Journal of Functional Biomaterials

16 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Potential Applications of PRP-Enhanced Polybutylene Succinate Graft as Vascular Access for Chemotherapy in Oncological Patients: A Systematic Review

by Andrea Gottardo, Giulia Bonventre, Tancredi Didier Bazan Russo, Pietro Zanatta, Giulia Lo Monte, Valerio Gristina, Antonio Galvano, Antonio Russo and Attilio Ignazio Lo Monte

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060228 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential of combining platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) for the development of vascular grafts in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Relevant articles published in English or Italian were selected through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via [...] Read more.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential of combining platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) for the development of vascular grafts in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Relevant articles published in English or Italian were selected through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Library. A total of ten screened articles and two additional relevant studies were included. The synthesis of results was conducted using digital tools, thoroughly reviewed by the authors. The quality assessment of the included studies revealed a medium-to-high risk of bias, with frequent limitations such as small sample sizes, experimental designs, and overall moderate to low methodological quality. Despite the heterogeneity of the findings, the available evidence suggests that radiocephalic graft placement and the use of PBS as a scaffold material, in combination with the growth factors contained in PRP, may improve clinical outcomes and reduce complications related to arteriovenous graft implantation. While promising, the current literature on this topic remains scarce and fragmented, underscoring the need for additional preclinical and clinical research. The proposed approach appears to hold potential for improving vascular access in oncology, but further in vivo validation is essential. This study received no external funding. Registration: PROSPERO ID CRD42025646724. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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24 pages, 7602 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Developing Bioengineered 3D-Printed Composite Scaffolds with Antimicrobial Potential for Bone Tissue Regeneration

by Andreea Trifan, Eduard Liciu, Cristina Busuioc, Izabela-Cristina Stancu, Adela Banciu, Carmen Nicolae, Mihai Dragomir, Doru-Daniel Cristea, Rosina-Elena Sabău, David-Andrei Nițulescu and Alexandru Paraschiv

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060227 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

This research activity proposes to produce composite hydrogel–bioactive glass. The primary purpose of this research is to develop and optimize 3D-printed scaffolds using doped bioglass, aimed at enhancing bone regeneration in bone defects. The bioglass, a bioactive material known for its bone-bonding ability [...] Read more.

This research activity proposes to produce composite hydrogel–bioactive glass. The primary purpose of this research is to develop and optimize 3D-printed scaffolds using doped bioglass, aimed at enhancing bone regeneration in bone defects. The bioglass, a bioactive material known for its bone-bonding ability (SiO₂–P₂O₅–CaO–Na₂O), co-doped with europium and silver was synthesized and doped to improve its biological properties. This doped bioglass was then combined with a biocompatible hydrogel, chosen for its adequate cellular response and printability. The composite material was printed to form a scaffold, providing a structure that not only supports the damaged bone but also encourages osteogenesis. A variety of methods were employed to assess the rheological, compositional, and morphological characteristics of the samples: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion for bioactivity monitoring and immunocytochemistry for cell viability were used to evaluate the biological response of the scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

What Are the Best Biocompatible Materials for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

by Junya Hagiwara, Jeffrey D. DellaVolpe and Yuichi Matsuzaki

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060226 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a crucial life support therapy for patients with severe cardiac and respiratory failure. However, the complications associated with venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO), including thrombus formation, bleeding, and hemolysis, remain significant challenges that impact patient outcomes and healthcare costs. These [...] Read more.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a crucial life support therapy for patients with severe cardiac and respiratory failure. However, the complications associated with venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO), including thrombus formation, bleeding, and hemolysis, remain significant challenges that impact patient outcomes and healthcare costs. These complications primarily arise from blood–material interactions within the ECMO circuit, necessitating the development of biocompatible materials to optimize hemocompatibility. This review provides an updated overview of the latest advancements in VA-ECMO materials, focusing on cannula, oxygenators, and centrifugal pumps. Various surface modifications, such as heparin coatings, nitric oxide-releasing polymers, phosphorylcholine (PC)-based coatings, and emerging omniphobic surfaces, have been explored to mitigate thrombosis and bleeding risks. Additionally, novel oxygenator membrane technologies, including zwitterionic polymers and endothelial-mimicking coatings, offer promising strategies to enhance biocompatibility and reduce inflammatory responses. In centrifugal pumps, magnetic levitation systems and hybrid polymer-composite impellers have been introduced to minimize shear stress and thrombogenicity. Despite these advancements, no single material has fully addressed all complications, and further research is needed to refine surface engineering strategies. This review highlights the current progress in ECMO biomaterials and discusses future directions in developing more effective and durable solutions to improve patient safety and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Advances)

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18 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Different Fiber Placement Techniques on the Fracture Resistance of Premolars Restored with Direct Resin Composite, In Vitro Study

by Reham Hesham Ibrahim, Dina Wafik ElKassas, Sameh Mahmoud Nabih, Mennatallah Naguib Salem and Rasha Haridy

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060225 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) are recognized for enhancing the fracture resistance of structurally compromised teeth. However, the optimal orientation and placement of fibers in direct resin composite restorations remain under debate. This study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars with mesio-occluso-distal [...] Read more.

Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) are recognized for enhancing the fracture resistance of structurally compromised teeth. However, the optimal orientation and placement of fibers in direct resin composite restorations remain under debate. This study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars with mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities restored using polyethylene fibers with different placement techniques, compared to conventional incremental composite restoration. Methods: Sixty intact maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10). Group 1: intact teeth (positive control); Group 2: MOD cavity without restoration (negative control); Group 3: MOD cavity restored with nanohybrid composite using the incremental technique; Group 4: polyethylene fiber placed on the pulpal floor; Group 5: fiber placed circumferentially along cavity walls (wall-papering technique); Group 6: fiber placed buccolingually in an occlusal groove (occlusal splinting). Fracture resistance was assessed using a universal testing machine. Failure mode was also analyzed. Results: Group 6 (occlusal splinting) exhibited the highest fracture resistance (1137.72 ± 316.20 N), significantly exceeding Group 3 (546.93 ± 59.89 N) and other fiber-reinforced groups (p < 0.05). Failure mode analysis revealed no significant differences between the fiber-reinforced groups and the intact teeth. Group 6 also had the highest percentage of restorable fractures (90%). Conclusions: Incorporating polyethylene fibers, especially through occlusal splinting, significantly improves fracture resistance in MOD-restored maxillary premolars. This technique may offer a promising alternative to conventional composite restorations in structurally weakened posterior teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 2700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Machining Drill and Direction of Rotation on the Surfaces of Ti6Al4V Dental Implants Subjected to Implantoplasty

by Esteban Padullés-Gaspar, Francisco Real-Voltas, Esteban Padullés-Roig, Miguel Punset, Guillermo Cabanes, Pablo Fernández and Javier Gil

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060224 - 16 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Implantoplasty is widely used to treat peri-implantitis by removing biofilms from Ti6Al4V dental implants using rotating drills. This study examined the effects of diamond and tungsten carbide drills, and rotation direction (clockwise/counterclockwise), on surface modification, corrosion behavior, and cytotoxicity. Machining was performed for [...] Read more.

Implantoplasty is widely used to treat peri-implantitis by removing biofilms from Ti6Al4V dental implants using rotating drills. This study examined the effects of diamond and tungsten carbide drills, and rotation direction (clockwise/counterclockwise), on surface modification, corrosion behavior, and cytotoxicity. Machining was performed for one minute under a controlled load. Surface roughness, nanohardness, compressive residual stress, and wettability were evaluated, along with SEM and EDX microanalyses of the residues. Corrosion behavior was evaluated using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic tests in Hank’s solution. Ion release was monitored over time, and fibroblast viability was tested using extracts at various dilutions. The higher abrasiveness of diamond drills leads to increases roughness from 0.22 mm (control) to 0.73 and 0.59 for diamond and tungsten carbide drills, respectively; in hardness from 2.2 GPa for the control to 4.8 and 3.9 GPa; and in residual compressive stress from −26 to −125 and −111 MPa, with diamond drills inducing more significant changes and producing more hydrophilic surfaces with contact angles around 54° in relation to 80° and 62° for the control and tungsten carbide, respectively. Tungsten carbide drills caused lower corrosion rates (0.0323 mm/year) than diamond drills (0.052 mm/year). In addition, we observed the presence of tungsten ion release. Cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts were observed with both bur types, and were more pronounced with tungsten carbide, especially at lower dilutions. Only 1:10 dilutions maintained consistent cytocompatibility. The rotation direction showed no significant impact. These findings emphasize the critical influence of bur selection in implantoplasty on the biological response of surrounding tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Technological and Clinical Advances for Controlling Peri-Implantitis)

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11 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Thermal Aging on Color Stability and Mechanical Properties of High-Density CAD/CAM Polymers Utilized for Provisional Restorations

by Rasha Alharthi, Ali Robaian Alqahtani, Abdullah Mohammed Alshehri, Abdulrahman Almalki, Heba Wageh Abozaed, Eman Mohamed Raffat Hussein and Tarek Ahmed Soliman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060223 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 658

Abstract

Background: This study evaluated and compared the effects of thermal aging on the color stability and mechanical properties of CAD/CAM polymers utilized for provisional restorations. Material and Methods: Three CAD/CAM polymers in this study: CAD-Temp (CAT), Everest C-Temp (CT), and PEEK (PK). Forty [...] Read more.

Background: This study evaluated and compared the effects of thermal aging on the color stability and mechanical properties of CAD/CAM polymers utilized for provisional restorations. Material and Methods: Three CAD/CAM polymers in this study: CAD-Temp (CAT), Everest C-Temp (CT), and PEEK (PK). Forty specimens of each material were randomly assigned to two subgroups. Subgroup A was immersed in distilled water for 24 h, whereas Subgroup B was subjected to 5000 thermal cycles. The color stability, flexural strength (FS), survival probability, and microstructures were evaluated following thermal cycling. Data analysis was conducted utilizing two-way ANOVA along with Tukey’s test. Results: The CAT (3.74 ± 0.39) and CT (3.51 ± 0.54) groups exhibited the highest color variations, while PEEK (2.95 ± 0.45) showed the lowest color change. The baseline groups showed that the CT group had the highest flexural strength value (p < 0.05). The flexural strength values of CAT and CT groups significantly decreased (p < 0.05) following thermal cycling. No significant decrease in FS was observed following thermal cycling in the Pk group (p = 0.16). Conclusions: The color measurement and flexural strength outcomes were significantly influenced by CAD/CAM materials and thermal cycling. The CT group demonstrated superior flexural strength compared to the other groups, both before and after thermal cycling. The PK group shows the lowest color change compared to other groups. Regardless of aging condition, C-Temp and PEEK materials recorded the highest survival probability, a 95% significance level compared to CAD-Temp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Dental Restorative Composite Materials)

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22 pages, 6042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Osteogenesis and Antibacterial Properties of Ketoprofen-Loaded MgCu-MOF74-Coated Titanium Alloy for Bone Implant

by Ziqing Duan, Yifeng Yao, Jiamin Liu, Yanni Tan, Qingge Wang, Man Fang, Aqsa Kanwal, Shuqiao Cheng, Juan Huang and Hong Wu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060222 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 811

Abstract

To address the dual clinical challenges of poor osseointegration and inadequate analgesia caused by postoperative infections in traditional titanium implants, this study proposes a multifunctional synergistic strategy based on metal—organic frameworks (MOFs). By integrating drug-controlled release and ionic microenvironment regulation, it constructs a [...] Read more.

To address the dual clinical challenges of poor osseointegration and inadequate analgesia caused by postoperative infections in traditional titanium implants, this study proposes a multifunctional synergistic strategy based on metal—organic frameworks (MOFs). By integrating drug-controlled release and ionic microenvironment regulation, it constructs a titanium-based implant coating system with antibacterial and bone-regenerative properties. Ketoprofen, a drug with excellent analgesic properties, was loaded into MgCu-MOF74 powder, and the Ket@MgCu-MOF74 powder was successfully anchored onto the surface of the titanium alloy through dopamine-mediated adhesion. The maximum load of ketoprofen to MgCu-MOF74 is 18.55%, and it has a good controllable release effect. The results showed that MgCu-MOF74/Ti and Ket@MgCu-MOF74/Ti coatings enhanced osteogenic performance by promoting alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen secretion, and extracellular matrix mineralization. Additionally, the release of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ created an alkaline environment, providing antibacterial properties. In summary, the MOF enabled the controlled release of ketoprofen, and the composite coating can improve osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the antibacterial properties of titanium alloy implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 3627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stress Distribution on Endodontically Treated Anterior Teeth Restored via Different Ceramic Materials with Varying Post Lengths Versus Endocrown—A 3D Finite Element Analysis

by Mai Soliman, Nawaf Almutairi, Ali Alenezi, Raya Alenezi, Amal Abdallah A. Abo-Elmagd and Manal M. Abdelhafeez

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060221 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the stress distribution on endodontically treated anterior teeth restored using different restorative materials and different post lengths versus endocrowns employing finite element analysis (FEA). Methods: An extracted human central incisor tooth with a fully formed apex was [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the stress distribution on endodontically treated anterior teeth restored using different restorative materials and different post lengths versus endocrowns employing finite element analysis (FEA). Methods: An extracted human central incisor tooth with a fully formed apex was scanned using high-resolution cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to generate 3D finite element models. Six models of restorations of badly destructed central incisor were grouped according to the type of ceramic material and post length versus endocrown restorations. Group V-L: Vita Enamic, long post (10 mm intra-radicular), Group C-L: Celtra Duo, long post (10 mm intra-radicular), Group V-Sh: Vita Enamic, short post (3 mm intra-radicular), Group C-Sh: Celtra Duo, short post (3 mm intra-radicular), Group V-E: Vita Enamic endocrown (3 mm intra-radicular), and Group C-E: Celtra Duo endocrown (3 mm intra-radicular). A static load of 200 N was applied to the palatal surface at a 45 degree angle to the tooth’s long axis. The maximum equivalent von Mises stress and maximum principal stress were analyzed at four locations: the finish line, coronal third of the root (12 mm from the apex), middle third of the root (8 mm from the apex), and apical third of the root (4 mm from the apex). Results: Group C-L exhibited the highest maximum VM stress and PS at the finish line, in addition to the highest maximum VM stress and PS at the root apical third, while group C-Sh reported the least maximum VM stress at the root apical third among the groups. All Celtra Duo groups reported higher maximum VM stress than the corresponding groups of Vita Enamic at the finish line and root coronal thirds. However, at the root middle and apical thirds, both materials recorded similar stresses. Conclusions: Short posts and Vita Enamic endocrowns showed minimal stress, especially at the finish line, while long posts increased stress and fracture risk. The findings support conservative restorations without posts, although clinical validation is needed to confirm their long-term effectiveness and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)

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21 pages, 3477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modular Biomimetic Preclinical Platform to Elucidate the Interaction Between Cancer Cells and the Bone Metastatic Niche

by Claudia Cocchi, Massimiliano Dapporto, Ania Naila Guerrieri, Chiara Liverani, Marta Tavoni, Chiara Bellotti, Chiara Spadazzi, Anna Tampieri, Marco Gambarotti, Giacomo Miserocchi, Simone Sprio, Enrico Lucarelli, Michele Iafisco, Toni Ibrahim, Alessandro De Vita and Laura Mercatali

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060220 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 740

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) frequently metastasizes to bone, leading to poor patient prognosis. The infiltration of cancer cells in bone impairs its homeostasis, triggering a pathological interaction between tumors and resident cells. Preclinical models able to mimic the bone microenvironment are needed to advance [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) frequently metastasizes to bone, leading to poor patient prognosis. The infiltration of cancer cells in bone impairs its homeostasis, triggering a pathological interaction between tumors and resident cells. Preclinical models able to mimic the bone microenvironment are needed to advance translational findings on BC mechanisms and treatments. We designed strontium-doped calcium phosphate cement to be employed for culturing cancer and bone cells and developed an in vitro bone metastasis model. The platform was established step by step, starting with the monoculture of cancer cells, mature osteoblasts (OBs) differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells, and mature osteoclasts (OCs) differentiated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. The model was implemented with the co-culture of cancer cells with OBs or OCs, or the co-culture of OBs and OCs, allowing us to discriminate the interaction between the actors of the bone metastatic niche. The biomimetic material was further challenged with bone metastasis patient-derived material, showing good versatility and biocompatibility, suggesting its potential use as bone substitute. Overall, we developed a bone-mimicking model able to reproduce reciprocal interactions between cancer and bone cells in a biomimetic environment suitable for studying the biomolecular determinants of bone metastasis and, in the future, as a drug efficacy platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bone Substitute Biomaterials)

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23 pages, 4339 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrospinning of Bovine Split Hide Collagen and Collagen/Glycosaminoglycan for a Study of Stem Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on the Mats: Influence of Composition and Structural Morphology

by Todorka G. Vladkova, Dilyana N. Gospodinova, Peter D. Dineff, Milena Keremidarska-Markova, Kamelia Hristova-Panusheva and Natalia Krasteva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060219 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 631

Abstract

Electrospun collagen-based fibrous mats are of increasing interest for cell culture, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The focus of this investigation is on the assessment of the electrospinning ability of bovine split hide collagen (BSHC), the effect of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) incorporation on the [...] Read more.

Electrospun collagen-based fibrous mats are of increasing interest for cell culture, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The focus of this investigation is on the assessment of the electrospinning ability of bovine split hide collagen (BSHC), the effect of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) incorporation on the mats’ structural morphology, and the impact on the adhesion and proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs). Electrospun mats were prepared using benign and fluoroalcohol solutions of BSHC and BSHC/GAGs under varied operation conditions. SEM observations and analysis were employed to characterize the structural morphology of the mats. Several parameters were used to evaluate the hAD-MSC behavior: cytotoxicity, cell morphology, cell number and spreading area, cytoskeleton, focal adhesion contacts, and cell proliferation. Electrospinning using benign solvents was impossible. However, fiber mats were successfully prepared from hexafluoropropanol (HFP) solutions. Different structural morphologies and fiber diameters of the electrospun mats were observed depending on the composition and concentration of the electrospinning solutions. Both BSHC and BSHC/GAG mats supported the in vitro adhesion, growth, and differentiation of hAD-MSCs, with some variations based on their composition and structural morphology. The absence of cytotoxicity and the good hAD-MSC adhesiveness make them promising substrates for cell adhesion, proliferation, and further stem cell differentiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials: Bioactive Properties and Medical Applications)

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19 pages, 5532 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Biological Properties Assessment of 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite–Polylactic Acid Scaffolds Intended for Bone Regeneration

by Eddy Shan, Cristina Chamorro, Ana Ferrández-Montero, Rosa M. Martin-Rodriguez, Begoña Ferrari, Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Leire Virto, María José Marín, Elena Figuero and Mariano Sanz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060218 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 623

Abstract

This study evaluated the biological performance in vitro of two 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) composite scaffolds with two different infill densities (50% [HA-PLA50] and 70% [HA-PLA70]). Comparative analysis using MG-63 cell cultures evaluated the following: (1) integrity after exposure to [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the biological performance in vitro of two 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) composite scaffolds with two different infill densities (50% [HA-PLA50] and 70% [HA-PLA70]). Comparative analysis using MG-63 cell cultures evaluated the following: (1) integrity after exposure to various sterilization methods; (2) cell viability; (3) morphological characteristics; (4) cell proliferation; (5) cytotoxicity; (6) gene expression; and (7) protein synthesis. Ultraviolet radiation was the preferred sterilization method. Both scaffolds maintained adequate cell viability and proliferation over 7 days without significant differences in cytotoxicity. Notably, HA-PLA50 scaffolds demonstrated superior osteogenic potential, showing a significantly higher expression of collagen type I (COL1A1) and an increased synthesis of interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6, IL-8) compared to HA-PLA70 scaffolds. While both scaffold types supported robust cell growth, the HA-PLA50 formulation exhibited enhanced bioactivity, suggesting a potential advantage for bone tissue engineering applications. These findings provide important insights for optimizing 3D-printed bone graft substitutes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)

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40 pages, 10322 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Osteoimmunomodulation Models in Evaluating Osteogenic Biomaterials

by Yuhan Wang, Yuzhu He, Yaran Zang, Zijiao Zhang, Guangyao Li, Wenqi Fu and Guowu Ma

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060217 - 11 Jun 2025

Viewed by 949

Abstract

The development of osteogenic biomaterials relies on updates in research methodologies. Establishing reasonable modes is the basis for obtaining reliable experimental conclusions. With the advancement in bone immunology, osteoimmunomodulatory properties have become one of the crucial indexes for evaluating osteogenic biomaterials. Summarizing the [...] Read more.

The development of osteogenic biomaterials relies on updates in research methodologies. Establishing reasonable modes is the basis for obtaining reliable experimental conclusions. With the advancement in bone immunology, osteoimmunomodulatory properties have become one of the crucial indexes for evaluating osteogenic biomaterials. Summarizing the current models of bone immunomodulation is beneficial for optimizing experimental protocols and promoting the clinical application of osteogenic biomaterials. In this review, we introduced the crosstalk between the skeletal system and the immune system, in particular, the roles of different immune cells in the process of bone regeneration. Moreover, the mechanisms of osteogenic biomaterials in regulating the osteoimmune microenvironment were analyzed, followed by summarizing the benefits and limitations of current osteoimmunomodulation models in evaluating osteogenic biomaterials. Finally, we discussed the expected future directions of the applications of osteoimmunomodulation models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 1903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Release of Hydrophilic Active Agent from Textile Using Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings

by Limor Mizrahi, Rotem Kelman, Efrat Shtriker, David Meridor, Dror Cohen, Meital Portugal-Cohen and Elizabeth Amir

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060216 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Functional fabrics embedded with active materials that can be released in a controlled manner upon external triggering have been explored for biomedical and cosmetic applications. This study introduces a method for the fabrication of nonwoven fabrics coated with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for [...] Read more.

Functional fabrics embedded with active materials that can be released in a controlled manner upon external triggering have been explored for biomedical and cosmetic applications. This study introduces a method for the fabrication of nonwoven fabrics coated with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for in situ encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic active agent, allantoin. Two types of crosslinked coatings were examined using citric acid (CA) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) as crosslinkers. Based on gel content, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) analyses PVA:CA coatings exhibited a higher crosslinking density compared to PVA:PAA systems. Swelling behavior was measured at 62% after 30 min for PVA:PAA 7:3 films and 36% after 60 min for PVA:CA 7:3 crosslinked films. The release of allantoin from the coated fabrics was influenced by the coating thickness (250–330 µm), the formulation viscosity (8–250 cP), allantoin content (1.2–4.2 mg) and the molecular weight between crosslinks (M_C) 1,000,000–494 g/mol. PVA:CA 7:3 coating allowed the controlled release of 97% allantoin over 8 h, whereas PVA:PAA 7:3 coating exhibited a more prolonged release profile, with 96% of allantoin released over 20 h. Kinetic analyses of the release profiles revealed a good agreement with zero-order release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Biomedical Coating Materials)

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12 pages, 4592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Radiographic Evaluation of Ridge Dimensional Changes After Vertical Augmentation Using the Novel Wide-Head Tent Pole Screw Technique

by Nam-Suk Yoon, Hyunsuk Choi, Hyung-Gyun Kim and Dong-Seok Sohn

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060215 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Introduction: Although significant advancements have been made in surgical techniques for reconstructing severely resorbed alveolar bone, achieving predictable regeneration remains a considerable challenge. Many conventional ridge augmentation methods require extended edentulous healing periods and multiple surgical interventions. This clinical study introduces a simplified [...] Read more.

Introduction: Although significant advancements have been made in surgical techniques for reconstructing severely resorbed alveolar bone, achieving predictable regeneration remains a considerable challenge. Many conventional ridge augmentation methods require extended edentulous healing periods and multiple surgical interventions. This clinical study introduces a simplified approach to advanced ridge augmentation using a wide-head tent-pole screw (WHTPS), aimed at enhancing procedural efficiency and achieving predictable clinical outcomes. Material and Methods: Thirteen patients with severely vertically resorbed mandibular segments or completely edentulous alveolar ridges—each presenting with a minimum vertical bone defect of 5 mm—were included in this study. A single WHTPS was placed at the most severe bone defect site, followed by bone grafting and coverage with a resorbable membrane. Postoperative panoramic radiographs were taken immediately after surgery and again on the day of WHTPS removal, following a healing period of 3 to 6 months. An additional follow-up radiograph was obtained after final prosthesis placement, with an average follow-up period of 5.5 months, to assess changes in the augmented bone. Patients were monitored clinically for a period ranging from 8 to 20 months (mean: 14.9 months). Results: The average vertical bone gain immediately after surgery was 8.86 mm (SD ± 2.59 mm), while an average bone resorption of 1.49 mm (17.79%) was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions: A single WHTPS effectively stabilized the graft material in cases of severe alveolar bone loss, thereby preventing its resorption and displacement. Further clinical studies are necessary to validate its long-term effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Bone Reconstruction)

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15 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Two Alloplastic Biomaterials in a Critical-Size Rat Calvarial Defect Model

by Amanda Finger Stadler, Marta Liliana Musskopf, Vishal Gohel, Jonathan Reside, Eric Everett, Patricia Miguez and Cristiano Susin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060214 - 6 Jun 2025

Viewed by 875

Abstract

Aim: to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of two alloplastic biomaterials in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Methods: A total of 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups of 10 animals each. An Ø8 mm, critical-size calvarial defect was created, and the [...] Read more.

Aim: to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of two alloplastic biomaterials in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Methods: A total of 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups of 10 animals each. An Ø8 mm, critical-size calvarial defect was created, and the following treatments were randomly allocated: sham surgery, deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) + collagen membrane (CM), poly-(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA)-coated pure phase β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), or PLGA-coated 60% hydroxyapatite (HA):40%β-TCP. Animals were allowed to heal for 2 and 6 weeks. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) was used to evaluate mineralized tissue and biomaterial displacement. Histological samples were used to evaluate new bone formation. Results: μCT analysis showed no significant differences among groups for total volume of mineralized tissue or residual biomaterials. DBBM + CM showed significantly increased horizontal biomaterial displacement at 2 weeks but not at 6 weeks. Histological analysis showed that sham surgery had a significantly higher percentage of bone area fraction than the DBBM + CM and PLGA + β-TCP at 2 weeks, but not at 6 weeks. Residual biomaterial area fraction showed no significant differences among experimental groups at any healing time. Conclusions: The alloplastic biomaterials showed suitable construct integrity and retention in the defect. All biomaterials were associated with limited new bone formation comparable to the sham surgery control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials in Implantology and Orthodontics)

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41 pages, 5695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Material-Driven Therapeutics: Functional Nanomaterial Design Paradigms Revolutionizing Osteosarcoma Treatment

by Zewei Zhang, Fang He, Wenqu Li, Beibei Liu, Cheng Deng and Xiaojuan Qin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060213 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, has maintained consistent treatment protocols since the 1970s combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. While effective for localized tumors, these strategies show limited efficacy against metastatic or recurrent cases. Although emerging immunotherapies [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, has maintained consistent treatment protocols since the 1970s combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. While effective for localized tumors, these strategies show limited efficacy against metastatic or recurrent cases. Although emerging immunotherapies (PD-1 inhibitors, CAR-T-cell therapy) demonstrate therapeutic potential, their clinical impact remains constrained by the tumor’s low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive microenvironment, resulting in suboptimal response rates. The disease’s aggressive nature and propensity for pulmonary metastasis contribute to poor prognosis, with survival rates showing negligible improvement over five decades despite therapeutic advances, creating substantial clinical and socioeconomic challenges. Recent developments in nanomedicine offer promising solutions for OS treatment optimization. This review systematically examines nanomaterial applications in OS therapy through a materials science lens, analyzing mechanism-specific interventions and highlighting notable advancements from the past five years. We critically evaluate current strategies for enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing toxicity profiles, ultimately outlining translational pathways and key challenges in clinical adaptation. The analysis establishes a framework for developing next-generation nanotherapeutic platforms to address persistent limitations in OS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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2 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Leone et al. In Situ Crosslinking Bionanocomposite Hydrogels with Potential for Wound Healing Applications. J. Funct. Biomater. 2019, 10, 50

by Federica Leone, Melike Firlak, Kirsty Challen, Wayne Bonnefin, Barbara Onida, Karen L. Wright and John G. Hardy

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060212 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 531

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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12 pages, 5719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Occlusal Force and Masticatory Performance in Female Patients Who Selected Implant Treatment for a Missing Mandibular Second Molar: A Retrospective Study

by Takashi Abe, Motohiro Munakata, Takumi Yokoi, Kikue Yamaguchi, Daisuke Sato and Kazuyoshi Baba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060211 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 644

Abstract

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between a patient’s selection of implant treatment for a missing mandibular second molar and the magnitude of occlusal force, masticatory ability, mandibular morphology, and age before treatment intervention. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively [...] Read more.

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between a patient’s selection of implant treatment for a missing mandibular second molar and the magnitude of occlusal force, masticatory ability, mandibular morphology, and age before treatment intervention. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively assessed occlusal force, masticatory performance, and mandibular morphology in female patients who either selected or declined implant treatment for a missing unilateral mandibular second molar. Results: Thirty-three women (mean age of 56.1 ± 9.7 years) were divided into an implant treatment (IT) group and a no-treatment (NT) group. The IT group showed significantly higher occlusal force (p = 0.021 < 0.05), while masticatory performance and gonial angle demonstrated no significant difference. Conclusion: The IT group had significantly higher occlusal force, and age had no significant effect on it. Notably, masticatory performance in the IT group increased significantly with age (p = 0.047 < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applied in Dental Sciences)

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18 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Vitro Techniques for Microleakage Evaluation of Coronary Restorative Materials: A Scoping and Mapping Review

by Sofia Vieira, Carlos Miguel Marto, Ana Coelho, Inês Amaro, Inês Francisco, Francisco Vale, Siri Paulo, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Eunice Carrilho and Anabela Paula

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060210 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1028

Abstract

Objectives: To identify the in vitro techniques used for a microleakage evaluation of restorative materials of coronary structure through a scoping and mapping review. Data: This scoping review aims to answer the following question: “what methods are currently for the microleakage assessment of [...] Read more.

Objectives: To identify the in vitro techniques used for a microleakage evaluation of restorative materials of coronary structure through a scoping and mapping review. Data: This scoping review aims to answer the following question: “what methods are currently for the microleakage assessment of coronary restorative materials?” Sources: The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. The results obtained were grouped according to the evaluation method, and a narrative synthesis was made. Study Selection: The literature search identified 1014 articles, and 353 publications were excluded by title and abstract screening. From the remaining 297, thirty-three were excluded. Additionally, 8 articles could not be retrieved, which resulted in the inclusion of 256 articles. The results were grouped according to the type of microleakage evaluation method, resulting in four major categories: colorimetric, imaging, nuclear medicine, and microbiological methods. Conclusions: Currently, several microleakage assessment techniques are being used, with the dye method being the most reported one. Several variations in the experimental protocols exist, which make it difficult to compare the results. The use of dyes and nuclear medicine methods is sensitive and can be used to evaluate microleakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Dental Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Antibacterial and Bactericidal Effects of the Er: YAG Laser on Oral Bacteria: A Systematic Review of Microbiological Evidence

by Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Dariusz Skaba, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka and Rafał Wiench

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060209 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 746

Abstract

Background: The Er:YAG laser has gained attention in dentistry for its potential to enhance microbial disinfection through targeted photothermal and photoacoustic mechanisms. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and bactericidal efficacy of Er:YAG laser therapy across clinically relevant oral pathogens [...] Read more.

Background: The Er:YAG laser has gained attention in dentistry for its potential to enhance microbial disinfection through targeted photothermal and photoacoustic mechanisms. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and bactericidal efficacy of Er:YAG laser therapy across clinically relevant oral pathogens in in vitro models. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted for studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251031368). Eligibility criteria included in vitro or animal studies assessing the bactericidal effects of the Er:YAG laser on oral bacteria or fungi, either alone or in combination with chemical disinfectants. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by multiple reviewers. Results: Ten in vitro studies met inclusion criteria. The Er:YAG laser demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, and other species. Greater bacterial reduction was consistently observed when the laser was combined with adjunctive irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide. The laser was effective in reducing biofilm biomass and viable counts, particularly in complex anatomical settings. Most studies were rated as low risk of bias. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser therapy is a promising adjunctive tool for microbial disinfection in dentistry, particularly in challenging anatomical sites. Further well-designed in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and determine optimal treatment parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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18 pages, 5355 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transparent 3-Layered Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Multicompartment and Biomimetic Scaffold for Co-Culturing Cells

by Karla Pollyanna Vieira de Oliveira, Michael Yilma Yitayew, Ana Paula Almeida Bastos, Stefanie Cristine Nied Mandrik, Luismar Marques Porto and Maryam Tabrizian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060208 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 770

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are widely used to provide a more physiologically relevant microenvironment in which to host and study desired cell types. These models vary in complexity and cost, ranging from simple and inexpensive to highly sophisticated and costly systems. In [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are widely used to provide a more physiologically relevant microenvironment in which to host and study desired cell types. These models vary in complexity and cost, ranging from simple and inexpensive to highly sophisticated and costly systems. In this study, we introduce a novel translucent multi-compartmentalized stacked multilayered nanocellulose scaffold and describe its fabrication, characterization, and potential application for co-culturing multiple cell types. The scaffold consists of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) layers separated by interlayers of a lower density of nanocellulose fibers. Using this system, we co-cultured the MDA-MB-231 cell line with two tumor-associated cell types, namely BC-CAFs and M2 macrophages, to simulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cells remained viable and metabolically active for up to 15 days. Confocal microscopy showed no signs of cell invasion. However, BC-CAFs and MDA-MB-231 cells were frequently observed within the same layer. The expression of breast cancer-related genes was analyzed to assess the downstream functionality of the cells. We found that the E-cadherin expression was 20% lower in cancer cells co-cultured in the multi-compartmentalized scaffold than in those cultured in 2D plates. Since E-cadherin plays a critical role in preventing the initial dissociation of epithelial cells from the primary tumor mass and is often downregulated in the tumor microenvironment in vivo, this finding suggests that our scaffold more effectively recapitulates the complexity of a tumor microenvironment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 5631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D-Printed Anatomical Pancreas Model for Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

by Calin Vaida, Andra Ciocan, Andrei Caprariu, Corina Radu, Nadim Al Hajjar and Doina Pisla

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060207 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 670

Abstract

The paper presents the design, manufacturing, and evaluation of a 3D-printed pancreas phantom model used for preoperative surgical planning and surgical training. Several manufacturing and design alternatives have been explored, leading to the final solution, which consisted of a transparent 3D printed elastic [...] Read more.

The paper presents the design, manufacturing, and evaluation of a 3D-printed pancreas phantom model used for preoperative surgical planning and surgical training. Several manufacturing and design alternatives have been explored, leading to the final solution, which consisted of a transparent 3D printed elastic shell of the pancreas, resulting in an empty volume that was filled with a custom hydrogel to ensure an anatomically realistic behaviour. Additionally, specific vascular structures were printed using elastic material and specific colours. The hollow shell of the pancreas and the vascular structures were manufactured using photopolymerisation technology. The hydrogel, which replicates the internal structure of the pancreas, was made from a custom proportion of gelatine, agar, and glycerol. The phantom model of the pancreas was assessed by the surgical team and tested using the PARA-SILSROB parallel robot designed for single-incision surgical procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Medical Applications)

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17 pages, 10421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Enhanced Tumor Penetration of Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for High-Efficiency Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer

by Yun Xiang, Shiyu Liang and Ping Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060206 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 592

Abstract

In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and [...] Read more.

In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the chemotherapeutic drug rhein were self-assembled to form a carrier-free nanodrug (RC NPs) with good stability and a high drug loading rate (nearly 100%). In vitro, the phototoxicity of RC NPs resulted in a mere 17.8% cell viability. Ultrasound (US) irradiation was applied to increase the permeability of tumor blood vessels, thus greatly enhancing the drug accumulation of RC NPs in tumor tissues (1.5 times that of the control group). After uptake by tumor cells, Ce6 could produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to laser irradiation, while rhein could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and affect mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, thus effectively realizing the combined effect of PDT and chemotherapy. The final tumor inhibition rate reached 93.7%. Taken together, RC NPs strengthen the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect when exposed to US irradiation and exhibit better tumor suppression, which provides new insights into chemo-photodynamic combination treatment for clinical breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials for Imaging and Disease Treatment)

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14 pages, 2315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Resistance of CAD/CAM-Fabricated Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Crowns with Different Margin Designs: Implications for Digital Dentistry

by Tareq Hajaj, Diana Marian, Cristian Zaharia, Serban Talpos Niculescu, Radu Marcel Negru, Florina Titihazan, Mihai Rominu, Cosmin Sinescu, Andreea Codruta Novac, Gabriel Dobrota and Ioana Veja

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060205 - 2 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 571

Abstract

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of cervical margin design—tangential versus chamfer—on the fracture resistance of monolithic crowns fabricated from lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human molars were randomly assigned to two preparation types: [...] Read more.

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of cervical margin design—tangential versus chamfer—on the fracture resistance of monolithic crowns fabricated from lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human molars were randomly assigned to two preparation types: chamfer and tangential. Each group was restored with CAD/CAM-fabricated crowns made from either zirconia (IPS e.max^® ZirCAD Prime) or lithium disilicate (IPS e.max^® CAD), resulting in four subgroups (n = 10). Standardized adhesive cementation protocols were applied. After 24 h storage in distilled water, the specimens underwent static load-to-failure testing using a ZwickRoell ProLine Z005 universal testing machine. Results: Zirconia crowns with chamfer margins exhibited the highest mean fracture resistance (2658 N), while lithium disilicate crowns with tangential margins showed the lowest (1862 N). Chamfer preparation significantly increased the fracture resistance of lithium disilicate crowns (p < 0.01), whereas margin design had no significant effect on zirconia. All restorations exceeded physiological masticatory forces, confirming their clinical viability. Conclusions: Cervical margin design significantly affected the fracture performance of lithium disilicate crowns but not zirconia. Chamfer preparations are recommended when using lithium disilicate to optimize mechanical strength. These findings underscore the importance of preparation geometry in guiding material selection for CAD/CAM ceramic restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Anatomical Maxillary Sinus Implant and Polydioxanone Sheets in Treatment of Orbital Floor Blowout Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Benjamin Walch, Alexander Gaggl, Gian Battista Bottini, Johannes Hachleitner, Florian Huber, Hannes Römhild, Martin Geroldinger and Maximilian Götzinger

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060204 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 616

Abstract

Background: Orbital floor blowout fractures (OFBF) can have serious consequences for the patient. Selecting the right treatment method and materials is essential. Krenkel’s maxillary sinus implant has been used successfully for more than 40 years in clinical practice. The aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background: Orbital floor blowout fractures (OFBF) can have serious consequences for the patient. Selecting the right treatment method and materials is essential. Krenkel’s maxillary sinus implant has been used successfully for more than 40 years in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of this implant compared to polydioxanone (PDS) sheets. Material and methods: This retrospective study examined a cohort of 82 OFBF patients over a seven-year period. Clinical and geometric data were collected. Defect size, location, and the volume of the herniated tissue were measured from conventional computer tomography (CT) or cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The relationship between ophthalmologic rehabilitation and treatment modality was analyzed using logistic regression. Results: The study included 82 patients, 28% female and 72% male, with a median age of 45.2 years. Defect size and hernia volume correlated with preoperative ophthalmological symptoms. At follow-up, 14.8% in the implant group and 28.6% in the PDS group showed mild visual impairment, with no severe diplopia. Conclusions: Our results suggest this method is a reliable and effective solution for repairing OFBFs and ophthalmologic rehabilitation. However, further research in a clinical controlled trial is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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18 pages, 6890 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synthesis of ε-Fe_2–3N Particles for Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Soichiro Usuki, Tomoyuki Ogawa, Masaya Shimabukuro, Taishi Yokoi and Masakazu Kawashita

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060203 - 1 Jun 2025

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Little research has focused on using iron nitride as thermoseed particles in magnetic hyperthermia, although magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is commonly used for this purpose. In the present study, we focus on iron nitride, especially ε-Fe_2–3N. ε-Fe_2–3N [...] Read more.

Little research has focused on using iron nitride as thermoseed particles in magnetic hyperthermia, although magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is commonly used for this purpose. In the present study, we focus on iron nitride, especially ε-Fe_2–3N. ε-Fe_2–3N particles were synthesized from hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) and sodium amide (NaNH₂) under various synthesis conditions, and the heat-generation properties of the particles were investigated to reveal the synthesis conditions that lead to particles with notable heat-generation performance. The particles synthesized at 250 °C for 12 h increased the temperature of an agar phantom by approximately 20 °C under an alternating magnetic field (100 kHz, 125 Oe, 600 s), suggesting that ε-Fe_2–3N particles can be used for magnetic hyperthermia. The analysis results for the particles synthesized under different conditions suggest that the heat-generation properties of ε-Fe_2–3N were affected by several factors, including the nitrogen content, particle size, crystallite size, saturation magnetization, and coercive force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials for Medical Use)

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18 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin on the Clinical Parameters and the Levels of MMP-8 in the GCF in Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis—Randomized Trial

by Anna Skurska, Marek Chwiedosik, Anna Justyna Milewska, Robert Milewski, Michał Pawłowski, Jennifer Alberichi, Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska and Martina Stefanini

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060202 - 1 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: This study evaluates non-surgical therapy combined with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the clinical parameters and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis. Methods: Forty subjects diagnosed with periodontitis were randomly divided into [...] Read more.

Background: This study evaluates non-surgical therapy combined with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the clinical parameters and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis. Methods: Forty subjects diagnosed with periodontitis were randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed with the subsequent application of i-PRF into periodontal pockets, while in the control group SRP was performed alone. Clinical examination was performed before and 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. For MMP-8 level determination, the ELISA method was used. Results: In both groups, a statistically significant reduction in full mouth probing depth (FMPD), full mouth clinical attachment level (FMCAL), full mouth bleeding on probing (FMBOP), full mouth plaque index (FMPI) and full mouth marginal bleeding index FMMBI (p < 0.001) was observed. In the test group, the reduction in FMPD and FMBOP was statistically significantly greater than in the control group (p = 0.049 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significantly greater reduction of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in pockets > 5 mm between baseline and examination after 3 and 6 months was noted in the test group. The level of MMP-8 was statistically significantly reduced in both groups (p = 0.007 and p = 0.009). Conclusions: SRP significantly improves the clinical parameters and reduces MMP-8 levels in patients with periodontitis. Addition of i-PRF may further enhance the positive effects of periodontal treatment on clinical parameters, without significant influence on MMP-8 levels. The results of the research require confirmation in a more homogeneous group, taking into account the elimination of the specified limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 3526 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste

by Masatsugu Hirota, Chihiro Mochizuki, Toshitsugu Sakurai, Hiroyuki Mishima, Chikahiro Ohkubo and Takatsugu Yamamoto

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201 - 1 Jun 2025

Viewed by 590

Abstract

Apatite pastes derived from eggshell waste (BAp) were implanted onto the calvarial bone of rats, and bone formation was evaluated using X-ray μ-computed tomography (CT) and histological evaluation. BAp was mixed with distilled water to prepare a paste. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite of mineral resources [...] Read more.

Apatite pastes derived from eggshell waste (BAp) were implanted onto the calvarial bone of rats, and bone formation was evaluated using X-ray μ-computed tomography (CT) and histological evaluation. BAp was mixed with distilled water to prepare a paste. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite of mineral resources (HAp) was used as a control. A 5 mm diameter PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tube was filled with apatite pastes and implanted in the calvarial bone of 9-week-old Sprague Dawley rats for 8 weeks. A larger radiopaque area, similar to that of native bone, was observed in the BAp paste-implanted specimens than that of HAp paste. The bone mineral density (BMD) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). In the histological evaluation, new bone formation was noticed from the calvarial side for both apatite specimens, and HAp remained in the PTFE unlike BAp. The bone mass (BM) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). SEM and XRD analyses revealed that BAp was microcrystalline and poorly crystalline. The promotion of new bone formation may contribute to the crystallinity and Mg content of BAp. BAp was found to be useful as a bone regeneration material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 9010 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polycaprolactone/Doped Bioactive Glass Composite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

by Ana Sofia Pádua, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça and Jorge Carvalho Silva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060200 - 1 Jun 2025

Viewed by 654

Abstract

Critical-size bone defects do not heal spontaneously and require external support, making bone regeneration a central challenge in tissue engineering. Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds offer a promising approach to mimic the structural and biological properties of bone. In this study, we aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Critical-size bone defects do not heal spontaneously and require external support, making bone regeneration a central challenge in tissue engineering. Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds offer a promising approach to mimic the structural and biological properties of bone. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of different doping oxides in bioactive glass (BG) on the performance of polycaprolactone (PCL)-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Composite scaffolds were fabricated using solvent casting, hot pressing, and salt-leaching techniques, combining PCL with 25 wt% of BG or doped BG containing 4 mol% of tantalum, zinc, magnesium, or niobium oxides, and 1 mol% of copper oxide. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, and in vitro biological performance. All scaffolds exhibited a highly porous, interconnected structure. Mechanical compression tests indicated that elastic modulus increased with ceramic content, while doping had no measurable effect. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed biocompatibility across all scaffolds. Among the tested materials, the Zn-doped BG/PCL scaffold uniquely supported cell adhesion and proliferation and significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity—an early marker of osteogenic differentiation—alongside the Nb-doped scaffold. These results highlight the Zn-doped BG/PCL composite as a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 40479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Caddisfly Silk-Polycaprolactone Foams: Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Nature-Inspired Biomaterials

by Mateusz M. Urbaniak, Mariusz Tszydel, Konrad Szustakiewicz, Aleksandra Szwed-Georgiou, Bartłomiej Kryszak, Marcin Włodarczyk, Sylwia Michlewska, Piotr Jóźwiak, Tomislav Ivankovic, Mikołaj K. Cybulski and Karolina Rudnicka

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060199 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

The unique properties of insect silk have attracted attention for years to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering. Combining natural silks with synthetic polymers may benefit biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and elasticity. Silk-modified biomaterials are a promising choice for tissue engineering due to their versatility, [...] Read more.

The unique properties of insect silk have attracted attention for years to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering. Combining natural silks with synthetic polymers may benefit biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and elasticity. Silk-modified biomaterials are a promising choice for tissue engineering due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and many processing methods. This study investigated the physicochemical and biological properties of biocomposites formed by combining caddisfly silk (Hydropsyche angustipennis) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The PCL foams modified with caddisfly silk demonstrated full cytocompatibility and enhanced fibroblast adhesion and proliferation compared to unmodified PCL. These silk-modified PCL foams also induced NF-κB signaling, which is crucial for initiating tissue regeneration. Notably, the antimicrobial properties of the silk-modified PCL foams remained consistent with those of unmodified PCL, suggesting that the addition of silk did not alter this aspect of performance. The findings suggest that caddisfly silk-modified PCL foams present a promising solution for future medical and dental applications, emphasizing the potential of alternative silk sources in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 38 articles

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