Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Approaches
2.1. Transparency and Conductivity
2.2. Transmission and Film Parameters
2.3. Haze
3. Experimental Approaches
3.1. Electrical Stability
3.2. Mechanical Stability
3.2.1. Flexibility
3.2.2. Adhesion
3.2.3. Stretchability
3.3. Chemical Stability
3.4. Thermal Stability
3.5. Tuning of the Optical Properties
4. Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- (1)
- The flexibility of the TEs is becoming increasingly important due to the fast growth of flexible electronics. It is also of great importance for applications of TEs in bio-electronics such as electronic skin. A further requirement of the TEs for biological or biomedical application is the stretchability. Efforts have been made to address this issue, while more studies are needed.
- (2)
- The chemical stability of silver is better than other metals such as copper or nickel that have been used for making TEs. However, TEs made by silver are still sensitive when exposed to air. The current protocol is to cover the silver nanowires with a layer of other materials that can stabilize the TEs. However, deposition of an extra layer such as ZnO usually requires a vacuum process that will limit the production and increase the cost. Improved solutions are expected to solve this problem.
- (3)
- The thermal stability of silver nanowire based TEs has been studied intensively and the results show that the TEs can survive at temperatures higher than 300 °C. Such stability is quite good and can be used in most of the applications.
- (4)
- High transmission of silver nanowire based TEs is aimed for in most of the studies, while few studies focus on the haze property. In most of the applications, high transmission is needed such as display. However, haze is of great importance in applications such as solar cells. There is, on the other hand a lack of methods to tune the transmission and the haze easily to fulfill different requirements.
- (5)
- The conductivity of the silver nanowire based TEs is not a problem as shown by the studies. However, the electrical stability of the TEs has attracted more and more attention because the conductivity of the TEs could reduce over time. Electromigration and Joule heating are the two main reasons. Deposition of an extra layer such as a thin ZnO film could delay the failure although better solutions are expected. Joule heating could be reduced by welding the nanowires to decrease junctions, while simpler methods need to be developed to increase the procedure and reduce the costs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, R.; Engholm, M. Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080628
Zhang R, Engholm M. Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(8):628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080628
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Renyun, and Magnus Engholm. 2018. "Recent Progress on the Fabrication and Properties of Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Electrodes" Nanomaterials 8, no. 8: 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8080628