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7 pages, 459 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Organizational Resilience Development on Traffic Safety

by József Orbán and Gyula Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079001 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 479

This paper focuses on the goal of the Zero Vision initiative, which aims to reduce fatal traffic accidents to zero, and demonstrates how resilient operations and the continuous improvement of transportation systems can contribute to achieving this goal. It analyzes the tools for [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the goal of the Zero Vision initiative, which aims to reduce fatal traffic accidents to zero, and demonstrates how resilient operations and the continuous improvement of transportation systems can contribute to achieving this goal. It analyzes the tools for developing transportation resilience from various perspectives, including human factors, technology, regulation, and organizational culture. Additionally, it provides a detailed overview of the practical implementation of organizational resilience across different transport sectors, with particular attention paid to aviation and integrated disaster management. The development of organizational resilience contributes to strengthening safety culture, fostering innovation, managing risks, and reducing the number and severity of accidents. Full article

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6 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Efficiency in Food and Beverage Supply Chains

by Stefan Ugrinov, Dragan Ćoćkalo, Edit Terek Stojanović, Sanja Stanisavljev, Mihalj Bakator and Verica Gluvakov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079002 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 781

Abstract

This paper aims to explore how to optimise the efficiency of food and beverage supply chains by focusing on transportation and mobility. This paper highlights the role of advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) in traceability, [...] Read more.

This paper aims to explore how to optimise the efficiency of food and beverage supply chains by focusing on transportation and mobility. This paper highlights the role of advanced technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) in traceability, demand prediction, and real-time equipment monitoring. It also points out that sustainable practises such as eco-friendly packaging, optimised logistics, and collaborative planning can reduce environmental footprints and operating costs. Moreover, it stresses challenges such as time variability, perishability, and regulatory compliance, and the need for adapting to consumer trends. This paper holds value as a possible introductory text for the extensive realm of sustainable supply chain management and it could assist practitioners in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the extensive academic literature. Full article

6 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Linear Quadratic Robust Control of Synchronous Reluctance Motor

by Dávid Gábor Bányai and Zoltán Németh

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079003 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) play a key role in modern vehicles as they do not require permanent magnets and sliding brushes, reducing maintenance requirements and increasing reliability. My research focused on the development of robust torque control for SynRM. In the simulations, I [...] Read more.

Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) play a key role in modern vehicles as they do not require permanent magnets and sliding brushes, reducing maintenance requirements and increasing reliability. My research focused on the development of robust torque control for SynRM. In the simulations, I compared the linear quadratic (LQ) controller with the conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller. To apply the LQ control method, I converted the nonlinear motor model into a linear one. We expect the results of this research to show that the LQ controller provides faster and more robust performance than the PI controller. LQ control can provide faster response times and a more stable operation, which are particularly important under dynamic vehicle operating conditions. Although LQ control is more computationally intensive and takes longer to fine tune, the results show that it results in a better and more stable control system. Such benefits are significant in dynamic vehicle operating conditions where fast and reliable torque control is essential. Overall, it can be concluded that advanced control techniques such as LQ can contribute to increasing the efficiency and performance of synchronous reluctance motors in the automotive industry, thus contributing to the development of sustainable and reliable vehicles. Full article

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7 pages, 2143 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Diagnostic Procedure for Vehicle’s Built-in Electric Motors

by Balázs Baráth, Márton Jagicza, Dávid Józsa and Gábor László Tóth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079004 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 401

Abstract

Electric and hybrid vehicles, similarly to combustion engine ones, can experience malfunctions, yet preventive diagnostics for their electric motors are underdeveloped. While many methods exist for testing electric motors in heavy industry, they are not commonly applied in the vehicle industry. Our study [...] Read more.

Electric and hybrid vehicles, similarly to combustion engine ones, can experience malfunctions, yet preventive diagnostics for their electric motors are underdeveloped. While many methods exist for testing electric motors in heavy industry, they are not commonly applied in the vehicle industry. Our study aims to develop a real-time, non-invasive fault detection procedure for electric motors in these vehicles. Previous research has focused on simulations, but our work involves real measurements conducted in a controlled laboratory using a two-axle chassis dyno. We present the hybrid vehicle’s drivetrain, our equipment, and the feasibility of simulated methods, and we also detail the evaluation method used. Full article

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6 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Evaluation of Forming Limit Curve Models for AlMg Alloys

by Dóra Harangozó and Imre Czinege

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079005 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 335

Abstract

This publication deals with the comparative analysis of theoretical and empirical models suitable for predicting forming limit curves in the case of aluminum–magnesium alloys. The Stören–Rice and Hill–Bressan–Williams equations were evaluated and justified by inverse parameter identification. They showed good agreement with the [...] Read more.

This publication deals with the comparative analysis of theoretical and empirical models suitable for predicting forming limit curves in the case of aluminum–magnesium alloys. The Stören–Rice and Hill–Bressan–Williams equations were evaluated and justified by inverse parameter identification. They showed good agreement with the measured strain values. Using the graphical Modified Maximum Force Criterion, it was demonstrated that the Voce hardening law is more suitable than the Swift one for characterizing this group of alloys, but the weighted combination of the two hardening laws is preferable. Full article

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6 pages, 246 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hydrogen Engine Conversion Aspects

by Gábor Sipos, Kristóf Bukovácz, Károly Istvánkó and László Ádám Sebestyén

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079006 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 528

Abstract

The transition from traditional petrol-based combustion engines to hydrogen-powered systems represents a promising advancement in sustainable and clean energy solutions. This review paper explores the intricacies of converting a conventional internal combustion engine to operate on hydrogen gas. Key topics include the performance [...] Read more.

The transition from traditional petrol-based combustion engines to hydrogen-powered systems represents a promising advancement in sustainable and clean energy solutions. This review paper explores the intricacies of converting a conventional internal combustion engine to operate on hydrogen gas. Key topics include the performance limitations of hydrogen engines, the role of water injection in combustion modulation, and the investigation of direct injection and port injection systems. This review also examines challenges associated with lean and rich mixtures, risks of backfire and pre-ignition, and the conversion’s overall impact on engine performance and longevity. Additionally, this paper discusses hydrogen lubrication to prevent mechanical wear and addresses emission-related considerations. Full article

7 pages, 1831 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Review of Urban Mobility and Preliminary Research of Transportation Trends in West Hungary

by Tímea Vastag and Fanni Lőrincz

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079007 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Based on the available statistical data, most employees travel by car, which results in traffic jams, hurts the environment, and increases household expenditures. As a result of this phenomenon, our investigation aimed to present the global trends in urban mobility. It is also [...] Read more.

Based on the available statistical data, most employees travel by car, which results in traffic jams, hurts the environment, and increases household expenditures. As a result of this phenomenon, our investigation aimed to present the global trends in urban mobility. It is also considered preliminary research of Hungarian transportation habits and trends by summarizing the standard fees of taxi service, parking, and maintaining a driving license. As our research methodology, we chose a systematic literature search and a summary of the available secondary data to present the main global trends characterizing urban mobility and the standards typical of Hungarian transport. The results enable the expansion of the research and provide an opportunity to learn about consumers’ attitudes at the national level. Full article

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6 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Personal Watercraft Remote Control Communication Fault Detection

by Ádám Titrik

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079008 - 29 Oct 2024

Viewed by 276

Abstract

Hydroflight is a watersport where the user utilizes a waterjet-propelled backpack to fly over water. These backpacks are usually powered by purpose-built equipment but can also be propelled by personal watercraft. To have full control over movement during hydroflight, the user needs to [...] Read more.

Hydroflight is a watersport where the user utilizes a waterjet-propelled backpack to fly over water. These backpacks are usually powered by purpose-built equipment but can also be propelled by personal watercraft. To have full control over movement during hydroflight, the user needs to adjust the throttle of the watercraft, which is commonly performed by converting the system to remote-controlled operation. However, care should be taken during conversion to ensure safe operation and avoid harm to the user. This paper presents a failure analysis of sudden safety mode activation on a personal watercraft converted to remote control for hydroflight applications, as well as actions taken to avoid full shutdown in the case of communication loss, without compromising user safety. Full article

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7 pages, 60675 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Reprocessing on Surface Oxidation and Microstructural Composition in Metal Injection-Molded Materials: Insights from SEM, EDX, and Metallographic Analysis

by György Ledniczky, Ferenc Tajti, Sándor Marokházi and Zoltán Weltsch

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079009 - 30 Oct 2024

Viewed by 415

Abstract

This paper explores the evolving significance of metal injection molding (MIM) technology, particularly as a promising alternative for the precise and cost-effective manufacturing of small-scale, high-volume products in the automotive industry. Despite its growing adoption, the quality control processes for intermediate “green” parts [...] Read more.

This paper explores the evolving significance of metal injection molding (MIM) technology, particularly as a promising alternative for the precise and cost-effective manufacturing of small-scale, high-volume products in the automotive industry. Despite its growing adoption, the quality control processes for intermediate “green” parts and the final metal products are not yet well established, posing significant challenges in ensuring product reliability and consistency. Furthermore, the research thoroughly examines the recycling of MIM feedstock and its impact, especially on the change in carbon content. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were taken of the samples, the chemical composition was analyzed using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and the pearlitic regions of samples from different generations were compared using image analysis software on microscopic cross-sections. Full article

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7 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Tailoring Managers’ Journeys Through the AI Transformation of SMEs

by Vanja Bevanda

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079010 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 312

Abstract

Navigation through AI transformative initiatives is challenging for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Mobility–Transport–Automotive (MTA) ecosystem. To move to a higher AI maturity level, they should work on the improvement of indicators in several dimensions. The main role in these processes [...] Read more.

Navigation through AI transformative initiatives is challenging for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Mobility–Transport–Automotive (MTA) ecosystem. To move to a higher AI maturity level, they should work on the improvement of indicators in several dimensions. The main role in these processes is assigned to the SME’s manager, but contemporary research is the least concerned with their support. This paper aims to shed light on supporting the strategic decisions that facilitate SMEs’ implementation of AI services (AIaaS). Applying the principles of design thinking to the design of AI services, the author describes the role of SME managers in AI transformation processes as a base for future AIaaS design. Full article

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6 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Overview Study of the Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the Transportation Sector

by Barnabás Kiss, Áron Ballagi and Miklós Kuczmann

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079011 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 501

Abstract

This study examines the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in transportation, focusing on traffic monitoring and accident prevention. UAVs provide a cost-effective means for traffic surveillance, route planning, and accident analysis, enhancing data accuracy and timeliness. The paper discusses autonomous and human-intervention-supported [...] Read more.

This study examines the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in transportation, focusing on traffic monitoring and accident prevention. UAVs provide a cost-effective means for traffic surveillance, route planning, and accident analysis, enhancing data accuracy and timeliness. The paper discusses autonomous and human-intervention-supported drone systems for traffic surveillance, addressing technological and operational challenges and the balance needed for practical implementation. It also presents recent advancements, including a forerunner drone model, and references research on UAVs for maritime navigation safety, underscoring the need for their safe and efficient integration into transportation systems. Full article

6 pages, 6287 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Insulated Hybrid Grid Based on PV System, Battery and Fuel Cell Car—A Case Study

by Lucian A. C. Ciochinda and Daniel Fodorean

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079012 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 789

Abstract

For insulated areas, careful exploitation of the available energy is a must. We are considering a scenario of an off-grid small resort, for which the electrical energy is available only from a photovoltaic (PV) system with a local battery (BAT) storage unit, while [...] Read more.

For insulated areas, careful exploitation of the available energy is a must. We are considering a scenario of an off-grid small resort, for which the electrical energy is available only from a photovoltaic (PV) system with a local battery (BAT) storage unit, while a supplementary energy source system could be considered: an electrical propulsion vehicle, i.e., a fuel cell (FC) car. This hybrid system is to be connected to the local three-phase microgrid used to ensure electric energy for in-house needs. This paper investigates through simulations the operability of this small microgrid, while its performances are evaluated to comply with the IEC 61000-2-2 standard in terms of voltage amplitude and current total harmonic distortion (THD). Full article

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7 pages, 1454 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Navigating Supply Chain Shortages in the Transition to Sustainable Transportation: The Role of Critical Materials Beyond Batteries

by Diana Artudean, Norbert Kertész, Dan-Cristian Popa, Laura Bacali and Loránd Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079013 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 601

Abstract

This paper examines the crucial role of critical materials in sustainable transportation, specifically focusing on electric machines, power electronics, and lightweight materials, while deliberately omitting batteries from the analysis. It addresses the challenges arising from supply chain shortages and presents solutions through legislative, [...] Read more.

This paper examines the crucial role of critical materials in sustainable transportation, specifically focusing on electric machines, power electronics, and lightweight materials, while deliberately omitting batteries from the analysis. It addresses the challenges arising from supply chain shortages and presents solutions through legislative, economic, and technological measures. Ensuring a stable supply of these materials is crucial for supporting the transition to greener and more efficient future transportation. Full article

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6 pages, 3594 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study of a 7.5 kW and 18,000 r/min Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Fuel Cell Compressor Applications

by Maria-Simina Derban and Daniel Fodorean

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079014 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 367

Abstract

The present manuscript describes research on a high-speed synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and its suitability for being integrated into a fuel cell (FC) compressor system, used in electric or hybrid vehicles. The authors are presenting the main design elements of the high-speed SynRM [...] Read more.

The present manuscript describes research on a high-speed synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) and its suitability for being integrated into a fuel cell (FC) compressor system, used in electric or hybrid vehicles. The authors are presenting the main design elements of the high-speed SynRM and its electromagnetic behavior, evaluated via the finite element method, while three different winding topologies are investigated. Also, losses and torque ripples are evaluated, as well as the weight and cost of the structure, and the best-suited topology is indicated for the FC compressor application. Full article

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7 pages, 4685 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Future Role of Smart Devices in Systems of Urban Concentrated Loading Areas

by Krisztián Bóna, Dávid Lajos Sárdi, Aletta Büki and Viktória Domaniczki

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079015 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 343

Abstract

In innovative city logistics systems, there are three main node types: consolidation centers, cross-docks, and concentrated loading areas. Since the latter has an essential role in the future urban freight transport, and they are significant parts of today’s urban supply systems, logistics research [...] Read more.

In innovative city logistics systems, there are three main node types: consolidation centers, cross-docks, and concentrated loading areas. Since the latter has an essential role in the future urban freight transport, and they are significant parts of today’s urban supply systems, logistics research must deal with them. In this paper, the role of smart devices in the future organization of loading areas is presented. First, previous related research results are examined, focusing on the current situation of concentrated loading areas, primarily in Budapest. Then, some relevant international solutions are shown, and after that, the integration possibilities of smart devices and the most important steps in introducing smart loading areas are summarized. At the end of the paper, some new city logistics concepts that apply them are outlined. Full article

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6 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Long Short-Term Memory-Based Deep Learning Digital Twin of a Li-Ion Cell for Battery SOC Estimation

by József Richárd Lennert and Dénes Fodor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079016 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 569

Abstract

This study aims to implement the digital twin of a Li-ion battery by using real measurement data and to create a deep learning-based SOC (state of charge) estimation solution. In the case of the SOC estimator, a special type of deep learning, so-called [...] Read more.

This study aims to implement the digital twin of a Li-ion battery by using real measurement data and to create a deep learning-based SOC (state of charge) estimation solution. In the case of the SOC estimator, a special type of deep learning, so-called long short-term memory (LSTM), was used to increase the capabilities of the estimator. The digital twin and the SOC estimator were created by using MATLAB and MATLAB/Simulink. As a result, the implemented system can accurately simulate the non-linearities of the Li-ion battery and provide a satisfactory estimation of the SOC of the battery. Full article

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7 pages, 1206 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Examination of the Load’s Effect on Fuel Consumption and CO₂ Emissions, in the Case of a Diesel and LNG Powered Tractor

by Balázs Baráth, Márton Jagicza, Gergő Sütheö and Gábor László Tóth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079017 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 333

Abstract

This study compares the environmental impacts of diesel and LNG-powered tractors under varying loads, by utilizing a cost-effective measurement system on the ZalaZONE Proving Ground. The same test cycles and scenarios were conducted with both trucks simultaneously on the closed test track modules [...] Read more.

This study compares the environmental impacts of diesel and LNG-powered tractors under varying loads, by utilizing a cost-effective measurement system on the ZalaZONE Proving Ground. The same test cycles and scenarios were conducted with both trucks simultaneously on the closed test track modules and the research highlights LNG’s advantages in reducing CO₂ emissions, particularly under lower load conditions. This innovative approach, based on the fuel consumption rather than expensive exhaust gas analyzers, underscores LNG’s potential in meeting EU emission targets. The results support LNG as a competitive and sustainable alternative to diesel, promoting greener freight transport solutions for the future. Full article

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6 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Automatized Driving Data Analyzer: A Synchronized and Modular Application for Data Logging and Analysis

by Ágoston Pál Sándor and Viktor Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079018 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 317

Abstract

The Automated Driving Data Analyzer (ADDA) is a modular application written in Python for the synchronized acquisition and analysis of physiological, vehicle, and interface data. It provides a managed data acquisition process and one-click data analysis. It also provides raw data storage and [...] Read more.

The Automated Driving Data Analyzer (ADDA) is a modular application written in Python for the synchronized acquisition and analysis of physiological, vehicle, and interface data. It provides a managed data acquisition process and one-click data analysis. It also provides raw data storage and systematic archiving of data sets. ADDA integrates real-time data from a BeamNG vehicle simulation, Pupil Labs eye-tracking system, hand-tracking, and cardiac data. This integration allows the simultaneous recording and analysis of multiple data streams, which can be visualized and controlled through a graphical user interface (GUI) built with Tkinter. The application is designed to help researchers and engineers analyze driving behavior under different conditions, enabling a deeper understanding of the interactions between the driver and automated driving functions. Full article

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7 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Real-Life Experiences in Using Open Source for Autonomy Applications

by Mohsen Malayjerdi, Raivo Sell, Ehsan Malayjerdi, Mustafa İlhan Akbaş and Rahul Razdan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079019 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 408

Abstract

The open-source paradigm is well known for its unique potential to crowd-source innovation with spectacular examples of success, such as Linux. The knowledge base of methods to build more successful open-source communities has been growing with concepts such as independent governance, community building, [...] Read more.

The open-source paradigm is well known for its unique potential to crowd-source innovation with spectacular examples of success, such as Linux. The knowledge base of methods to build more successful open-source communities has been growing with concepts such as independent governance, community building, and funding mechanisms. In mobility, an open-source autonomy stack called Autoware was the basis of a significant public transportation research project called ISEAUTO, and a companion project, PolyVerif, focused on building validation and verification technologies. This paper outlines the real-life experiences of two teams using the Autoware framework, providing lessons and recommendations for improving open-source development. Full article

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7 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Review of Vehicle Motion Planning and Control Techniques to Reproduce Human-like Curve-Driving Behavior

by Gergő Ignéczi and Ernő Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079020 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Among the many technological challenges of automated driving development, there is an increasing focus on the behavior of these systems. Behavior is usually associated with multiple layers of control. In this paper, we focus on motion planning and control, and how these layers [...] Read more.

Among the many technological challenges of automated driving development, there is an increasing focus on the behavior of these systems. Behavior is usually associated with multiple layers of control. In this paper, we focus on motion planning and control, and how these layers can be tailored to produce different behavior. Our review aims to collect and judge the most used techniques in the field of path planning and control. It has been revealed that model predictive planning and control provides high flexibility, with the cost of high computational capacity. There are simpler algorithms, such as pure-pursuit and Stanley controllers, however, these have very few parameters, therefore, the number of possible behavior patterns is limited. Full article

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5 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Driving Examiners’ Perceptions and Awareness of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: A Survey-Based Analysis

by Boglárka Eisinger Balassa and Réka Koteczki

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079021 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) can have a significant role in contributing to road safety. However, technological innovations are gaining user acceptance at different rates, which is a key factor for their widespread deployment. In Hungary, learning about ADASs is not part of [...] Read more.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) can have a significant role in contributing to road safety. However, technological innovations are gaining user acceptance at different rates, which is a key factor for their widespread deployment. In Hungary, learning about ADASs is not part of the curriculum in driving schools. In the present research, a questionnaire survey was conducted among driving examiners to assess their level of ADAS awareness. The results show that, in general, examining officers have a positive attitude towards the technology and are quite knowledgeable about it, compared to drivers. However, education and information are also essential for them, as there are few places to obtain credible information. Full article

7 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of the Negative Work Area in the p-V Diagram of an HCCI Engine

by Csaba Tóth-Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079022 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Homogeneously charged compression ignition is a promising combustion process that is proven to increase combustion efficiency and decrease exhaust emissions when compared to Otto or Diesel engine efficiencies and emissions. The HCCI process can be considered an advancement on the path to sustainability. [...] Read more.

Homogeneously charged compression ignition is a promising combustion process that is proven to increase combustion efficiency and decrease exhaust emissions when compared to Otto or Diesel engine efficiencies and emissions. The HCCI process can be considered an advancement on the path to sustainability. However, improper control of the start of combustion causes the efficiency of the engine to drop significantly. The reason for this efficiency drop is that an early start of combustion causes the piston on the upward stroke to experience increased cylinder pressure after the combustion process is complete. The piston must further compress the cylinder content until it reaches the top dead center. During this process, the piston still experiences an increased gas force on the way towards TDC, having to invest extra disadvantageous work into the compression stroke, causing a negative work area in the pressure–volume diagram of the engine. The present study introduces the negative work area in the p-V diagram of an HCCI engine. It describes the phenomenon and explores the reasons behind it. It also investigates some of the factors affecting the negative work area in the p-V diagram. Full article

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7 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How Perceptual Variables Influence the Behavioral Intention to Use Autonomous Vehicles

by Réka Koteczki, Boglárka Eisinger Balassa and Dániel Csikor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079023 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 367

Abstract

The rapid development of technology makes the acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in modern transport a key issue. The aim of the present research was to explore the impact of AVs on behavioral intention to use. An online survey was conducted, in which [...] Read more.

The rapid development of technology makes the acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in modern transport a key issue. The aim of the present research was to explore the impact of AVs on behavioral intention to use. An online survey was conducted, in which factors such as perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived trust (PT), social influence (SI), and behavioral intention to use (BIU) were investigated. As a result of the investigation, the correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between the intention and all the factors examined. The practical utility of this research is that the results will support developers and vehicle manufacturers in understanding how different social factors influence the adoption of AVs. Full article

6 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploration Techniques in Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Vehicles

by Ammar Khaleel and Áron Ballagi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079024 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 358

Abstract

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize the transportation system by enhancing road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and freeing drivers from monotonous tasks. Effective exploration is essential for AVs to navigate safely and adapt to dynamic environments. Reinforcement learning (RL) enables AVs [...] Read more.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize the transportation system by enhancing road safety, reducing traffic congestion, and freeing drivers from monotonous tasks. Effective exploration is essential for AVs to navigate safely and adapt to dynamic environments. Reinforcement learning (RL) enables AVs to learn optimal behaviors through continuous interaction with their environment. This paper reviews recent RL research on designing exploration strategies for single- and multi-agent AV systems. It categorizes exploration methods based on underlying principles and addresses the challenges. It analyzes key RL algorithms’ strengths, limitations, and empirical performance. By compiling and analyzing the current state of research, this paper aims to facilitate future advancements in AV exploration using RL, offering insights into current trends and future directions in this evolving field. Full article

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7 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lessons Learned from an Autonomous Race Car Competition

by Zalán Demeter, Máté Hell and Gergely Hajgató

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079025 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 309

Abstract

The advancement of AI technologies and the increasing processing power of computers have made high-speed autonomous racing possible. Different leagues, such as the Abu Dhabi Autonomous Racing League (A2RL) and the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC), are organizing races in simulation and with real [...] Read more.

The advancement of AI technologies and the increasing processing power of computers have made high-speed autonomous racing possible. Different leagues, such as the Abu Dhabi Autonomous Racing League (A2RL) and the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC), are organizing races in simulation and with real race cars. In this paper we will describe our experience with the inaugural A2RL event and a SIM race organized by IAC. With respect to A2RL, we will give an overview of the physical parameters of the race car, the sensors we worked with, and our software solution including how we created trajectories for different test scenarios. Full article

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6 pages, 2137 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Traffic Prediction Based on Online Vehicle Position Information for Simulation, Validation and Controller Resource Allocation Purposes

by Rebeka Anna Jáger and Géza Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079026 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 276

Abstract

In the context of the dynamic transportation system, advancements in modern technological elements have facilitated the real-time, online transmission of vehicle positional data across numerous transport subsectors. Such data can be made accessible in a format that underpins the validity of simulations aimed [...] Read more.

In the context of the dynamic transportation system, advancements in modern technological elements have facilitated the real-time, online transmission of vehicle positional data across numerous transport subsectors. Such data can be made accessible in a format that underpins the validity of simulations aimed at accurately representing real-world processes. In response to the prevailing trends of automation within air traffic control, there is an increasing imperative to develop a testing environment that allows for the simulation of automated system operations. This encompasses not only the examination of conflict resolution algorithms but also the exploration of human–machine collaboration. While archival traffic data can be readily obtained, they primarily capture the current functioning of the transportation system as a result of past control processes. Therefore, to ensure reliable testing of automation, it is essential to generate traffic demand based on real data through estimation methodologies. Full article

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6 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Predictive Maintenance and Predictive Repair of Road Vehicles—Opportunities, Limitations and Practical Applications

by Jozsef Nagy and Istvan Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079027 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 616

Abstract

With drastic increases in the complexity of road vehicles, increasing environmental and cost pressures have led to the obsolescence of previous fixed-schedule maintenance systems. The aerospace industry, following the road vehicle industry, is also beginning to use the predictive maintenance method increasingly widely. [...] Read more.

With drastic increases in the complexity of road vehicles, increasing environmental and cost pressures have led to the obsolescence of previous fixed-schedule maintenance systems. The aerospace industry, following the road vehicle industry, is also beginning to use the predictive maintenance method increasingly widely. A possible next step for critical breakdowns could be a predictive service. While preventive maintenance is able to be used more frequently, the possibility of preventive repair is also limited to the fault symptoms, and is unsuitable for preventing fast-running breakdowns. Due to the current state of technological development in this area, it will take a few more years for lower-priced cars to catch up to the sensor and data structures of current premium-series vehicles, such that the mass use of these methods in road vehicles can become widespread. Full article

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6 pages, 2385 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Automated Assessment of Engine Performance During Dynamometer Testing

by Tamás Koller and Csaba Tóth-Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079028 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 308

Abstract

The ever-increasing number of novel functions in modern vehicles continuously expands with the application of cognitive information technology, creating a new need for testing during market introduction. As the virtual test environment evolves, the need for real tests conducted on the road continuously [...] Read more.

The ever-increasing number of novel functions in modern vehicles continuously expands with the application of cognitive information technology, creating a new need for testing during market introduction. As the virtual test environment evolves, the need for real tests conducted on the road continuously decreases, saving time and cost while maximizing quality indicators. This article presents a new type of automatic monitoring system created in a fully virtual test environment. The automated assessment during dynamometer testing (ADT) method automatically evaluates the values measured on the engine dynamometer at predefined intervals, compares them to reference data, and provides feedback on the correctness of the current test. The present paper discusses the monitoring methodology and its application on an engine dynamometer, and it presents the results of the method applied during a real engine test. Full article

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6 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Vehicle Diagnostics in Supporting the Law-Abiding “Behavior” of Self-Driving Vehicles

by István Lakatos and Lea Pődör

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079029 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 250

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to look at the pillars for developing the law-abiding “behavior” of self-driving cars. The paper will analyze the potential of artificial intelligence, machine learning mechanisms, and the transformation of rules into algorithms for self-driving cars, and highlight [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to look at the pillars for developing the law-abiding “behavior” of self-driving cars. The paper will analyze the potential of artificial intelligence, machine learning mechanisms, and the transformation of rules into algorithms for self-driving cars, and highlight the vehicle diagnostics context. The analysis is expected to demonstrate that the transformation of rules into algorithms alone is not sufficient for unhindered transport, as there is a strong need for the application of vehicle diagnostics to support and enhance obstacle and accident-free transport. The technological revolution in the field of self-driving vehicles calls for the development of common ground between technical sciences and law, which are trying to make the idea of safe and sustainable transport part of everyday life. Full article

6 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reinforcement Learning-Based Robust Vehicle Control for Autonomous Vehicle Trajectory Tracking

by Attila Lelkó, Balázs Németh and Péter Gáspár

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079030 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 316

Abstract

This publication presents a new method by which control methods based on reinforcement learning can be combined with classical robust control methods. The combination results in a robust management system that meets high-quality criteria. The described method is presented through the control of [...] Read more.

This publication presents a new method by which control methods based on reinforcement learning can be combined with classical robust control methods. The combination results in a robust management system that meets high-quality criteria. The described method is presented through the control of an autonomous vehicle. By choosing the reward function chosen during reinforcement learning, various driving styles can be realized, e.g., lap time minimization, track tracking, and travel comfort. The neural network was trained using the Proximal Policy Optimization algorithm, and the robust control is based on

H_{\infty}

. The two controllers are combined using a supervisor structure, in which a quadratic optimization task is implemented. The result of the method is a control structure that realizes the longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle by specifying the reference speed and the steering angle. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through simulations. Full article

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7 pages, 1439 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Resource-Effective Self-Addressing Method for Wired IoT Sensor Matrix

by László-Zsolt Turos and Géza Csernáth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079031 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 270

Abstract

Many IoT (Internet of Things) sensors are simple and cost-effective, allowing for area coverage or multi-channel configurations through self-addressing methods. In a multi-channel network, numerous sensor nodes monitor system parameters and autonomously organize themselves for specific tasks. To maintain a low-cost and low-power [...] Read more.

Many IoT (Internet of Things) sensors are simple and cost-effective, allowing for area coverage or multi-channel configurations through self-addressing methods. In a multi-channel network, numerous sensor nodes monitor system parameters and autonomously organize themselves for specific tasks. To maintain a low-cost and low-power profile, the network architecture needs a resource-efficient self-addressing method to enhance overall performance and reliability. By using single-channel analog measurement and signal conditioning in the sensor hardware, an address value can be algorithmically determined based on the sensor’s network position. Simulations were conducted, topology comparisons, and hardware implementation was achieved in order to find an optimal, resource-effective self-addressing determination method. Full article

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6 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Motorcycle/Donorcycle: Improving Motorcyclist Safety in Győr, Hungary

by Brant von Goble

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079032 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Due to their high fatality rate, motorcycles, often referred to as “donorcycles” in the U.S., present unique safety challenges. In Hungary, motorcycle safety remains a critical issue despite a relatively low per capita rate of motor vehicle deaths, largely due to limited ownership [...] Read more.

Due to their high fatality rate, motorcycles, often referred to as “donorcycles” in the U.S., present unique safety challenges. In Hungary, motorcycle safety remains a critical issue despite a relatively low per capita rate of motor vehicle deaths, largely due to limited ownership and recognition. This study examines historical trends in motorcycle use in Hungary and the economic factors influencing their current prevalence. By emphasizing the crucial role of helmets and safety gear, road conditions, and environmental factors, this paper provides actionable recommendations to improve motorcycle safety in Győr and the surrounding regions. Implementing these recommendations stands to significantly reduce accidents and save lives, ensuring safer roads for all. Full article

7 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Field Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control Through Simulation in MATLAB Simulink for an Automotive Drive Motor

by Miklós Gábor Simon and Dénes Fodor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079033 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 381

Abstract

Field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are two strategies used in electric motor control, both with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper presents a comparative analysis of these two control methodologies, focusing on their application and performance within a [...] Read more.

Field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are two strategies used in electric motor control, both with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper presents a comparative analysis of these two control methodologies, focusing on their application and performance within a MATLAB Simulink (R2024b) environment for an automotive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive. The models are created with a focus on realistic drive and test parameters. The simulation results are analyzed to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy and identify use cases where one method may be superior to the other. In conclusion, this paper contributes to the understanding of FOC and DTC by offering a systematic comparison of their features, performance characteristics, and application scenarios for automotive use. Full article

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7 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Safety-Critical Brake System Testing with Vector SIL over Complex Vector HIL

by János Májer, Dénes Fodor, Péter Panyi, Félix Tivadar Nagy and Balázs István Németh

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079034 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

Advanced vehicle technologies that substitute or assist the driver are crucial and safety-critical elements, including independently acting electronic control units. A key element of vehicle road safety is its behavior on the road, influenced by various factors such as adhesion and physical forces. [...] Read more.

Advanced vehicle technologies that substitute or assist the driver are crucial and safety-critical elements, including independently acting electronic control units. A key element of vehicle road safety is its behavior on the road, influenced by various factors such as adhesion and physical forces. Self-activating brake systems, including related sensors and processing units, are vital for modern autonomous vehicles. The complexity of software in vehicle electronic control units (ECUs) has significantly increased, making traditional testing methods inadequate. This paper explores the use of Software-in-the-Loop (SIL) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing methods in an automated test environment to enhance software development and testing processes. It can be demonstrated that there is interoperability between the HIL and SIL systems using the same test case implementation in the Vector CANoe simulation environment. As a result, it can be demonstrated that in the case of a safety-critical function, such as an ABS (anti-lock brake system) control intervention, the ECU control software behaves the same in both the HIL and SIL simulation environments. Full article

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7 pages, 4623 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Tribological Investigation of Base Oil Supplemented with Zirconia Nanoparticles at Various Operating Temperatures

by Ádám István Szabó and Márk Marsicki

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079035 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 290

Abstract

This study examines oil samples with zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles in Group III base oil at different temperatures, revealing the effects of temperature and concentration on the tribological system. The samples contain 0.1% and 1% ZrO₂ nanoparticles, tested at 40–120 [...] Read more.

This study examines oil samples with zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles in Group III base oil at different temperatures, revealing the effects of temperature and concentration on the tribological system. The samples contain 0.1% and 1% ZrO₂ nanoparticles, tested at 40–120 °C. The friction results showed that the nanoparticles increase the friction absolute integral values at all tested temperatures; however, static friction can be improved by 3–13%. The study demonstrates the wear-resistant effect of ZrO₂ nanoparticles. Significant wear reduction can be achieved even at low concentrations; wear volume can be reduced by 21–87% depending on the nanoparticle concentration and operating temperature. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX helped to identify wear types, the processes occurring on the surfaces, and the percentage of nanoparticles on the surface. Full article

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7 pages, 2714 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Using Industrial Machine Learning Techniques

by Krisztián Horváth and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079036 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

This paper highlights the need for precise and reliable diagnostic methods for early fault detection in gearbox systems, something critical for industrial maintenance. Advances in machine learning (ML) and image processing have opened new avenues for diagnosis. This study explores ML techniques, particularly [...] Read more.

This paper highlights the need for precise and reliable diagnostic methods for early fault detection in gearbox systems, something critical for industrial maintenance. Advances in machine learning (ML) and image processing have opened new avenues for diagnosis. This study explores ML techniques, particularly edge detection and maximized pooling, with the Inverse Distance Weighting method, for diagnosing gearbox faults from vibration signal images. Using the ODYSSEE-A Eye platform, a model was developed that achieved 96% accuracy in identifying faults from a 500-sample dataset. The research results promote further investigation and progress in this area, indicating specific possible directions for further research. Full article

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6 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advanced Analysis of Wheel Contact Forces in Dual-Unit Vehicles Using Kistler RoaDyn Sensors

by Bence Molnár and Krisztián Kun

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079037 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 301

Abstract

The configuration under investigation consists of a car and a trailer connected by a coupling mechanism at a hinge point. Due to the dual-unit design, car–trailer combinations are prone to poor lateral stability at high speeds, often resulting in trailer sway, which is [...] Read more.

The configuration under investigation consists of a car and a trailer connected by a coupling mechanism at a hinge point. Due to the dual-unit design, car–trailer combinations are prone to poor lateral stability at high speeds, often resulting in trailer sway, which is a significant factor in road accidents near the upper speed limit. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that drivers receive feedback primarily from the car, making it difficult to detect and respond to the trailer’s movements. To address this problem, vehicle manufacturers advocate for the use of active safety systems such as active trailer braking or steering. The comprehensive study of vehicle dynamics is essential for improving road safety, particularly in the context of car–trailer systems. This research aims to analyze the dynamic behavior of these systems using a specialized Kistler force and torque measurement instrument mounted on the vehicle’s wheels. By varying the position of the cargo mass forwards and backwards on the trailer, the effect of different load distributions on vehicle stability and handling will be evaluated. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the role of mass distribution in dynamic performance, contributing to the development of more effective safety measures and enhanced vehicle performance. Full article

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7 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of Gain-Scheduled Lateral Controllers for Autonomous Vehicles

by Ákos Bokor, Ádám Szabó, Szilárd Aradi and László Palkovics

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079038 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 251

Abstract

This paper focuses on the design and comparative analysis of speed-dependent lateral control systems for autonomous vehicles, focusing on optimizing vehicular dynamics and passenger comfort to ensure stability and safety. Adapting control systems to varying speeds becomes crucial for maintaining stability and maneuverability [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the design and comparative analysis of speed-dependent lateral control systems for autonomous vehicles, focusing on optimizing vehicular dynamics and passenger comfort to ensure stability and safety. Adapting control systems to varying speeds becomes crucial for maintaining stability and maneuverability as autonomous technologies progress. This study evaluates their effectiveness in real-time navigation scenarios within a simulated environment by applying gain-scheduled linear quadratic regulators and model predictive control. The results show that while traditional controllers, such as Pure Pursuit, perform adequately under constant speed conditions, adaptive model-based algorithms significantly enhance the performance, especially in dynamic driving situations involving speed variations. Full article

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6 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Data-Driven Engine Health Monitoring with AI

by Olivér Hornyák

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079039 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can change how automotive engines are maintained and monitored in the future. This paper presents an Adaboost-based model to monitor engine health with real-world data. Key engine metrics such as temperature, pressure, and other operational data can be analysed to [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) can change how automotive engines are maintained and monitored in the future. This paper presents an Adaboost-based model to monitor engine health with real-world data. Key engine metrics such as temperature, pressure, and other operational data can be analysed to detect early signs of potential problems. Machine learning algorithms can be used to identify patterns and anomalies that might be missed by traditional methods, thus leading to more accurate predictions of engine issues. Maintenance schedules can be optimised, resulting in reduced downtime and costs. This work highlights the importance of data-driven methods in the future of automotive maintenance and efficiency. The application of AI in this context also enhances safety by preventing unexpected engine failures. Importantly, AI-driven solutions are designed to be scalable, making them applicable to a wide range of vehicles and engine types. The automotive industry can move towards more proactive and efficient maintenance practices by exploiting the available data. Full article

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6 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Demand-Responsive Transport Systems in Sustainable Urban Mobility: A Systematic Literature Review and Stakeholder Analysis

by László Buics, Adhie Prayogo and Boglárka Eisingerné Balassa

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079040 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 623

Abstract

On-demand transportation, such as demand-responsive public transit (DRT), is gaining prominence as a mobility service tailored to passengers’ needs, offering flexibility in routes, pick-up/drop-off locations, and timing. This study aims to delve into the challenges and technological advancements within the DRT system, focusing [...] Read more.

On-demand transportation, such as demand-responsive public transit (DRT), is gaining prominence as a mobility service tailored to passengers’ needs, offering flexibility in routes, pick-up/drop-off locations, and timing. This study aims to delve into the challenges and technological advancements within the DRT system, focusing on its application and effectiveness in various European Union states. The research first applied a systematic literature review using the PRISMA methodology with a PEO framework. Then, the research aims to provide information on how demand-responsive transportation operates in Central Eastern European countries by collecting and analyzing the characteristics of DRT service processes with a business process modeling approach. The findings aim to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the effectiveness and potential of DRT systems, facilitating informed decision making and policy formulation. Full article

6 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Consumer Perceptions in the Alternative Fuel Vehicle Market: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Nikolett Gyurián Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079041 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 238

Abstract

The use of alternative fuels is a crucial element in achieving global sustainability, as it plays a pivotal role in reducing the environmental impact of the transport sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on consumer [...] Read more.

The use of alternative fuels is a crucial element in achieving global sustainability, as it plays a pivotal role in reducing the environmental impact of the transport sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on consumer knowledge and awareness of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and bibliometric analysis. The findings indicate that electric vehicles represent the dominant focus of AFV research, while other technologies receive minimal attention. The study underscores the necessity for targeted information strategies to address consumer misconceptions and overcome market barriers, thereby facilitating the growth of AFV market share. This research offers insights that can inform future studies, policy decisions, and industry stakeholders in promoting sustainable transport choices. Full article

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6 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Driving Strategy Optimization in Experimental Electric Vehicles: A Study on Optimization Algorithms

by Zoltán Pusztai, Ferenc Szauter and Ferenc Friedler

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079042 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 244

Abstract

In this paper, the driving strategy simulations for a single-seat, lightweight, energy-efficient experimental electric vehicle are introduced. The vehicle’s operation is simulated using a developed measurement-based vehicle model in the simulation environment. The optimization was performed for the UniTrack platform at the ZalaZone [...] Read more.

In this paper, the driving strategy simulations for a single-seat, lightweight, energy-efficient experimental electric vehicle are introduced. The vehicle’s operation is simulated using a developed measurement-based vehicle model in the simulation environment. The optimization was performed for the UniTrack platform at the ZalaZone proving ground using the algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), with different optimization settings corresponding to varying iterations and initial population/swarm sizes. A 2.95% difference was observed between the least effective and the best PSO results, where both the number of iterations and swarm size were doubled. This demonstrates the effectiveness of PSO in solving the presented driving strategy problem, even when using fewer iterations and a smaller swarm size. Full article

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6 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Wood Flour Incorporation on the Properties of Injection Molded Poly(Lactic Acid) Products

by Sándor Kálmán Jakab, Virág Luca Bódi and László Lendvai

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079043 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Wood flour-paired poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites were fabricated with filler contents of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt.%. The samples were processed through extrusion followed by injection molding. The injection-molded specimens were subjected to tensile tests, impact tests, and water absorption tests. [...] Read more.

Wood flour-paired poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites were fabricated with filler contents of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt.%. The samples were processed through extrusion followed by injection molding. The injection-molded specimens were subjected to tensile tests, impact tests, and water absorption tests. Based on the results, increasing the amount of lignocellulose fibers effectively improved the modulus of PLA from 2.8 to 3.6 GPa at 20 wt.% wood flour loading; however, this came at the cost of strength, which dropped from 55.0 to 48.8 MPa. Additionally, the incorporation of lignocellulose increased the hydrophilicity of the composites, resulting in a threefold increase in water absorption at 10 wt.% filler content. These results provide insight into the effects of embedding lignocellulose fibers into PLA. Full article

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6 pages, 2512 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Foam Injection Molding of Poly(Lactic Acid) with Azodicarbonamide-Based Chemical Blowing Agent

by László Lendvai, Gábor Dogossy, Sándor Kálmán Jakab and Imre Fekete

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079044 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 307

Abstract

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biopolymer foams were prepared through injection molding using the high-pressure foam injection molding method, also referred to as “breathing mold” technique, with the addition of various amounts (0, 1, 2, and 4 wt.%) of azodicarbonamide-based chemical blowing [...] Read more.

In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biopolymer foams were prepared through injection molding using the high-pressure foam injection molding method, also referred to as “breathing mold” technique, with the addition of various amounts (0, 1, 2, and 4 wt.%) of azodicarbonamide-based chemical blowing agent (CBA). The prepared samples were analyzed for their macrostructure using computed tomography (CT) while the mechanical properties were determined by flexural and Charpy impact tests. CT analysis revealed a finer foam cell structure and decreasing shell thickness with increasing CBA content. Regarding the mechanical properties, the specific flexural strength and flexural modulus of PLA were improved as a result of foaming; however, this improvement came at the cost of a slight deterioration in impact strength. Full article

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7 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Comparison of the General, the Dual, and the Joint Sigma Point Kalman Filters on State Estimation of Li-Ion Battery Cells for BMSs

by Tamás Horváth and Dénes Fodor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079045 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 277

Abstract

Li-ion batteries, known for high energy and power density, are widely used in electromobility and stationary applications. In these applications a Battery Management System (BMS) ensures safety and longevity by performing functions like cell balancing and protecting against overcharge and over-discharge. Advanced BMSs [...] Read more.

Li-ion batteries, known for high energy and power density, are widely used in electromobility and stationary applications. In these applications a Battery Management System (BMS) ensures safety and longevity by performing functions like cell balancing and protecting against overcharge and over-discharge. Advanced BMSs estimate the battery’s State of Charge (SOC), crucial for determining remaining operating time and safe range. This study compares three Kalman Filter (KF)-based SOC estimation techniques: the general Sigma Point KF (SPKF), the joint SPKF, and the dual SPKF, for state and parameter estimation of a Samsung 18650INR13L Li-ion battery. Full article

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7 pages, 2380 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect Analysis of Machining Errors of the Axle Wheel Hub Planet Carrier on Function and Durability-Related Parameters

by Adam Fiausch

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079046 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 223

Abstract

The wheel hub planetary gearset, a reduction gearbox of driven axles, is a susceptible driveline unit thanks to the number of gear meshes and its high manufacturing requirements. Due to its complexity, the planet carrier can be a potential source of functional parameter [...] Read more.

The wheel hub planetary gearset, a reduction gearbox of driven axles, is a susceptible driveline unit thanks to the number of gear meshes and its high manufacturing requirements. Due to its complexity, the planet carrier can be a potential source of functional parameter non-compliance (efficiency, noise, and vibration) in the short term; in the long term, there can be a reduction in the service life of the planetary gearset. This paper introduces a real case study that analyzes the calculated and experimental effects of planet carrier machining quality from a functional property and service life point of view, and compares two parts, which represent the original and the developed status of the pin hole drilling process. Full article

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5 pages, 1130 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Gas Blow-by Through Turbocharger Sealing System Using Advanced Computational Simulations

by Pavel Novotný, Jiří Vacula, Petr Kudláček and František Kocman

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079047 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 233

Abstract

Gas blow-by flow through a turbocharger sealing system has a significant effect on lubricant consumption and the formation of particles. This paper presents an experimentally validated computational model to quantify the mass flow of gasses through a sealing system as a function of [...] Read more.

Gas blow-by flow through a turbocharger sealing system has a significant effect on lubricant consumption and the formation of particles. This paper presents an experimentally validated computational model to quantify the mass flow of gasses through a sealing system as a function of operating conditions. The computational model is applied to a truck engine turbocharger and the results are verified experimentally. The results show that the gas blow-by is not only influenced by the geometrical parameters of the lubrication system but is controlled by the thermo-mechanical loading of the turbocharger, with a non-negligible influence of the radial dynamics of the rotor. Full article

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6 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Reprocessing on the Viscosity and Mechanical Properties of PLA and PLA/MMT Nanocomposites

by Zoubeida Taha Taha, Andrea Ádámné Major and Ferenc Ronkay

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079048 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 257

Abstract

Biobased polyester materials and their nanocomposites have gained significance within the field of engineering materials due to their suitability for many industrial uses. As they reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and non-renewable resources, they reduce environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions and [...] Read more.

Biobased polyester materials and their nanocomposites have gained significance within the field of engineering materials due to their suitability for many industrial uses. As they reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and non-renewable resources, they reduce environmental impacts and greenhouse gas emissions and enhance sustainability. In addition, biobased polyester has good mechanical and thermal properties, formability, and biodegradation. Consequently, the recycling of these polyester materials has gained a lot of attention lately, as it contributes to resource conservation and reduces waste, the impact on the environment, and energy use. Our study aimed to investigate the physical recyclability of biobased nanocomposites. After multiple extrusion, test specimens made of polylactic acid (PLA) with and without montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared. The viscosity was characterized by a rotational rheometer, DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) was used to examine the crystallinity, and Izod impact tests, 3-point bending, and DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) were used to measure mechanical characteristics. The results demonstrated that the characteristics of pure PLA and PLA/MMT nanocomposites changed with an increasing number of reprocessings. Full article

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6 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Teaching Aspects of ROS 2 and Autonomous Vehicles

by Ernő Horváth, Gergő Ignéczi, Norbert Markó, Rudolf Krecht and Miklós Unger

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079049 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 352

Abstract

The advancement of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has brought forth a substantial need for effective education in robotic operating systems, particularly ROS 2, which serves as the backbone for many autonomous vehicle (AV) applications. This paper explores the academic approach and instructional methodologies tailored [...] Read more.

The advancement of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has brought forth a substantial need for effective education in robotic operating systems, particularly ROS 2, which serves as the backbone for many autonomous vehicle (AV) applications. This paper explores the academic approach and instructional methodologies tailored for teaching ROS 2 in the context of autonomous vehicle technology. It highlights the critical components and architecture of ROS 2, emphasizing its modularity, real-time communication capabilities, and robust ecosystem which make it ideal for AV development. Through a detailed curriculum outline, we describe hands-on learning activities, simulation-based exercises, and project-driven modules that facilitate deep understanding and practical skills acquisition. The effectiveness of these teaching methods is evaluated through a mixed-methods study involving student feedback, performance assessments, and project outcomes. Results indicate significant improvements in student comprehension and proficiency in both ROS 2 and autonomous vehicle systems. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive framework for educators to effectively teach ROS 2, thereby fostering the next generation of engineers proficient in developing and deploying autonomous vehicle technologies. Full article

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6 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards Predicting Business Activity Classes from European Digital Corporate Reports

by Péter Molnár, Alex Suta, Bence Lukács and Árpád Tóth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079050 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 279

Abstract

Digital financial reporting enables automated analyses on vast datasets. This study illustrates the benefits of integrating XBRL and machine learning. XBRL, an open-source financial reporting language, was used to create a unified database of over 5600 IFRS-tagged reports. The IFRS taxonomy tags containing [...] Read more.

Digital financial reporting enables automated analyses on vast datasets. This study illustrates the benefits of integrating XBRL and machine learning. XBRL, an open-source financial reporting language, was used to create a unified database of over 5600 IFRS-tagged reports. The IFRS taxonomy tags containing textual data on company activities were analyzed using the Zero-Shot Learning algorithm to identify specific activities. This study highlights how digital reporting and machine learning can extract and analyze textual data, offering insights into company activities and demonstrating the potential of these technologies in financial reporting. Full article

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6 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of SLAM Methods Applied in Monochromatic Environments

by Rudolf Krecht and Áron Ballagi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079051 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 214

Abstract

One of the most significant challenges in sustainable autonomous mobile robot and vehicle development is the perception of stochastic environments. Various environmental perception methods have been proposed to address these challenges; however, these methods often lack general applicability. Many of these methods rely [...] Read more.

One of the most significant challenges in sustainable autonomous mobile robot and vehicle development is the perception of stochastic environments. Various environmental perception methods have been proposed to address these challenges; however, these methods often lack general applicability. Many of these methods rely on environmental feature extraction, which can fail in specific scenarios, such as monochromatic environments. This article aims to evaluate existing SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) methods that utilize camera or combined camera and LiDAR input data in predominantly monochromatic environments. Additionally, this study seeks to identify performance issues in such applications. Full article

6 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Embedded System Simulation Using Renode

by Ferenc Speiser, István Szalay and Dénes Fodor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079052 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 344

Abstract

In the automotive industry, the reduction of development costs is of key importance. The development of electrical hardware is an expensive, time-consuming process with a lot of development stages (e.g., prototyping, electrical testing, mechanical testing, lifecycle testing). There is a growing need to [...] Read more.

In the automotive industry, the reduction of development costs is of key importance. The development of electrical hardware is an expensive, time-consuming process with a lot of development stages (e.g., prototyping, electrical testing, mechanical testing, lifecycle testing). There is a growing need to increase the cost-effectiveness of the development and testing phases of embedded software using virtualization. Using this method, less prototype manufacturing is necessary since the simulations allow for faster and more effective discovery of a large portion of possible faults without building a hardware prototype. Renode is an open source embedded system simulation framework that facilitates software-based testing. The main goal of this paper is to explore the usability of the framework for automotive applications. Full article

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6 pages, 1307 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Identification of Lateral Dynamics of an Autonomous Car Vehicle

by Dániel Pup, György Istenes, Ferenc Szauter and József Bokor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079053 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 137

Abstract

In this paper, the nonlinear identification of the lateral dynamics of a road vehicle and the velocity dependence of the dynamics are presented. One of the most useful methods to define the mathematical model is system identification based on measured data. A test [...] Read more.

In this paper, the nonlinear identification of the lateral dynamics of a road vehicle and the velocity dependence of the dynamics are presented. One of the most useful methods to define the mathematical model is system identification based on measured data. A test vehicle for autonomous driving was constrained to move in a straight line while the vehicle’s steering servo was artificially excited. The input of the system is therefore the sum of the artificial excitation and the control signal of the autonomous function, and the output is the lateral acceleration of the vehicle. The measurements are used to identify Wiener and Hammerstein models of the lateral dynamics at different speeds using nonlinear methods. The aim is to investigate the velocity dependence of the dynamics. Full article

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6 pages, 920 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Hammerstein Model Identification for Autonomous Vehicle Dynamics by Two-Stage Algorithm

by György Istenes, Dániel Pup, György Terdik and József Bokor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079054 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 237

Abstract

In this paper, the nonlinear identification (ID) of the lateral dynamics of a road vehicle is presented. The mathematical description of lateral dynamics is crucial for developing various self-driving functions. One method of describing dynamics is system identification from measured data. During the [...] Read more.

In this paper, the nonlinear identification (ID) of the lateral dynamics of a road vehicle is presented. The mathematical description of lateral dynamics is crucial for developing various self-driving functions. One method of describing dynamics is system identification from measured data. During the measurements, the steering servo of a test vehicle kept in straight-line motion by a self-driving function was artificially excited. A Hammerstein–Wiener model was successfully applied for the identification of these measurements. A nonlinear estimator was used during the fitting, which needed high computing power. For the Hammerstein–Wiener model, we used the two-stage algorithm (TSA) with a bilinear estimation method, which makes it possible to apply linear regression. We compared these methods during simulations and real data. Full article

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6 pages, 1116 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Uses of 3D Printing Applied to Concrete Structures

by Hanna Csótár, Gusztáv Baranyai, Szabolcs Szalai and Szabolcs Fischer

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079055 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 290

Abstract

This study investigates the application of honeycomb-patterned PLA as a reinforcement in concrete structures. The research focused on identifying the optimal 3D printing layout for this reinforcement and examining how the orientation of 3D-printed PLA affects the mechanical properties of the concrete. The [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application of honeycomb-patterned PLA as a reinforcement in concrete structures. The research focused on identifying the optimal 3D printing layout for this reinforcement and examining how the orientation of 3D-printed PLA affects the mechanical properties of the concrete. The study compares the performance of concrete reinforced with 3D-printed PLA to both unreinforced concrete and concrete reinforced with recycled amorphous aggregate from printing waste. The results demonstrate how printing orientation influences concrete strength and the potential for using recycled PLA to enhance sustainability in construction. Full article

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7 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Learning Factories in Practice: The Example and Development Proposal of Mini Company Located in the Automotive Science Park Based on International Best Practices

by Dániel Szabó, Fanni Csikós, Viktória Panker and Izabella Kovács

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079056 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 266

Abstract

The focus of this study is on presenting the concept of the Mini Company initiative launched in 2023 in the ZalaZONE automotive science park and proposing its development through international good examples. The aim of the project, based on the learning factory model, [...] Read more.

The focus of this study is on presenting the concept of the Mini Company initiative launched in 2023 in the ZalaZONE automotive science park and proposing its development through international good examples. The aim of the project, based on the learning factory model, is to enable dual university students to experience the real market environment in a realistic, educational environment. The search for international good examples can help to further develop the concept, especially regarding the future role of automotive stakeholders. The presented results and good examples can be used in new research projects, develop teaching methods, and strengthen cooperation between industry and academia. Full article

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6 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Experimental Design to Determine Friction and Wear Characteristics of Used Oil Contaminated with E20 Fuel

by Dominika Pintér and András Lajos Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079057 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to develop an experiment design to determine the wear and friction parameters of an SAE 0W20-grade reference oil and an SAE 0W20-grade used oil contaminated with E20 fuel. Wear tests in a ball–disc arrangement were conducted at [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to develop an experiment design to determine the wear and friction parameters of an SAE 0W20-grade reference oil and an SAE 0W20-grade used oil contaminated with E20 fuel. Wear tests in a ball–disc arrangement were conducted at temperatures and loads established using Design of Experiments. A surface analysis of the wear scars was performed using a digital microscope, while the oils were investigated using a viscometer and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Design of Experiments was further employed to develop two models using R software. For the reference oil, the developed model was only suitable for screening, while the model for the E20 fuel contaminated used oil showed a 9.8% difference between the measured and estimated coefficients of friction. Full article

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6 pages, 2009 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Parameter-Driven Campbell Diagram Variations in Turbocharger Rotors: A Rotordynamic Simulation Study Using ROSS

by Márk Pesthy, Máté Boros and Csaba Tóth-Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079058 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 296

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of rotor design parameters on the Campbell diagrams of automotive turbocharger rotors using rotordynamic simulations. A finite element model of the rotor is developed within the Python-based ROSS package, incorporating key parameters such as disk mass, lubricant viscosity, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of rotor design parameters on the Campbell diagrams of automotive turbocharger rotors using rotordynamic simulations. A finite element model of the rotor is developed within the Python-based ROSS package, incorporating key parameters such as disk mass, lubricant viscosity, and bearing positioning. Employing this model, simulations are conducted to generate Campbell diagrams across a range of operational speeds. The analysis focuses on how variations in these parameters affect the critical speeds and corresponding vibration modes identified in the Campbell diagrams. The results provide valuable insights into the rotordynamic behavior of automotive turbochargers and their sensitivity to design choices. This information can be utilized to optimize rotor design for improved stability, reduced noise generation, and enhanced overall performance. Full article

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6 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicle Takeover Performance in Work-Zone Environment

by Viktor Nagy, Diovane Mateus da Luz, Ágoston Pál Sándor and Attila Borsos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079059 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 333

Abstract

The advent of autonomous vehicles (AV) could revolutionize the automotive industry by significantly improving safety, efficiency, and accessibility. Despite their potential to improve traffic safety by reducing human error, their integration into existing transportation systems presents significant challenges. This is particularly evident in [...] Read more.

The advent of autonomous vehicles (AV) could revolutionize the automotive industry by significantly improving safety, efficiency, and accessibility. Despite their potential to improve traffic safety by reducing human error, their integration into existing transportation systems presents significant challenges. This is particularly evident in scenarios involving takeover events, where there is a transition of control from the vehicle to the human driver. Our driving simulator study, involving 14 drivers in a work-zone environment, provides critical insights into the takeover performance of level 3 to level 5 AVs. The findings suggest that the successful integration of AVs depends on their seamless incorporation into existing systems and the readiness of drivers to adapt to this emerging technology. Full article

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6 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Autorouting in PCB Design

by Péter Gulyás

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079060 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

This research aims to determine an optimized set of parameters for Altium Designer’s built-in autorouting function when applied on two- or more-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs. An experimental approach is employed, creating a specific PCB layout with pre-placed components. The autorouting function [...] Read more.

This research aims to determine an optimized set of parameters for Altium Designer’s built-in autorouting function when applied on two- or more-layer printed circuit board (PCB) designs. An experimental approach is employed, creating a specific PCB layout with pre-placed components. The autorouting function is utilized to generate trace connections between components, with different parameter settings being tested to assess their impact on routing quality, efficiency, and speed. Routing time will be a key metric measured during this evaluation. The resulting autorouted designs will then be compared to a manually routed PCB designed by an engineer, considering factors such as routing neatness and adherence to design rules. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the autorouting tool in PCB designs while potentially reducing design time. Full article

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6 pages, 1726 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Analysis of Position Estimation and Correction Methods

by Krisztián Enisz, Ernő Horváth, Norbert Markó, Zoltán Szeli and József Gábor Pázmány

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079061 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 298

Abstract

There are several global and local position estimation and refinement techniques based on the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and environmental monitoring (e.g., LIDAR, Light Detection and Ranging). These are usually based on a combination of multiple sensors using some form of sensor [...] Read more.

There are several global and local position estimation and refinement techniques based on the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and environmental monitoring (e.g., LIDAR, Light Detection and Ranging). These are usually based on a combination of multiple sensors using some form of sensor fusion, together with a filtering or observation technique. The behavior of these algorithms may vary depending on the applied sensor signals and on their accuracy under different environmental conditions and for different vehicle types. In the case of systems that also use GNSS signals, different procedures must also be prepared for signal dropouts and, in the worst case, drastic fluctuations in accuracy. The aim of this research is to present and compare the performance of different estimation procedures for different vehicles and environmental conditions. Full article

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6 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Examining the Expected Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Transport, Their Cross-Impacts and the Relationships Between Impacts

by Daniel Csikor, Ferenc Szauter and Réka Koteczki

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079062 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 357

Abstract

We have a promising future in improving road safety, which requires a comprehensive assessment of the impact of systems on road transport. Research is timely as we are in a transitional period until the advent of autonomous vehicles. This research has identified the [...] Read more.

We have a promising future in improving road safety, which requires a comprehensive assessment of the impact of systems on road transport. Research is timely as we are in a transitional period until the advent of autonomous vehicles. This research has identified the factors that influence the impact of vehicle control algorithms on road transport, depending on technological feasibility, as well as the factors that influence development directions, and then used a questionnaire survey to assess the factors that are most important to society. The correlations between the impacts were analysed and, after identifying the different clusters, this research assessed the opinions of different age groups on the expected impact of self-driving vehicles and the factors influencing their introduction. Full article

7 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analyzing the Potential Impacts of the Speed Compliance Behavior of Autonomous Vehicles

by Attila Borsos, Balázs Horváth, Viktor Nagy and Richárd Horváth

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079063 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Many researchers argue that autonomous vehicles (AV) will create a safer and more efficient transport infrastructure. However, some studies have drawn attention to potential problems in relation to how AVs and human-driven vehicles will co-exist. We investigated the effect of speed compliance behavior [...] Read more.

Many researchers argue that autonomous vehicles (AV) will create a safer and more efficient transport infrastructure. However, some studies have drawn attention to potential problems in relation to how AVs and human-driven vehicles will co-exist. We investigated the effect of speed compliance behavior of AVs on an urban two-lane road section with alternating speed limits of 50 and 30 km/h. A Vissim microsimulation model was used where we gradually increased the traffic volume and the market penetration rate (MPR) of AVs. We found that under low traffic flow conditions the increase in MPR will lead to a decrease in the average speed and worsening of the average travel time. Under medium and, specifically, under saturated conditions, a high share of AVs can bring stability to the system. They can also significantly improve the speed compliance rate. Full article

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6 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Digital Twins in Sustainable Supply Chains: A Comprehensive Review of Current Applications and Enablers for Successful Adoption

by Lahiru Vimukthi Bandara and László Buics

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079064 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 596

Abstract

Digital Twins (DT) are an emerging trend in diversified industrial sectors and their value chains. This study aims to explore current DT applications within SCs, focusing on sustainable inbound and outbound logistics and identifying key enablers that will facilitate the successful adoption of [...] Read more.

Digital Twins (DT) are an emerging trend in diversified industrial sectors and their value chains. This study aims to explore current DT applications within SCs, focusing on sustainable inbound and outbound logistics and identifying key enablers that will facilitate the successful adoption of DTs in SCs. Using the PEO model and employing the PRISMA framework, this study screened articles from the Scopus database to explore the existing knowledge related to this topic. A steep increase in articles related to DTs over the past 10 years indicates that there is growing attention in exploring and leveraging this technology for various applications. The successful adoption of DTs is driven by several key factors, including advanced technological infrastructure; standardized processes; continuous improvement; knowledge workers; technologies like IoT, IIoT, AR/VR; and managerial support. Full article

6 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Evolution of Digitalization Transformation and Industry 4.0 in Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review

by Tran Nguyen Ngoc Quynh and László Buics

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079065 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 436

Abstract

The digital revolution is rapidly reshaping supply chains, driven by the confluence of Industry 4.0 and digitalization transformations. This research aims to investigate the evolution of the digitalization transformation era by integrating machine learning and big data management into supply chain management (SCM). [...] Read more.

The digital revolution is rapidly reshaping supply chains, driven by the confluence of Industry 4.0 and digitalization transformations. This research aims to investigate the evolution of the digitalization transformation era by integrating machine learning and big data management into supply chain management (SCM). A systematic literature review and mapping study were conducted, analyzing 223 articles from the Scopus database and 60 from Web of Science, selected through a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) screening process and the Population, Exposure, and Outcome (PEO) framework. This study provides a narrative summary of the evolution of decision-making and consultation processes, recommendation approaches, and guidelines for enterprises to achieve sustainability in their supply chain management. It also identifies potential areas for future research in navigating the world of digitized supply chains. Full article

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6 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advances and Future Trends in Battery Management Systems

by Norbert Kertész and Loránd Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079066 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 595

Abstract

This paper analyzes current and emerging technologies in battery management systems and their impact on the efficiency and sustainability of electric vehicles. It explores how advancements in this field contribute to enhanced battery performance, safety, and lifespan, playing a vital role in the [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes current and emerging technologies in battery management systems and their impact on the efficiency and sustainability of electric vehicles. It explores how advancements in this field contribute to enhanced battery performance, safety, and lifespan, playing a vital role in the broader objectives of sustainable mobility and transportation. By optimizing energy management and integrating with renewable resources, this technology supports the transition to greener, more resilient transportation systems. The paper also discusses future research directions, emphasizing the importance of innovation in battery management systems in achieving global sustainability goals. Full article

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7 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Inverse Perspective Mapping Correction for Aiding Camera-Based Autonomous Driving Tasks

by Norbert Markó, Péter Kőrös and Miklós Unger

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079067 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 256

Abstract

Inverse perspective mapping (IPM) is a crucial technique in camera-based autonomous driving, transforming the perspective view captured by the camera into a bird’s-eye view. This can be beneficial for accurate environmental perception, path planning, obstacle detection, and navigation. IPM faces challenges such as [...] Read more.

Inverse perspective mapping (IPM) is a crucial technique in camera-based autonomous driving, transforming the perspective view captured by the camera into a bird’s-eye view. This can be beneficial for accurate environmental perception, path planning, obstacle detection, and navigation. IPM faces challenges such as distortion and inaccuracies due to varying road inclinations and intrinsic camera properties. Herein, we revealed inaccuracies inherent in our current IPM approach so proper correction techniques can be applied later. We aimed to explore correction possibilities to enhance the accuracy of IPM and examine other methods that could be used as a benchmark or even a replacement, such as stereo vision and deep learning-based monocular depth estimation methods. With this work, we aimed to provide an analysis and direction for working with IPM. Full article

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7 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Efficiency Analysis of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks for Visual Data Processing

by János Hollósi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079068 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 362

Abstract

In the field of artificial neural networks, the use of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) has long been a well-established methodology. Recently, the theory of Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs) has emerged as a potential alternative to multilayer perceptrons, inspired by the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem. It has [...] Read more.

In the field of artificial neural networks, the use of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) has long been a well-established methodology. Recently, the theory of Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KANs) has emerged as a potential alternative to multilayer perceptrons, inspired by the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem. It has been demonstrated that solutions based on the Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN) can achieve better efficiency than those based on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) for certain problems. In this work, we investigate how the new theory can be applied to a special image classification task when some adversarial attack method is applied. The aim of the research is to explore the potential of the theory to answer the question of its applicability to complex tasks of practical importance. Full article

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6 pages, 446 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Testing Sustainable 3D-Printed Battery Housings with DIC Technology

by Brigitta Fruzsina Szívós, Vivien Nemes, Szabolcs Szalai and Szabolcs Fischer

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079069 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing has rapidly gained traction in the automotive industry, offering significant benefits in terms of design flexibility, production speed, and cost efficiency. However, as the use of 3D printing grows, there is a rising focus on incorporating sustainable materials to minimize the [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing has rapidly gained traction in the automotive industry, offering significant benefits in terms of design flexibility, production speed, and cost efficiency. However, as the use of 3D printing grows, there is a rising focus on incorporating sustainable materials to minimize the environmental footprint of automotive components. This study centers on using eco-friendly, 3D-printable materials to produce electric vehicle battery covers. The primary goal is to assess these sustainable battery housings’ mechanical properties, durability, and overall feasibility. Additionally, the research explores the potential of foaming polylactic acid filaments in measurement applications using Digital Image Correlation technology, which is widely employed in the automotive sector. The study also evaluates these housings’ manufacturability and real-world applicability, offering insights into their role in the future of automotive production, where sustainability is becoming increasingly important. The research seeks to contribute to the broader movement toward greener manufacturing processes within the automotive industry by conducting these analyses. Full article

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7 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Resistance to Tensile Stress and Foam Structure Formation in Chemically Foamed rPET Blends

by Veronika Anna Szabó, Gábor Böcz and Gábor Dogossy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079070 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 322

Abstract

This research investigates the correlation between tensile strength, tensile strain, and porosity in chemically foamed recycled poly(ethylene-terephthalate) (rPET) samples. Tensile strength and strain were measured on non-foamed samples to predict the porosity of the foamed samples. Utilizing various flame retardants and additives, we [...] Read more.

This research investigates the correlation between tensile strength, tensile strain, and porosity in chemically foamed recycled poly(ethylene-terephthalate) (rPET) samples. Tensile strength and strain were measured on non-foamed samples to predict the porosity of the foamed samples. Utilizing various flame retardants and additives, we analyzed their impact on mechanical properties and structures. However, neither tensile strength nor strain demonstrated a reliable correlation with the resulting porosity. Strain values did not consistently predict porosity, indicating the significant role of additive types and concentrations. Full article

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6 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Strategic Development Trends in the Automotive Industry of Ukraine

by Nina Poyda-Nosyk and Robert Bacho

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079071 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 434

Abstract

This study delves into the strategic development trends within the automotive industry of Ukraine, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and anticipate future trajectories. The objectives of this research are twofold: firstly, to identify the key drivers shaping the [...] Read more.

This study delves into the strategic development trends within the automotive industry of Ukraine, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and anticipate future trajectories. The objectives of this research are twofold: firstly, to identify the key drivers shaping the evolution of the automotive industry in Ukraine; and secondly, to assess the strategic responses of industry stakeholders, including manufacturers, policymakers, and market participants, to these emergent trends. The study reveals several critical insights. Firstly, it identifies the growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs) and sustainable mobility solutions as a key trend, driven by both regulatory mandates and shifting consumer preferences. Secondly, it underscores the importance of innovation and technological integration, particularly in areas such as autonomous driving, connectivity, and digitalization. Thirdly, it highlights the strategic imperatives for Ukrainian automotive industry players to adapt to these trends, including investment in R&D, infrastructure development, and strategic partnerships. In conclusion, this study underscores the imperative for proactive strategic planning and adaptation to global trends towards sustainability, innovation, and digitalization within the Ukrainian automotive industry. Full article

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6 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Considerations for a Low-Voltage Scalable Battery-Test Laboratory

by Gabor Szakallas and Istvan Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079072 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 309

Abstract

The rapidly developing battery industry entails the need for battery testing. Battery charging and discharging require time-consuming testing, so it is necessary for the battery testing laboratory to take effective personnel protection, area isolation, fire and smoke extraction, remote monitoring, and other measures. [...] Read more.

The rapidly developing battery industry entails the need for battery testing. Battery charging and discharging require time-consuming testing, so it is necessary for the battery testing laboratory to take effective personnel protection, area isolation, fire and smoke extraction, remote monitoring, and other measures. The software plays a crucial role in optimizing the scheduling of battery test labs. It might start testing on a small scale initially, but later, as demands on the lab grow, an appropriate software will be needed to schedule testing for optimal usage. This article presents the design considerations and steps of a test lab for testing and analyzing low-voltage battery cells and packs, including all components, safety requirements for safety circuitry, and the purpose of laboratory testing for industrial and research purposes. Full article

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6 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advancing Towards Sustainable Retail Supply Chains: AI-Driven Consumer Segmentation in Superstores

by Golam Sakaline and László Buics

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079073 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 351

Abstract

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized retail by enhancing business decision-making. This research applies the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) framework for customer segmentation, promoting sustainable consumer behaviour and eco-friendly products. Mobility issues, such as efficient goods movement and customer access, are also pivotal in sustainable [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized retail by enhancing business decision-making. This research applies the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) framework for customer segmentation, promoting sustainable consumer behaviour and eco-friendly products. Mobility issues, such as efficient goods movement and customer access, are also pivotal in sustainable retail supply chains. A systematic literature review (SLR) and Python-based clustering techniques (K-Means, hierarchical, DBSCAN) are employed to analyse a four-year dataset of customer data. The SLR identified six key areas from 71 articles. Clustering results varied: RFM binning found four clusters, K-Means and Mean Shift found three, and hierarchical and DBSCAN found two. The study emphasizes a data-centric retail strategy and the transformative impact of machine learning on customer engagement. Full article

5 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vehicle in the Loop Testing of Traffic Sign Recognition Systems

by Richárd Peszleg, Márton Jagicza and Dávid Józsa

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079074 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Modern passenger vehicles can indicate the speed limit for a given road section using GPS, cameras, or both. Sign recognition systems must comply with specified testing procedures before operation. Our goal is to create a cost-effective lab environment for vehicle-level tests of these [...] Read more.

Modern passenger vehicles can indicate the speed limit for a given road section using GPS, cameras, or both. Sign recognition systems must comply with specified testing procedures before operation. Our goal is to create a cost-effective lab environment for vehicle-level tests of these systems. Image recognition can be tested with various traffic signs in a simulation video placed in front of the vehicle’s camera while it runs on a chassis dyno. We tested this environment with factory-built systems, displaying recognized signs on the dashboard. The simulation software allows unlimited signs, eliminating the need for long-distance driving or extensive test track setups. While the lab environment does not replace final public road testing, it is a cost-effective solution for the development and testing of traffic sign recognition systems. Full article

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6 pages, 2716 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Induction Motor Energy Efficiency Investigation

by István Szénásy and Dániel Csikor

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079075 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 354

Abstract

The energy efficiency of the induction motor (IM) is extremely important in the drives of electric vehicles. The first part of the article examines the possibilities of modifying the torque and efficiency curves in order to realize high-torque work points more efficiently by [...] Read more.

The energy efficiency of the induction motor (IM) is extremely important in the drives of electric vehicles. The first part of the article examines the possibilities of modifying the torque and efficiency curves in order to realize high-torque work points more efficiently by modifying the motor’s impedances. Later, it analyzes the flux-dependent changes in the highly load-dependent efficiency based on the literature. The FEM-type investigations of the experimental IM development carried out at the Vehicle Industry Research Center Institute of the Széchenyi István University offer new control options for increasing the efficiency of work points with lower torque and speed as well as for modifying the examined torque curve sections. Full article

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7 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Feasibility of a Drone-Based Road Network Inspection System

by Dávid Szilágyi, Dávid Sziroczák, Dániel Rohács and Ármin Fendrik

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079076 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 269

Abstract

Data collection using drones is a widely used practice today. This capability can be used to develop a drone-based road surface inspection system aimed at increasing user (driver) safety and providing information to the owners and maintainers to assess the status of their [...] Read more.

Data collection using drones is a widely used practice today. This capability can be used to develop a drone-based road surface inspection system aimed at increasing user (driver) safety and providing information to the owners and maintainers to assess the status of their infrastructure assets. This paper presents an overview of the Turkish–Hungarian U-SOAR project, aimed at the prototype level development of such system. While the system is technically feasible, two key aspects were identified that requires focused further evaluation and development: the business model definition and the management of conflicts in operation. The paper highlights the key findings in these two areas. First, the methodology used to assess the possible business approaches is demonstrated, showing that in the context of these two countries, service provision providing processed data has the highest potential. Second, the requirements towards conflict management as a key part of safe operations are presented. This paper shows the proposed automated conflict management solution and the initial development and testing of the system. Full article

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7 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Optimization of a Formula Student Racing Car Using IPG CarMaker—Part 2: Aiding Aerodynamics and Drag Reduction System Package Design

by Dominik Takács and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079077 - 11 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 350

Abstract

Part 1 of this paper summarizes the application of the IPG CarMaker 11.0 software for lap-time simulation and optimization. The goal is to use the IPG CarMaker on a given track for the optimization of the aerodynamics package parameters and the drag reduction [...] Read more.

Part 1 of this paper summarizes the application of the IPG CarMaker 11.0 software for lap-time simulation and optimization. The goal is to use the IPG CarMaker on a given track for the optimization of the aerodynamics package parameters and the drag reduction system (DRS). The optimal aerodynamic downforce coefficient is determined for a given vehicle. The simulations clearly suggest that the application of the DRS pays off for a Formula Student car, if the DRS activation and deactivation times are chosen carefully. As IPG CarMaker seems to be a powerful tool, the Arrabona Racing Team decided to extend its application. Full article

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7 pages, 1148 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Method to Improve the Efficiency and Performance of Cloud-Based Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

by Omar M. Salih, Hussam Rostum and József Vásárhelyi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079078 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Since Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) inherently requires intensive computational operations and consumes many hardware resources, these limitations pose challenges to implementing the entire VSLAM architecture within limited processing power and battery capacity. This paper proposes a novel solution to improve the [...] Read more.

Since Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) inherently requires intensive computational operations and consumes many hardware resources, these limitations pose challenges to implementing the entire VSLAM architecture within limited processing power and battery capacity. This paper proposes a novel solution to improve the efficiency and performance of exchanging data between the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the cloud server. First, an adaptive ORB (oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF) method is proposed for precise tracking, mapping, and re-localization. Second, efficient visual data encoding and decoding methods are proposed for exchanging the data between the edge device and the UAV. The results show an improvement in the trajectory RMSE and accurate tracking using the adaptive ORB-SLAM. Furthermore, the proposed visual data encoding and decoding showed an outstanding performance compared with the most used standard JPEG-based system over high quantization ratios. Full article

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6 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comprehensive Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles and Methods to Reduce Consumption: A Review

by Gábor Saly, Ferenc Szauter and Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079079 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 378

Abstract

The increasingly stricter environmental regulations and standards aim to reduce the ecological impact of vehicles and promote the sustainable use of natural resources. Improving the energy efficiency of vehicles has become a priority in recent decades. This is a key issue for vehicle [...] Read more.

The increasingly stricter environmental regulations and standards aim to reduce the ecological impact of vehicles and promote the sustainable use of natural resources. Improving the energy efficiency of vehicles has become a priority in recent decades. This is a key issue for vehicle development, production, and operation. Several studies and measurements have been conducted to accurately determine vehicles’ energy consumption. This research has investigated and categorized the factors according to external impacts, losses due to vehicle properties, and the effects of vehicle control and energy reduction methods. A better understanding of these factors is crucial for improving energy efficiency. Full article

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7 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Validation of the Optimal Points of Tribological Systems at Different Temperatures Determined by the DOE Method Using Lubricating Oil Doped with Nano-ZrO₂ Particles

by Ádám I. Szabó and Kevin Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079080 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 222

Abstract

In this study, the design of experiments (DOE) method is used to find the optimum values of the tribological system in a 40–120 °C range with 0.1–1 wt% zirconia nanoadditives in a base oil. Significant factors were identified. The studied parameters include friction [...] Read more.

In this study, the design of experiments (DOE) method is used to find the optimum values of the tribological system in a 40–120 °C range with 0.1–1 wt% zirconia nanoadditives in a base oil. Significant factors were identified. The studied parameters include friction absolute integral, static friction, the wear scar diameter and the wear volume of the specimens. The measurements were carried out on a tribometer. The results were pre-estimated using statistical software; then, validation measurements were made using the estimated optimum point. The results show that the FAI value differed by 0.008, the COF value by 0.017, the WSD value by 4 μm and the WV value by 110,000 μm³. At 1 wt%, zirconia can have a positive effect at high temperatures. As temperatures increase, wear parameters decrease and friction values remain stable. Full article

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5 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Psychological Characteristics of Young Motocross (MX) Riders Based on Hungarian Championship Races

by László Kerner, Ferenc Ihász, Zoltán Alföldi, Tamás Gyömörei and Zsolt B. Katona

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079081 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 230

Abstract

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were [...] Read more.

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were analyzed using the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model. Results: The pleasure component was lower, while tension and stressors were almost always greater after the race than before, regardless of the result achieved. Conclusion: Further research is needed to ensure the outstanding performance of riders combined with high-quality technical training and psychological preparation. Full article

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7 pages, 1907 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of the Effects of CuO Nanoparticles on the Tribological Properties of Thermally Aged Group III Base Oil

by Ádám István Szabó and Péter Bence Pápai

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079082 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 244

Abstract

Protecting our environment is a primary focus in various industries, including the automotive sector, which aims to reduce friction and wear to minimize emissions. This study examines the effect of cupric oxide nanoparticles on artificially aged Group III base oil under lab conditions. [...] Read more.

Protecting our environment is a primary focus in various industries, including the automotive sector, which aims to reduce friction and wear to minimize emissions. This study examines the effect of cupric oxide nanoparticles on artificially aged Group III base oil under lab conditions. The oil, aged using a temperature-focused method, was homogenized with 0.5 wt% cupric oxide nanoparticles. A ball-on-disc tribological system registered static and hydrodynamic friction. Wear track sizes indicated the nanoadditive’s positive impact compared to the oil without additives. The experiments revealed the anti-aging effect of cupric oxide nanoceramics. Lubricant aged with cupric oxide performed similarly to new oil, and cupric oxide nanoparticles positively affected friction and wear. The oil supplemented before aging showed better tribological results than after aging. Full article

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6 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Theoretical Study of the Effect of Weather Conditions on Vehicle Aerodynamic Properties

by Brúnó Péter and István Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079083 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 255

Abstract

One of the most widely researched fields within the automotive industry is the effect vehicles place on the environment. To achieve a sustainable transport system, reducing the pollution of vehicles is an essential issue. The aim of this paper is to examine how [...] Read more.

One of the most widely researched fields within the automotive industry is the effect vehicles place on the environment. To achieve a sustainable transport system, reducing the pollution of vehicles is an essential issue. The aim of this paper is to examine how weather conditions influence a vehicle’s operation. The study examines potential methods to evaluate the effect of different weather conditions on the aerodynamic parameters of a vehicle. Aerodynamic properties can be measured with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a wind tunnel and test-track measurements. On-board diagnostics are also examined to collect data on aerodynamics. These methods can monitor several parameters to measure and visualize the effects of weather conditions. The theoretical background to the related aerodynamic parameters is summarized. Full article

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7 pages, 4891 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensitivity to Geometric Detail in Fatigue Simulation of Electronic Components of Vehicles

by Zoltán Z. Kovács and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079084 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Solder joints strongly determine the lifetime of electronic components subjected to temperature fluctuations. The lifetime predictions obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) are uncertain due to the significant variation in solder geometry. It is unclear how realistic a geometric model is needed for [...] Read more.

Solder joints strongly determine the lifetime of electronic components subjected to temperature fluctuations. The lifetime predictions obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) are uncertain due to the significant variation in solder geometry. It is unclear how realistic a geometric model is needed for problems of impartial complexity. A balance must be found between modeling effort and simulation accuracy. Six geometric models of the solder joint of a gullwing lead were built with different complexity, from the simplest to the most realistic, including a realistic reference model obtained by the Surface Evolver simulation software. The FEA results considering linear elastic and plastic material models were compared for the different solder geometries. We conclude that manually created solder geometry is a sufficient alternative to physics-based realistic geometries. Full article

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6 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Tooth Friction Conditions of Electric Vehicle Gearbox with Plastic Gears

by József Polák

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079085 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Earlier, I created a mathematical model of the gear unit, in which the value of the tooth friction was determined during precalculation and then entered into the model as a constant parameter. In this paper, I investigate how much viscosity oil is required [...] Read more.

Earlier, I created a mathematical model of the gear unit, in which the value of the tooth friction was determined during precalculation and then entered into the model as a constant parameter. In this paper, I investigate how much viscosity oil is required at different operating points for a single-stage gear unit with plastic gears to function properly and how this affects the tooth friction and, hence, the loss of energy in the gear unit. Once the investigations are complete, the tooth friction is determined using an automated MATLAB function, which allows the tooth friction to be re-determined at each operating point. This allows for a more accurate strength dimensioning of the plastic gears in the gear unit and a more accurate model describing the gear unit’s behaviour. Full article

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7 pages, 2049 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Optimization of a Formula Student Racing Car Using the IPG CarMaker, Part 1: Lap Time Convergence and Sensitivity Analysis

by Dominik Takács and Ambrus Zelei

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079086 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 354

Abstract

It is increasingly common for simulation and AI tools to aid in the vehicle design process. The IPG CarMaker uses a multibody vehicle model and a learning algorithm for the virtual driver. The goal is to discover the behavior of the learning algorithm [...] Read more.

It is increasingly common for simulation and AI tools to aid in the vehicle design process. The IPG CarMaker uses a multibody vehicle model and a learning algorithm for the virtual driver. The goal is to discover the behavior of the learning algorithm from the point of view of reliability and convergence. Simulations demonstrate that the lap time converges reliably. We also report that small changes in the vehicle parameters induce small changes in the simulated lap time, i.e., the lap time is a differentiable function of the vehicle parameters. Part 2 of this paper explains the aerodynamics and Drag Reduction System optimization. Full article

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6 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Lubrication Capability of Zinc Oxide-Reinforced Nanolubricants in Automotive Applications

by Álmos Dávid Tóth and Ádám István Szabó

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079087 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 243

Abstract

This article aims to introduce the tribological investigation of nanoscale zinc oxide particles as friction and wear reduction additives in the automotive industry and to present the results of the measurements. The surface-activated nanoparticles were homogenized into a neat Group-III-type base oil at [...] Read more.

This article aims to introduce the tribological investigation of nanoscale zinc oxide particles as friction and wear reduction additives in the automotive industry and to present the results of the measurements. The surface-activated nanoparticles were homogenized into a neat Group-III-type base oil at five different concentrations, and their tribological properties were tested using a simplified ball-on-disc tribosystem. The arising wear scar images were investigated, and the occurred wear volume values were also calculated using a confocal microscope. The evaluation presented excellent friction and wear reduction properties, especially at higher concentrations (0.4 and 0.5 wt%). The authors would like to highlight the tribological decreasing potentials provided by such nanoparticles. Nanoparticle-reinforced lubricants can be one of the future solutions to developing operating machines with an achievable maximum energy efficiency. Full article

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6 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Localization Challenges in Autonomous Motorsport

by Balázs Kail, Zsombor Papp and Máté Fazekas

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079088 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 268

Abstract

Precise position tracking is crucial for autonomous vehicle development. Technological innovations offer more accurate sensors, but the ideal combination is still debated. This study, inspired by a motorsport project, analyzes errors in simpler positioning solutions, examining environmental interference and dynamic movement impacts. It [...] Read more.

Precise position tracking is crucial for autonomous vehicle development. Technological innovations offer more accurate sensors, but the ideal combination is still debated. This study, inspired by a motorsport project, analyzes errors in simpler positioning solutions, examining environmental interference and dynamic movement impacts. It discusses real-world testing challenges and explores improving precision through sensor combinations. Using high-accuracy GPS and accelerometers with LIDAR, radar, or cameras enhances navigation, especially in complex environments. The study emphasizes that the future of autonomous vehicle localization depends on technological advancements, sensor integration, and intelligent algorithms. Full article

6 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Aluminum and Copper Alloys for Electric Automotive Engines—From the Research Work at the University of Dunaújváros

by Judit Pázmán

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079089 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 231

Abstract

In the project work, CES EDUPACK material selection software and Arc melter 500 arc remelting equipment were used to select good-performance materials and produce a sample. First, aluminum alloys were considered due to their low weight; alloys Al7075, Al6082, and EN AW 6022 [...] Read more.

In the project work, CES EDUPACK material selection software and Arc melter 500 arc remelting equipment were used to select good-performance materials and produce a sample. First, aluminum alloys were considered due to their low weight; alloys Al7075, Al6082, and EN AW 6022 in different states were examined for maximum hardness and electrical conductivity, and then the Cu–Cr–Zr alloy was analyzed. The test results showed that for the EN AW 6082 alloy, the specimens heat-treated at 480 °C for 2 h + 175 °C for 2 h following the ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) A route or C route technique gave the best hardness–electrical conductivity pair. In the case of the EN AW 7075 alloy, the artificially aged sample after 4× ECAP forming showed the maximum values. In the case of EN AW 6022, which according to the Ashby chart may be the best alloy for the value pair sought, this alloy was fabricated, resulting in only as-cast samples being analyzed. Of the Cu alloys, the Cu–0.49–0.21Zr alloy after heat treatment at 450 °C for 1 h gives the most favorable hardness–conductivity. Full article

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6 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Pre-Study of the Relationship Between Machining Technology Parameters and Surface Roughness in the Scope of the Optimal Cost Efficiency of Machining

by László Pálfi, József Beke and Szabolcs Szalai

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079090 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 277

Abstract

This research investigates the relationship between machining technology parameters and surface roughness to optimize the cost efficiency of machining processes. In modern manufacturing, particularly in the automotive sector, achieving the desired surface quality while minimizing costs is critical. By evaluating tools from various [...] Read more.

This research investigates the relationship between machining technology parameters and surface roughness to optimize the cost efficiency of machining processes. In modern manufacturing, particularly in the automotive sector, achieving the desired surface quality while minimizing costs is critical. By evaluating tools from various manufacturers under different combinations of cutting parameters—such as cutting speed, feed, and depth—this study focuses on determining the most effective settings for producing an optimal surface roughness. The experiments highlight that selecting appropriate technological parameters impacts the machining process’s surface finish and economic efficiency. This study provides insights into balancing surface quality requirements with cost constraints, contributing to more efficient and sustainable manufacturing practices. Full article

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7 pages, 3858 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Electroconductive Rubber Composites Based on SBR Containing Carbon Black, Graphite, and Their Mixtures: Electrical Conductivity Changes During Cyclic Deformation

by Hamed Peidayesh, Zdenko Špitalský and Ivan Chodák

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079091 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 249

Abstract

This contribution focuses on electroconductive elastomeric composites based on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with graphite, conductive carbon blacks, and a mixture of these fillers to investigate changes in their conductivity during cyclic deformation. Static conductivity, mechanical properties, and conductivity with simultaneous recording of the [...] Read more.

This contribution focuses on electroconductive elastomeric composites based on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with graphite, conductive carbon blacks, and a mixture of these fillers to investigate changes in their conductivity during cyclic deformation. Static conductivity, mechanical properties, and conductivity with simultaneous recording of the stress-strain curve were measured to characterize the composites. The composites containing higher amounts of graphite showed an increase in maximum stress and a decrease in conductivity dependency starting from the second cycle. The results show the potential to design and construct flexible conducting composites based on styrene–butadiene rubber in broad applications such as in the automotive industry. Full article

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6 pages, 482 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mapping IT and Management Challenges in Small and Micro-Businesses: A Path to Digital Maturity in Manufacturing

by Csaba Tápler

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079092 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 256

Abstract

Small and micro-businesses often struggle with poor data accuracy due to a lack of dedicated labor force for non-core business functions. The required efforts and costs associated with improving data accuracy, such as setting up and operating an adequate inventory management system, are [...] Read more.

Small and micro-businesses often struggle with poor data accuracy due to a lack of dedicated labor force for non-core business functions. The required efforts and costs associated with improving data accuracy, such as setting up and operating an adequate inventory management system, are unpredictable for these businesses. Despite the data-intensive nature of operating specialized software like MES and WMS, the decision to invest in excessive data manipulation can be challenging for micro-entities, even with the potential benefits. This study aims to empirically determine the challenges, risks, and other non-financial decision factors micro-enterprises face when establishing effective data management and utilization practices. A data model was developed based on interviews with 17 small business manufacturers and service companies to support the essential data entry requirements of micro-businesses. The findings support the concept of a SAAS (Software as a Service) product tailored to the needs of these businesses. Furthermore, this research highlights the under-researched areas of logistics processes and data management in small businesses. Full article

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6 pages, 2730 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

CT-Based Defect Analysis in Aluminium Rotor End Rings

by István Kozma and Ibolya Zsoldos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079093 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 202

Abstract

The advantages of using cast aluminium rotors have been proven recently. However, discontinuities and porosities created during the casting of aluminium can cause problems during motor operation, such as eccentricity, losses, unwanted sounds, and false rotor fault indications. During the casting technology, care [...] Read more.

The advantages of using cast aluminium rotors have been proven recently. However, discontinuities and porosities created during the casting of aluminium can cause problems during motor operation, such as eccentricity, losses, unwanted sounds, and false rotor fault indications. During the casting technology, care must be taken to ensure that there are as few cracks and porosities as possible in the volume and that their distribution is homogeneous. In this article, we present in detail the application of the modern CT-based methodology that has been spreading recently for the detection and analysis of discontinuities, voids, and porosities created during the casting of rotor end rings. Full article

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6 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Prevalence and Characteristics of Traffic Accidents Endangering Vulnerable Pedestrians in Hungary

by Emese Sánta, Petra Szűcs, Gábor Patocskai and István Lakatos

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079094 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

In Hungary, around 14,000 to 15,000 traffic accidents result in personal injuries on public roads annually. Half of the individuals involved in fatal collisions are considered vulnerable pedestrians or cyclists. Our retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed the police and medical aspects of personal injury [...] Read more.

In Hungary, around 14,000 to 15,000 traffic accidents result in personal injuries on public roads annually. Half of the individuals involved in fatal collisions are considered vulnerable pedestrians or cyclists. Our retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed the police and medical aspects of personal injury traffic accidents in our county. In 2023, there were 26 fatal accidents, 9 of which involved pedestrians, with 8 being at-fault pedestrians. Additionally, 920 traffic accident patients visited the emergency care department of the county hospital, with 68% of them having injuries that healed within 8 days. Full article

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6 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Topography Pre-Treatment of Laser-Textured Surfaces for Friction Simulation in AVL Excite

by Gábor Laki, László Boros and András Lajos Nagy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 79(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024079095 - 27 Nov 2024

Viewed by 210

Abstract

This study presents the challenges arising during the numerical design and simulation of surface-microtextured piston rings. The evaluation of performance is based on the values of asperity and hydrodynamic friction, as well as the lubricant film thickness. The simulation tool AVL Excite Piston [...] Read more.

This study presents the challenges arising during the numerical design and simulation of surface-microtextured piston rings. The evaluation of performance is based on the values of asperity and hydrodynamic friction, as well as the lubricant film thickness. The simulation tool AVL Excite Piston & Rings is used to perform the calculations. The aim of this study is to understand how selected surface pre-processing (pre-treatment) steps affect the calculations. Two methods are presented to achieve a realistic surface topography representative of a state after running-in. Pre-treatment is performed through metrological filtering and thresholding of the topography, and Gaussian smoothing of the virtually applied micro-texture array is carried out. The results show the anticipated behavior of decreasing asperity and hydrodynamic friction losses with the concurrent application of both techniques. Full article

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