning techniques. We particularly highlight the advantages of text extraction methods that leverage large language models. We propose an innovative approach that integrates TF-IDF keyword extraction with large language model prompted filtering to scrutinize the causes of accidents involving civil transport aircraft. By analyzing the keywords before and after filtering, this method significantly enhances the efficiency of information extraction, minimizes the need for manual annotation, and thus improves the overall effectiveness of accident prevention and analysis. This research is not only pivotal in preventing similar incidents in the future but also introduces new perspectives for conducting aviation accident investigations and promotes the sustainable development of the civil aviation industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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13 pages, 8454 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Theoretical Study and Verification of the Mechanical Properties of Concave Honeycomb Structures Based on Additive Manufacturing
by Yuchao Guo, Likai Wang, Sen Ai, Liang Chang and Xiaohua Nie
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080005 - 30 Dec 2024
Viewed by 321
Abstract
This paper focuses on the internal honeycomb structure of flexible skins for morphing aircraft, specifically targeting a unique concave honeycomb structure. By selecting specific honeycomb cells and simplifying their cell walls to beams, the equivalent elastic modulus and shear modulus were derived using [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the internal honeycomb structure of flexible skins for morphing aircraft, specifically targeting a unique concave honeycomb structure. By selecting specific honeycomb cells and simplifying their cell walls to beams, the equivalent elastic modulus and shear modulus were derived using the principle of virtual work. The cell was also simplified to an orthotropic plate, and the equivalent bending stiffness was derived using the principle of equivalent deformation energy. Using additive manufacturing methods and photosensitive resin materials, a series of honeycomb structure test pieces were manufactured and subjected to mechanical performance tests. The stress–strain curves and load-deflection curves of the honeycomb structures were obtained, and the equivalent elastic modulus, equivalent shear modulus, and equivalent bending stiffness were calculated from the experimental data. The theoretical values of the equivalent mechanical properties were compared with the experimental values, with errors of 4.38%, 16.67%, and 15.47% for the equivalent elastic modulus, equivalent shear modulus, and equivalent bending stiffness, respectively. Finally, the causes of the errors were analyzed, and this method has significant value for the application of such honeycomb structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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9 pages, 718 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Analysis of Airworthiness Requirements for Commercial Aircraft Avionics System Design in Low Altitude Economy
by Jun Xiao and Wujie Li
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080006 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 280
Abstract
This paper introduces the development history and process of low altitude economy, explains the characteristics and advantages of low altitude economy, and further discusses the development direction and trend of commercial low-altitude aircraft. By analyzing the current popular commercial aircraft avionics system design [...] Read more.
This paper introduces the development history and process of low altitude economy, explains the characteristics and advantages of low altitude economy, and further discusses the development direction and trend of commercial low-altitude aircraft. By analyzing the current popular commercial aircraft avionics system design features and considering the current low-altitude economic application scenarios, the characteristics of commercial low-altitude aircraft avionics systems design are described. Then, through the analysis of the design of low-altitude aircraft avionics systems, this paper puts forward the additional airworthiness requirements of commercial aircraft avionics system designs in low-altitude operation environments and explains the problems that should be paid attention to in the low-altitude operation application scenario. Through the research application of the airworthiness requirements of commercial aircraft avionics system design in the low-altitude economy, this paper provides guidance for the future development of low-altitude aircraft avionics systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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6 pages, 814 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Discussion of Speeding Up Fatigue Test of Full-Scale Aircraft
by Shuang Lv
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080007 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
The full-scale aircraft fatigue test is a critical assessment and validation of the fatigue and damage tolerance design of new aircraft models, and it is also a prerequisite for obtaining the type certification for an aircraft. The full-scale fatigue test is an extremely [...] Read more.
The full-scale aircraft fatigue test is a critical assessment and validation of the fatigue and damage tolerance design of new aircraft models, and it is also a prerequisite for obtaining the type certification for an aircraft. The full-scale fatigue test is an extremely complex and high-risk task that requires a lengthy period of time and significant financial investment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to shorten the test cycle and safely and efficiently complete the full-scale fatigue test during aircraft model development. Based on the experience and results of a nearly decade-long full-scale fatigue test conducted on a certain civil aircraft, and with reference to the full-scale fatigue test of the Boeing 777 in the United States, this article compares and contrasts the similarities and differences in aircraft configuration, test load spectrum, load application methods, and test detail control, as well as damage detection, monitoring, and maintenance. It analyzes the main reasons for the high time consumption and low efficiency of full-scale fatigue tests for domestic civil aircraft and proposes test acceleration schemes to further shorten the test cycle. The analysis results presented in this article provide valuable reference for the design of full-scale fatigue tests and relevant test personnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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10 pages, 3430 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Untethered Flight of a 5 cm Micro Vehicle Powered by an Onboard Capacitor
by Ruide Yun, Long Zhou, Ruiwen Wang, Junbo Bao and Jian Zhou
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080008 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1256
Abstract
Due to the small size of the micro aircraft, it has high permeability and concealability, holding promise in application in the military and civil fields, and it has become a domestic and international research frontier and hotspot in the past decade. However, caused [...] Read more.
Due to the small size of the micro aircraft, it has high permeability and concealability, holding promise in application in the military and civil fields, and it has become a domestic and international research frontier and hotspot in the past decade. However, caused by the heavy onboard power supply and the decline in the actuator’s operating power at micro sizes, untethered flight is still a development difficulty at present. In this paper, we introduce a new micro vehicle configuration which is driven by onboard capacitive energy and can realise off-line free flight under the drive of electrostatic actuators. In the overall design, this paper proposes structural capacitors as the energy supply unit and buoyancy unit of the vehicle, which can overcome part of the vehicle body’s weight by being filled with helium gas, while the capacitor can provide electrical energy for the propulsion unit. The micro vehicle has a wingspan of 5 cm, a total mass of 165 mg, a stable operating voltage between 1300 V and 2400 V, and a flight time of more than 60 s under the condition of an onboard capacitor power supply. The micro vehicle designed in this thesis has a small wingspan, light weight, and better concealment, and it has broad application prospects in the future in environmental reconnaissance, surveying, and other scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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4 pages, 428 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Quality Control and Management of Nondestructive Testing Process in Aircraft Fatigue Test
by Shuang Lv and Zhiwei Peng
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080009 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
Aircraft fatigue test is a critical step for new aircraft models to obtain certification. The primary task of fatigue test is to detect damage promptly and gather damage data. Therefore, to ensure the timeliness and effectiveness of non-destructive testing (NDT) data, it is [...] Read more.
Aircraft fatigue test is a critical step for new aircraft models to obtain certification. The primary task of fatigue test is to detect damage promptly and gather damage data. Therefore, to ensure the timeliness and effectiveness of non-destructive testing (NDT) data, it is essential to control and manage the quality of the NDT process in aircraft fatigue test. This paper, based on the characteristics and work features of NDT in aircraft fatigue test, aims to achieve the goal of timely damage detection by focusing on the five key aspects of NDT quality control, namely: personnel, equipment, materials, methods, and environment. It elaborates on the quality control process, identifies key aspects of quality management, and enhances the quality of NDT in aircraft fatigue test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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11 pages, 5657 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Optimum Selection Analysis of Composite Cap Cone
by Jijun Liu, Yongping Jiang, Kaixiang Li and Yafeng Wang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080010 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
An in-depth analysis was conducted on the dynamic strength design optimization of carbon fiber composite cap cones in aircraft engines subjected to bird body impacts. Initially, the top, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and root positions of the cap cone’s generatrix were designated as the [...] Read more.
An in-depth analysis was conducted on the dynamic strength design optimization of carbon fiber composite cap cones in aircraft engines subjected to bird body impacts. Initially, the top, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and root positions of the cap cone’s generatrix were designated as the impact sites. The analysis of bird impacts revealed that the 1/2 position along the generatrix is the most hazardous impact location. Subsequently, considering the thickness of the composite material cap cone as a variable and accounting for its high-speed rotational state, a bird impact analysis was performed at the most critical impact location. Additionally, a comparative study on the bird impact performance of the composite material cap cone under rotating and non-rotating conditions was conducted. The study indicates that, under identical conditions, the cap cone in rotation experiences more severe damage than in a non-rotating state, necessitating a cone thickness of 7 mm or greater; Subsequently, a bolt strength analysis model was established to thoroughly examine the impact of varying cone side thicknesses on the load applied to connecting bolts, and to assess bolt strength. The findings suggest that excessive bolt loads can also constrain the optimization of the cap cone; hence, finding the optimal balance between bolt quantity and strength is essential in design. Lastly, the study discussed the weakening of local stiffness in the composite material cap cone post-impact, noting a 12% decrease in its elastic mode frequency and the emergence of asymmetric vibration modes. This phenomenon could potentially lead to dynamic unbalanced loads, thus necessitating further evaluation in the optimization process of the cap cone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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6 pages, 992 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Research on the Application of Additive Manufacturing Technology in Pilot Control Unit Design
by Liyang Yao, Zhongrui Zhao and Jinlei Zheng
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080011 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 360
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technology can realize the rapid integrated manufacturing of complex shape models, and has become a new method for integrated design and manufacturing of complex components of high performance weapons and equipment. This article summarizes the current application status of additive manufacturing [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing technology can realize the rapid integrated manufacturing of complex shape models, and has become a new method for integrated design and manufacturing of complex components of high performance weapons and equipment. This article summarizes the current application status of additive manufacturing technology in various aspects of pilot control unit design, such as the layout design of the control stick switch for demand analysis, the evaluation of the control stick length and grip diameter size for selection tests, and the cost control of different test types for ground tests. Research was conducted on material costs, manufacturing time, model strength, and other aspects. Additive manufacturing technology can reduce the design and testing cycle of pilot control units, which is conducive for comparing the parameters and design effects of different models of units, and can lead to better detailed design from the perspective of human engineering in the scheme design stage. Meanwhile, the integrated design effectively reduces the weight of the system, with a preliminary estimated weight reduction effect of 19.7%. Finally, the potential risks of additive manufacturing technology in practical applications were analyzed, and further considerations and prospects were proposed for its application in the design of pilot control units in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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14 pages, 9339 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Design of an Autonomous Drone
by Wendi Yu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080012 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
This project mainly focuses on the design of an Autonomous Drone, which consist of the control system, a simulation, and the aerodynamic properties. eVTOL aircraft constitute a large family with various configurations. In this project, the object of discussion is a quadrotor drone. [...] Read more.
This project mainly focuses on the design of an Autonomous Drone, which consist of the control system, a simulation, and the aerodynamic properties. eVTOL aircraft constitute a large family with various configurations. In this project, the object of discussion is a quadrotor drone. The control system is the central part of the autonomous drone, and so that is the main point of discussion. The control system includes the PID controllers, LQR controllers, and some other relative control methods. In this sense, the main difficulty involves building the systems and performing correct operation. MATLAB and SOLIDWORKS are applied to assess and discuss the system and it properties. In this project, the drone is first designed by using SOLIDWORKS. After that, the model is utilized to perform the analysis and simulation. The results show that the system can achieve the target value in a short timeframe. Also, the flight trajectory largely conforms to the projected expectations. The simulation results from MATLAB show that the control accuracy and stability of the PID controllers can meet the needs of a simple autonomous drone control system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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8 pages, 181 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparative Study on the Legal Supervision System of Low-Altitude Aircraft in China and Europe Based on Key Risks
by Mingming Liu and Shuang Liu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080013 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 707
Abstract
In order to further ensure the safety of low-altitude activities, this paper takes the low-altitude aircraft regulatory systems that have been issued by the European Union and China as the research object and compares and analyzes the regulatory measures taken by the two [...] Read more.
In order to further ensure the safety of low-altitude activities, this paper takes the low-altitude aircraft regulatory systems that have been issued by the European Union and China as the research object and compares and analyzes the regulatory measures taken by the two regions for key risks and hidden dangers during low-altitude aircraft activities. Based on the analysis results, three improvement suggestions are put forward for China’s future low-altitude aircraft regulatory measures: 1. Establish a complete risk assessment mechanism for the entire operation process of low-altitude aircraft, confirm flight activity authorization based on risks, and reduce operational risks; 2. Equip observers for special flight activities to reduce the workload of operators; 3. Establish a complete low-altitude aircraft information registration and monitoring system, monitor the entire process from production and sales to use, and avoid the phenomenon of “illegal flying”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
16 pages, 1030 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Research on the Security Risk Governance Roadmap in Low-Altitude Economic Field Based on the Economic Externality Theory
by Shuang Liu and Mingming Liu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080014 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 682
Abstract
In 2024, the low-altitude economy, as a representative of strategic emerging industries, was written into the government work report for the first time, becoming an important engine for the development of new-quality productive forces. China’s low-altitude economic development market is huge, but opportunities [...] Read more.
In 2024, the low-altitude economy, as a representative of strategic emerging industries, was written into the government work report for the first time, becoming an important engine for the development of new-quality productive forces. China’s low-altitude economic development market is huge, but opportunities and risks coexist. With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, all kinds of safety risks contained within it have not received enough attention, and the relevant policies and regulations of safety risk management need to be improved. Therefore, the concept of the low-altitude economy is defined and considers that the low-altitude economy belongs to the “economic field”. Secondly, the types of low-altitude economic security risks are summarized based on the theory of economic externalities, which shows that the management of low-altitude economic security risk of the national team is important and necessary. Thirdly, we comprehensively summarize the policies, laws, and regulations of a low-altitude economy and give a description of low-altitude economic security risk management. Finally, the practical path of low-altitude economic security risk management is given as establishing top-level design, establishing and perfecting regulations and standards, collaborative governance of multiple subjects, and strengthening safety knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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20 pages, 1952 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Energy-Efficient Path Planning for Commercial Aircraft Formation Flights
by Olivia Curtis, Yibing Xie, Man Liang and Cees Bil
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080015 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
The increasing global demand for air travel over the past three decades has led to heightened congestion, environmental concerns, and operational inefficiencies. This study explores the potential of commercial aircraft formation flight, inspired by the energy-saving flight patterns of migratory birds, to enhance [...] Read more.
The increasing global demand for air travel over the past three decades has led to heightened congestion, environmental concerns, and operational inefficiencies. This study explores the potential of commercial aircraft formation flight, inspired by the energy-saving flight patterns of migratory birds, to enhance fuel efficiency on the busy Melbourne to Sydney city-pair route. The methodology is divided into macroscopic and microscopic levels, addressing both strategic planning and detailed flight optimisation. The macroscopic level focuses on route optimisation, formation flight planning, air traffic management integration, and environmental impact. The microscopic level involves adjustments to individual aircraft flight profiles to ensure minimum separation, flight safety, and efficiency. Using a gradient-based optimisation algorithm applied to a constrained nonlinear multivariable function, this study aims to minimise fuel consumption and travel time while maintaining the required separation distances. The mathematical formulation and algorithm pseudocode provides a clear framework for implementation. The experimental results demonstrate the potential of formation flight to optimise fuel efficiency and resolve path conflicts on the Melbourne to Sydney route; despite a conservative 5% fuel efficiency improvement for the follower aircraft, the total fuel consumption decreased by 2.5–2.65% compared to the non-formation flight. These findings support the feasibility of applying formation flight principles to commercial aviation in Australia for improved fuel efficiency and operation performance of busy short-haul routes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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5 pages, 177 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Research on the Requirement Validation Process of an eVTOL Aircraft
by Haiyun Yang, Yiheng Li and Jing Hu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080016 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
According to the SAEARP4754B standard, the positive development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft must carry out requirement management in order to ensure the traceability of requirements. The requirement validation process plays a key role in the requirement traceability process, and [...] Read more.
According to the SAEARP4754B standard, the positive development of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft must carry out requirement management in order to ensure the traceability of requirements. The requirement validation process plays a key role in the requirement traceability process, and this paper is mainly about the research on the requirement validation process. The steps of optimizing the requirement validation process are to formulate validation plans, define the initial validation matrix template, select the validation approach, implement requirement validation, and notify the relevant parties of the problems found in validation. The implementation of the optimized requirement validation process avoids human error to some extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
11 pages, 2327 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
An Initial Sizing Method of Large-Scale Electric Cargo Unmanned Aeiral Vehicles for Conceptual Design
by Chang-Zhou Wang and Fu-Hu Liu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080017 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
In order to accurately evaluate the preliminary parameters of the large-scale electric cargo UAV for conceptual design, combined with its own characteristics and payload requirements, a total weight assessment procedure of a traditional fixed-wing electric propeller cargo UAV was established. According to the [...] Read more.
In order to accurately evaluate the preliminary parameters of the large-scale electric cargo UAV for conceptual design, combined with its own characteristics and payload requirements, a total weight assessment procedure of a traditional fixed-wing electric propeller cargo UAV was established. According to the demand of different flight conditions, a constraint analysis method that meets the flight performance was established. Considering long-distance transportation requirements, a method of evaluating the range was obtained, as well as the relationship between the following three parameters: range, preliminary parameters, and battery energy density. These methods can form a design system to evaluate the total weight, power load, wing load, range, and some crucial sizing parameters. Based on this system, the parameter design and iterations of ton-level electrical cargo UAV were analyzed, whose values basically met the design requirements. The results show that the design method can be used for the preliminary parameter analysis and performance evaluation of large-scale electric cargo UAVs, which are a kind of traditional fixed-wing propeller aircraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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7 pages, 1556 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Geometrically Nonlinear Static Analysis of High-Aspect-Ratio Truss-Braced Wing
by Yanxin Huang, Jinchi Chen and Qingyuan Ma
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080018 - 7 Jan 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Truss-braced wings (TBWs) feature higher aspect ratios with a lighter weight and lower bending moment than conventional wings. These wings show significant potential for performance improvements in terms of fuel efficiency. However, additional configurations of these wings also present nonlinear problems and challenges [...] Read more.
Truss-braced wings (TBWs) feature higher aspect ratios with a lighter weight and lower bending moment than conventional wings. These wings show significant potential for performance improvements in terms of fuel efficiency. However, additional configurations of these wings also present nonlinear problems and challenges in aeroelastic designs. This paper investigates the static response of a TBW with a high aspect ratio, specifically focusing on the impact of the spanwise joint location on aeroelastic characteristics. The TBW is modeled by nonlinear beam elements and the unsteady vortex-lattice method (UVLM). The results show that the bending deformation is effectively reduced by the truss member and the deformation is impacted by the location of the spanwise joint connected to the main body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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5 pages, 1023 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Influence of Boundary Constraint Viscoelasticity on the Nonlinear Forced Vibration of Fluid-Conveying Layered Pipes
by Zhoumi Wang and Qingchun Meng
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080019 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
In this paper, the influence of the viscoelasticity of boundary constraints on the forced vibration of the nonlinear forced resonance of a fluid-conveying layered pipe under an external forced excitation is studied. The pipe lays on viscoelastic foundations and is simply supported at [...] Read more.
In this paper, the influence of the viscoelasticity of boundary constraints on the forced vibration of the nonlinear forced resonance of a fluid-conveying layered pipe under an external forced excitation is studied. The pipe lays on viscoelastic foundations and is simply supported at both ends, and one end is subject to a viscoelastic boundary constraint. The Kelvin–Voight model was employed to describe the viscoelasticity provided by the foundation and boundary constraint. Hamilton’s variational principle was used to obtain the governing equations, during which geometric nonlinear factors including curvature nonlinearity and inertia nonlinearity were considered. By employing a perturbation-incremental harmonic balance method (IHBM), amplitude–frequency bifurcation diagrams of the pipe were obtained. The results show that the viscoelastic constraints from the boundary and foundation have significant influence on the linear and nonlinear dynamic behavior of the pipe system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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12 pages, 12962 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
One Kind of Green New Method for Detection of Inside Layer Cracks of Aircraft Multilayer Structures
by Huabin Huang, Zhiwei Peng and Mao Xu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080020 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 312
Abstract
To address the technical challenges in detecting internal cracks within aircraft metallic multilayer structures, we have employed the environmentally friendly detection technique of remote-field eddy current (RFEC). Through theoretical analysis and experimental research, we have analyzed influencing factors such as frequency and phase, [...] Read more.
To address the technical challenges in detecting internal cracks within aircraft metallic multilayer structures, we have employed the environmentally friendly detection technique of remote-field eddy current (RFEC). Through theoretical analysis and experimental research, we have analyzed influencing factors such as frequency and phase, designed detection probes and reference blocks, and conducted research on the capability of detecting concealed defects within thick structures (greater than 10 mm). By testing the reference blocks, we have studied the changes in phase and amplitude caused by variations in frequency and damage, gaining insights into the detection capabilities and applicable scope of this method. Ultimately, we have obtained an effective method for detecting internal cracks within different thickness layers of metallic multilayer structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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8 pages, 2093 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Technology for eVTOL Cementing and Co-Curing Composite Wing Box Segment
by Shutao Qi, Jiannan Cheng, Jichuan Ma and Jun Wang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080021 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
In this paper, the status quo of manufacturing technology of the wing structures of large and small general aircraft at home and abroad is reported. The existing problems in the manufacturing technology of double-beam, multi-rib composite wing structures are analyzed. The application of [...] Read more.
In this paper, the status quo of manufacturing technology of the wing structures of large and small general aircraft at home and abroad is reported. The existing problems in the manufacturing technology of double-beam, multi-rib composite wing structures are analyzed. The application of adhesive co-curing technology to manufacture eVTOL double-beam, multi-rib integral composite wing box segment structures is proposed. Composite-material wing box segment adhesive co-curing manufacturing technology realizes the high-quality manufacturing of double-beam, multi-rib integral wing box segment structures and the optimal lightweight design of such structures. It can be applied to the manufacture of this type of integral wing box segment structure or the manufacture of other complex integral composite components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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5 pages, 874 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Study on the Influence of Preload in a Rubber Vibration Isolator on Its Buffering Performance
by Ke Duan and Feng Hou
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080022 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
In this paper, by studying the basic principle of buffering, it was analyzed that damping and natural frequency have a great influence on the buffering effect. In order to obtain the influence of rubber preload on structural damping and natural frequency, a series [...] Read more.
In this paper, by studying the basic principle of buffering, it was analyzed that damping and natural frequency have a great influence on the buffering effect. In order to obtain the influence of rubber preload on structural damping and natural frequency, a series of impact tests were carried out. The test data show that when the diameter of the smooth rod is increased by 0.2 mm, the buffering rate in a horizontal direction is reduced from 96.59% to 81.74%. The buffer ratio in the other direction is reduced from 97.37% to 85.81%. When the length is increased by 0.2 mm, the vertical buffer ratio is increased from 85.52% to 93.26%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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8 pages, 3116 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Co-Simulation and Platform Design of Airfoil Actuator Performance
by Mengyi Liu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080023 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
The airfoil actuator is a necessary general component of modern aircraft, and the design of the airfoil actuator is a process that needs to be iterated repeatedly. It is difficult for a single modeling simulation to meet the requirements of multi-dimensional design. By [...] Read more.
The airfoil actuator is a necessary general component of modern aircraft, and the design of the airfoil actuator is a process that needs to be iterated repeatedly. It is difficult for a single modeling simulation to meet the requirements of multi-dimensional design. By designing a platform software to meet the requirements of multi-model co-simulation, the co-simulation can more accurately describe the detailed situation of a system through comparative analysis of simulation results. This paper provides a set of systematic and complete methods for the performance co-simulation of the airfoil actuator, and the data obtained from the analysis provide a reference for the design of the airfoil actuator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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9 pages, 3416 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Convenient Method for Simulating Crack Propagation in Panel Structures Based on the Secondary Development of ABAQUS
by Wendong Zhang, Xianmin Chen and Jun Yang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080024 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
In the damage tolerance analysis of aircraft panels, it was necessary to frequently apply complex boundaries and loads to simulate crack propagation. It was difficult to simulate crack propagation with the conventional finite element method. In this paper, a convenient method for crack [...] Read more.
In the damage tolerance analysis of aircraft panels, it was necessary to frequently apply complex boundaries and loads to simulate crack propagation. It was difficult to simulate crack propagation with the conventional finite element method. In this paper, a convenient method for crack propagation simulation in thin-walled structures was proposed. This method combined the extended finite element method (XFEM) and level-set method (LSM). Crack insertion, analysis, result extraction and automatic propagation were realized through the secondary development script in the ABAQUS platform. A specimen with a single center crack was simulated to study the crack propagation behavior under tensile and bending conditions. Also, multiple-crack propagation was simulated. The present work shows that the developed method can not only take the complex loading and boundary conditions into account, but also can give good predictions on the crack analysis. This method provided a convenient and effective secondary development of ABAQUS to solve complex crack problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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18 pages, 11030 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Numerical Simulation Research on Separation Process of Jettisoned FDR from Civil Aircraft
by Feifan Zhang and Zhaoke Xu
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080025 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 118
Abstract
The safety of Jettisoned FDRS in the process of separation from an aircraft is a key factor in designing Jettisoned FDRs and enabling them to pass airworthiness certification and be widely used in civil aircraft. The separation process of Jettisoned FDR installed on [...] Read more.
The safety of Jettisoned FDRS in the process of separation from an aircraft is a key factor in designing Jettisoned FDRs and enabling them to pass airworthiness certification and be widely used in civil aircraft. The separation process of Jettisoned FDR installed on NASA Common Research Model is studied by the simulation method based on anisotropic unstructured hybrid grid and overset grid technology coupled with the rigid body 6-DOF equation. First, the numerical simulation accuracy of software under same simulation method is verified by WPFS standard model. Then, according to the three main aerodynamic parameters, including incoming Mach number, angle of attack α and sideslip angle β, 10 conditions including standard condition are designed and the separation process of recorder is simulated numerically. The simulation obtained the movement of Jettisoned FDRs in 6 degrees of freedom relative to the body coordinate system in different operating conditions during the separation process and confirmed that Jettisoned FDRs can be safely separated under these operating conditions. Finally, combined with the standard operating condition, the impact of three parameters’ changes on recorder’s 6 degrees of freedom motion and the time required to complete separation are analyzed, and conditions to ensure the safe separation of Jettisoned FDRs are summarized according to the requirements of airworthiness terms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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8 pages, 1934 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Simulation Method for Fluid–Solid Coupling in the Flexible Wings of MAVs Based on the LBM
by Liansong Peng and Chen Wang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080026 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 392
Abstract
In this paper, a fast and accurate simulation method for the large deformation motion of anisotropic complex models is proposed. By establishing a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling model based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the Central Difference Method, the effect of [...] Read more.
In this paper, a fast and accurate simulation method for the large deformation motion of anisotropic complex models is proposed. By establishing a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling model based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and the Central Difference Method, the effect of flexible deformation on the aerodynamic performance of anisotropic wings during flapping is analyzed. The method can provide theoretical guidance and data support for the fluid–solid coupling study and the aerodynamic optimization of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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12 pages, 3314 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Multiphysics-Based Study of Thermal Temperature Rise of Aircraft Wiring Harness
by Tao Cao, Shumei Cui, Wei Li and Tianxu Zhao
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080027 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 284
Abstract
The wide application of all-electric aircraft and multi-electric technology has made the design of aircraft EWIS more and more complex, and the integration of wiring harnesses is becoming higher and higher. Aircraft wiring harness thermal temperature rise design is the key technology of [...] Read more.
The wide application of all-electric aircraft and multi-electric technology has made the design of aircraft EWIS more and more complex, and the integration of wiring harnesses is becoming higher and higher. Aircraft wiring harness thermal temperature rise design is the key technology of aircraft EWIS design, which directly affects the safety, reliability and economy of aircraft EWIS design. Based on the multiphysics research on the thermal temperature rise of the aircraft wiring harness, it is found that there is a large difference between the thermal temperature rise of the wiring harness in the exposed area of the aircraft and the airtight area, and the optimization of the wire harness wire can realize the weight and cost reduction design of the wire harness for these differences and provide aircraft economy under the premise of ensuring the safety and reliability of the aircraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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12 pages, 5041 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Experimental Study on Fire Resistance of Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Electrical Connector
by Tai Zeng, Bin Wu, Kai Wang, Zhengliang Su, Fei Xie and Tianming Wang
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080028 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 169
Abstract
As a core technology in the future of aviation transportation, the safety and reliability of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are of paramount importance. Electrical connectors, being critical components of eVTOL systems, play a significant role in ensuring overall aircraft safety. [...] Read more.
As a core technology in the future of aviation transportation, the safety and reliability of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft are of paramount importance. Electrical connectors, being critical components of eVTOL systems, play a significant role in ensuring overall aircraft safety. This paper presents a systematic experimental investigation into the fire resistance performance of electrical connectors used in eVTOL systems. The study examines the behavior of various connector materials and designs under high-temperature and flame exposure conditions, as well as their fire endurance in practical applications. A series of standardized fire resistance tests were conducted to analyze the electrical performance, mechanical strength, and signal transmission stability of the connectors under fire scenarios. The results indicate that certain high-performance materials and optimized designs can substantially enhance the fire resistance of electrical connectors, thereby improving the overall safety of eVTOL systems. This research provides crucial experimental data and theoretical insights for the design and selection of eVTOL electrical connectors, contributing significantly to the enhancement of safety standards in eVTOL aircraft. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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23 pages, 3332 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
A Review of Heat Transfer and Structural Failure Mathematical Models of Carbon Fiber Composites Under Fires
by Bin Wu, Wenguo Weng, Tai Zeng, Zuxi Xia, Zhengliang Su and Fei Xie
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080029 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 124
Abstract
This paper reviews the heat transfer mechanism and structural failure model of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) under the action of external flames. It introduces the extensive application of CFRP in aviation and the associated fire safety challenges, emphasizing the importance of studying its [...] Read more.
This paper reviews the heat transfer mechanism and structural failure model of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) under the action of external flames. It introduces the extensive application of CFRP in aviation and the associated fire safety challenges, emphasizing the importance of studying its heat transfer and failure mechanisms. The paper elaborates on the heat transfer model of CFRP in fire, including the formulation of energy equations, the variation in physical property parameters (such as density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity), and the determination of boundary conditions, providing a theoretical basis for simulating the material’s dynamic response to fire. Furthermore, the thermal damage model of CFRP in fire is analyzed, discussing key damage mechanisms, such as porosity formation, stratified damage, decomposition, and carbon formation, and evaluating their impact on the material’s mechanical properties. The paper compares the accuracy and limitations of different models in predicting fire response, identifies the shortcomings of current research, and suggests future development directions. Finally, the importance of developing a unified model that can comprehensively consider multiple damage mechanisms is emphasized. This includes improving the predictive ability of thermal models in complex fire scenarios and enhancing the application of mechanical models under complex loading conditions, thereby providing theoretical support for the safe application of CFRP in aviation and other fields with high safety requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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0 pages, 199 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
The Application of Digital Technology in the Field of Civil Aircraft Fireproof
by Bin Wu and Zhengliang Su
Eng. Proc. 2024, 80(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024080031 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 82
Abstract
Civil aviation flight safety has always been a core concern of the air transport industry, with aircraft fire prevention technology being crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and crew members. This paper reviews the types of aircraft fires and the historical lessons [...] Read more.
Civil aviation flight safety has always been a core concern of the air transport industry, with aircraft fire prevention technology being crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and crew members. This paper reviews the types of aircraft fires and the historical lessons learned from past incidents, emphasizing the importance and urgency of advancing aircraft fire prevention technology. It details the development process and current application of fire prevention technologies, with a particular focus on the role of digital twin technology, numerical simulation techniques, and multi-objective optimization algorithms in enhancing aircraft fire safety. Finally, the paper explores the future prospects of aircraft fire protection technology, suggesting that as digital technologies continue to evolve and expand, they are expected to play an increasingly vital role in building smarter civil aviation systems, thereby contributing to the high-quality development of aircraft fire prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Green Aviation (ICGA 2024))
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