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Nanomaterials, Volume 8, Issue 8 (August 2018) – 71 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Silica is among the most widely used industrial nanomaterials. Its inhalation may lead to adverse effects such as lung inflammation. It has been speculated that a binding of proteins or lipid components may underlie toxic effects, but has not yet been studied in situ. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a powerful high-resolution technique used here to identify nanoparticles and biomolecules. In lungs laden with paramagnetic silica nanoparticles we colocalized secondary ions from silica particles and their maghemite iron cores. Ions characteristic for phosphatidylcholine, the major component of the lung surfactant, were highly abundant in lung tissue, but were not detected on silica particles. This indicates that a binding of phosphatidylcholine to the silica surface appears unlikely under in situ conditions of the lung. View this paper.
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10 pages, 6445 KiB  
Article
New Insights into the Role of Weak Electron–Phonon Coupling in Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films
by Ashish C. Gandhi, Wei-Shan Yeoh, Ming-An Wu, Ching-Hao Liao, Dai-Yao Chiu, Wei-Li Yeh and Yue-Lin Huang
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080632 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4551
Abstract
High-quality crystalline nanostructured ZnO thin films were grown on sapphire substrates by reactive sputtering. As-grown and post-annealed films (in air) with various grain sizes (2 to 29 nm) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering. The electron–phonon coupling (EPC) [...] Read more.
High-quality crystalline nanostructured ZnO thin films were grown on sapphire substrates by reactive sputtering. As-grown and post-annealed films (in air) with various grain sizes (2 to 29 nm) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering. The electron–phonon coupling (EPC) strength, deduced from the ratio of the second- to the first-order Raman scattering intensity, diminished by reducing the ZnO grain size, which mainly relates to the Fröhlich interactions. Our finding suggests that in the spatially quantum-confined system the low polar nature leads to weak EPC. The outcome of this study is important for the development of nanoscale high-performance optoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Nanostructured Thin Films)
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15 pages, 3599 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Fe@FeOx, Fe@C and α-Fe2O3 Single-Crystal Nanoblends Synthesized by Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Fe in Acetone
by Dongshi Zhang, Wonsuk Choi, Yugo Oshima, Ulf Wiedwald, Sung-Hak Cho, Hsiu-Pen Lin, Yaw Kuen Li, Yoshihiro Ito and Koji Sugioka
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080631 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6380
Abstract
There are few reports on zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetization measurements for Fe@FeOx or FeOx particles synthesized by laser ablation in liquids (LAL) of Fe, and the minimum blocking temperature (TB) of 120 K reported so far is still much higher [...] Read more.
There are few reports on zero-field-cooled (ZFC) magnetization measurements for Fe@FeOx or FeOx particles synthesized by laser ablation in liquids (LAL) of Fe, and the minimum blocking temperature (TB) of 120 K reported so far is still much higher than those of their counterparts synthesized by chemical methods. In this work, the minimum blocking temperature was lowered to 52 K for 4–5 nm α-Fe2O3 particles synthesized by femtosecond laser ablation of Fe in acetone. The effective magnetic anisotropy energy density (Keff) is calculated to be 2.7–5.4 × 105 J/m3, further extending the Keff values for smaller hematite particles synthesized by different methods. Large amorphous-Fe@α-Fe2O3 and amorphous-Fe@C particles of 10–100 nm in diameter display a soft magnetic behavior with saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivities (Hc) values of 72.5 emu/g and 160 Oe at 5 K and 61.9 emu/g and 70 Oe at 300 K, respectively, which mainly stem from the magnetism of amorphous Fe cores. Generally, the nanoparticles obtained by LAL are either amorphous or polycrystalline, seldom in a single-crystalline state. This work also demonstrates the possibility of synthesizing single-crystalline α-Fe2O3 hematite crystals of several nanometers with (104), (113), (116) or (214) crystallographic orientations, which were produced simultaneously with other products including carbon encapsulated amorphous Fe (a-Fe@C) and Fe@FeOx core-shell particles by LAL in one step. Finally, the formation mechanisms for these nanomaterials are proposed and the key factors in series events of LAL are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Based Nano Fabrication and Nano Lithography)
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9 pages, 3158 KiB  
Article
Ultrafast Synthesis of Urchin-Like Rutile TiO2 by Single-Step Microwave-Assisted Method
by Liqin Xiang, Yuchi Liu, Yang Liu, Chen Zheng and Xiaopeng Zhao
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080630 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3620
Abstract
The preparations of crystal titanium dioxide (TiO2) are often time-consuming multistep processes involving high temperature. Rapid and efficient methods to obtain TiO2 with anatase or rutile phase are desirable. In this paper, we describe an ultrafast single-step method to obtain [...] Read more.
The preparations of crystal titanium dioxide (TiO2) are often time-consuming multistep processes involving high temperature. Rapid and efficient methods to obtain TiO2 with anatase or rutile phase are desirable. In this paper, we describe an ultrafast single-step method to obtain urchin-like rutile TiO2 particles via microwave irradiation. In the procedure, TiCl4 aqueous solution was used as a reactant and toluene was used as a solvent. It takes only a few minutes without any further heat treatment. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of temperature, irradiation time and the ratio of precursor to solvent on the morphology and crystal structure were studied. The results show urchin-like rutile TiO2 with high stability is formed after only 5 min microwave irradiation at 135 °C. Full article
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12 pages, 4201 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of a Highly-Sensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanosensor for Detecting Glucose in Urine
by Yudong Lu, Ting Zhou, Ruiyun You, Yang Wu, Huiying Shen, Shangyuan Feng and Jingqian Su
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080629 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5425
Abstract
Herein we utilized coordination interactions to prepare a novel core-shell plasmonic nanosensor for the detection of glucose. Specifically, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were strongly linked with Ag+ ions to form a sacrificial Ag shell by using 4-aminothiophenol (4-PATP) as a mediator, which served as [...] Read more.
Herein we utilized coordination interactions to prepare a novel core-shell plasmonic nanosensor for the detection of glucose. Specifically, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were strongly linked with Ag+ ions to form a sacrificial Ag shell by using 4-aminothiophenol (4-PATP) as a mediator, which served as an internal standard to decrease the influence of the surrounding on the detection. The resultant Au-PATP-Ag core-shell systems were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques. Experiments performed with R6G (rhodamine 6G) and CV (crystal violet) as Raman reporters demonstrated that the Au@Ag nanostructure amplified SERS signals obviously. Subsequently, the Au@Ag NPs were decorated with 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) to specifically recognize glucose by esterification, and a detection limit as low as 10−4 M was achieved. Notably, an enhanced linearity for the quantitative detection of glucose (R2 = 0.995) was obtained after the normalization of the spectral peaks using 4-PATP as the internal standard. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed sensing platform was demonstrated by the detection of glucose in urine with acceptable specificity. Full article
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17 pages, 5400 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes
by Renyun Zhang and Magnus Engholm
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080628 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7520
Abstract
Transparent electrodes (TEs) made of metallic nanowires, such as Ag, Au, Cu, and Ni, are attracting increasing attention for several reasons: (1) they can act as a substitute for tin oxide-based TEs such as indium-tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO); (2) [...] Read more.
Transparent electrodes (TEs) made of metallic nanowires, such as Ag, Au, Cu, and Ni, are attracting increasing attention for several reasons: (1) they can act as a substitute for tin oxide-based TEs such as indium-tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO); (2) various methods exist for fabricating such TEs such as filtration, spraying, and Meyer bar coating; (3) greater compatibility with different substrates can be achieved due to the variety of fabrication methods; and (4) extra functions in addition to serving as electrodes, such as catalytic abilities, can be obtained due to the metals of which the TEs are composed. There are a large number of applications for TEs, ranging from electronics and sensors to biomedical devices. This short review is a summary of recent progress, mainly over the past five years, on silver nanowire-based TEs. The focus of the review is on theory development, mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability as well as optical properties. The many applications of TEs are outside the scope of this review. Full article
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12 pages, 3119 KiB  
Article
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ligustrum Ovalifolium Fruits and Their Cytotoxic Effects
by Bianca Moldovan, Vladislav Sincari, Maria Perde-Schrepler and Luminita David
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080627 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 4573
Abstract
The present study reports for the first time the efficacy of bioactive compounds from Ligustrum ovalifolium L. fruit extract as reducing and capping agents of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), developing a green, zero energetic, cost effective and simple synthesis method of AgNPs. The obtained [...] Read more.
The present study reports for the first time the efficacy of bioactive compounds from Ligustrum ovalifolium L. fruit extract as reducing and capping agents of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), developing a green, zero energetic, cost effective and simple synthesis method of AgNPs. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), confirming that nanoparticles were crystalline in nature, spherical in shape, with an average size of 7 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the AgNPs were capped and stabilized by bioactive molecules from the fruit extract. The cytotoxicity of the biosynthesized AgNPs was in vitro evaluated against ovarian carcinoma cells and there were found to be effective at low concentration levels. Full article
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15 pages, 5395 KiB  
Article
Optical Study and Experimental Realization of Nanostructured Back Reflectors with Reduced Parasitic Losses for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
by Zeyu Li, Rusli E, Chenjin Lu, Ari Bimo Prakoso, Martin Foldyna, Rasha Khoury, Pavel Bulkin, Junkang Wang, Wanghua Chen, Erik Johnson and Pere I Roca Cabarrocas
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080626 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4364
Abstract
We study light trapping and parasitic losses in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on nanostructured back reflectors. The back reflectors are patterned using polystyrene assisted lithography. By using O2 plasma etching of the polystyrene [...] Read more.
We study light trapping and parasitic losses in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on nanostructured back reflectors. The back reflectors are patterned using polystyrene assisted lithography. By using O2 plasma etching of the polystyrene spheres, we managed to fabricate hexagonal nanostructured back reflectors. With the help of rigorous modeling, we study the parasitic losses in different back reflectors, non-active layers, and last but not least the light enhancement effect in the silicon absorber layer. Moreover, simulation results have been checked against experimental data. We have demonstrated hexagonal nanostructured amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 7.7% and around 34.7% enhancement of the short-circuit current density, compared with planar amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Nanostructured Thin Films)
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14 pages, 5930 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Hierarchically Porous Graphitic Carbon Spheres and Their Applications in Supercapacitors and Dye Adsorption
by Saisai Li, Faliang Li, Junkai Wang, Liang Tian, Haijun Zhang and Shaowei Zhang
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080625 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5323
Abstract
Hierarchical micro-/mesoporous graphitic carbon spheres (HGCS) with a uniform diameter of ~0.35 μm were synthesized by Fe-catalyzed graphitization of amorphous carbon spheres resultant from hydrothermal carbonization. The HGCS resultant from 3 h at 900 °C with 1.0 wt % Fe catalyst had a [...] Read more.
Hierarchical micro-/mesoporous graphitic carbon spheres (HGCS) with a uniform diameter of ~0.35 μm were synthesized by Fe-catalyzed graphitization of amorphous carbon spheres resultant from hydrothermal carbonization. The HGCS resultant from 3 h at 900 °C with 1.0 wt % Fe catalyst had a high graphitization degree and surface area as high as 564 m2/g. They also exhibited high specific capacitance of 140 F/g at 0.2 A/g and good electrochemical stability with 94% capacitance retention after consecutive 2500 cycles. The graphitization degree of the HGCS contributed to 60% of their specific capacitance, and their specific capacitance per unit surface area was as high as 0.2 F/m2, which was much higher than in the most cases of porous amorphous carbon materials reported before. In addition, the HGCS showed a high adsorption capacity of 182.8 mg/g for methylene blue (MB), which was 12 times as high as that in the case of carbon spheres before graphitization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Porous Carbon based 3D Architectures)
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12 pages, 1861 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanocones with Curvature Effects Close to the Vertex
by Barry J. Cox and James M. Hill
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080624 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4380
Abstract
The conventional rolled-up model for carbon nanocones assumes that the cone is constructed from a rolled-up graphene sheet joined seamlessly, which predicts five distinct vertex angles. This model completely ignores any effects due to the changing curvature, and all bond lengths and bond [...] Read more.
The conventional rolled-up model for carbon nanocones assumes that the cone is constructed from a rolled-up graphene sheet joined seamlessly, which predicts five distinct vertex angles. This model completely ignores any effects due to the changing curvature, and all bond lengths and bond angles are assumed to be those for the planar graphene sheet. Clearly, curvature effects will become more important closest to the cone vertex, and especially so for the cones with the smaller apex angles. Here, we construct carbon nanocones which, in the assembled cone, are assumed to comprise bond lengths and bond angles that are, as far as possible, equal throughout the structure at the same distance from the conical apex. The predicted bond angles and bond lengths are shown to agree well with those obtained by relaxing the conventional rolled-up model using Lammps software (version: 11 September 2008). The major objective here is not simply to model physically realisable carbon nanocones for which numerical procedures are far superior, but rather, to produce an improved model that takes curvature effects close to the vertex into account, and from which we may determine an analytical formula which represents an improvement on the conventional rolled-up model. Full article
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29 pages, 4643 KiB  
Article
Kinetics of Aggregation and Magnetic Separation of Multicore Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Effect of the Grafted Layer Thickness
by Hinda Ezzaier, Jéssica Alves Marins, Cyrille Claudet, Gauvin Hemery, Olivier Sandre and Pavel Kuzhir
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080623 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5895
Abstract
In this work, we have studied field-induced aggregation and magnetic separation—realized in a microfluidic channel equipped with a single magnetizable micropillar—of multicore iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) also called “nanoflowers” of an average size of 27 ± 4 nm and covered by either a [...] Read more.
In this work, we have studied field-induced aggregation and magnetic separation—realized in a microfluidic channel equipped with a single magnetizable micropillar—of multicore iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) also called “nanoflowers” of an average size of 27 ± 4 nm and covered by either a citrate or polyethylene (PEG) monolayer having a thickness of 0.2–1 nm and 3.4–7.8 nm, respectively. The thickness of the adsorbed molecular layer is shown to strongly affect the magnetic dipolar coupling parameter because thicker molecular layers result in larger separation distances between nanoparticle metal oxide multicores thus decreasing dipolar magnetic forces between them. This simple geometrical constraint effect leads to the following important features related to the aggregation and magnetic separation processes: (a) Thinner citrate layer on the IONP surface promotes faster and stronger field-induced aggregation resulting in longer and thicker bulk needle-like aggregates as compared to those obtained with a thicker PEG layer; (b) A stronger aggregation of citrated IONPs leads to an enhanced retention capacity of these IONPs by a magnetized micropillar during magnetic separation. However, the capture efficiency Λ at the beginning of the magnetic separation seems to be almost independent of the adsorbed layer thickness. This is explained by the fact that only a small portion of nanoparticles composes bulk aggregates, while the main part of nanoparticles forms chains whose capture efficiency is independent of the adsorbed layer thickness but depends solely on the Mason number Ma. More precisely, the capture efficiency shows a power law trend Λ M a n , with n ≈ 1.4–1.7 at 300 < Ma < 104, in agreement with a new theoretical model. Besides these fundamental issues, the current work shows that the multicore IONPs with a size of about 30 nm have a good potential for use in biomedical sensor applications where an efficient low-field magnetic separation is required. In these applications, the nanoparticle surface design should be carried out in a close feedback with the magnetic separation study in order to find a compromise between biological functionalities of the adsorbed molecular layer and magnetic separation efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biological Applications)
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14 pages, 2663 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Alkyl Chain Number in Sucrose Surfactant on the Physical Properties of Quercetin-Loaded Deformable Nanoliposome and Its Effect on In Vitro Human Skin Penetration
by In Ki Hong, Ji Hoon Ha, Sangkeun Han, Hakhee Kang and Soo Nam Park
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080622 - 16 Aug 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5717
Abstract
Non-invasive skin penetration of a drug is increased by an edge activator, which enhances the nanoliposome deformability. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the alkyl chain number of sucrose surfactants as an edge activator in elastic nanoliposomes. In [...] Read more.
Non-invasive skin penetration of a drug is increased by an edge activator, which enhances the nanoliposome deformability. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of the alkyl chain number of sucrose surfactants as an edge activator in elastic nanoliposomes. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the elastic nanoliposomes were characterized and an in vitro human skin permeation study was performed. Elastic nanoliposomes that were composed of sucrose monostearate (MELQ), sucrose distearate (DELQ), and sucrose tristearte (TELQ) were prepared using a thin-film hydration method. Particle size and entrapment efficiency of elastic nanoliposomes increased proportionally with an increase in the amounts and the numbers of the stearate in sucrose surfactant. Deformability of elastic nanoliposomes was indicated as DELQ > MELQ > TELQ and the same pattern was revealed through the in vitro human skin permeability tests. These results suggest that the number of alkyl chains of sucrose surfactant as edge activator affects the physicochemical property, stability, and skin permeability in elastic nanoliposome. Our findings give a valuable platform for the development of elastic nanoliposomes as skin drug delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery)
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12 pages, 1918 KiB  
Article
Ecofriendly Palladium on Wool Nanocatalysts for Cyclohexene Hydrogenation
by Sedigheh Ghadamgahi, James H. Johnston and Carla Fonseca-Paris
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080621 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3540
Abstract
Use of natural wool fiber supports in the fabrication of novel composite materials incorporating metal nanoparticles, which offer the possibility of “environmentally friendly” catalytic materials, has been investigated. The catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane by palladium nanoparticles immobilized on wool (Pd/wool) was [...] Read more.
Use of natural wool fiber supports in the fabrication of novel composite materials incorporating metal nanoparticles, which offer the possibility of “environmentally friendly” catalytic materials, has been investigated. The catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane by palladium nanoparticles immobilized on wool (Pd/wool) was studied using moderate pressure of pure hydrogen gas. The performance of wool-supported catalysts was explored over a palladium nanoparticle loading ranging from 1.6 to 2.6 wt %. The effect of the catalytic testing conditions, including stirring rate, amount of reactants, gas pressure, and target temperature were explored. A systematic series of catalytic-activity tests carried out at 400 psi H2 for 5 and 24 h reaction times at 40 °C using a stirring rate 750 rpm allowed us to identify differences in performance within the series of Pd/wool nanocatalysts studied. The most catalytically active samples contained Pd nanoparticles with average sizes of ca. 5 nm located predominantly on the surface and within the topmost layer of wool fibers, making them more accessible to the reactants. Full article
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11 pages, 3090 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Oxygen Vacancies in a Two-Dimensional MnAl-Layered Double Oxide Prepared via Flash Nanoprecipitation Offers High Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3
by Dan Zhao, Chao Wang, Feng Yu, Yulin Shi, Peng Cao, Jianming Dan, Kai Chen, Yin Lv, Xuhong Guo and Bin Dai
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080620 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5225
Abstract
A two-dimensional MnAl-layered double oxide (LDO) was obtained by flash nanoprecipitation method (FNP) and used for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. The MnAl-LDO (FNP) catalyst formed a particle size of 114.9 nm. Further characterization exhibited rich oxygen [...] Read more.
A two-dimensional MnAl-layered double oxide (LDO) was obtained by flash nanoprecipitation method (FNP) and used for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. The MnAl-LDO (FNP) catalyst formed a particle size of 114.9 nm. Further characterization exhibited rich oxygen vacancies and strong redox property to promote the catalytic activity at low temperature. The MnAl-LDO (FNP) catalyst performed excellent NO conversion above 80% at the temperature range of 100–400 °C, and N2 selectivity above 90% below 200 °C, with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 60,000 h−1, and a NO concentration of 500 ppm. The maximum NO conversion is 100% at 200 °C; when the temperature in 150–250 °C, the NO conversion can also reach 95%. The remarkable low-temperature catalytic performance of the MnAl-LDO (FNP) catalyst presented potential applications for controlling NO emissions on the account of the presentation of oxygen vacancies. Full article
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15 pages, 3658 KiB  
Article
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Mediated Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Stabilized by Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) with Application in Heat Management Systems for Internal Combustion Chambers
by Anna Dzimitrowicz, Piotr Cyganowski, Pawel Pohl, Dorota Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak, Dominik Terefinko and Piotr Jamroz
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080619 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4732
Abstract
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized Pt nanoparticles (PVP-PtNPs) were produced in a continuous-flow reaction-discharge system by application of direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD) operated between the surface of a flowing liquid anode (FLA) and a pin-type tungsten cathode. Synthesized PVP-PtNPs exhibited absorption across the entire [...] Read more.
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized Pt nanoparticles (PVP-PtNPs) were produced in a continuous-flow reaction-discharge system by application of direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD) operated between the surface of a flowing liquid anode (FLA) and a pin-type tungsten cathode. Synthesized PVP-PtNPs exhibited absorption across the entire UV/Vis region. The morphology and elemental composition of PVP-PtNPs were determined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray scattering (EDX), respectively. As assessed by TEM, PVP-PtNPs were approximately spherical in shape, with an average size of 2.9 ± 0.6 nm. EDX proved the presence of Pt, C, and O. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) confirmed PtNPs functionalization with PVP. As determined by DLS, the average size of PtNPs stabilized by PVP was 111.4 ± 22.6 nm. A fluid containing resultant PVP-PtNPs was used as a heat conductive layer for a spiral radiator managing heat generated by a simulated internal combustion chamber. As compared to water, the use of PVP-PtNPs enhanced efficiency of the system, increasing the rate of heat transfer by 80% and 30% during heating and cooling, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma based Synthesis and Modification of Nanomaterials)
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9 pages, 3322 KiB  
Article
Improvement in Luminous Efficacy and Thermal Performance Using Quantum Dots Spherical Shell for White Light Emitting Diodes
by Songmao Chen, Caiman Yan, Yong Tang, Jiasheng Li, Xinrui Ding, Longshi Rao and Zongtao Li
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080618 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4004
Abstract
White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) based on quantum dots (QDs) are gaining increasing attention due to their excellent color quality. QDs films with planar structure are universally applied in WLEDs for color conversion, while they still face great challenges in high light extraction and [...] Read more.
White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) based on quantum dots (QDs) are gaining increasing attention due to their excellent color quality. QDs films with planar structure are universally applied in WLEDs for color conversion, while they still face great challenges in high light extraction and thermal stability. In this study, a QDs film with a spherical shell structure was proposed to improve the optical and thermal performance for WLEDs. Compared with the conventional planar structure, the luminous efficacy of the QDs spherical shell structure is improved by 12.9% due to the reduced total reflection effect, and the angular-dependent correlated color temperature deviation is decreased from 2642 to 283 K. Moreover, the highest temperature of the WLED using a QDs spherical shell is 4.8 °C lower than that of the conventional WLED with a planar structure, which is mainly attributed to larger heat dissipation area and separated heat source. Consequently, this QDs spherical shell structure demonstrates superior performance of QDs films for WLEDs applications. Full article
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14 pages, 2224 KiB  
Article
Suitability of Copper Nitride as a Wiring Ink Sintered by Low-Energy Intense Pulsed Light Irradiation
by Takashi Nakamura, Hea Jeong Cheong, Masahiko Takamura, Manabu Yoshida and Sei Uemura
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080617 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5835
Abstract
Copper nitride particles have a low decomposition temperature, they absorb light, and are oxidation-resistant, making them potentially useful for the development of novel wiring inks for printing circuit boards by means of intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering at low-energy. Here, we compared the [...] Read more.
Copper nitride particles have a low decomposition temperature, they absorb light, and are oxidation-resistant, making them potentially useful for the development of novel wiring inks for printing circuit boards by means of intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering at low-energy. Here, we compared the thermal decomposition and light absorption of copper materials, including copper nitride (Cu3N), copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), or copper(II) oxide (CuO). Among the copper compounds examined, copper nitride had the second highest light absorbency and lowest decomposition temperature; therefore, we concluded that copper nitride was the most suitable material for producing a wiring ink that is sintered by means of IPL irradiation. Wiring inks containing copper nitride were compared with those of wiring inks containing copper nitride, copper(I) oxide, or copper(II) oxide, and copper conversion rate and sheet resistance were also determined. Under low-energy irradiation (8.3 J cm−2), copper nitride was converted to copper at the highest rate among the copper materials, and provided a sheet resistance of 0.506 Ω sq−1, indicating that copper nitride is indeed a candidate material for development as a wiring ink for low-energy intense pulsed light sintering-based printed circuit board production processes. Full article
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12 pages, 3797 KiB  
Article
Toward Accurate Quantitative Elasticity Mapping of Rigid Nanomaterials by Atomic Force Microscopy: Effect of Acquisition Frequency, Loading Force, and Tip Geometry
by Guanghong Zeng, Kai Dirscherl and Jørgen Garnæs
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080616 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5116
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a popular tool for the mechanical mapping of soft nanomaterials due to its high spatial and force resolution. Its applications in rigid nanomaterials, however, have been underexplored. In this work, we studied elasticity mapping of common [...] Read more.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a popular tool for the mechanical mapping of soft nanomaterials due to its high spatial and force resolution. Its applications in rigid nanomaterials, however, have been underexplored. In this work, we studied elasticity mapping of common rigid materials by AFM, with a focus on factors that affect the accuracy of elasticity measurements. We demonstrated the advantages in speed and noise level by using high frequency mechanical mapping compared to the classical force volume mapping. We studied loading force dependency, and observed a consistent pattern on all materials, where measured elasticity increased with loading force before stabilizing. Tip radius was found to have a major impact on the accuracy of measured elasticity. The blunt tip with 200 nm radius measured elasticity with deviation from nominal values up to 13% in different materials, in contrast to 122% by the sharp tip with 40 nm radius. Plastic deformation is believed to be the major reason for this difference. Sharp tips, however, still hold advantages in resolution and imaging capability for nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano Mechanical Testing of Materials and Devices)
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11 pages, 2235 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Small Ce3+-Er3+-Yb3+ Tri-Doped BaLuF5 Active-Core-Active-Shell-Active-Shell Nanoparticles with Strong Down Conversion Luminescence at 1.5 μm
by Yongling Zhang, Yudi Shi, Zhengkun Qin, Mingxing Song and Weiping Qin
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080615 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4407
Abstract
Small fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) with strong down-conversion (DC) luminescence at 1.5 μm are quite desirable for optical fiber communication systems. Nevertheless, a problem exists regarding how to synthesize small fluoride NPs with strong DC emission at 1.5 μm. Herein, we propose an approach [...] Read more.
Small fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) with strong down-conversion (DC) luminescence at 1.5 μm are quite desirable for optical fiber communication systems. Nevertheless, a problem exists regarding how to synthesize small fluoride NPs with strong DC emission at 1.5 μm. Herein, we propose an approach to improve 1.5 μm emission of BaLuF5:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs by way of combining doping Ce3+ ions and coating multiple BaLuF5: Yb3+ active-shells. We prepared the BaLuF5:18%Yb3+,2%Er3+,2%Ce3+ NPs through a high-boiling solvent method. The effect of Ce3+ concentration on the DC luminescence was systematically investigated in the BaLuF5:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs. Under a 980 nm laser excitation, the intensities of 1.53 μm emission of BaLuF5:18%Yb3+,2%Er3+,2%Ce3+ NPs was enhanced by 2.6 times comparing to that of BaLuF5:18%Yb3+,2%Er3+ NPs since the energy transfer between Er3+ and Ce3+ ions: Er3+:4I11/2 (Er3+) + 2F5/2 (Ce3+) → 4I13/2 (Er3+) + 2F7/2 (Ce3+). Then, we synthesized BaLuF5:18%Yb3+,2%Er3+,2%Ce3+@BaLuF5:5%Yb3+@BaLuF5:5%Yb3+ core-active-shell-active-shell NPs via a layer-by-layer strategy. After coating two BaLuF5:Yb3+ active-shell around BaLuF5:Yb3+,Er3+,Ce3+ NPs, the intensities of the 1.53 μm emission was enhanced by 44 times compared to that of BaLuF5:Yb3+,Er3+ core NPs, since the active-shells could be used to not only suppress surface quenching but also to transfer the pump light to the core region efficiently through Yb3+ ions inside the active-shells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosized Luminescent Materials: Advances and Applications)
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12 pages, 2259 KiB  
Article
Efficient CdTe Nanocrystal/TiO2 Hetero-Junction Solar Cells with Open Circuit Voltage Breaking 0.8 V by Incorporating A Thin Layer of CdS Nanocrystal
by Xianglin Mei, Bin Wu, Xiuzhen Guo, Xiaolin Liu, Zhitao Rong, Songwei Liu, Yanru Chen, Donghuan Qin, Wei Xu, Lintao Hou and Bingchang Chen
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080614 - 13 Aug 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4036
Abstract
Nanocrystal solar cells (NCs) allow for large scale solution processing under ambient conditions, permitting a promising approach for low-cost photovoltaic products. Although an up to 10% power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been realized with the development of device fabrication technologies, the open circuit [...] Read more.
Nanocrystal solar cells (NCs) allow for large scale solution processing under ambient conditions, permitting a promising approach for low-cost photovoltaic products. Although an up to 10% power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been realized with the development of device fabrication technologies, the open circuit voltage (Voc) of CdTe NC solar cells has stagnated below 0.7 V, which is significantly lower than most CdTe thin film solar cells fabricated by vacuum technology (around 0.8 V~0.9 V). To further improve the NC solar cells’ performance, an enhancement in the Voc towards 0.8–1.0 V is urgently required. Given the unique processing technologies and physical properties in CdTe NC, the design of an optimized band alignment and improved junction quality are important issues to obtain efficient solar cells coupled with high Voc. In this work, an efficient method was developed to improve the performance and Voc of solution-processed CdTe nanocrystal/TiO2 hetero-junction solar cells. A thin layer of solution-processed CdS NC film (~5 nm) as introduced into CdTe NC/TiO2 to construct hetero-junction solar cells with an optimized band alignment and p-n junction quality, which resulted in a low dark current density and reduced carrier recombination. As a result, devices with improved performance (5.16% compared to 2.63% for the control device) and a Voc as high as 0.83 V were obtained; this Voc value is a record for a solution-processed CdTe NC solar cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Emerging Solar Cells)
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15 pages, 5416 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Position Sensing and Energy Harvesting of a Flexible Triboelectric Touch Pad
by Tao Chen, Qiongfeng Shi, Kunpu Li, Zhan Yang, Huicong Liu, Lining Sun, Jan A. Dziuban and Chengkuo Lee
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080613 - 13 Aug 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5827
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a promising technology because it can harvest energy from the environment to enable self-sustainable mobile and wearable electronic devices. In this work, we present a flexible touch pad capable of detecting the contact location of an object and generating [...] Read more.
Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a promising technology because it can harvest energy from the environment to enable self-sustainable mobile and wearable electronic devices. In this work, we present a flexible touch pad capable of detecting the contact location of an object and generating substantial energy simultaneously based on the coupling of triboelectric effects and electrostatic induction. The touch pad consists of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin film, multiple Aluminum (Al) electrodes and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layers, which can be achieved through low cost, simplified and scalable fabrication process. Different from the conventional multi-pixel-based positioning sensor (i.e., large array of sensing elements and electrodes), the analogue method proposed here is used to implement the positioning function with only four electrodes. Position location can achieve a detecting resolution of as small as 1.3 mm (the size of locating layer is 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm). For the energy harvesting part, a multilayer structure is designed to provide higher current output. The open circuit voltage of the device is around 420 V and the short circuit current can reach up to 6.26 µA with current density of 0.25 µA/cm2. The maximum output power obtained is approximately 10 mW, which is 0.4 mW/cm2. The flexibility and significantly reduced number of electrodes enable the proposed touch pad to be readily integrated into portable electronic devices, such as intelligent robots, laptops, healthcare devices, and environmental surveys, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Nanomaterials to Intelligent Nanosystems)
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10 pages, 3521 KiB  
Article
The Recognition of Sweat Latent Fingerprints with Green-Emitting Carbon Dots
by Dan Zhao, Wenting Ma and Xincai Xiao
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080612 - 12 Aug 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6633
Abstract
The recognition of fingerprints has played an extremely important role in criminal investigations, due to its uniqueness. This paper reports on the recognition of sweat latent fingerprints using green-emitting, environment-friendly carbon dots prepared with DL-malic acid and ethylenediamine, and the exploration of impacting [...] Read more.
The recognition of fingerprints has played an extremely important role in criminal investigations, due to its uniqueness. This paper reports on the recognition of sweat latent fingerprints using green-emitting, environment-friendly carbon dots prepared with DL-malic acid and ethylenediamine, and the exploration of impacting factors in the development process of fingerprints. The experiments showed that better fingerprint images could be obtained when the latent fingerprints are developed in green-emitting carbon dots with pH 9 for 30 min, at room temperature. The reported method was also effective for latent fingerprints on a variety of substrates, as well as for those water-immersed ones, where the developed fingerprint remained stable after long-term preservation. Furthermore, the fluorescent three-dimensional fingerprint image could provide direct and simple evidence on pressing habits. The objective of this paper was to present this method. The method may help to narrow the range of suspects during criminal investigations and in forensic science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Quantum Dots)
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19 pages, 2591 KiB  
Article
Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Workers Handling Nanocomposites
by Daniela Pelclova, Vladimir Zdimal, Jaroslav Schwarz, Stepanka Dvorackova, Martin Komarc, Jakub Ondracek, Martin Kostejn, Petr Kacer, Stepanka Vlckova, Zdenka Fenclova, Alexey Popov, Lucie Lischkova, Sergey Zakharov and Dhimiter Bello
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080611 - 10 Aug 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4759
Abstract
Researchers in nanocomposite processing may inhale a variety of chemical agents, including nanoparticles. This study investigated airway oxidative stress status in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Nineteen employees (42.4 ± 11.4 y/o), working in nanocomposites research for 18.0 ± 10.3 years were examined [...] Read more.
Researchers in nanocomposite processing may inhale a variety of chemical agents, including nanoparticles. This study investigated airway oxidative stress status in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Nineteen employees (42.4 ± 11.4 y/o), working in nanocomposites research for 18.0 ± 10.3 years were examined pre-shift and post-shift on a random workday, together with nineteen controls (45.5 ± 11.7 y/o). Panels of oxidative stress biomarkers derived from lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins were analyzed in the EBC. Aerosol exposures were monitored during three major nanoparticle generation operations: smelting and welding (workshop 1) and nanocomposite machining (workshop 2) using a suite of real-time and integrated instruments. Mass concentrations during these operations were 0.120, 1.840, and 0.804 mg/m3, respectively. Median particle number concentrations were 4.8 × 104, 1.3 × 105, and 5.4 × 105 particles/cm3, respectively. Nanoparticles accounted for 95, 40, and 61%, respectively, with prevailing Fe and Mn. All markers of nucleic acid and protein oxidation, malondialdehyde, and aldehydes C6–C13 were elevated, already in the pre-shift samples relative to controls in both workshops. Significant post-shift elevations were documented in lipid oxidation markers. Significant associations were found between working in nanocomposite synthesis and EBC biomarkers. More research is needed to understand the contribution of nanoparticles from nanocomposite processing in inducing oxidative stress, relative to other co-exposures generated during welding, smelting, and secondary oxidation processes, in these workshops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 10690 KiB  
Article
Effects of Carbon Source on TiC Particles’ Distribution, Tensile, and Abrasive Wear Properties of In Situ TiC/Al-Cu Nanocomposites Prepared in the Al-Ti-C System
by Yu-Yang Gao, Feng Qiu, Tian-Shu Liu, Jian-Ge Chu, Qing-Long Zhao and Qi-Chuan Jiang
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080610 - 10 Aug 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4299
Abstract
The in situ TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites were fabricated in the Al-Ti-C reaction systems with various carbon sources by the combined method of combustion synthesis, hot pressing, and hot extrusion. The carbon sources used in this paper were the pure C black, hybrid carbon source [...] Read more.
The in situ TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites were fabricated in the Al-Ti-C reaction systems with various carbon sources by the combined method of combustion synthesis, hot pressing, and hot extrusion. The carbon sources used in this paper were the pure C black, hybrid carbon source (50 wt.% C black + 50 wt.% CNTs) and pure CNTs. The average sizes of nano-TiC particles range from 67 nm to 239 nm. The TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposites fabricated by the hybrid carbon source showed more homogenously distributed nano-TiC particles, higher tensile strength and hardness, and better abrasive wear resistance than those of the nanocomposites fabricated by pure C black and pure CNTs. As the nano-TiC particles content increased, the tensile strength, hardness, and the abrasive wear resistance of the nanocomposites increased. The 30 vol.% TiC/Al-Cu nanocomposite fabricated by the hybrid carbon source showed the highest yield strength (531 MPa), tensile strength (656 MPa), hardness (331.2 HV), and the best abrasive wear resistance. Full article
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9 pages, 1213 KiB  
Article
Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Intermediate Molds for High-Resolution Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography
by Cecilia Masciullo, Agnese Sonato, Filippo Romanato and Marco Cecchini
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080609 - 10 Aug 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7825
Abstract
Among soft lithography techniques, Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) is a high-throughput and low-cost process that can be applied to a broad range of thermoplastic materials. By simply applying the appropriate pressure and temperature combination, it is possible to transfer a pattern from a [...] Read more.
Among soft lithography techniques, Thermal Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) is a high-throughput and low-cost process that can be applied to a broad range of thermoplastic materials. By simply applying the appropriate pressure and temperature combination, it is possible to transfer a pattern from a mold surface to the chosen material. Usually, high-resolution and large-area NIL molds are difficult to fabricate and expensive. Furthermore, they are typically made of silicon or other hard materials such as nickel or quartz for preserving their functionality. Nonetheless, after a large number of imprinting cycles, they undergo degradation and become unusable. In this paper, we introduce and characterize an innovative two-step NIL process based on the use of a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) intermediate mold to replicate sub-100 nm features from a silicon mold to the final thermoplastic material. We compare PFPE elastomeric molds with molds made of the standard polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, which demonstrates better resolution and fidelity of the replica process. By using PFPE intermediate molds, the nanostructured masters are preserved and the throughput of the process is significantly enhanced. Full article
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12 pages, 4110 KiB  
Article
Basic Medium Heterogeneous Solution Synthesis of α-MnO2 Nanoflakes as an Anode or Cathode in Half Cell Configuration (vs. Lithium) of Li-Ion Batteries
by Kyungho Kim, Geoffrey Daniel, Vadim G. Kessler, Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva and Vilas G. Pol
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080608 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5004
Abstract
Nano α-MnO2 is usually synthesized under hydrothermal conditions in acidic medium, which results in materials easily undergoing thermal reduction and offers single crystals often over 100 nm in size. In this study, α-MnO2 built up of inter-grown ultra-small nanoflakes with 10 [...] Read more.
Nano α-MnO2 is usually synthesized under hydrothermal conditions in acidic medium, which results in materials easily undergoing thermal reduction and offers single crystals often over 100 nm in size. In this study, α-MnO2 built up of inter-grown ultra-small nanoflakes with 10 nm thickness was produced in a rapid two-step procedure starting via partial reduction in solution in basic medium subsequently followed by co-proportionation in thermal treatment. This approach offers phase-pure α-MnO2 doped with potassium (cryptomelane type K0.25Mn8O16 structure) demonstrating considerable chemical and thermal stability. The reaction pathways leading to this new morphology and structure have been discussed. The MnO2 electrodes produced from obtained nanostructures were tested as electrodes of lithium ion batteries delivering initial discharge capacities of 968 mAh g−1 for anode (0 to 2.0 V) and 317 mAh g−1 for cathode (1.5 to 3.5 V) at 20 mA g−1 current density. At constant current of 100 mA g−1, stable cycling of anode achieving 660 mAh g−1 and 145 mAh g−1 for cathode after 200 cycles is recorded. Post diagnostic analysis of cycled electrodes confirmed the electrode materials stability and structural properties. Full article
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14 pages, 7428 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Amorphous InSb Nanowires and a Study of the Effects of Laser Radiation and Thermal Annealing on Nanowire Crystallinity
by Zaina Algarni, Abhay Singh and Usha Philipose
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080607 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4621
Abstract
Although various synthesis and characterization strategies have been employed for the synthesis of crystalline nanowires, there is very little work done on development of low-dimensional amorphous semiconductors. This paper presents a simple strategy to grow amorphous InSb (a- [...] Read more.
Although various synthesis and characterization strategies have been employed for the synthesis of crystalline nanowires, there is very little work done on development of low-dimensional amorphous semiconductors. This paper presents a simple strategy to grow amorphous InSb (a-InSb) nanowires (NWs) in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. The NWs were grown on Si substrate coated with indium film and the lack of crystallinity in the as-grown stoichiometric NWs was ascertained by Raman spectroscopy and electron transport measurements. A model proposed to explain the amorphous NW growth mechanism takes into account the fact that NW growth was carried out at the high temperature ramp-up rate of 75 C/min. This high rate is believed to affect the growth kinematics and determine the arrangement of atoms in the growing NW. Raman spectrum of the as-grown sample shows a broad peak around 155 cm1, indicative of the presence of high density of homopolar Sb-Sb bonds in the amorphous matrix. It was also found that high intensity laser light induces localized crystallization of the NW, most likely due to radiation-stimulated diffusion of defects in a-InSb. The nonlinear trend of the current-voltage characteristics for individually contacted a-InSb NWs was analyzed to prove that the non-linearity is not induced by Schottky contacts. At high bias fields, space charge limited conduction was the proposed electron transport mechanism. Post-growth annealing of the as-grown a-InSb NWs was found to be very effective in causing the NWs to undergo a phase transition from amorphous to crystalline. Full article
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10 pages, 2413 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Structure of PPy/Porous-Graphene to Encapsulate Polysulfides for Lithium/Sulfur Batteries
by Yongguang Zhang, Zhumabay Bakenov, Taizhe Tan and Jin Huang
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080606 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4007
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) polypyrrole-coated-porous graphene (PPy/PG) composite through in-situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer on PG surface. The PPy/PG displays a 3D hierarchical porous structure and the resulting PPy/PG hybrid serves as a conductive trap to lithium polysulfides [...] Read more.
Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of a three-dimensional (3D) polypyrrole-coated-porous graphene (PPy/PG) composite through in-situ polymerization of pyrrole monomer on PG surface. The PPy/PG displays a 3D hierarchical porous structure and the resulting PPy/PG hybrid serves as a conductive trap to lithium polysulfides enhancing the electrochemical performances. Owing to the superior conductivity and peculiar structure, a high initial discharge capacity of 1020 mAh g−1 and the reversible capacity of 802 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles are obtained for the S/PPy/PG cathode at 0.1 C, remaining the remarkable cyclic stability. In addition, the S/PPy/PG cathodes demonstrate an excellent rate performance exhibiting 477 mAh g−1 at 2 C. Full article
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22 pages, 7033 KiB  
Article
Hexagonal Boron Nitride Functionalized with Au Nanoparticles—Properties and Potential Biological Applications
by Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka, Martyna Trukawka, Mateusz Dudziak, Katarzyna Piotrowska and Ewa Mijowska
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080605 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 10858
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride is often referred to as white graphene. This is a 2D layered material, with a structure similar to graphene. It has gained many applications in cosmetics, dental cements, ceramics etc. Hexagonal boron nitride is also used in medicine, as a [...] Read more.
Hexagonal boron nitride is often referred to as white graphene. This is a 2D layered material, with a structure similar to graphene. It has gained many applications in cosmetics, dental cements, ceramics etc. Hexagonal boron nitride is also used in medicine, as a drug carrier similar as graphene or graphene oxide. Here we report that this material can be exfoliated in two steps: chemical treatment (via modified Hummers method) followed by the sonication treatment. Afterwards, the surface of the obtained material can be efficiently functionalized with gold nanoparticles. The mitochondrial activity was not affected in L929 and MCF-7 cell line cultures during 24-h incubation, whereas longer incubation (for 48, and 72 h) with this nanocomposite affected the cellular metabolism. Lysosome functionality, analyzed using the NR uptake assay, was also reduced in both cell lines. Interestingly, the rate of MCF-7 cell proliferation was reduced when exposed to h-BN loaded with gold nanoparticles. It is believed that h-BN nanocomposite with gold nanoparticles is an attractive material for cancer drug delivery and photodynamic therapy in cancer killing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boron Nitride Nanostructures)
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16 pages, 29903 KiB  
Article
Surface Alloying in Silver-Cobalt through a Second Wave Solution Combustion Synthesis Technique
by Anchu Ashok, Anand Kumar and Faris Tarlochan
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080604 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6129
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of silver-cobalt nanopowders using three different modes of solution combustion synthesis, and we present the effects of the synthesis conditions on particle morphology. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform [...] Read more.
Herein, we report the synthesis of silver-cobalt nanopowders using three different modes of solution combustion synthesis, and we present the effects of the synthesis conditions on particle morphology. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the structural and elemental properties. When Co is synthesized over Ag in a second wave of combustion, peak shifts observed in XRD and XPS show a change in the cell parameters and prove the existence of a strong electronic interaction between Ag and Co. Better control of mixing and alloying through the second wave combustion synthesis mode (SWCS) was evident. The sequence of combustion affects the structure and composition of the material. SWCS reduces the amount of carbon content, as compared to single-stage combustion, and the combustion of carbon is followed by a rearrangement of atoms. Full article
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12 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of Graphene Oxides as Possible Foam Stabilizing Agents for CO2 Based Enhanced Oil Recovery
by Albert Barrabino, Torleif Holt and Erik Lindeberg
Nanomaterials 2018, 8(8), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080603 - 8 Aug 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4614
Abstract
Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery. Graphene oxide was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams, while nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide, nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide have been studied as possible foam stabilizing agents for CO2 based enhanced oil recovery. Graphene oxide was able to stabilize CO2/synthetic sea water foams, while nanographene oxide and partially reduced graphene oxide were not able to stabilize foams. The inability of nanographene oxide for stabilizing foams was explained by the increase of hydrophilicity due to size decrease, while for partially reduced graphene oxide, the high degree of reduction of the material was considered to be the reason. Graphene oxide brine dispersions showed immediate gel formation, which improved foam stability. Particle growth due to layer stacking was also observed. This mechanism was detrimental for foam stabilization. Gel formation and particle growth caused these particles to block pores and not being filterable. The work indicates that the particles studied are not suitable for CO2 enhanced oil recovery purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in CO2 Capture)
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