Biology

20 pages, 3328 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of GmCSY3 Enhances Soybean Tolerance to Excess Iron and Aluminum

by Zhuo Liu, Hongqiu Lv, Liying Yang, Yu Wang, Xinqi Zhu, Menghan Chang, Wenwei Liang, Shanshan Wang, Ying Yang, Yining Pan, Changhong Guo, Yingdong Bi and Donglin Guo

Biology 2026, 15(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010105 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 756

Abstract

Background: Plant citrate synthase (CSY) is involved in the iron deficiency (−Fe) response and aluminum (Al) detoxification. However, knowledge of CSY function in responding to excess iron (+Fe) or Al stress (+Al) is still limited. Methods: The CDS and promoter of GmCSY3 were [...] Read more.

Background: Plant citrate synthase (CSY) is involved in the iron deficiency (−Fe) response and aluminum (Al) detoxification. However, knowledge of CSY function in responding to excess iron (+Fe) or Al stress (+Al) is still limited. Methods: The CDS and promoter of GmCSY3 were isolated from soybean and bioinformatically analyzed. The GmCSY3 expression was detected by qRT-PCR and GUS assay. The growth of GmCSY3 recombinant yeast under +Fe or +Al was detected. The phenotype, CSY activity, citric acid concentration, chlorophyll content, MDA, H₂O₂, O₂⁻ contents, GST, CAT, SOD, and POD activities were examined in GmCSY3 overexpressed and RNAi-suppressed soybean chimeras under +Fe or +Al. Perls and Hematoxylin stained the roots, and the FCR activity was determined. Results: GmCSY3 was induced by +Fe or +Al, but not by −Fe. GmCSY3 enhanced yeast’s acid production and resistance to +Fe or +Al. GmCSY3 overexpression in soybean significantly enhanced CSY activity, promoted growth, alleviated oxidative damage caused by +Fe or +Al, with less free Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, and reduced FCR activity, while GmCSY3 RNAi-suppressed showed the opposite effect. Conclusions: GmCSY3 promotes the process of citrate synthesis, chelates Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, alleviates oxidative damage caused by +Fe or +Al, and modulates iron absorption in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Stress Physiology: A Trait Perspective)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2007 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Profiling of Foodborne Pathogens in Ready-to-Eat Foods, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia

by Omar Almutairi, Ihab M. Moussa, Eman Marzouk, Adil Abalkhail and Ayman Elbehiry

Biology 2026, 15(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010104 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1200

Abstract

Foodborne pathogens remain a global public health concern, and antimicrobial resistance increases their impact. In mass-gathering cities such as Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, contaminated ready-to-eat (RTE) fast foods can contribute to both local transmission and international spread. In this study, 300 RTE fast food samples, [...] Read more.

Foodborne pathogens remain a global public health concern, and antimicrobial resistance increases their impact. In mass-gathering cities such as Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, contaminated ready-to-eat (RTE) fast foods can contribute to both local transmission and international spread. In this study, 300 RTE fast food samples, including shawarma, burgers, fried chicken, sandwiches, and salads, were collected from international franchises, local restaurants, and street vendors. Pathogens were identified using conventional culture combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed CLSI guidelines, and real-time PCR confirmed species identity and screened resistance determinants. Principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram clustering were used to assess diagnostic discrimination. Among the 300 samples, 129 (43.0%) were culture positive. The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%) and Escherichia coli (13.0%), followed by Salmonella spp. (9.0%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (6.7%). About 35% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA), and 85% of A. baumannii carried OXA-type carbapenemase genes. MALDI-TOF MS achieved 96.1% score-based identification and, with PCA, showed strong interspecies separation. PCR confirmed species identity and detected widespread resistance genes, with genotype–phenotype concordance of at least 80%. Overall, 60.5% of isolates were multidrug resistant. RTE fast foods in Al-Madinah represent reservoirs of MDR pathogens, including carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii. The combined use of MALDI-TOF MS and real-time PCR established a rapid and scalable workflow that provided reliable identification and resistance profiling in less than 24 h, compared with 48 to 72 h for conventional methods. This approach supports One Health surveillance in high-risk food settings and strengthens preparedness for mass gatherings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Foodborne Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 166 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Progress in Wildlife Conservation, Management and Biological Research: From Molecular Perspectives to Ecological Processes

by Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo

Biology 2026, 15(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010103 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 599

Abstract

Wildlife conservation and the management of biological resources face unprecedented challenges in the Anthropocene [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Wildlife Conservation, Management and Biological Research)

15 pages, 16785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Exposure to Niclosamide Disrupts Structure and Metabolism of Digestive Glands and Foot in Cipangopaludina cathayensis

by Yanan Zhang, Yizhen Liu, Qiying Cai, Jun Ye, Tao Wang, Sheng Xu and Gang Ge

Biology 2026, 15(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010102 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 740

Abstract

Niclosamide has been the primary molluscicide for schistosomiasis control for over 50 years, but its chronic effects on inter-organ interactions in non-target mollusks remain poorly understood. Cipangopaludina cathayensis, a dominant species in East Asian schistosomiasis-endemic regions, was chronically exposed to environmentally relevant [...] Read more.

Niclosamide has been the primary molluscicide for schistosomiasis control for over 50 years, but its chronic effects on inter-organ interactions in non-target mollusks remain poorly understood. Cipangopaludina cathayensis, a dominant species in East Asian schistosomiasis-endemic regions, was chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of niclosamide to assess its toxic effects. Digestive glands accumulated more niclosamide than the foot tissues. Prolonged exposure was associated with metabolic impairment of the digestive glands, characterized by tubular atrophy, inflammatory reactions, and depletion of nutrient components. Foot tissues exhibited epithelial lesions and muscle fiber atrophy. Alterations in foot structure were associated with changes in digestive gland nutrient status. Niclosamide exposure may weaken the metabolic coupling between these organs, thereby impairing locomotor function. At the population level, persistent niclosamide exposure may destabilize mollusk trophic-level populations, ultimately leading to ecological consequences. Our findings demonstrate the toxicological risks of niclosamide to freshwater mollusks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 2478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense System of Scots Pine Seedlings Under Conditions of Progressive Manganese Deficiency

by Yury V. Ivanov, Alexandra I. Ivanova, Alexander V. Kartashov, Galina V. Glushko, Polina P. Loginova and Vladimir V. Kuznetsov

Biology 2026, 15(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010101 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 713

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial micronutrient for plants. The impaired function of the oxygen-evolving complex in Photosystem II (PSII) due to Mn deficiency is believed to result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and the induction of an enzymatic antioxidant system. In [...] Read more.

Manganese (Mn) is a crucial micronutrient for plants. The impaired function of the oxygen-evolving complex in Photosystem II (PSII) due to Mn deficiency is believed to result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and the induction of an enzymatic antioxidant system. In our study, we investigated the effects of progressive Mn deficiency (the difference in Mn content between the needles of control and Mn-deficient plants increased from 17-fold at the beginning of the experiment to 59-fold at the end) on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase in the roots and needles of Scots pine seedlings. We found that the soluble protein content in plant organs under Mn deficiency was maintained at a level comparable to that of the control. Regardless of the severity of Mn deficiency, the needles of the Mn-deficient plants presented twofold lower SOD activity than the needles of the control plants. These differences were observed even when Mn deficiency did not negatively affect plant growth. Additionally, the total SOD activity in the needles of both plant groups was determined solely by the activity of the Cu/Zn-containing SOD isozymes. Compared with the control plants, Mn deficiency did not result in an increase in any of the studied H₂O₂-degrading enzymes in the needles of the seedlings. In contrast, the needles of the Mn-deficient plants presented a lower level of guaiacol peroxidase activity. Despite the inhibition of root growth, Mn deficiency led to changes in the balance of the enzymatic antioxidant system in plant roots. The data obtained suggest that the lack of activation of SOD and other antioxidant enzymes in Scots pine seedlings against the background of progressive Mn deficiency is due to the reduced ability of PSII to generate ROS under these conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Analysis of Testes of 1-Year-Old and 3-Year-Old Kazakh Horses

by Jiahao Liu, Yuting Yang, Liuxiang Wen, Mingyue Wen, Yaqi Zeng, Wanlu Ren and Xinkui Yao

Biology 2026, 15(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010100 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 740

Abstract

The Kazakh horse is an outstanding dual-purpose dairy and meat breed in China, characterized by early maturity, tolerance to coarse feed, and strong stress resistance. Previous studies have examined gene expression patterns in the testicular tissues of Kazakh horses at different age stages, [...] Read more.

The Kazakh horse is an outstanding dual-purpose dairy and meat breed in China, characterized by early maturity, tolerance to coarse feed, and strong stress resistance. Previous studies have examined gene expression patterns in the testicular tissues of Kazakh horses at different age stages, but the molecular mechanisms regulating testicular sexual maturation remain unclear. To address this gap, this study conducted HE staining and in-depth transcriptome sequencing analysis of Kazakh horse testicular tissue before and after sexual maturity. HE staining showed that the G3 group had well-formed seminiferous tubule lumens, dense interstitial cells, and visible early spermatocytes and spermatozoa, indicating structural maturation. (G1 group: pre-sexual maturity; G3 group: post-sexual maturity), with four biological replicates per group (n = 4). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were called using the criteria of |log₂(fold change)| ≥ 1.5 and adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05. A total of 3054 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including CABS1, RPL10, PGAM2, TMSB4X, and CYP17A1, were identified in the G1 and G3 groups. Among these, 402 genes showed upregulation and 2652 genes showed downregulation. GO annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed their predominant enrichment in the following categories: signaling pathways such as Focal adhesion, Pathways in cancer, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. RT-qPCR validation confirmed the accuracy of the transcriptomic sequencing data. This study further elucidates the differentially expressed genes and associated signaling pathways in Kazakh stallion testes tissue before and after sexual maturity, providing a theoretical foundation and data reference for enhancing reproductive efficiency in equids and promoting biological processes such as testes development and spermatogenesis. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 2326 KB

Open AccessArticle

Explainable Deep Learning Framework for Reliable Species-Level Classification Within the Genera Desmodesmus and Tetradesmus

by İlknur Meriç Turgut, Dilara Gerdan Koc and Özden Fakıoğlu

Biology 2026, 15(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010099 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 834

Abstract

Microalgae are an evolutionarily ancient and morphologically diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, with taxonomic resolution complicated by environmentally driven phenotypic plasticity. This study merges deep learning and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to establish a transparent, reliable, and biologically meaningful framework for green microalgae [...] Read more.

Microalgae are an evolutionarily ancient and morphologically diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, with taxonomic resolution complicated by environmentally driven phenotypic plasticity. This study merges deep learning and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to establish a transparent, reliable, and biologically meaningful framework for green microalgae (Chlorophyta) classification. Microscope images from three morphologically distinct algal species—Desmodesmus flavescens, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Tetradesmus dimorphus representing the genera Desmodesmus and Tetradesmus within Chlorophyta—were analyzed using twelve convolutional neural networks, including EfficientNet-B0–B7, DenseNet201, NASNetLarge, Xception, and ResNet152V2. A curated dataset comprising 3624 microscopic images from three Chlorophyta species was used, split into training, validation, and test subsets. All models were trained using standardized preprocessing and data augmentation procedures, including grayscale conversion, CLAHE-based contrast enhancement, rotation, flipping, and brightness normalization. The model’s performance was assessed using accuracy and loss metrics on independent test datasets, while interpretability was evaluated through saliency maps and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualizations. ResNet152V2 achieved the highest overall performance among all evaluated architectures, outperforming EfficientNet variants, NASNetLarge, and Xception in terms of macro F1-score. Visualization analysis showed that both Grad-CAM and saliency mapping consistently highlighted biologically relevant regions—including cell walls, surface ornamentation, and colony structures—confirming that the models relied on taxonomically meaningful features rather than background artifacts. The findings indicate that the integration of deep learning and XAI can attain consistently high test accuracy for microalgal species, even with constrained datasets. This approach enables automated taxonomy and supports biodiversity monitoring, ecological assessment, biomass optimization, and biodiesel production by integrating interpretability with high predictive accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Deep Learning Approach to Study Biological Questions (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

33 pages, 3211 KB

Open AccessReview

The Multifaceted Importance of Amphibians: Ecological, Biomedical, and Socio-Economic Perspectives

by Buddhika Wickramasingha, Josh West, Bellanthudawage Kushan Aravinda Bellanthudawa, Michael P. Graziano and Thilina D. Surasinghe

Biology 2026, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010098 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3893

Abstract

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, with over 40% of species at risk of extinction. However, a gap remains in understanding how to effectively develop and implement amphibian conservation strategies at local and global scales to minimize extinction risk. This [...] Read more.

Amphibians are among the most threatened vertebrate groups globally, with over 40% of species at risk of extinction. However, a gap remains in understanding how to effectively develop and implement amphibian conservation strategies at local and global scales to minimize extinction risk. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary evidence to frame amphibian conservation as a priority not only for species preservation but for safeguarding ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Drawing on ecological, physiological, biomedical, and technological literature, we highlight the foundational roles amphibians play in various biomes: regulating invertebrate populations, mediating nutrient and energy flows, modifying physical habitats, and supporting biodiversity through trophic interactions. Their dual aquatic–terrestrial life cycles and highly permeable skin make them highly sensitive to environmental change, positioning them as bioindicators for ecosystem health. We further explore emerging tools and concepts such as environmental metabolomics, remote sensing, and citizen science for monitoring population trends and environmental stressors. Additionally, we discuss conservation challenges in relation to land-use change, climate disruption, invasive species, emerging diseases, and institutional underinvestment. We argue for the recognition of amphibians as ecological allies and the increased integration of amphibian conservation into broader frameworks such as ecosystem service valuation, climate resilience planning, and public health policy improvement. Finally, we identify key research gaps and suggest future directions to remedy these oversights, including the incorporation of traditional knowledge, socio-cultural engagement, and technological innovations for sustainable amphibian conservation. Realizing this vision will require globally coordinated, locally grounded strategies that fuse scientific insight, inclusive governance, and long-term investment—ensuring that amphibian conservation advances ecosystem stability and benefits both nature and society. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of RNA Editing in Oxidative and Glycolytic Skeletal Muscles of Yak

by Yilin Shi, Xuemei Wu, Chunnian Liang, Xian Guo, Xiaoming Ma, Ping Yan, Min Chu and Xiaoyun Wu

Biology 2026, 15(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010097 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 844

Abstract

Fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers not only differ in metabolic characteristics and physiological functions but also significantly influence the texture of livestock meat. RNA editing represents an important post-transcriptional regulatory process that can influence both gene expression and the resulting protein function. However, [...] Read more.

Fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers not only differ in metabolic characteristics and physiological functions but also significantly influence the texture of livestock meat. RNA editing represents an important post-transcriptional regulatory process that can influence both gene expression and the resulting protein function. However, studies on RNA editing events in yak muscle remain limited. This study systematically identified RNA editing events in yak biceps femoris (BF, n = 3) and obliquus externus abdominis (OEA, n = 3) using transcriptomic data, discovering 17,713 unique editing sites, most located in non-coding regions. Within coding regions, 3350 sites were detected, with 1195 resulting in non-synonymous amino acid substitutions. Further analysis revealed that 785 sites potentially affected miRNA binding sites, suggesting RNA editing may participate in miRNA-mediated gene regulation. Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05) identified 242 sites (involving 170 genes) with significantly different editing levels between BF and OEA. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that genes with differential RNA editing were predominantly associated with pathways involved in muscle fiber type transitions, including the MAPK and calcium signaling pathways. Collectively, this study maps the RNA editing landscape in yak muscle tissue and identifies distinct, fiber-type-specific RNA editing patterns between oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers, including differences in editing levels and site distributions, supporting a potential association between RNA editing and muscle fiber type transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Physiology of Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açaí) Seed Bioproducts on Trypanosoma cruzi

by Henrique Previtalli-Silva, Daiana de Jesus Hardoim, Raphael de Lucena Banaggia, Carla J. Moragas-Tellis, Paulo Victor Ramos de Souza, Maria Dutra Behrens, Thiago de Souza Dias Silva, Kátia da Silva Calabrese and Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso

Biology 2026, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010096 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 964

Abstract

Chagas disease remains a major public health challenge due to the limited effectiveness and considerable side effects of existing treatments, particularly during the chronic stage. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) seeds have gained increasing attention as a source of bioactive compounds with potential [...] Read more.

Chagas disease remains a major public health challenge due to the limited effectiveness and considerable side effects of existing treatments, particularly during the chronic stage. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) seeds have gained increasing attention as a source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. In this study, hydroalcoholic extracts and solvent fractions obtained from açaí seeds were chemically characterized by ESI/MS and HPLC–MS/MS and evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiparasitic activity against different developmental stages of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain). Chemical profiling revealed a predominance of phenolic compounds, particularly catechins and procyanidins, which were identified as major constituents of the hydroalcoholic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction. Cytotoxicity assays performed on murine peritoneal macrophages demonstrated low toxicity, with CC₅₀ values exceeding 500 µg/mL for most samples, indicating a favorable in vitro safety profile. Antiparasitic assays showed weak activity against epimastigote forms; however, significant inhibitory effects were observed against bloodstream trypomastigotes, cell culture-derived trypomastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes. Notably, the hydroalcoholic extract exhibited the highest selectivity against intracellular amastigotes, with a selectivity index greater than 10, fulfilling key criteria proposed by the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) for early-stage hit compounds. Flow cytometry analysis showed that both the hydroalcoholic extract and the ethyl acetate fraction induced parasite cell death through late apoptosis-like and necrosis. Together, these findings highlight the antiparasitic potential of E. oleracea seed extracts, particularly against clinically relevant stages of T. cruzi, and support further investigation of these bioproducts as promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic strategies for Chagas disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease: Biology, Epidemiology, Treatment and Control)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 12130 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals That Macrophage-Induced Angiogenesis Contributes to Immunotherapy Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

by Xinyu Pan, Baolin Liao, Zhijie Hu and Yuanyan Xiong

Biology 2026, 15(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010095 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1393

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the top causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and its complex tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to poor responses to immunotherapy. Although PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has emerged as an effective treatment strategy, therapeutic resistance frequently limits its clinical benefit. Here, we [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks among the top causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and its complex tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to poor responses to immunotherapy. Although PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has emerged as an effective treatment strategy, therapeutic resistance frequently limits its clinical benefit. Here, we uncover a distinct macrophage population associated with anti-PD-1 resistance in HCC. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals an NFKBIZ⁺ M0 macrophage subset predominantly present in non-responders. Notably, these macrophages exhibit a hypoxia-induced phenotype characterized by the secretion of VEGFA and HBEGF, which cooperatively enhance tumor angiogenesis, alongside an elevated expression of the inflammatory chemokines CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL8 that consolidate an immunosuppressive, pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Transcriptional regulatory network analysis further identified FOSB–VEGFA and FOS–HBEGF axes as key drivers of this pathogenic macrophage phenotype. Our findings define a distinct NFKBIZ⁺ macrophage population that mechanistically links hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immune evasion to PD-1 blockade resistance. This work provides new insights into the cellular and molecular basis of immunotherapy failure in HCC and highlights potential targets for overcoming treatment resistance. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

37 pages, 1513 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Are All Species Created Equal? A Critique of the “Equal Fitness Paradigm”

by Douglas S. Glazier

Biology 2026, 15(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010094 - 1 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1358

Abstract

My article criticizes the view held by many ecologists that species have evolved essentially equivalent levels of fitness, thus permitting their coexistence. I show that a recently proposed version of this view called the “equal fitness paradigm” (EFP) has multiple problems, empirically and [...] Read more.

My article criticizes the view held by many ecologists that species have evolved essentially equivalent levels of fitness, thus permitting their coexistence. I show that a recently proposed version of this view called the “equal fitness paradigm” (EFP) has multiple problems, empirically and conceptually. Some of these problems are (1) an energetic fitness measure (OPG = lifetime production of surviving offspring per parental body mass) that ignores the critical effect of the timing of reproduction; (2) flawed methods and data used to calculate and interpret the body-size scaling invariance of OPG upon which the EFP is based; (3) omission of the profound effects of population size and geographical range size on species-level fitness; and (4) lack of recognition that if the EFP were true, species-level selection would not be able to operate. By contrast, the “variable fitness paradigm” (VFP), which is a mainstay of modern evolutionary biology, is supported by numerous lines of evidence at multiple levels of biological organization. Extensive fitness variation allows natural selection to operate at all these levels. Distinguishing fitness and adaptiveness as reproductive power and efficiency of resource acquisition, respectively, helps explain species coexistence within the conceptual framework of the VFP. No EFP is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 14462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of an Infertile, All-Male ZZ Line Exhibiting Female-like Growth in Chinese Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): Growth Performance, Flesh Quality, and Muscle Metabolome

by Zhangfan Chen, Yinqi Wu, Lanqing Ding, Pengfei Li, Mengqi Wang, Xu Yan, Fangzhou Cheng, He Jiang, Zhongkai Cui and Songlin Chen

Biology 2026, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010093 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 944

Abstract

Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an important marine aquaculture species that exhibits pronounced female-biased sexual size dimorphism, which limits the economic value of male stocks. The F4 generation of genome-edited dmrt1^−/− ZZ males carried a stable 8 bp deletion [...] Read more.

Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is an important marine aquaculture species that exhibits pronounced female-biased sexual size dimorphism, which limits the economic value of male stocks. The F4 generation of genome-edited dmrt1^−/− ZZ males carried a stable 8 bp deletion in dmrt1, developed ovarian lamella-like gonads and were completely sterile, as in vitro fertilization with their gonads produced no viable embryos. From 12 to 15 months post-hatch (mph), their growth rate was significantly higher than that of wild-type males and ultimately comparable to that of females. They weighed 3.2-fold heavier and measured 1.38-fold longer than their 15 mph wild-type male counterparts. Muscle nutritional composition and most texture traits of dmrt1^−/− ZZ males did not differ from wild-type females. However, their fat content was significantly lower than that of wild-type males, while their Omega6 content was significantly higher. Metabolomic analysis identified 1262 metabolites and revealed differential enrichment of pathways related to amino acids, energy, and antioxidant and neuromuscular metabolism, without evidence of detrimental shifts. Overall, dmrt1 editing yields a fast-growing, functionally sterile male line whose flesh quality is similar to that of wild-type tongue sole, supporting its potential use in sex-control breeding in Chinese tongue sole and providing a valuable model for studying sexual size dimorphism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine and Freshwater Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1310 KB

Open AccessReview

Beyond VEGF and TGF-β: A Comprehensive Review of Growth Factor Pathways in the Pathophysiology of Uterine Leiomyomas

by Nuray Rozmurat, Sanja Terzic, Peng Zhao, Gauri Bapayeva, Kuralay Kongrtay, Matthew Naanlep Tanko and Milan Terzic

Biology 2026, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010092 - 1 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1310

Abstract

Uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are non-cancerous smooth muscle proliferations of the uterus, occurring mostly in women of reproductive age. Their pathogenesis involves complex growth factor interactions that regulate cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and angiogenesis in myometrium. Women affected by fibroids often [...] Read more.

Uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are non-cancerous smooth muscle proliferations of the uterus, occurring mostly in women of reproductive age. Their pathogenesis involves complex growth factor interactions that regulate cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and angiogenesis in myometrium. Women affected by fibroids often have a range of consequences such as infertility, endometriosis, and dysmenorrhea. Several growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) have long been described as key regulators of angiogenic and fibrotic activities in fibroid tissue. Moreover, we summarized updated information between 2015 and 2025 following strictly inclusion/exclusion criteria and key research areas, including growth factors and its isoform-interaction, their roles within key signaling pathways, and the contribution of ECM deposition in uterine fibroids development and growth. Implementing growth factors in the clinical research field can develop new biomarkers and treatment options, focusing on effective and advanced management of uterine fibroids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering the Origins of Commercial Sweetpotato Genotypes Using International Genebank Data

by Alexandre F. S. Mello, Ronald Robles, Genoveva R. M. de Simon, Giovani O. da Silva, Sonia M. N. M. Montes, Maria U. C. Nunes, Jose L. Pereira, Erich Y. T. Nakasu, Rainer Vollmer, David Ellis, Verónica Valencia-Límaco and Vânia C. R. Azevedo

Biology 2026, 15(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010091 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 892

Abstract

Sweetpotato genotypes, often known by regional names, are easily propagated via cuttings, which can lead to mixing and misidentification of cultivars. This complicates traceability and commercialization. Accurate characterization of common genotypes would support their formal registration and strengthen the sweetpotato value chain. Sweetpotato [...] Read more.

Sweetpotato genotypes, often known by regional names, are easily propagated via cuttings, which can lead to mixing and misidentification of cultivars. This complicates traceability and commercialization. Accurate characterization of common genotypes would support their formal registration and strengthen the sweetpotato value chain. Sweetpotato is a staple crop in Brazil, and in this study, four states, representing different geographic regions in Brazil, were selected. A total of 37 samples were collected in these states, and the samples were evaluated by SSR molecular markers and morphological traits. The samples were cleaned of virus and compared to the global sweetpotato collection held at the International Potato Center under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. SSR markers effectively distinguished among accessions. The genotype locally known as “Canadense” matched closely both genetically and morphologically to the CIP accession ‘Blesbok’. This alignment paves the way for formalizing cuttings and root production of “Canadense”/‘Blesbok’ for commercial use. In contrast, several accessions marketed in Sergipe as “white skin sweetpotato” did not correspond to any known CIP accession, suggesting that they may be unique regional genotypes or acquired from other sources, since sweetpotato is an exotic crop in Brazil. Overall, the research identified key genotypes, supporting their official registration with Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply, thereby enhancing the legal commercialization of cuttings and roots. Additionally, the clear molecular and trait-based classification will assist sweetpotato crop improvement programs in selecting appropriate parent lines for future crosses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns and Functional Insights of DNA Methylation Variation in a South American Mayfly Across an Agriculturally Impacted Semi-Arid Watershed

by Angéline Bertin, Ana María Notte, Bouziane Moumen, Diana Coral-Santacruz, Frédéric Grandjean and Nicolas Gouin

Biology 2026, 15(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010090 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 803

Abstract

By regulating gene expression to maintain homeostasis and enabling rapid responses to environmental change, epigenetic mechanisms can provide valuable insights into how populations respond to external pressures. Here, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation in natural populations of the mayfly Andesiops torrens from a [...] Read more.

By regulating gene expression to maintain homeostasis and enabling rapid responses to environmental change, epigenetic mechanisms can provide valuable insights into how populations respond to external pressures. Here, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation in natural populations of the mayfly Andesiops torrens from a semi-arid watershed of northern Chile exposed to intense climatic and anthropogenic stress. We analyzed 285 individuals from 30 sites using methylRAD sequencing and assembled a draft reference genome to map methylated loci and determine their associated gene functions. Discriminant analyses of principal components revealed a methylation structure among sampling sites, identifying five groups, and the coexistence within localities of individuals with distinct methylation profiles. Non-CpG methylRAD loci accounted for most methylation divergence, consistent with environmental effects. The five groups shared a broad functional spectrum dominated by regulatory processes related to cellular processes, gene regulation, morphogenesis, neurogenesis, and metabolism, and formed a continuum from core cellular regulation in small groups to more integrated developmental and adaptive stress-related control in larger groups. While the drivers of these patterns remain to be clarified, our study suggests that DNA methylation contributes to local responses in A. torrens and also reveals the potential of DNA methylation analyses as an initial approach for exploring ecological pressures in natural populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Evolutionary Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7672 KB

Open AccessArticle

GATA-3 Suppression by DNAzyme Modulates Interleukin-10 and Liver Injury Markers in db/db Mice

by Layla Al-Mansoori, Asma A. Elashi, Laila Hedaya, Maha Alser, Shamma Almuraikhy, Najeha Anwardeen, Hend Al-Jaber, Suhad Hussain, Hamda A. Al-Naemi, Vijay Govindharajan, Rafif Mahmood Al-Saady, Mohammed Imad Malki, Khaled Naja and Mohamed A. Elrayess

Biology 2026, 15(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010089 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 799

Abstract

Obesity plays a crucial role in the progression of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes which are related to inflammation and liver disease. GATA-3 is a transcription factor that is involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Therefore, it could be a potential therapeutic target [...] Read more.

Obesity plays a crucial role in the progression of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes which are related to inflammation and liver disease. GATA-3 is a transcription factor that is involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Therefore, it could be a potential therapeutic target for obesity-associated metabolic disorders. This study aimed to examine the effects of GATA-3 suppression on body weight, fat depot redistribution, liver histopathology, and inflammatory markers in transgenic db/db obese mice. Male db/db mice received subcutaneous injections of GATA-3-specific DNAzyme (hgd40; 10 or 100 µg/mL), pioglitazone (as a positive control), or vehicle only (as a negative control), twice weekly for two weeks. Body weight, organ weights, liver histopathology, mRNA expression of selected genes and serum cytokine levels were assessed. GATA-3 expression was not region specific, and its suppression did not significantly affect fat depot distribution or organ weights. However, the low dose of hgd40 accelerated body weight gain transiently. It also increased Il10 mRNA expression in the liver and significantly increased IL-10 protein concentration in the serum. In addition, a high dose of hgd40 resulted in a marked decrease in hepatocyte ballooning degeneration. These findings suggest that GATA-3 suppression may modulate inflammation and liver injury in obesity, warranting further investigation into its therapeutic potential for obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Metabolic Homeostasis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3385 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Food Matrix Protects Dark Chocolate Flavan-3-Ols and Onion Flavonols from Degradation During In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

by Alice Cattivelli, Melissa Zannini, Maddalena De Angeli, Roberta Trovato, Angela Conte and Davide Tagliazucchi

Biology 2026, 15(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010088 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 837

Abstract

The bioaccessibility of flavonoids (namely, their release from the food matrix and their stability under gastrointestinal conditions) is pivotal in establishing their bioavailability and biological effects. Bioaccessibility is affected by several factors, including the food matrix. Previous studies suggested that flavonols and flavan-3-ols [...] Read more.

The bioaccessibility of flavonoids (namely, their release from the food matrix and their stability under gastrointestinal conditions) is pivotal in establishing their bioavailability and biological effects. Bioaccessibility is affected by several factors, including the food matrix. Previous studies suggested that flavonols and flavan-3-ols were higher in solid foods rather than in beverages. Therefore, this study investigated the bioaccessibility of red-skinned onion flavonols and dark chocolate flavan-3-ols during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of whole foods and the corresponding phenolic compounds extracts, with the aim of ascertaining a possible food matrix effect. Results showed that the presence of the food matrix protected flavonols and flavan-3-ols from degradation during digestion. The bioaccessibility of total flavonols and flavan-3-ols determined by mass spectrometry was 79.0% and 80.8% for red-skinned onion and dark chocolate, respectively, whereas it was 57.5% and 47.3% for the corresponding extracts. Degradation of flavonols occurred mainly during intestinal digestion by deglycosylation and oxidative reactions, whereas for flavan-3-ols, it occurred during gastric digestion mainly by hydrolysis. Therefore, this study highlighted the importance of the food matrix in protecting flavonols and flavan-3-ols from degradation during digestion, underscoring the significance of consuming phenolic compounds in whole foods rather than supplements or extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1616 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Analysis of Key lncRNAs for Adipose Differentiation

by Xiujie Xie, Tianyu Li, Bohang Zhang, Junxiong Liao, Xing Zhang, Jing Gao, Xiaofang Cheng, Tiantian Meng, Yongjie Xu, Pengpeng Zhang and Cencen Li

Biology 2026, 15(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010087 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 593

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated that the abundance of brown adipose tissue is inversely associated with obesity in humans. Promoting the browning of white adipocytes therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity treatment. LncRNAs are known regulators of adipocyte differentiation and metabolic processes. [...] Read more.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the abundance of brown adipose tissue is inversely associated with obesity in humans. Promoting the browning of white adipocytes therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity treatment. LncRNAs are known regulators of adipocyte differentiation and metabolic processes. However, their specific roles in adipocyte browning remain poorly characterized. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analyses using publicly available RNA-seq datasets of mouse white, brown and beige adipose tissues from the EMBL-EBI database. Our analytical workflow included raw data quality control, alignment to the reference genome, transcript assembly, coding potential assessment and differential expression analysis. Functional annotation was conducted through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Key lncRNAs were further validated via Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We identified 794 novel lncRNAs and 1499 DEGs, among which 95 were common across all three adipocyte types. Two lncRNAs, MSTRG.12661 and MSTRG.17758, were found to be closely related to critical biological processes, including extracellular matrix organization and fatty acid oxidation. Functional prediction suggests their potential involvement in adipocyte type-specific differentiation. In conclusion, our study reveals novel lncRNAs that may regulate adipocyte differentiation, offering new candidate targets for obesity treatment via induction of white adipose tissue browning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Profiling and Activation-Associated Expression of CD99 Ligands on Human Leukocytes

by Myint Myat Thu, Nuchjira Takheaw, Witida Laopajon, Watchara Kasinrerk and Supansa Pata

Biology 2026, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010086 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 683

Abstract

The immune system comprises a complex network of cells that continuously change during activation, infection, and the maintenance of balance. Immunophenotyping offers valuable insights into the regulation of immune responses. We systematically characterized the expression profile of CD99 ligands across distinct immune cell [...] Read more.

The immune system comprises a complex network of cells that continuously change during activation, infection, and the maintenance of balance. Immunophenotyping offers valuable insights into the regulation of immune responses. We systematically characterized the expression profile of CD99 ligands across distinct immune cell subsets using both conventional and high-dimensional flow cytometry. CD99 ligands were detected on NK cells and monocytes under both resting and IL-2-activated conditions, with non-classical monocytes and CD56 Dim NK cells exhibiting the highest expression levels. Notably, ligand expression in these subsets was further enhanced following IL-2 activation. In contrast, T lymphocytes (CD3⁺) displayed low basal levels of CD99 ligand expression, which increased modestly upon activation. Cellular activation was accompanied by an expansion of specific immune phenotypes characterized by elevated CD99 ligand expression alongside the upregulation of activation markers such as CD69 and CD137. Collectively, these findings suggest that the expression of the CD99 ligands may serve as an indicator of immune activation and demonstrate subset-specific regulation, particularly in response to IL-2 stimulation. These findings have revealed the distinct expression patterns of CD99 ligands, emphasizing their crucial role in modulating immune responses. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1827 KB

Open AccessArticle

Riboflavin Increases Goat Sperm Motility via Enhancement of Mitochondrial β-Oxidation

by Qian Wang, Nan Zhang, Linlin Sun, Pigang Ding, Shengyan Zhao, Dongping Ma, Xin Kou, Zhendong Zhu and Lingjiang Min

Biology 2026, 15(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010085 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 878

Abstract

Mitochondrial energy metabolism is fundamental to sperm function, and fatty acid β-oxidation is an important pathway for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Riboflavin, a precursor of key flavin cofactors, plays a critical role in regulating β-oxidation and supports multiple physiological processes. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial energy metabolism is fundamental to sperm function, and fatty acid β-oxidation is an important pathway for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Riboflavin, a precursor of key flavin cofactors, plays a critical role in regulating β-oxidation and supports multiple physiological processes. This study aimed to determine whether adding riboflavin to semen dilution media could enhance goat sperm motility and to elucidate the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Goat semen was diluted in tris-citrate-glucose (TCG) medium containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μM riboflavin and incubated at 37 °C, after which sperm motility, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, and the NADH/NAD⁺ were evaluated. The localization and expression of the β-oxidation enzymes carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and extremely long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADVL) were examined, and CPT1 activity was quantified. The results showed that CPT1 and ACADVL were present in goat sperm, and that 10 μM riboflavin significantly increased sperm motility, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, ATP levels, and the activities of MDH, SDH, and CPT1, while also elevating NADH/NAD⁺ levels (p < 0.05). Notably, these enhancements were suppressed by 100 μM etomoxir, a mitochondrial β-oxidation inhibitor, which reduced total motility, ATP Levels, and CPT1 activity after riboflavin supplementation (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that goat sperm at least partly rely on mitochondrial β-oxidation for ATP generation and that riboflavin supplementation enhances mitochondrial metabolism, thereby improving sperm quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3007 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Intraspecific Versus Interspecific Scaling of Metabolic Rate: Tests of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology Across Biological Hierarchies

by Jiayin Wang and Lei Zhao

Biology 2026, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010084 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 812

Abstract

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) proposes universal constants for the scaling of metabolic rate (BMR) with body mass and temperature. However, the validity of these constants across different biological hierarchies, specifically within versus between species, remains debated. Using a comprehensive [...] Read more.

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) proposes universal constants for the scaling of metabolic rate (BMR) with body mass and temperature. However, the validity of these constants across different biological hierarchies, specifically within versus between species, remains debated. Using a comprehensive dataset of 3767 metabolic measurements across 174 species, we tested for systematic differences in scaling relationships. We employed a unified linear mixed-effects model to estimate intraspecific parameters and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression for interspecific comparisons. Our results reveal a decoupling of scaling parameters across hierarchical levels. The overall intraspecific mass-scaling exponent (b = 0.760 ± 0.012, fixed effect ± SE) was not significantly different from the phylogenetically corrected interspecific exponent (0.768 ± 0.023). In contrast, the overall intraspecific activation energy (E = 0.601 ± 0.016 eV) was significantly higher than the attenuated interspecific value (0.403 ± 0.073 eV). Taxonomic variation was prominent for mass-scaling, with fish exhibiting a significantly higher exponent than most other groups, whereas activation energy did not differ significantly among groups. We conclude that while the mass-scaling relationship converges through interspecific averaging, the sensitivity of metabolism to temperature is robust within species but becomes diluted in broad-scale comparisons. This demonstrates that metabolic scaling is inherently hierarchical, necessitating scale-explicit models rather than the pursuit of universal constants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3517 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Biomethane Conversion and Microbial Community Shift Using Anaerobic/Mesophilic Co-Digestion of Dragon Fruit Peel and Chicken Manure

by Xiaojun Zheng, Suyun Liu, Shah Faisal, Adnan Khan, Muhammad Ihsan Danish, Abdul Rehman and Daolin Du

Biology 2026, 15(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010083 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 657

Abstract

Biogas and methane generated from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste present a highly effective alternative to fossil fuels. The study assessed using dragon fruit peel (DFP) as a co-substrate to enhance chicken manure (CM) biodegradability and stabilize the AD process for [...] Read more.

Biogas and methane generated from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste present a highly effective alternative to fossil fuels. The study assessed using dragon fruit peel (DFP) as a co-substrate to enhance chicken manure (CM) biodegradability and stabilize the AD process for methane during co-digestion. The biochemical methane potential assays were conducted at mono-controls (CM and DFP) and co-digestion at CM-75:DFP-25, CM-50:DFP-50, and CM-25:DFP-75. Compared to the controls, mono-digestion produced 103.3 mL/g of volatile solids (VSs) of CM and 34.6 mL/g VS of DFP, while all treatment groups of co-digestion exhibited an increase in methane production. The highest yield was 180.3 mL/g VS at CM-25:DFP-75 (74.6% and 421.1% increase relative to mono-digestions of CM and DFP, respectively), followed by 148.3 mL/g VS at CM-50:DFP-50 (43.6% higher than CM) and 116.7 mL/g VS at CM-75:DFP-25 (13% higher than CM). Process stability at the optimal DFP co-substrate ratio (CM-25:DFP-75) was confirmed by total volatile fatty acid (VFA) conversion, as below 0.5 g/L VFAs were observed at the end of incubation, indicating highly acceptable performance. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Bacillota in the treatment groups was higher as compared to the control reactors, correlating with enhanced substrate hydrolysis and VFA production. Moreover, the enrichment of acetoclastic methanogens Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta in co-digesters at CM-25:DFP-75 was associated with the efficient degradation of acetic acid and propionic acid, which aligns with the observed increase in methane yield. The study enhances the understanding of DFP as a co-substrate for optimizing methane recovery from AD of CM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotechnology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Restoration of Limestone Tailings in Arid Regions: A Synergistic Substrate–Plant Approach

by Wei Hou, Dunzhu Pubu, Duoji Bianba, Zeng Dan, Zengtao Jin, Qunzong Gama, Jingjing Hu, Yang Li and Zhuxin Mao

Biology 2026, 15(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010082 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 508

Abstract

In arid regions, the ecological restoration of limestone tailings requires sustainable strategies, yet the synergistic effects of substrate optimization and native plant selection remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically evaluated substrate amendments and native species for rehabilitating limestone tailings in Northern [...] Read more.

In arid regions, the ecological restoration of limestone tailings requires sustainable strategies, yet the synergistic effects of substrate optimization and native plant selection remain poorly understood. In this study, we systematically evaluated substrate amendments and native species for rehabilitating limestone tailings in Northern China’s arid zone using a controlled pot experiment. An orthogonal L9(3⁴) experimental design was employed to test three factors: the soil-to-tailings ratio (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1), moisture level (30%, 45%, and 60% of field capacity), and nitrogen addition (0, 5, and 10 g N m⁻²). Five native grass species (Pennisetum centrasiaticum, Setaria viridis, Leymus chinensis, Achnatherum splendens, and Eleusine indica) were grown under these treatment conditions, and plant biomass and key soil nutrient variables were measured. Stepwise regression, structural equation modeling, and principal component analysis were applied to assess plant growth responses and soil nutrient dynamics. The results indicated that a 2:1 soil-to-tailings substrate maintained at 60% moisture content maximized biomass production across all species. Soil total potassium consistently correlated positively with biomass (Standardized β: 0.397–0.603), whereas available potassium showed a negative relationship (Standardized β: −0.825–−0.391). Nutrient dynamics ultimately governed biomass accumulation, accounting for 57.8–84.2% of the biomass variation. P. centrasiaticum ranked as the most effective species, followed by S. viridis, L. chinensis, A. splendens, and E. indica. We concluded that successful restoration under these experimental conditions hinged on key factors: using a 2:1 soil-to-tailings substrate, maintaining 60% soil moisture, and strategically combining deep-rooted P. centrasiaticum with shallow-rooted S. viridis to exploit complementary resource use. This work provides fundamental data and a conceptual framework for rehabilitating arid limestone tailings in similar ecological settings, based on controlled experimental evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3075 KB

Open AccessReview

BAK and BAX: Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

by Zejun Xu, Fei Meng, Hongjun Yang, Yaling Liu, Kaiqin Ye, Fei Qin, Dongyan Liu and Haiming Dai

Biology 2026, 15(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010081 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant factor leading to the death of patients with coronary heart disease. Both AMI and reperfusion therapy after AMI cause myocardial cell death, which plays a significant role in heart failure. Following the restoration of blood flow [...] Read more.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant factor leading to the death of patients with coronary heart disease. Both AMI and reperfusion therapy after AMI cause myocardial cell death, which plays a significant role in heart failure. Following the restoration of blood flow during reperfusion, myocardial cells generate a large amount of oxygen free radicals, causing various forms of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI), ultimately leading to multiple types of myocardial cell death, among which apoptosis and necroptosis are the two major types. Given the extremely limited regenerative capacity of myocardium, inhibiting myocardial cell apoptosis and necroptosis is a key strategy for reducing mortality in patients with AMI. Both apoptosis and necroptosis are regulated by the BCL2 family of proteins, which were modulated by multiple signaling pathways, converging at BAK/BAX-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), as well as mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization (MIMP). BAK/BAX double knock out (DKO) mice showed reduced cell apoptosis, necroptosis, and infarct size in AMI animal models compared to wild type. This review describes the role of BCL2 family proteins in regulating apoptotic and necroptotic myocardial cell death during AMI and IR, explores the upstream pathways modulating apoptosis and necroptosis, and summarizes the recent advances in targeting BAK and/or BAX for cardiac protection. In addition, targeted delivery of BAK/BAX inhibitors to cardiomyocytes during AMI or myocardial IR has the potential to reduce myocardial cell death and therefore lower the mortality and enhance long-term prognosis for myocardial infarction patients. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Glutamine Dipeptide-Supplemented Formulated Diet Substituting Chilled Trash Fish in Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

by Wenjun Qiu, Xueming Hua, Bin Luo, Huanchao Ma, Ying Hang, Saiya Liu, Dong Yu, Shuichao Mi, Jun Zhang, Jie Yang and Jianbin Zu

Biology 2026, 15(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010080 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 851

Abstract

Feeding Chinese mitten crabs with fresh-frozen fish causes nutritional imbalance and increases disease risk. Compound feed offers better nutrient balance but still requires improvements in palatability and growth performance. This study evaluated the effects of replacing fresh-frozen fish with glutamine dipeptide-supplemented formulated diet [...] Read more.

Feeding Chinese mitten crabs with fresh-frozen fish causes nutritional imbalance and increases disease risk. Compound feed offers better nutrient balance but still requires improvements in palatability and growth performance. This study evaluated the effects of replacing fresh-frozen fish with glutamine dipeptide-supplemented formulated diet on growth, hepatopancreas health, and edible quality, aiming to inform feed formulation strategies. A five-month feeding trial (June–October) was conducted with two treatments: the experimental group received only glutamine dipeptide compound feed, while the control group was fed a mix of fresh-frozen fish and compound feed. Crabs in the experimental group showed significantly higher body weight, length, and width. No significant differences were found in the hepatopancreatic index, gonadosomatic index, meat yield, or total edible yield. In October, the experimental group showed lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hepatopancreas and higher alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in males. In females, hemolymph AKP and ACP were higher in the control, while glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was higher in the experimental group. Whether this is related to a potential risk of liver damage or a reaction at a special stage remains to be further verified. Digestive enzyme activities (protease, lipase, amylase) were generally higher in the experimental group, particularly in August (p < 0.05). In October, protease activity in females and lipase activity in males were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus retention in muscle was also significantly higher, indicating better nutrient utilization (p < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that a glutamine dipeptide-supplemented diet provides a more effective and sustainable alternative to fresh-frozen fish over a five-month rearing period, improving digestive physiology, feed efficiency, growth performance, and edible quality and flavor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Species and Structural Diversity on Carbon Storage in Subtropical Forests

by Liyang Tong, Yixuan Wang, Zhengxuan Zhu, Zhe Chen, Shigang Tang, Xueyi Zhao, Kai Chen and Lijin Wang

Biology 2026, 15(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010079 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1084

Abstract

Global CO₂ concentrations are gradually increasing, and forests, as the main terrestrial carbon pool, are attracting growing attention in mitigating climate change. However, the impacts of forest types, species diversity, structural diversity, and environmental factors on the carbon sequestration mechanisms of subtropical [...] Read more.

Global CO₂ concentrations are gradually increasing, and forests, as the main terrestrial carbon pool, are attracting growing attention in mitigating climate change. However, the impacts of forest types, species diversity, structural diversity, and environmental factors on the carbon sequestration mechanisms of subtropical forests remain unclear. This study established 45 forest plots (20 m × 20 m) in Lishui City, aiming to investigate the relationships between forest diversity, environmental factors, and carbon storage of subtropical forests among different forest types. Results showed that coniferous forests had the lowest species diversity (0.86), which exhibited extremely significant differences from broad-leaved forests (1.47, p < 0.01) and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests (1.58, p < 0.01). The carbon storage of broad-leaved forests was 97.50 t·ha⁻¹, which was higher than that of coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests (77.08 t·ha⁻¹) and coniferous forests (75.57 t·ha⁻¹). The carbon storage of coniferous forests was significantly positively affected by species diversity (p < 0.05). Tree height was the most significant structural diversity factor affecting forest carbon storage (p < 0.05). The results of the structural equation model (SEM) showed that the proportion of broad-leaved trees in forests and structural diversity had a significant positive effect on carbon storage (p < 0.01). Species diversity had a non-linear relationship with carbon storage. The ecological niche complementarity effect and selection effect interacted with changes in species diversity. When the species diversity was lower than 1.12 (Shannon–Wiener index), the ecological niche complementarity effect dominated and promoted carbon sequestration; when it was above this threshold, the selection effect dominated and weakened carbon sequestration. This study recommends prioritizing the planting of broad-leaved tree species during afforestation and paying attention to the current status of forest diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Functional Analysis Reveals Conserved Roles of Aquaporins Under Osmotic Dehydration in Steinernema carpocapsae Strains

by Yongqi Chen, Qiuyue Huang and Xun Yan

Biology 2026, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010078 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 491

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), including Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, are obligate insect parasites widely used in biological pest control. However, their efficacy is often limited by susceptibility to environmental stresses like desiccation. Aquaporins (AQPs), channel proteins facilitating water and solute movement across membranes, are [...] Read more.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), including Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, are obligate insect parasites widely used in biological pest control. However, their efficacy is often limited by susceptibility to environmental stresses like desiccation. Aquaporins (AQPs), channel proteins facilitating water and solute movement across membranes, are hypothesized to play a key role in the osmotic stress response of EPNs. This study identified and cloned three AQP genes (L596_g7661, L596_g18121, and XLOC_007750) from four strains of Steinernema carpocapsae. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that these AQPs belong to the aquaglyceroporin subfamily and share high sequence homology across strains. Functional characterization in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that AQP L596_g7661 facilitates glycerol transport. Expression patterns under osmotic dehydration revealed significant upregulation of L596_g7661 and XLOC_007750 in all strains, while L596_g18121 expression remained unchanged. These findings indicate that specific AQPs are involved in the molecular response of S. carpocapsae to osmotic stress, providing crucial insights for breeding resilient EPN strains and enhancing their field application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of CYP450 Genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A. Dang.

by Runlong Zhou, Xinyu Zou, Fengjie Sun, Yujie Kong, Xiaodong Wang, Yuyong Wu, Chengsong Zhang and Zhengquan Gao

Biology 2026, 15(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010077 - 31 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1024

Abstract

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases are a class of enzymes containing conserved heme-binding functional domain. They contribute to a wide range of biosynthetic processes, serving a pivotal function in plant resistance to abiotic stress. To date, little is known about the CYP450s of Chlamydomonas [...] Read more.

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases are a class of enzymes containing conserved heme-binding functional domain. They contribute to a wide range of biosynthetic processes, serving a pivotal function in plant resistance to abiotic stress. To date, little is known about the CYP450s of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In our study, a total of 37 crP450 genes were identified from C. reinhardtii based on domain and sequence alignment, unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes with 4 pairs of tandem replications shared among family members. Most of these genes contained 10 or more introns and encoded CYP450 proteins with an average of 593 amino acids and 3–9 conserved motifs. CYP450 enzymes were mainly distributed in the chloroplasts, cytoplasms, mitochondria, and cytoplasmic membranes. There were numerous light, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid response elements located in the upstream of gene coding sequences, suggesting that these genes could be modulated by plant hormones. Transcriptome analysis uncovered distinct expression patterns of crP450 genes under various stress conditions, with the 37 crP450 genes grouped into 9 clusters. In summary, this study presented a genome-wide characterization of CYP450 genes in C. reinhardtii, providing a strong foundation for further exploration into their biological functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine and Freshwater Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1130 KB

Open AccessReview

Hepatic Macrophages in Chronic Hepatitis B: Balancing Immunity and Pathology

by Anup S. Pathania, Sajad A. Bhat, Lukman A. Adepoju, Kusum K. Kharbanda and Natalia A. Osna

Biology 2026, 15(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15010076 - 31 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Chronic HBV infection remains a global health challenge, driving liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver injury is primarily mediated by host immune responses rather than direct viral cytotoxicity. Macrophages, including Kupffer cells, play dual roles in antiviral defense and disease progression. [...] Read more.

Chronic HBV infection remains a global health challenge, driving liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver injury is primarily mediated by host immune responses rather than direct viral cytotoxicity. Macrophages, including Kupffer cells, play dual roles in antiviral defense and disease progression. HBV skews macrophages toward an M2-like, immunosuppressive phenotype, promoting viral persistence and fibrogenesis via cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-10 and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and nanoparticle-based systems, are under investigation. Addressing macrophage heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive hepatic microenvironment using advanced models is essential. Modulating macrophages offers a promising avenue to control HBV, restore immune balance, and mitigate liver injury. This review highlights the central role of macrophages in chronic HBV infection and explores emerging therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Researchers in Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Biology, Volume 15, Issue 1 (January-1 2026) – 105 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI