Journal of Functional Biomaterials

16 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorogenic Acid–Strontium-Containing Dual-Functional Bioresorbable External Stent Suppresses Venous Graft Restenosis via Hippo-YAP Signaling Pathway

by Ge Zhu, Su Wang, Zhang Liu, Shengji Gu, Feng Chen and Wangfu Zang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070259 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vein graft restenosis remains a major complication following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), mainly due to the abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and impaired endothelial repair. While external stents (eStents) can provide mechanical support and limit adverse remodeling, traditional metallic [...] Read more.

Vein graft restenosis remains a major complication following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), mainly due to the abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and impaired endothelial repair. While external stents (eStents) can provide mechanical support and limit adverse remodeling, traditional metallic stents are non-degradable and may induce chronic inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, many bioresorbable materials degrade too quickly or lack mechanical strength. These challenges highlight the need for external stents that combine sufficient mechanical strength with biodegradability to support long-term graft patency. This is the first study that develops a chlorogenic acid–strontium (SrCA)-loaded polycaprolactone bioresorbable eStent that inhibits VSMC proliferation and enhances endothelial repair via Hippo–Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling, addressing vein graft restenosis post-CABG. Combining mechanical support and biodegradability, it overcomes the limitations of non-degradable stents and rapidly degrading biomaterials, elucidates the potential of natural polyphenol–metal ion complexes in vascular remodeling, and offers an innovative strategy for the prevention of vein graft restenosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials: Bioactive Properties and Medical Applications)

22 pages, 8601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Ag₂O/Ag Nanoparticles Using Puerarin: Characterization, Cytotoxicity, In Ovo Safety Profile, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Potential Against Nosocomial Pathogens

by Sergio Liga, Raluca Vodă, Lavinia Lupa, Elena-Alina Moacă, Delia Muntean, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Maria Suciu, Vlad Socoliuc and Francisc Péter

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070258 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Our study investigates the green synthesis of Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles using the isoflavone Puerarin as a bioreductor. (2) Methods: The PUE@Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electronic [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Our study investigates the green synthesis of Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles using the isoflavone Puerarin as a bioreductor. (2) Methods: The PUE@Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electronic microscopy (TEM, SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Biological activities were assessed through antimicrobial testing, cytotoxicity assays on human keratinocytes and melanoma cells, and an in ovo screening using the HET-CAM assay. (3) Results: The formation of crystalline Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles with sizes below 100 nm was accomplished with Puerarin. Despite their high cytotoxicity at all tested concentrations, the nanoparticles showed antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 981.5 ± 94.2 μg/mL, antibacterial activity against several clinically relevant nosocomial strains (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and no local irritant effects or inhibition of angiogenesis in the HET-CAM assay. (4) Conclusions: This study provides insights into the synthesis, characterization, and biological profile of PUE@Ag₂O/Ag nanoparticles for potential biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials to Counteract Healthcare-Associated Infections)

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13 pages, 4323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing on the Adhesion and Durability of Titanium–Zirconia Restorative Materials

by Omar Alageel, Najm Alfrisany, Abdullah Alshamrani and Omar Alsadon

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070257 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the bonding strength and durability of titanium alloys bonded to zirconia-based materials produced using subtractive and additive digital methods. Two titanium alloy groups (N = 20) and two zirconia ceramic groups (N = 60) were fabricated using CAD/CAM [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the bonding strength and durability of titanium alloys bonded to zirconia-based materials produced using subtractive and additive digital methods. Two titanium alloy groups (N = 20) and two zirconia ceramic groups (N = 60) were fabricated using CAD/CAM milling from prefabricated discs (Ti-ML and Zr-ML), and 3D printing via SLM (Ti-3D) and DLP/LCM systems (Zr-3D). The specimens were bonded with dental cement to form four test groups: Zr-ML/Ti-ML, Zr-ML/Ti-3D, Zr-3D/Ti-ML, and Zr-3D/Ti-3D. Half of the specimens in each group underwent thermocycling to assess the effect of aging on bond strength. The density, microhardness, and surface morphology were evaluated, along with the shear bond strength and failure modes of the resin composites. Statistical differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test across all groups. The 3D-printed specimens of both materials exhibited higher microhardness and lower surface roughness than the milled specimens. The shear bond strength (SBS) was the highest in the Ti-ML/Zr-ML combination group before and after thermocycling, which had more cohesive failures, whereas the lowest bond strength was observed in the Ti-3D/Zr-ML group. The adhesion between titanium and zirconia-based materials was the strongest when both were fabricated using subtractive methods, followed by additive and mixed-method combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intermittent Catheters with Integrated Amphiphilic Surfactant Reduce Urethral Microtrauma in an Ex Vivo Model Compared with Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Intermittent Catheters

by Luca Barbieri, Makhara S. Ung, Katherine E. Hill, Ased Ali and Laura A. Smith Callahan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070256 - 10 Jul 2025

Abstract

Intermittent catheterization mitigates urinary retention for over 300,000 people in the US every year, but can cause microtrauma in the urothelium, compromising its barrier function and increasing the risk of pathogen entry, which may affect user health. To reduce adverse effects, intermittent catheters [...] Read more.

Intermittent catheterization mitigates urinary retention for over 300,000 people in the US every year, but can cause microtrauma in the urothelium, compromising its barrier function and increasing the risk of pathogen entry, which may affect user health. To reduce adverse effects, intermittent catheters (ICs) with increased lubricity are used. A common strategy to enhance IC lubricity is to apply a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating to ICs; however, this coating can become adhesive upon drying, potentially leading to microtrauma. An alternative approach for lubricity is the migration of integrated amphiphilic surfactant (IAS) within the IC to the surface. The present work examines differences in urethral microtrauma caused by the simulated catheterization of ex vivo porcine urethral tissue using PVP-coated and IAS ICs. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of the tissue showed the removal of the apical cell layer after contact with the PVP-coated ICs, but not the IAS IC. More extracellular matrices and DNA were observed on the PVP-coated ICs than the IAS IC after tissue contact. Contact angle analysis of the polar and dispersive components of the surface energy demonstrated that the PVP-coated ICs promoted mucoadhesion, while the IAS IC limited mucoadhesion. Overall, the results indicate that IAS ICs cause less microtrauma to urethral tissue than traditional PVP-coated ICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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36 pages, 2739 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Bioactive Polymers and Materials for Nerve Repair: Strategies and Mechanistic Insights

by Nidhi Puranik, Shraddha Tiwari, Meenakshi Kumari, Shiv Kumar Yadav, Thakur Dhakal and Minseok Song

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070255 - 9 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bioactive materials have recently shown potential in nerve repair and regeneration by promoting the growth of new cells, tissue repair, and restoring nerve function. These natural, synthetic, and hybrid materials offer a biomimetic structure, enhance cell attachment, and release bioactive molecules that promote [...] Read more.

Bioactive materials have recently shown potential in nerve repair and regeneration by promoting the growth of new cells, tissue repair, and restoring nerve function. These natural, synthetic, and hybrid materials offer a biomimetic structure, enhance cell attachment, and release bioactive molecules that promote the axonal extension of severed nerves. Scaffold-based preclinical studies have shown promising results on enhancing nerve repair; however, they are limited by the immune response and fabrication, scalability, and cost. Nevertheless, advances in manufacturing, including 3D bioprinting, and other strategies, such as gene editing by CRISPR, will overcome these shortcomings. The opportunity for the development of individualized approaches and specific treatment plans for each patient will also increase the effectiveness of bioactive materials for the treatment of nerve injuries. Combining bioactive materials with the neural interface can develop new reliable therapeutic solutions, particularly for neuroprosthetics. Finally, it is essential to stress a multidisciplinary focus, and future studies are needed to enhance the potential of bioactive materials for patients with nerve injuries and the field of regenerative medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Functional Assessment of PMMA Bone Cements Modified with Glassy Carbon

by Robert Karpiński and Jakub Szabelski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070254 - 9 Jul 2025

Abstract

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements are widely used in orthopaedic surgery, yet their inherent brittleness, lack of bioactivity, and exothermic polymerization remain critical limitations. Recent strategies have focused on modifying PMMA with functional additives to improve not only mechanical performance but also thermal [...] Read more.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements are widely used in orthopaedic surgery, yet their inherent brittleness, lack of bioactivity, and exothermic polymerization remain critical limitations. Recent strategies have focused on modifying PMMA with functional additives to improve not only mechanical performance but also thermal behaviour and biological interactions. This study investigates the mechanical properties of two commercial PMMA cements—Palamed^® (antibiotic-free) and Refobacin Plus G (gentamicin-loaded)—reinforced with glassy carbon (GC) particles of two different grain sizes (0.4–1.2 µm and 20–50 µm) and various concentrations. The results demonstrate that coarse GC particles (20–50 µm) significantly reduced compressive strength, particularly in the antibiotic-loaded cement. In contrast, the incorporation of fine GC particles (0.4–1.2 µm) did not markedly impair mechanical performance in Palamed^®, suggesting better compatibility with the PMMA matrix. In addition to mechanical enhancement, the structural and chemical stability of glassy carbon may contribute to improved biological response and reduced polymerization heat. These findings highlight the potential of glassy carbon as a functional additive for designing PMMA-based biomaterials that combine improved mechanical properties with favourable characteristics for long-term implant integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials in Bone Implant and Regeneration)

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16 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomimetic Hydrogels for In Vitro Modelling of Nucleus Pulposus Degeneration: Effects of Extracellular Matrix Compositional Change on Physicochemical Properties and Cell Phenotype

by Narjes Rashidi, Nicholas Dowell, Derek Covill, John Shepperd and Matteo Santin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070253 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The intervertebral disc, an anatomical compartment interposed between vertebral bodies, plays a key role in spine flexibility and compression loading. It comprises three tissues: the nucleus pulposus, the annulus fibrosus, and the end plates. Degeneration-related changes in the extracellular matrix of the nucleus [...] Read more.

The intervertebral disc, an anatomical compartment interposed between vertebral bodies, plays a key role in spine flexibility and compression loading. It comprises three tissues: the nucleus pulposus, the annulus fibrosus, and the end plates. Degeneration-related changes in the extracellular matrix of the nucleus pulposus upon ageing or pathological conditions prompted the present investigation into the impact of proteoglycan reduction, the main constituent of the healthy nucleus pulposus, on its physicochemical properties and cellular phenotypical changes. To mimic the native extracellular matrix, three-dimensional NP-mimicking constructs were developed using a biomimetic hydrogel composed of collagen type I, collagen type II, and proteoglycans. This system was fabricated using a bottom-up approach, employing highly pure monomeric collagen types I and II, which were induced to form a reconstituted fibrillar structure closely resembling the natural NP microenvironment. A comprehensive physicochemical characterization was conducted at varying proteoglycan percentages using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, rheological tests, and water retention property analysis. The effect of microenvironment changes on the phenotype of nucleus pulposus cells was studied by their encapsulation within the various collagen–proteoglycan hydrogels. The morphological and immunochemistry analysis of the cells was performed to study the cell–matrix adhesion pathways and the expression of the cellular regulator hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. These were linked to the analysis of the synthesis of healthy or pathological extracellular matrix components. The findings reveal that the reduction in proteoglycan content in the nucleus pulposus tissue triggers a pathological pathway, impairing the rheological and water retention properties. Consequently, the cell phenotypes are altered, inducing the synthesis of collagen type I rather than securing the natural physiological remodelling process by the synthesis of collagen type II and proteoglycans. Identifying the proteoglycan content threshold that triggers these pathological phenotypical changes could provide new diagnostic markers and early therapeutic strategies for intervertebral disc degeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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22 pages, 4137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility of Hydraulic Calcium Silicate-Based Cement MTA Flow^TM on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro

by Paulius Tušas, Josette Camilleri, Milda Alksnė, Egidijus Šimoliūnas, Saulius Drukteinis, Eglė Marija Urbonė, Virginija Bukelskienė, Vygandas Rutkūnas and Vytautė Pečiulienė

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070252 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Aim: hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs) are widely used in endodontics for vital pulp therapy and other clinical procedures due to their favorable physicochemical and biological properties. This study evaluates the biological properties of two HCSCs—MTA Flow™ and MTA Flow™ White (in a [...] Read more.

Aim: hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs) are widely used in endodontics for vital pulp therapy and other clinical procedures due to their favorable physicochemical and biological properties. This study evaluates the biological properties of two HCSCs—MTA Flow™ and MTA Flow™ White (in a 3:2 liquid-to-powder ratio, thick consistency)—on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Methodology: hDPSCs were exposed to leachates from MTA Flow™, MTA Flow™ White, and ProRoot^® MTA. pH changes, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell morphology, and cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) were assessed in vitro. Results: MTA Flow™ White and ProRoot^® MTA leachates produced a strongly alkaline pH (~10–12) compared to the negative control, whereas MTA Flow™ leachate caused a smaller pH increase (~9.4). Freshly mixed cements showed moderate cytotoxicity (around 40–60% cell viability at 100% concentration), while hardened cement leachates did not significantly affect cell viability. At 100% concentration, MTA Flow™ and MTA Flow™ White leachates significantly inhibited hDPSC proliferation and caused cell death, but at lower concentrations (≤50%) they supported cell viability and proliferation comparable to ProRoot^® MTA. hDPSCs exposed to MTA Flow™ and MTA Flow™ White leachates appeared more elongated morphologically than those exposed to ProRoot^® MTA. Notably, cells treated with MTA Flow™ White leachates were significantly smaller than those treated with MTA Flow™. Conclusions: MTA Flow™ and MTA Flow™ White, used in 3:2 thick consistency, demonstrated biocompatibility comparable to ProRoot^® MTA in vitro. While 100% leachates showed moderate cytotoxicity, lower concentration dilutions (≤50%) supported hDPSC viability, proliferation, and morphology. These findings support their potential as safe alternatives for vital pulp therapy. Further in vivo studies and dynamic models are needed to confirm long-term biological performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dental Biomaterials in Promoting Oral Health)

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14 pages, 2438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Bone Regeneration Using Human Allogeneic Bone Graft with or Without Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Conditioned Media in a Rabbit Calvarial Defect Model

by Hyung-Gyun Kim, Yong-Suk Moon and Dong-Seok Sohn

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070251 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 79

Abstract

Alveolar bone loss due to trauma, extraction, or periodontal disease often requires bone grafting prior to implant placement. Although human allograft bone is widely used as an alternative to autograft, it has limited osteoinductive potential and a prolonged healing time. Mesenchymal stem cell–conditioned [...] Read more.

Alveolar bone loss due to trauma, extraction, or periodontal disease often requires bone grafting prior to implant placement. Although human allograft bone is widely used as an alternative to autograft, it has limited osteoinductive potential and a prolonged healing time. Mesenchymal stem cell–conditioned media (MSC-CM), rich in paracrine factors, has emerged as a promising adjunct to enhance bone regeneration. This study evaluated the regenerative effect of MSC-CM combined with human allograft bone in a rabbit calvarial defect model. Bilateral 8 mm defects were created in eight rabbits. Each animal received a human allograft alone (HB group) on one side and an allograft mixed with MSC-CM (HB+GF group) on the other. Histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed at 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Both groups showed new bone formation, but the HB+GF group demonstrated significantly greater bone regeneration at both time points (p < 0.05). New bone extended into the defect center in the HB+GF group. Additionally, greater graft resorption and marrow formation were observed in this group at 8 weeks. These findings suggest that MSC-CM enhances the osteogenic performance of human allograft bone and may serve as a biologically active adjunct for bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Repair)

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14 pages, 3978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Self-Expanding Transcatheter Mitral Valve with Dual Annulus/Valve Diameter

by Irina Yu. Zhuravleva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070250 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 135

Abstract

Background: The development of transcatheter mitral valves (TMVs) represents a major advancement in cardiology, driven in part by the growing elderly population. Elderly patients frequently suffer from secondary mitral regurgitation but are often ineligible for surgical valve replacement due to high procedural risks. [...] Read more.

Background: The development of transcatheter mitral valves (TMVs) represents a major advancement in cardiology, driven in part by the growing elderly population. Elderly patients frequently suffer from secondary mitral regurgitation but are often ineligible for surgical valve replacement due to high procedural risks. This study aimed to develop a self-expanding TMV stent fabricated from a single nitinol tube, featuring two distinct central zones: a smaller-diameter valve-containing segment and a larger-diameter anchoring segment for the mitral annulus. Methods: We used the COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 software package for biotechnical engineering. Prototypes of stents and valves were manufactured in five sizes following a 22 Fr delivery system compatibility assessment and pulsatile-flow testing. Results: We bioengineered a novel stent design with an integrated porcine pericardial valve. The stents were laser-cut from nitinol tubes (4.5 mm outer diameter, 0.45 mm wall thickness) and heat-treated to achieve spatial configurations compatible with fibrous ring diameters of 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48 mm. Pericardial leaflets and coverings were then mounted onto the stents. The resulting valves were successfully loaded into a 24 Fr delivery system and exhibited proper opening and closing function under pulsatile-flow testing. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the feasibility of a single-component, dual-diameter TMV stent, offering a promising solution for high-risk patients with mitral regurgitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Implants for Biomedical Applications)

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42 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrospinning Enables Opportunity for Green and Effective Antibacterial Coatings of Medical Devices

by Saverio Caporalini, Bahareh Azimi, Samir Zergat, Mahdi Ansari Chaharsoughi, Homa Maleki, Giovanna Batoni and Serena Danti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070249 - 6 Jul 2025

Viewed by 403

Abstract

The growing antimicrobial resistance and the increasing environmental concerns associated with conventional antibacterial agents have prompted a search for more effective and sustainable alternatives. Biopolymer-based nanofibers are promising candidates to produce environment-friendly antibacterial coatings, owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, structural adaptability, and [...] Read more.

The growing antimicrobial resistance and the increasing environmental concerns associated with conventional antibacterial agents have prompted a search for more effective and sustainable alternatives. Biopolymer-based nanofibers are promising candidates to produce environment-friendly antibacterial coatings, owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, structural adaptability, and tunable porosity. These features make them particularly well-suited for delivering antimicrobial agents in a controlled manner and for physically modifying the surface of medical devices. This review critically explores recent advances in the use of electrospun fibers enhanced with natural antimicrobial agents as eco-friendly surface coatings. The mechanisms of antibacterial action, key factors affecting their efficacy, and comparisons with conventional antibacterial agents are discussed herein. Emphasis is placed on the role of a “green electrospinning” process, which utilizes bio-based materials and nontoxic solvents, to enable coatings able to better combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Applications in various clinical settings, including implants, wound dressings, surgical textiles, and urinary devices, are explored. Finally, the environmental benefits and prospects for the scalability and sustainability of green coatings are discussed to underscore their relevance to next-generation, sustainable solutions in healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 20541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Stent Structure on Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid) Vascular Stent

by Shicheng He, Qiang Chen and Zhiyong Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070248 - 6 Jul 2025

Viewed by 239

Abstract

Biodegradable vascular stents (BVSs) face challenges related to inadequate mechanical strength, which can lead to adverse clinical outcomes. Improving the mechanical behavior of biodegradable vascular stents through structural design has been extensively explored. However, the corresponding effects of these mechanical enhancements on degradation [...] Read more.

Biodegradable vascular stents (BVSs) face challenges related to inadequate mechanical strength, which can lead to adverse clinical outcomes. Improving the mechanical behavior of biodegradable vascular stents through structural design has been extensively explored. However, the corresponding effects of these mechanical enhancements on degradation characteristics remain under-investigated. The present work focuses on examining how different stent design strategies affect the mechanical behavior and degradation characteristics of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) stents. The commercial PLA stent DESolve was adopted, and nine modified stents were constructed based on the geometrical configuration of the DESolve stent. The mechanical properties of the modified stents during radial crimping and three-point bending simulations were thoroughly studied. The degradation dynamics of the stents were characterized by four indices (i.e., mean number average molecular weight, residual volume fraction, mean von Mises stress, and stent diameter). The results indicated that both the widening ratio and direction affected the mechanical performance of the stents by increasing the radial stiffness and radial strength, minimizing recoil%, and decreasing the bending flexibility. Although the widening direction had a relatively minor influence on stent degradation, the associated increase in material volume contributed to an improved volumetric integrity and enhanced lumen preservation. This study established a theoretical basis for evaluating both the mechanical and degradation behaviors of PLA stents, offering valuable insights for future structural design optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Additive Manufacturing in Materials Science)

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12 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Drying Time, Application Mode, and Agitation on the Dentin Bond Strength of a Novel Mesoporous Bioactive Glass-Containing Universal Dentin Adhesive

by Jiyoung Kwon, Jungwon Kim, Dongseok Choi and Duck-Su Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070247 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of drying time, application mode, and agitation on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of a novel mesoporous bioactive glass-containing universal adhesive (Hi-Bond Universal). Twelve experimental groups were established according to drying time (blot-dry, 10 s dry, or 20 [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the influence of drying time, application mode, and agitation on the micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of a novel mesoporous bioactive glass-containing universal adhesive (Hi-Bond Universal). Twelve experimental groups were established according to drying time (blot-dry, 10 s dry, or 20 s dry), application mode (total-etch or self-etch), and agitation (with or without). The μTBS test and failure mode analysis were performed for each experimental group (n = 20), and an adhesive interface was observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The μTBS of all experimental groups was analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test (α = 0.05). The total-etch mode yielded higher μTBS than the self-etch mode in the blot-dry and 10 s dry groups (p < 0.05). Agitation also significantly increased the μTBS in the blot-dry and 10 s dry groups for both application modes (p < 0.05). However, application mode and agitation had no effect on the μTBS in the 20 s dry group (p > 0.05). FE-SEM revealed longer and more uniform resin tags after agitation in the blot-dry and 10 s dry groups for both application modes. In conclusion, total-etch mode and agitation effectively increased the bond strength of mesoporous bioactive glass-containing universal adhesives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Dental Restorative Materials)

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17 pages, 728 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Accompanying Titanium Meshes and Titanium-Reinforced Membranes with Collagen Membranes in Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentations: A Systematic Review

by Amir-Ali Yousefi-Koma, Reza Amid, Anahita Moscowchi, Hanieh Nokhbatolfoghahaei and Mahdi Kadkhodazadeh

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070246 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Background: Vertical ridge augmentations (VRAs), including guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques, have been utilized in the reconstruction of deficient alveolar ridges for quite some time. GBR-based VRA procedures are technique-sensitive, operator-dependent, and often lead to complications detected during or after the treatment. The [...] Read more.

Background: Vertical ridge augmentations (VRAs), including guided bone regeneration (GBR) techniques, have been utilized in the reconstruction of deficient alveolar ridges for quite some time. GBR-based VRA procedures are technique-sensitive, operator-dependent, and often lead to complications detected during or after the treatment. The main objective of this systematic review was to include randomized and non-randomized human studies that investigated the regenerative outcome differences, as well as the incidence rates of healing and surgical complications of titanium meshes and/or titanium-reinforced membranes with and without collagen membranes utilized in GBR-based VRA. Methods: This systematic review has been prepared and organized according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and is registered at PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD420251002615). Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies up to 5 June 2025. Randomized and non-randomized human clinical studies, except for case reports, focused on applying titanium meshes or titanium-reinforced membranes with or without collagen membranes in GBR-based VRA, were eligible. Results: A total of 119 patients from three human randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and one case series reported across nine articles were included. The addition of collagen membranes causes no significant differences in vertical bone gain or surgical/healing complication rates. Conclusions: The addition of collagen membranes on top of titanium meshes and titanium-reinforced membranes might not be necessary in GBR-based VRA. Further human RCTs are required to reach a reliable conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 9364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevention of Tooth Discoloration Using Fluoride Varnish Immediately After Bleaching

by Ryotaro Yago, Chiharu Kawamoto, Rafiqul Islam, Hirofumi Kaneko, Monica Yamauti, Masayuki Otsuki, Hidehiko Sano and Atsushi Tomokiyo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070245 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Tooth bleaching is a widely used esthetic treatment; however, bleaching agents can temporarily alter the surface morphology of enamel, increasing surface roughness and porosity, which may lead to increased susceptibility to discoloration. This in vitro study investigated the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in [...] Read more.

Tooth bleaching is a widely used esthetic treatment; however, bleaching agents can temporarily alter the surface morphology of enamel, increasing surface roughness and porosity, which may lead to increased susceptibility to discoloration. This in vitro study investigated the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing immediate discoloration of bovine incisors after bleaching. Specimens were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide and treated with either Clinpro White Varnish (CW) or Enamelast Fluoride Varnish (EN), whereas control specimens received no treatment after bleaching. The samples were immersed in coffee for 24 h, and the color difference (ΔE₀₀) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. The surface morphology of enamel was examined using SEM. The fluoride varnish groups showed significantly lower color difference values than the control group (p < 0.05), with ΔE₀₀ reduced by approximately two-thirds in both the CW and EN groups. SEM observations showed that the enamel surfaces in the varnish-treated groups exhibited reduced surface irregularities compared to the untreated group, suggesting remineralization. These results suggest that the immediate application of fluoride varnish after bleaching can effectively reduce short-term discoloration by providing physical protection and promoting remineralization. Fluoride varnish may serve as a simple and effective strategy to maintain whitening outcomes and minimize early discoloration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessReview

Usage of Silver Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Bonding Reagents

by Janet Jisoo Lee, Meigan Niu, Zinah Shakir, Geelsu Hwang, Chun-Hsi Chung, Mark S. Wolff, Zhong Zheng and Chenshuang Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070244 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Fixed orthodontic appliances, which are cemented to tooth surfaces, complicate the maintenance of oral hygiene and create a rough surface that is favorable for bacteria attachment. Additionally, the presence of orthodontic appliances may conceive a unique environment that interacts with cariogenic microorganisms, fostering [...] Read more.

Fixed orthodontic appliances, which are cemented to tooth surfaces, complicate the maintenance of oral hygiene and create a rough surface that is favorable for bacteria attachment. Additionally, the presence of orthodontic appliances may conceive a unique environment that interacts with cariogenic microorganisms, fostering a distinct microbial ecosystem compared to that of the patients without orthodontic appliances, thus increasing the vulnerability of tooth surfaces to demineralization and caries formation. Silver (Ag) has shown strong antimicrobial effects and has been extensively investigated in the medical field. Here, we aim to review the antibacterial properties and potential side effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) when incorporated into orthodontic bonding reagents. This valuation could contribute to the development of novel bonding reagents designed to prevent the formation of white spot lesions and caries during orthodontic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials in Implantology and Orthodontics)

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31 pages, 5332 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photothermal Release by Melanin-like Nanoparticles: Biomedical Applications

by Arianna Menichetti, Silvia Vicenzi, Agata Pane, Dario Mordini, Fabrizio Mancin and Marco Montalti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070243 - 2 Jul 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Melanin-like nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a remarkable ability to absorb light across a wide range of wavelengths, from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. This characteristic enables them to serve as effective photothermal agents (PTAs). Upon irradiation, especially within the NIR window, [...] Read more.

Melanin-like nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a remarkable ability to absorb light across a wide range of wavelengths, from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. This characteristic enables them to serve as effective photothermal agents (PTAs). Upon irradiation, especially within the NIR window, a region where biological tissues are highly transparent, these NPs efficiently convert light energy into heat. This phenomenon, known as the photothermal effect, leads to localized temperature increases. The resulting heat can be strategically employed to induce selective cell death in photothermal therapy (PTT) or to enhance the release of therapeutic agents directly from the NPs. The inherent versatility of melanin-like NPs, stemming from their synthesis methods and the presence of various functional groups, allows for straightforward loading with drugs or other bioactive molecules. Consequently, they are attractive tools for photothermally activated release. This review paper thoroughly examines and critically discusses the latest applications of melanin-like NPs in photothermally controlled release. We dedicate a specific section to general mechanisms and approaches, and this paper concludes with an analysis of critical challenges and prospective future developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One- and Two-Year Efficacy of Resin Infiltration and Remineralization for the Treatment of Initial Proximal Caries

by Veselina Todorova and Ivan Filipov

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070242 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Proximal caries presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Recent understanding of the etiology and pathology of dental caries has led to the adoption of non-invasive and/or minimally invasive approaches in the early stages of caries lesions. This clinical study aimed to compare the efficacy [...] Read more.

Proximal caries presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Recent understanding of the etiology and pathology of dental caries has led to the adoption of non-invasive and/or minimally invasive approaches in the early stages of caries lesions. This clinical study aimed to compare the efficacy of resin infiltration and remineralization in the treatment of initial proximal caries lesions over a 1- and 2-year follow-up period. The study involved 47 patients aged between 18 and 38 years. Patients were clinically examined and underwent bitewing radiography to detect at least three initial proximal caries lesions. Each detected lesion (180 in total) was randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) resin infiltration with Icon Proximal Infiltrant (DMG); (2) remineralization with Clinpro White Varnish (3M); and (3) a control group receiving no treatment. One year after treatment, caries progression was found in 30 lesions (16.6%) with the following distribution across the three treatment groups: 2/60 (3%) in the infiltration group; 11/60 (18%) in the remineralization group; 17/60 (28.30%) in the no treatment control group with a significant statistical difference between the groups (p = 0.001). In terms of lesion depth, 12 (11%) out of 106 E2 lesions progressed and 18 out of 74 (24%) D1 lesions progressed, with a significant difference (p = 0.037). Two years after treatment, five new lesions were found to have progressed (one E2 and four D1), distributed as follows: 0% in the infiltration group, 3.6% in the remineralization group, and 5% in the control group. In conclusion, resin infiltration exhibited the lowest percentage of progressed lesions and could be considered a reliable, non-invasive treatment for initial proximal caries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development and Future of Dental Implants)

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18 pages, 2460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extracellular Synthesis of Bioactive Silver Nanoparticles Using Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41 and Their Potential Application Against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica

by Md. Amdadul Huq

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070241 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

The purpose of current study was the green synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41 and the exploration of their role in controlling drug-resistant bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The culture supernatant of strain MAHUQ-41 was employed [...] Read more.

The purpose of current study was the green synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41 and the exploration of their role in controlling drug-resistant bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The culture supernatant of strain MAHUQ-41 was employed for a simple and eco-friendly synthesis of biofunctional silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed using several techniques, including UV–Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FE-TEM, FTIR, and DLS. The UV–Vis spectral analysis of the AgNPs synthesized via Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41 revealed a prominent absorption peak at 400 nm. FE-TEM results confirmed spherical-shaped 15–60 nm sized nanoparticles. XRD results indicated that the synthesized AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The FTIR spectrum determined various functional groups on the surface of synthesized nanoparticles. Potent antibacterial properties were observed in green-synthesized AgNPs against tested pathogens. The MIC value of extracellular synthesized AgNPs for both pathogenic bacteria was 6.2 µg/mL, and the MBCs were 25.0 µg/mL and 12.5 µg/mL for L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica, respectively. Treatment by synthesized AgNPs resulted in morphological alterations and structural damages in both L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica. These alterations can interfere with regular cellular activities, potentially resulting in cell death. This study is the first to report the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41. The findings obtained in the present study supported the role of Brevibacillus sp. MAHUQ-41-mediated synthesized AgNPs in controlling drug-resistant bacterial pathogens L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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44 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessReview

Head and Neck 3D Bioprinting—A Review on Recent Advancements in Soft Tissue 3D Bioprinting and Medical Applications

by Iosif-Aliodor Timofticiuc, Ana Caruntu, Christiana Diana Maria Dragosloveanu, Andreea-Elena Scheau, Ioana Anca Badarau, Argyrios Periferakis, Serban Dragosloveanu, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Constantin Caruntu and Cristian Scheau

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070240 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 874

Abstract

Recent developments in 3D bioprinting offer innovative alternative solutions to classical treatments for head and neck defects. Soft tissues in an anatomical area as diverse in composition as the head and neck are complex in terms of structure and function. Understanding how cellular [...] Read more.

Recent developments in 3D bioprinting offer innovative alternative solutions to classical treatments for head and neck defects. Soft tissues in an anatomical area as diverse in composition as the head and neck are complex in terms of structure and function. Understanding how cellular interaction underlies functionality has led to the development of bioinks capable of mimicking the natural morphology and roles of different human parts. Moreover, from the multitude of recently developed materials, there are now many options for building scaffolds that potentiate the activity of these cells. The fidelity and accuracy of the utilized techniques ensure maximum precision in terms of model construction. Emerging technologies will allow for improved control of the scaffold, facilitating optimal results in the treatment of various pathologies, without concerns about the availability of donors, immunological response, or any other side effects that traditional treatments withhold. This paper explores the current landscape of bioprinted scaffolds and their applications in the head and neck region, with a focus on the properties and use of natural and synthetic bioinks in the attempt to replicate the biomechanical features of native tissues. Customization capabilities that support anatomical precision and biofunctionality are also addressed. Moreover, regulatory requirements, as well as current challenges related to biocompatibility, immune response, and vascularization, are critically discussed in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathway to clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials: Bioactive Properties and Medical Applications)

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1 pages, 134 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Seifalian et al. A Novel Graphene-Based Nanomaterial for the Development of a Pelvic Implant to Treat Pelvic Organ Prolapse. J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15, 351

by Amelia Seifalian, Alex Digesu and Vik Khullar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070239 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

30 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomimetic Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffolds from Sustainable Biomaterials: Innovative Green Medicine Approach to Bone Regeneration

by Yashaswini Premjit, Merin Lawrence, Abhishek Goyal, Célia Ferreira, Elena A. Jones and Payal Ganguly

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070238 - 29 Jun 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Bone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals for BTE, including [...] Read more.

Bone repair and regeneration following an injury still present challenges worldwide. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds made from various materials are used for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. Polymers, minerals and nanotechnology are now being used in combination to achieve specific goals for BTE, including the delivery of antimicrobials through the scaffolds to prevent post-surgical infection. While several materials are utilised for BTE, natural polymers present a unique set of materials that can be manipulated to formulate scaffolds for BTE applications. They have been found to demonstrate higher biocompatibility, biodegradability and lower toxicity. Some even naturally mimic the bone microarchitecture, providing inherent structural support for BTE. Natural polymers may be simply classified as those from plant and animal sources. From both sources, there are different types of proteins, polysaccharides and other specialised materials that are already in use for research in BTE. Interestingly, these have the potential to revolutionise the field of BTE with a sustainable approach. In this review, we first discuss the different natural polymers used in BTE from plant sources, followed by animal sources. We then explore novel materials that are aimed at sustainable approaches, focusing on innovation from the last decade. In these sections, we outline studies of these materials with different types of bone cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are the progenitors of bone. We finally outline the limitations, conclusions and future directions from our perspective in this dynamic field of polymers in BTE. With this review, we hope to bring together the updated existing knowledge and the potential future of innovation and sustainability in natural polymers for biomimetic BTE applications for fellow scientists, researchers and surgeons in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering)

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25 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometric, Biomechanical and Macromolecular Performances of β-TCP Macro/Micro-Porous Lattice Scaffolds Fabricated via Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing for Jawbone Engineering

by Carlo Mangano, Nicole Riberti, Giulia Orilisi, Simona Tecco, Michele Furlani, Christian Giommi, Paolo Mengucci, Elisabetta Giorgini and Alessandra Giuliani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070237 - 28 Jun 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Effective bone tissue regeneration remains pivotal in implant dentistry, particularly for edentulous patients with compromised alveolar bone due to atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Biomaterials are essential for promoting regenerative processes by supporting cellular recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenesis. This study presents the development and [...] Read more.

Effective bone tissue regeneration remains pivotal in implant dentistry, particularly for edentulous patients with compromised alveolar bone due to atrophy and sinus pneumatization. Biomaterials are essential for promoting regenerative processes by supporting cellular recruitment, vascularization, and osteogenesis. This study presents the development and characterization of a novel lithography-printed ceramic β-TCP scaffold, with a macro/micro-porous lattice, engineered to optimize osteoconduction and mechanical stability. Morphological, structural, and biomechanical assessments confirmed a reproducible microarchitecture with suitable porosity and load-bearing capacity. The scaffold was also employed for maxillary sinus augmentation, with postoperative evaluation using micro computed tomography, synchrotron imaging, histology, and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging analysis, demonstrating active bone regeneration, scaffold resorption, and formation of mineralized tissue. Advanced imaging supported by deep learning tools revealed a well-organized osteocyte network and high-quality bone, underscoring the scaffold’s biocompatibility and osteoconductive efficacy. These findings support the application of these 3D-printed β-TCP scaffolds in regenerative dental medicine, facilitating tissue regeneration in complex jawbone deficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)

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21 pages, 5750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artemisia argyi-Mediated Synthesis of Monodisperse Silver Nanoparticles as Components of Bioactive Nanofibrous Dressings with Dual Antibacterial and Regenerative Functions

by Jiale Wang, Jiawei Guan, Xingyu Ma, Dongyang Zhao, Yongqiang Han, Dongdong Guo, Jialin Bai, Zisheng Guo and Xiaojun Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070236 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

The effective healing of chronic wounds requires balancing antimicrobial activity with tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed a novel, eco-friendly synthesis method using Artemisia argyi extract to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), addressing toxicity concerns associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods. Through optimization [...] Read more.

The effective healing of chronic wounds requires balancing antimicrobial activity with tissue regeneration. In this study, we developed a novel, eco-friendly synthesis method using Artemisia argyi extract to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), addressing toxicity concerns associated with conventional chemical synthesis methods. Through optimization of multiple synthesis parameters, monodisperse spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 6.76 ± 0.27 nm were successfully obtained. Plant-derived compounds from Artemisia argyi extract acted as efficient mediators for both reduction and stabilization, yielding nanoparticles with high crystallinity. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 8 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and 32 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus, while maintaining high biocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts at concentrations ≤ 8 μg/mL. When integrated into polylactic acid/collagen type I (PLA/Col1) nanofibrous matrices, the optimized 0.03% AgNPs/PLA/Col1 dressing significantly accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model, achieving 94.62 ± 2.64% wound closure by day 14 compared to 65.81 ± 1.80% observed in untreated controls. Histological analyses revealed a dual-functional mechanism wherein controlled silver ion release provided sustained antibacterial protection, while concurrently promoting tissue regeneration characterized by enhanced collagen deposition, reduced inflammation, and increased neovascularization. This innovative approach effectively addresses critical challenges in diabetic wound care by providing simultaneous antimicrobial and regenerative functions within a single biomaterial platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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14 pages, 2179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Anodic Electrodeposition of Dual-Cation-Crosslinked Sodium Alginate/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Interpenetrating Hydrogel with Vessel-Mimetic Heterostructures

by Xuli Li, Yuqing Qu, Yong Zhang, Pei Chen, Siyu Ding, Miaomiao Nie, Kun Yan and Shefeng Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070235 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 564

Abstract

This study develops a one-pot anodic templating electrodeposition strategy using dual-cation-crosslinking and interpenetrating networks, coupled with pulsed electrical signals, to fabricate a vessel-mimetic multilayered tubular hydrogel. Typically, the anodic electrodeposition is performed in a mixture of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), [...] Read more.

This study develops a one-pot anodic templating electrodeposition strategy using dual-cation-crosslinking and interpenetrating networks, coupled with pulsed electrical signals, to fabricate a vessel-mimetic multilayered tubular hydrogel. Typically, the anodic electrodeposition is performed in a mixture of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), with the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid calcium disodium salt hydrate (EDTA·Na₂Ca) incorporated to provide a secondary ionic crosslinker (i.e., Ca²⁺) and modulate the cascade reaction diffusion process. The copper wire electrodes serve as templates for electrochemical oxidation and enable a copper ion (i.e., Cu²⁺)-induced tubular hydrogel coating formation, while pulsed electric fields regulate layer-by-layer deposition. The dual-cation-crosslinked interpenetrating hydrogels (CMC/SA-Cu/Ca) exhibit rapid growth rates and tailored mechanical strength, along with excellent antibacterial performance. By integrating the unique pulsed electro-fabrication with biomimetic self-assembly, this study addresses challenges in vessel-mimicking structural complexity and mechanical compatibility. The approach enables scalable production of customizable multilayered hydrogels for artificial vessel grafts, smart wound dressings, and bioengineered organ interfaces, demonstrating broad biomedical potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Hydrogels for Biomedical Application (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 3988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Bioinductive Effects of a Novel Antibiotic Eluting Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Envelope

by Sun Woo Kim, Nathan W. Fedak, Eleanor Love, Alexander Tam, Ali Fatehi Hassanabad, Jeannine Turnbull, Guoqi Teng, Darrell Belke, Justin Deniset and Paul W. M. Fedak

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070234 - 25 Jun 2025

Viewed by 784

Abstract

Background: Subcutaneous pocket infection is a common morbidity associated with the integration of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). A new antibiotic-eluting CIED bioenvelope has been developed as a prophylactic measure to mitigate infection and skin erosion caused by device migration. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Background: Subcutaneous pocket infection is a common morbidity associated with the integration of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). A new antibiotic-eluting CIED bioenvelope has been developed as a prophylactic measure to mitigate infection and skin erosion caused by device migration. This study investigated the envelope’s regulatory properties in scar formation and vascularization. Methods: Fibroblasts were seeded on either plastic (n = 6) or small intestine submucosal extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) (n = 6) for 24 h. The culture media were analyzed for proangiogenic and proinflammatory proteins with multiplex. Sham (n = 8) or SIS-ECM (n = 8) was randomly implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous pocket of mice. The implants were excised on day 7, cultured for 24 h, and the media analyzed. Rabbit models were implanted with either synthetic polymer HDPE (n = 12) or SIS-ECM (n = 11). The treatments were excised at weeks 2, 10, and 26 and then stained for analysis. Results: SIS-ECM significantly increased the fibroblasts’ paracrine release of proangiogenic and proinflammatory factors like VEGF-A (p < 0.05) and IL-6 (p < 0.05) compared with plastic. The murine tissue interacting with SIS-ECM released significantly more angiogenic proteins like VEGF-A (p < 0.05) than the sham. The histology analysis of rabbit subcutaneous tissue revealed a decreasing level of inflammation and fibrosis over time with SIS-ECM. Conclusions: The CIED bioenvelope elicited proangiogenic paracrine signaling and reduced fibrotic response in fibroblasts and animal models. Clinical translation of the CIED bioenvelope as an adjunct to regular prophylactic practice may be warranted in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Analysis of Sticky Tooth and Sticky Bone

by Robert Dłucik, Marcel Firlej, Katarzyna Bogus, Daniel Dłucik and Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070233 - 25 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1118

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Sticky Tooth (ST) derived from ground teeth and Sticky Bone (SB) based on equine bone and human allograft in maxillary bone defect regeneration through histological examination. Materials and Methods: Forty patients underwent maxillary alveolar [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of Sticky Tooth (ST) derived from ground teeth and Sticky Bone (SB) based on equine bone and human allograft in maxillary bone defect regeneration through histological examination. Materials and Methods: Forty patients underwent maxillary alveolar ridge regeneration using four different biomaterials: Sticky Tooth processed with the BonMaker device (n = 10), Sticky Tooth prepared with the Smart Dentin Grinder (n = 10) Sticky Bone derived from an equine xenograft (n = 10), and Sticky Bone derived from human allografts (n = 10). CBCT imaging was performed preoperatively, post-regeneration, and during follow-up. Histological and quantitative statistical evaluation was conducted on biopsy samples obtained four months post-regeneration at the time of implant placement. Results: Successful alveolar ridge regeneration was achieved in all 40 patients. Histological analyses confirmed good integration between the biomaterials and bone tissue without signs of inflammation. Conclusion: Histological comparisons demonstrated that both ST and SB are effective biomaterials for bone regeneration. However, ST exhibited a faster bone healing process compared to xenograft and allograft SB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessReview

Next-Generation Biomaterials for Load-Bearing Tissue Interfaces: Sensor-Integrated Scaffolds and Mechanoadaptive Constructs for Skeletal Regeneration

by Rahul Kumar, Kyle Sporn, Pranay Prabhakar, Phani Paladugu, Akshay Khanna, Alex Ngo, Chirag Gowda, Ethan Waisberg, Ram Jagadeesan, Nasif Zaman and Alireza Tavakkoli

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070232 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 725

Abstract

Advancements in load-bearing tissue repair increasingly demand biomaterials that not only support structural integrity but also interact dynamically with the physiological environment. This review examines the latest progress in smart biomaterials designed for skeletal reconstruction, with emphasis on mechanoresponsive scaffolds, bioactive composites, and [...] Read more.

Advancements in load-bearing tissue repair increasingly demand biomaterials that not only support structural integrity but also interact dynamically with the physiological environment. This review examines the latest progress in smart biomaterials designed for skeletal reconstruction, with emphasis on mechanoresponsive scaffolds, bioactive composites, and integrated microsensors for real-time monitoring. We explore material formulations that enhance osseointegration, resist micromotion-induced loosening, and modulate inflammatory responses at the bone–implant interface. Additionally, we assess novel fabrication methods—such as additive manufacturing and gradient-based material deposition—for tailoring stiffness, porosity, and degradation profiles to match host biomechanics. Special attention is given to sensor-augmented platforms capable of detecting mechanical strain, biofilm formation, and early-stage implant failure. Together, these technologies promise a new class of bioresponsive, diagnostic-capable constructs that extend beyond static support to become active agents in regenerative healing and post-operative monitoring. This multidisciplinary review integrates insights from materials science, mechanobiology, and device engineering to inform the future of implantable systems in skeletal tissue repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Techniques for Bone Tissue Engineering: From Scaffolds to Complex Matrices)

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25 pages, 3895 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Biomedical Limitations of Magnetic Nanoparticles and a Biocompatible Alternative in the Form of Magnetotactic Bacteria

by Natalia L. Paul, Rahela Carpa, Rodica Elena Ionescu and Catalin Ovidiu Popa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070231 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Nanotechnology has an increasing impact and a great potential in various biological and medical applications. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stand out for their unique properties, a reason why they have a varied spectrum of applicability in different sectors of activity; in this paper we [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology has an increasing impact and a great potential in various biological and medical applications. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stand out for their unique properties, a reason why they have a varied spectrum of applicability in different sectors of activity; in this paper we focus on the medical field. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that migrate in one direction or another under the influence of an external magnetic field and are a category of microorganisms that constitutively perform the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles in the cytoplasm. This review focuses on the general and particular characteristics of magnetotactic bacteria in close correlation with their utility in the medical field, starting with the medical applications of magnetic nanoparticles and arriving at the potential role in nanomedicine of MNPs extracted from MTB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials: Functionalization, Diagnostics, and Modeling for Advanced Therapeutic and Regenerative Applications)

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17 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of As-Built Surface Characteristics of Selective-Laser-Melted Ti-6Al-4V on Early Osteoblastic Response for Potential Dental Applications

by Muhammad Hassan Razzaq, Olugbenga Ayeni, Selin Köklü, Kagan Berk, Muhammad Usama Zaheer, Tim Tjardts, Franz Faupel, Salih Veziroglu, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, Mehmet Fatih Aycan, O. Cenk Aktas, Tayebeh Ameri and Sinan Sen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16070230 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 539

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to tailor the surface characteristics of Ti6Al4V directly during fabrication, eliminating the need for post-processing treatments potentially for dental implants. By adjusting the Volumetric Energy Density (VED) through controlled variations in the laser [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to tailor the surface characteristics of Ti6Al4V directly during fabrication, eliminating the need for post-processing treatments potentially for dental implants. By adjusting the Volumetric Energy Density (VED) through controlled variations in the laser scanning speed, we achieved customized surface textures at both the micro- and nanoscale levels. SLM samples fabricated at moderate VED levels (50–100 W·mm³/s) exhibited optimized dual-scale surface roughness—a macro-roughness of up to 25.5–27.6 µm and micro-roughness of as low as 58.8–64.2 nm—resulting in significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, with water contact angles (WCAs) decreasing to ~62°, compared to ~80° on a standard grade 5 machined Ti6Al4V plate. The XPS analysis revealed that the surface oxygen content remains relatively stable at low VED values, with no significant increase. The surface topography plays a significant role in influencing the WCA, particularly when the VED values are low (below 200 W·mm³/s) during SLM, indicating the dominant effect of surface morphology over chemistry in these conditions. Biological assays using osteoblast-like MG-63 cells demonstrated that these as-built SLM surfaces supported a 1.5-fold-higher proliferation and improved cytoskeletal organization relative to the control, confirming the enhanced early cellular responses. These results highlight the capability of SLM to engineer bioactive implant surfaces through process-controlled morphology and chemistry, presenting a promising strategy for the next generation of dental implants suitable for immediate placement and osseointegration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 31 articles

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