Journal of Functional Biomaterials

21 pages, 1903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Release of Hydrophilic Active Agent from Textile Using Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings

by Limor Mizrahi, Rotem Kelman, Efrat Shtriker, David Meridor, Dror Cohen, Meital Portugal-Cohen and Elizabeth Amir

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060216 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Functional fabrics embedded with active materials that can be released in a controlled manner upon external triggering have been explored for biomedical and cosmetic applications. This study introduces a method for the fabrication of nonwoven fabrics coated with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for [...] Read more.

Functional fabrics embedded with active materials that can be released in a controlled manner upon external triggering have been explored for biomedical and cosmetic applications. This study introduces a method for the fabrication of nonwoven fabrics coated with crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for in situ encapsulation and controlled release of hydrophilic active agent, allantoin. Two types of crosslinked coatings were examined using citric acid (CA) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) as crosslinkers. Based on gel content, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) analyses PVA:CA coatings exhibited a higher crosslinking density compared to PVA:PAA systems. Swelling behavior was measured at 62% after 30 min for PVA:PAA 7:3 films and 36% after 60 min for PVA:CA 7:3 crosslinked films. The release of allantoin from the coated fabrics was influenced by the coating thickness (250–330 µm), the formulation viscosity (8–250 cP), allantoin content (1.2–4.2 mg) and the molecular weight between crosslinks (M_C) 1,000,000–494 g/mol. PVA:CA 7:3 coating allowed the controlled release of 97% allantoin over 8 h, whereas PVA:PAA 7:3 coating exhibited a more prolonged release profile, with 96% of allantoin released over 20 h. Kinetic analyses of the release profiles revealed a good agreement with zero-order release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spotlight on Biomedical Coating Materials)

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12 pages, 4592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Radiographic Evaluation of Ridge Dimensional Changes After Vertical Augmentation Using the Novel Wide-Head Tent Pole Screw Technique

by Nam-Suk Yoon, Hyunsuk Choi, Hyung-Gyun Kim and Dong-Seok Sohn

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060215 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Although significant advancements have been made in surgical techniques for reconstructing severely resorbed alveolar bone, achieving predictable regeneration remains a considerable challenge. Many conventional ridge augmentation methods require extended edentulous healing periods and multiple surgical interventions. This clinical study introduces a simplified [...] Read more.

Introduction: Although significant advancements have been made in surgical techniques for reconstructing severely resorbed alveolar bone, achieving predictable regeneration remains a considerable challenge. Many conventional ridge augmentation methods require extended edentulous healing periods and multiple surgical interventions. This clinical study introduces a simplified approach to advanced ridge augmentation using a wide-head tent-pole screw (WHTPS), aimed at enhancing procedural efficiency and achieving predictable clinical outcomes. Material and Methods: Thirteen patients with severely vertically resorbed mandibular segments or completely edentulous alveolar ridges—each presenting with a minimum vertical bone defect of 5 mm—were included in this study. A single WHTPS was placed at the most severe bone defect site, followed by bone grafting and coverage with a resorbable membrane. Postoperative panoramic radiographs were taken immediately after surgery and again on the day of WHTPS removal, following a healing period of 3 to 6 months. An additional follow-up radiograph was obtained after final prosthesis placement, with an average follow-up period of 5.5 months, to assess changes in the augmented bone. Patients were monitored clinically for a period ranging from 8 to 20 months (mean: 14.9 months). Results: The average vertical bone gain immediately after surgery was 8.86 mm (SD ± 2.59 mm), while an average bone resorption of 1.49 mm (17.79%) was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions: A single WHTPS effectively stabilized the graft material in cases of severe alveolar bone loss, thereby preventing its resorption and displacement. Further clinical studies are necessary to validate its long-term effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Bone Reconstruction)

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15 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Two Alloplastic Biomaterials in a Critical-Size Rat Calvarial Defect Model

by Amanda Finger Stadler, Marta Liliana Musskopf, Vishal Gohel, Jonathan Reside, Eric Everett, Patricia Miguez and Cristiano Susin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060214 - 6 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Aim: to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of two alloplastic biomaterials in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Methods: A total of 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups of 10 animals each. An Ø8 mm, critical-size calvarial defect was created, and the [...] Read more.

Aim: to evaluate the bone regeneration capacity of two alloplastic biomaterials in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Methods: A total of 80 rats were randomized into 8 groups of 10 animals each. An Ø8 mm, critical-size calvarial defect was created, and the following treatments were randomly allocated: sham surgery, deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) + collagen membrane (CM), poly-(lactic-co-glycolic-acid) (PLGA)-coated pure phase β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), or PLGA-coated 60% hydroxyapatite (HA):40%β-TCP. Animals were allowed to heal for 2 and 6 weeks. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) was used to evaluate mineralized tissue and biomaterial displacement. Histological samples were used to evaluate new bone formation. Results: μCT analysis showed no significant differences among groups for total volume of mineralized tissue or residual biomaterials. DBBM + CM showed significantly increased horizontal biomaterial displacement at 2 weeks but not at 6 weeks. Histological analysis showed that sham surgery had a significantly higher percentage of bone area fraction than the DBBM + CM and PLGA + β-TCP at 2 weeks, but not at 6 weeks. Residual biomaterial area fraction showed no significant differences among experimental groups at any healing time. Conclusions: The alloplastic biomaterials showed suitable construct integrity and retention in the defect. All biomaterials were associated with limited new bone formation comparable to the sham surgery control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials in Implantology and Orthodontics)

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41 pages, 5695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Material-Driven Therapeutics: Functional Nanomaterial Design Paradigms Revolutionizing Osteosarcoma Treatment

by Zewei Zhang, Fang He, Wenqu Li, Beibei Liu, Cheng Deng and Xiaojuan Qin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060213 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, has maintained consistent treatment protocols since the 1970s combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. While effective for localized tumors, these strategies show limited efficacy against metastatic or recurrent cases. Although emerging immunotherapies [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, has maintained consistent treatment protocols since the 1970s combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. While effective for localized tumors, these strategies show limited efficacy against metastatic or recurrent cases. Although emerging immunotherapies (PD-1 inhibitors, CAR-T-cell therapy) demonstrate therapeutic potential, their clinical impact remains constrained by the tumor’s low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive microenvironment, resulting in suboptimal response rates. The disease’s aggressive nature and propensity for pulmonary metastasis contribute to poor prognosis, with survival rates showing negligible improvement over five decades despite therapeutic advances, creating substantial clinical and socioeconomic challenges. Recent developments in nanomedicine offer promising solutions for OS treatment optimization. This review systematically examines nanomaterial applications in OS therapy through a materials science lens, analyzing mechanism-specific interventions and highlighting notable advancements from the past five years. We critically evaluate current strategies for enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing toxicity profiles, ultimately outlining translational pathways and key challenges in clinical adaptation. The analysis establishes a framework for developing next-generation nanotherapeutic platforms to address persistent limitations in OS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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2 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Leone et al. In Situ Crosslinking Bionanocomposite Hydrogels with Potential for Wound Healing Applications. J. Funct. Biomater. 2019, 10, 50

by Federica Leone, Melike Firlak, Kirsty Challen, Wayne Bonnefin, Barbara Onida, Karen L. Wright and John G. Hardy

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060212 - 5 Jun 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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12 pages, 5719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Occlusal Force and Masticatory Performance in Female Patients Who Selected Implant Treatment for a Missing Mandibular Second Molar: A Retrospective Study

by Takashi Abe, Motohiro Munakata, Takumi Yokoi, Kikue Yamaguchi, Daisuke Sato and Kazuyoshi Baba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060211 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between a patient’s selection of implant treatment for a missing mandibular second molar and the magnitude of occlusal force, masticatory ability, mandibular morphology, and age before treatment intervention. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively [...] Read more.

Background: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between a patient’s selection of implant treatment for a missing mandibular second molar and the magnitude of occlusal force, masticatory ability, mandibular morphology, and age before treatment intervention. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively assessed occlusal force, masticatory performance, and mandibular morphology in female patients who either selected or declined implant treatment for a missing unilateral mandibular second molar. Results: Thirty-three women (mean age of 56.1 ± 9.7 years) were divided into an implant treatment (IT) group and a no-treatment (NT) group. The IT group showed significantly higher occlusal force (p = 0.021 < 0.05), while masticatory performance and gonial angle demonstrated no significant difference. Conclusion: The IT group had significantly higher occlusal force, and age had no significant effect on it. Notably, masticatory performance in the IT group increased significantly with age (p = 0.047 < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applied in Dental Sciences)

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18 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Vitro Techniques for Microleakage Evaluation of Coronary Restorative Materials: A Scoping and Mapping Review

by Sofia Vieira, Carlos Miguel Marto, Ana Coelho, Inês Amaro, Inês Francisco, Francisco Vale, Siri Paulo, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Eunice Carrilho and Anabela Paula

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060210 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Objectives: To identify the in vitro techniques used for a microleakage evaluation of restorative materials of coronary structure through a scoping and mapping review. Data: This scoping review aims to answer the following question: “what methods are currently for the microleakage assessment of [...] Read more.

Objectives: To identify the in vitro techniques used for a microleakage evaluation of restorative materials of coronary structure through a scoping and mapping review. Data: This scoping review aims to answer the following question: “what methods are currently for the microleakage assessment of coronary restorative materials?” Sources: The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2020 and 2024. The results obtained were grouped according to the evaluation method, and a narrative synthesis was made. Study Selection: The literature search identified 1014 articles, and 353 publications were excluded by title and abstract screening. From the remaining 297, thirty-three were excluded. Additionally, 8 articles could not be retrieved, which resulted in the inclusion of 256 articles. The results were grouped according to the type of microleakage evaluation method, resulting in four major categories: colorimetric, imaging, nuclear medicine, and microbiological methods. Conclusions: Currently, several microleakage assessment techniques are being used, with the dye method being the most reported one. Several variations in the experimental protocols exist, which make it difficult to compare the results. The use of dyes and nuclear medicine methods is sensitive and can be used to evaluate microleakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers on Dental Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Antibacterial and Bactericidal Effects of the Er: YAG Laser on Oral Bacteria: A Systematic Review of Microbiological Evidence

by Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Dariusz Skaba, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka and Rafał Wiench

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060209 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Background: The Er:YAG laser has gained attention in dentistry for its potential to enhance microbial disinfection through targeted photothermal and photoacoustic mechanisms. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and bactericidal efficacy of Er:YAG laser therapy across clinically relevant oral pathogens [...] Read more.

Background: The Er:YAG laser has gained attention in dentistry for its potential to enhance microbial disinfection through targeted photothermal and photoacoustic mechanisms. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and bactericidal efficacy of Er:YAG laser therapy across clinically relevant oral pathogens in in vitro models. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted for studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251031368). Eligibility criteria included in vitro or animal studies assessing the bactericidal effects of the Er:YAG laser on oral bacteria or fungi, either alone or in combination with chemical disinfectants. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by multiple reviewers. Results: Ten in vitro studies met inclusion criteria. The Er:YAG laser demonstrated significant antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Candida albicans, and other species. Greater bacterial reduction was consistently observed when the laser was combined with adjunctive irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide. The laser was effective in reducing biofilm biomass and viable counts, particularly in complex anatomical settings. Most studies were rated as low risk of bias. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser therapy is a promising adjunctive tool for microbial disinfection in dentistry, particularly in challenging anatomical sites. Further well-designed in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and determine optimal treatment parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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18 pages, 5355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transparent 3-Layered Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Multicompartment and Biomimetic Scaffold for Co-Culturing Cells

by Karla Pollyanna Vieira de Oliveira, Michael Yilma Yitayew, Ana Paula Almeida Bastos, Stefanie Cristine Nied Mandrik, Luismar Marques Porto and Maryam Tabrizian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060208 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 350

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are widely used to provide a more physiologically relevant microenvironment in which to host and study desired cell types. These models vary in complexity and cost, ranging from simple and inexpensive to highly sophisticated and costly systems. In [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are widely used to provide a more physiologically relevant microenvironment in which to host and study desired cell types. These models vary in complexity and cost, ranging from simple and inexpensive to highly sophisticated and costly systems. In this study, we introduce a novel translucent multi-compartmentalized stacked multilayered nanocellulose scaffold and describe its fabrication, characterization, and potential application for co-culturing multiple cell types. The scaffold consists of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) layers separated by interlayers of a lower density of nanocellulose fibers. Using this system, we co-cultured the MDA-MB-231 cell line with two tumor-associated cell types, namely BC-CAFs and M2 macrophages, to simulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cells remained viable and metabolically active for up to 15 days. Confocal microscopy showed no signs of cell invasion. However, BC-CAFs and MDA-MB-231 cells were frequently observed within the same layer. The expression of breast cancer-related genes was analyzed to assess the downstream functionality of the cells. We found that the E-cadherin expression was 20% lower in cancer cells co-cultured in the multi-compartmentalized scaffold than in those cultured in 2D plates. Since E-cadherin plays a critical role in preventing the initial dissociation of epithelial cells from the primary tumor mass and is often downregulated in the tumor microenvironment in vivo, this finding suggests that our scaffold more effectively recapitulates the complexity of a tumor microenvironment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 5631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D-Printed Anatomical Pancreas Model for Robotic-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

by Calin Vaida, Andra Ciocan, Andrei Caprariu, Corina Radu, Nadim Al Hajjar and Doina Pisla

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060207 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

The paper presents the design, manufacturing, and evaluation of a 3D-printed pancreas phantom model used for preoperative surgical planning and surgical training. Several manufacturing and design alternatives have been explored, leading to the final solution, which consisted of a transparent 3D printed elastic [...] Read more.

The paper presents the design, manufacturing, and evaluation of a 3D-printed pancreas phantom model used for preoperative surgical planning and surgical training. Several manufacturing and design alternatives have been explored, leading to the final solution, which consisted of a transparent 3D printed elastic shell of the pancreas, resulting in an empty volume that was filled with a custom hydrogel to ensure an anatomically realistic behaviour. Additionally, specific vascular structures were printed using elastic material and specific colours. The hollow shell of the pancreas and the vascular structures were manufactured using photopolymerisation technology. The hydrogel, which replicates the internal structure of the pancreas, was made from a custom proportion of gelatine, agar, and glycerol. The phantom model of the pancreas was assessed by the surgical team and tested using the PARA-SILSROB parallel robot designed for single-incision surgical procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Medical Applications)

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17 pages, 10421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Enhanced Tumor Penetration of Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for High-Efficiency Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer

by Yun Xiang, Shiyu Liang and Ping Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060206 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 301

Abstract

In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and [...] Read more.

In recent years, chemo-photodynamic combinational therapy has become increasingly popular in treating breast cancer. However, the limited accumulation of nanodrugs into tumors (less than 1% of the injected dose) impacts therapeutic efficacy to an extreme extent. Herein, the photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the chemotherapeutic drug rhein were self-assembled to form a carrier-free nanodrug (RC NPs) with good stability and a high drug loading rate (nearly 100%). In vitro, the phototoxicity of RC NPs resulted in a mere 17.8% cell viability. Ultrasound (US) irradiation was applied to increase the permeability of tumor blood vessels, thus greatly enhancing the drug accumulation of RC NPs in tumor tissues (1.5 times that of the control group). After uptake by tumor cells, Ce6 could produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to laser irradiation, while rhein could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and affect mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway, thus effectively realizing the combined effect of PDT and chemotherapy. The final tumor inhibition rate reached 93.7%. Taken together, RC NPs strengthen the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect when exposed to US irradiation and exhibit better tumor suppression, which provides new insights into chemo-photodynamic combination treatment for clinical breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomaterials for Imaging and Disease Treatment)

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14 pages, 2315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Resistance of CAD/CAM-Fabricated Zirconia and Lithium Disilicate Crowns with Different Margin Designs: Implications for Digital Dentistry

by Tareq Hajaj, Diana Marian, Cristian Zaharia, Serban Talpos Niculescu, Radu Marcel Negru, Florina Titihazan, Mihai Rominu, Cosmin Sinescu, Andreea Codruta Novac, Gabriel Dobrota and Ioana Veja

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060205 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of cervical margin design—tangential versus chamfer—on the fracture resistance of monolithic crowns fabricated from lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human molars were randomly assigned to two preparation types: [...] Read more.

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of cervical margin design—tangential versus chamfer—on the fracture resistance of monolithic crowns fabricated from lithium disilicate and zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human molars were randomly assigned to two preparation types: chamfer and tangential. Each group was restored with CAD/CAM-fabricated crowns made from either zirconia (IPS e.max^® ZirCAD Prime) or lithium disilicate (IPS e.max^® CAD), resulting in four subgroups (n = 10). Standardized adhesive cementation protocols were applied. After 24 h storage in distilled water, the specimens underwent static load-to-failure testing using a ZwickRoell ProLine Z005 universal testing machine. Results: Zirconia crowns with chamfer margins exhibited the highest mean fracture resistance (2658 N), while lithium disilicate crowns with tangential margins showed the lowest (1862 N). Chamfer preparation significantly increased the fracture resistance of lithium disilicate crowns (p < 0.01), whereas margin design had no significant effect on zirconia. All restorations exceeded physiological masticatory forces, confirming their clinical viability. Conclusions: Cervical margin design significantly affected the fracture performance of lithium disilicate crowns but not zirconia. Chamfer preparations are recommended when using lithium disilicate to optimize mechanical strength. These findings underscore the importance of preparation geometry in guiding material selection for CAD/CAM ceramic restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Anatomical Maxillary Sinus Implant and Polydioxanone Sheets in Treatment of Orbital Floor Blowout Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Benjamin Walch, Alexander Gaggl, Gian Battista Bottini, Johannes Hachleitner, Florian Huber, Hannes Römhild, Martin Geroldinger and Maximilian Götzinger

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060204 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 384

Abstract

Background: Orbital floor blowout fractures (OFBF) can have serious consequences for the patient. Selecting the right treatment method and materials is essential. Krenkel’s maxillary sinus implant has been used successfully for more than 40 years in clinical practice. The aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background: Orbital floor blowout fractures (OFBF) can have serious consequences for the patient. Selecting the right treatment method and materials is essential. Krenkel’s maxillary sinus implant has been used successfully for more than 40 years in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of this implant compared to polydioxanone (PDS) sheets. Material and methods: This retrospective study examined a cohort of 82 OFBF patients over a seven-year period. Clinical and geometric data were collected. Defect size, location, and the volume of the herniated tissue were measured from conventional computer tomography (CT) or cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The relationship between ophthalmologic rehabilitation and treatment modality was analyzed using logistic regression. Results: The study included 82 patients, 28% female and 72% male, with a median age of 45.2 years. Defect size and hernia volume correlated with preoperative ophthalmological symptoms. At follow-up, 14.8% in the implant group and 28.6% in the PDS group showed mild visual impairment, with no severe diplopia. Conclusions: Our results suggest this method is a reliable and effective solution for repairing OFBFs and ophthalmologic rehabilitation. However, further research in a clinical controlled trial is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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18 pages, 6890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of ε-Fe_2–3N Particles for Magnetic Hyperthermia

by Soichiro Usuki, Tomoyuki Ogawa, Masaya Shimabukuro, Taishi Yokoi and Masakazu Kawashita

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060203 - 1 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Little research has focused on using iron nitride as thermoseed particles in magnetic hyperthermia, although magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is commonly used for this purpose. In the present study, we focus on iron nitride, especially ε-Fe_2–3N. ε-Fe_2–3N [...] Read more.

Little research has focused on using iron nitride as thermoseed particles in magnetic hyperthermia, although magnetite (Fe₃O₄) is commonly used for this purpose. In the present study, we focus on iron nitride, especially ε-Fe_2–3N. ε-Fe_2–3N particles were synthesized from hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) and sodium amide (NaNH₂) under various synthesis conditions, and the heat-generation properties of the particles were investigated to reveal the synthesis conditions that lead to particles with notable heat-generation performance. The particles synthesized at 250 °C for 12 h increased the temperature of an agar phantom by approximately 20 °C under an alternating magnetic field (100 kHz, 125 Oe, 600 s), suggesting that ε-Fe_2–3N particles can be used for magnetic hyperthermia. The analysis results for the particles synthesized under different conditions suggest that the heat-generation properties of ε-Fe_2–3N were affected by several factors, including the nitrogen content, particle size, crystallite size, saturation magnetization, and coercive force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials for Medical Use)

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18 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin on the Clinical Parameters and the Levels of MMP-8 in the GCF in Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis—Randomized Trial

by Anna Skurska, Marek Chwiedosik, Anna Justyna Milewska, Robert Milewski, Michał Pawłowski, Jennifer Alberichi, Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska and Martina Stefanini

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060202 - 1 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: This study evaluates non-surgical therapy combined with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the clinical parameters and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis. Methods: Forty subjects diagnosed with periodontitis were randomly divided into [...] Read more.

Background: This study evaluates non-surgical therapy combined with injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the clinical parameters and the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with periodontitis. Methods: Forty subjects diagnosed with periodontitis were randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed with the subsequent application of i-PRF into periodontal pockets, while in the control group SRP was performed alone. Clinical examination was performed before and 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. For MMP-8 level determination, the ELISA method was used. Results: In both groups, a statistically significant reduction in full mouth probing depth (FMPD), full mouth clinical attachment level (FMCAL), full mouth bleeding on probing (FMBOP), full mouth plaque index (FMPI) and full mouth marginal bleeding index FMMBI (p < 0.001) was observed. In the test group, the reduction in FMPD and FMBOP was statistically significantly greater than in the control group (p = 0.049 and p < 0.001, respectively). A significantly greater reduction of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in pockets > 5 mm between baseline and examination after 3 and 6 months was noted in the test group. The level of MMP-8 was statistically significantly reduced in both groups (p = 0.007 and p = 0.009). Conclusions: SRP significantly improves the clinical parameters and reduces MMP-8 levels in patients with periodontitis. Addition of i-PRF may further enhance the positive effects of periodontal treatment on clinical parameters, without significant influence on MMP-8 levels. The results of the research require confirmation in a more homogeneous group, taking into account the elimination of the specified limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 3526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Sustainable Bone Regeneration Material Using Apatite Paste Derived from Eggshell Waste

by Masatsugu Hirota, Chihiro Mochizuki, Toshitsugu Sakurai, Hiroyuki Mishima, Chikahiro Ohkubo and Takatsugu Yamamoto

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060201 - 1 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Apatite pastes derived from eggshell waste (BAp) were implanted onto the calvarial bone of rats, and bone formation was evaluated using X-ray μ-computed tomography (CT) and histological evaluation. BAp was mixed with distilled water to prepare a paste. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite of mineral resources [...] Read more.

Apatite pastes derived from eggshell waste (BAp) were implanted onto the calvarial bone of rats, and bone formation was evaluated using X-ray μ-computed tomography (CT) and histological evaluation. BAp was mixed with distilled water to prepare a paste. Monoclinic hydroxyapatite of mineral resources (HAp) was used as a control. A 5 mm diameter PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) tube was filled with apatite pastes and implanted in the calvarial bone of 9-week-old Sprague Dawley rats for 8 weeks. A larger radiopaque area, similar to that of native bone, was observed in the BAp paste-implanted specimens than that of HAp paste. The bone mineral density (BMD) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). In the histological evaluation, new bone formation was noticed from the calvarial side for both apatite specimens, and HAp remained in the PTFE unlike BAp. The bone mass (BM) value of the BAp paste was significantly higher than that of the HAp paste (p < 0.05). SEM and XRD analyses revealed that BAp was microcrystalline and poorly crystalline. The promotion of new bone formation may contribute to the crystallinity and Mg content of BAp. BAp was found to be useful as a bone regeneration material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 9010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polycaprolactone/Doped Bioactive Glass Composite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

by Ana Sofia Pádua, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça and Jorge Carvalho Silva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060200 - 1 Jun 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Critical-size bone defects do not heal spontaneously and require external support, making bone regeneration a central challenge in tissue engineering. Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds offer a promising approach to mimic the structural and biological properties of bone. In this study, we aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Critical-size bone defects do not heal spontaneously and require external support, making bone regeneration a central challenge in tissue engineering. Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds offer a promising approach to mimic the structural and biological properties of bone. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of different doping oxides in bioactive glass (BG) on the performance of polycaprolactone (PCL)-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Composite scaffolds were fabricated using solvent casting, hot pressing, and salt-leaching techniques, combining PCL with 25 wt% of BG or doped BG containing 4 mol% of tantalum, zinc, magnesium, or niobium oxides, and 1 mol% of copper oxide. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, and in vitro biological performance. All scaffolds exhibited a highly porous, interconnected structure. Mechanical compression tests indicated that elastic modulus increased with ceramic content, while doping had no measurable effect. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed biocompatibility across all scaffolds. Among the tested materials, the Zn-doped BG/PCL scaffold uniquely supported cell adhesion and proliferation and significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity—an early marker of osteogenic differentiation—alongside the Nb-doped scaffold. These results highlight the Zn-doped BG/PCL composite as a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 40479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caddisfly Silk-Polycaprolactone Foams: Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Nature-Inspired Biomaterials

by Mateusz M. Urbaniak, Mariusz Tszydel, Konrad Szustakiewicz, Aleksandra Szwed-Georgiou, Bartłomiej Kryszak, Marcin Włodarczyk, Sylwia Michlewska, Piotr Jóźwiak, Tomislav Ivankovic, Mikołaj K. Cybulski and Karolina Rudnicka

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060199 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 466

Abstract

The unique properties of insect silk have attracted attention for years to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering. Combining natural silks with synthetic polymers may benefit biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and elasticity. Silk-modified biomaterials are a promising choice for tissue engineering due to their versatility, [...] Read more.

The unique properties of insect silk have attracted attention for years to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering. Combining natural silks with synthetic polymers may benefit biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and elasticity. Silk-modified biomaterials are a promising choice for tissue engineering due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and many processing methods. This study investigated the physicochemical and biological properties of biocomposites formed by combining caddisfly silk (Hydropsyche angustipennis) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The PCL foams modified with caddisfly silk demonstrated full cytocompatibility and enhanced fibroblast adhesion and proliferation compared to unmodified PCL. These silk-modified PCL foams also induced NF-κB signaling, which is crucial for initiating tissue regeneration. Notably, the antimicrobial properties of the silk-modified PCL foams remained consistent with those of unmodified PCL, suggesting that the addition of silk did not alter this aspect of performance. The findings suggest that caddisfly silk-modified PCL foams present a promising solution for future medical and dental applications, emphasizing the potential of alternative silk sources in tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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19 pages, 3911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Mechanics of Cryopreserved Human Arterial Allografts Across a Six-Month Period

by Gergely Imre Kovács, László Hidi, Evelin Forró, Dóra Haluszka, Dániel Sándor Veres, Gergő Péter Gyurok, Andrea Kőszegi, Attila Fintha, Miklós Kellermayer and Péter Sótonyi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060198 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Operating under septic conditions poses significant challenges in vascular surgery. Infection is a serious risk when handling synthetic vessel prostheses and is one of the most dreaded complications. In the event of graft infection, an infection-resistant alternative is necessary. Cryopreserved vascular allografts offer [...] Read more.

Operating under septic conditions poses significant challenges in vascular surgery. Infection is a serious risk when handling synthetic vessel prostheses and is one of the most dreaded complications. In the event of graft infection, an infection-resistant alternative is necessary. Cryopreserved vascular allografts offer a suitable alternative to replace an infected vessel or a section of a synthetic graft. However, there are no international guidelines for the preparation, storage, and thawing of such vessel grafts. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of human cryopreserved arteries across multiple scales, ranging from nanonewton to newton forces and identify the optimal cryogenic storage duration. Human arterial allograft samples were frozen in a slow, controlled process and stored at −80 °C. One native and four cryopreserved samples were examined during a six-month-long period. Dimethyl-sulphoxide was used as a cryoprotectant. The mechanical properties of fresh and stored samples were explored in uniaxial ring tests and nanoindentation. We found no significant changes in the multi-scale mechanical properties during the examination period. Our results indicate that the cryopreserved vascular allografts are mechanically stable for up to six months under cryogenic conditions; hence, they represent ideal samples in vascular surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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19 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Novel Pretreatment on Bond Strength of Universal Adhesive to Conventional and CAD/CAM Resin Composites: In Vitro Study

by Ali A. Elkaffas, Abdullah Alshehri, Feras Alhalabi, Rania Bayoumi, Abdullah Ali Alqahtani, Abdulellah Almudahi, Abdulaziz Fahd Alsubaie and Abdulaziz Fahd Alharbi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060197 - 27 May 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Novel dentin bonding pretreatment using copper sulfate (CuSO₄) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄) may create a more hydrophobic environment for dentin bonding. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of a CuSO₄ + K₂ [...] Read more.

Novel dentin bonding pretreatment using copper sulfate (CuSO₄) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K₂HPO₄) may create a more hydrophobic environment for dentin bonding. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of a CuSO₄ + K₂HPO₄ pretreatment on dentin μTBS when bonded with a universal adhesive to conventional and CAD/CAM resin composites. Eighty recently extracted human molars (n = 80) were chosen and placed in transparent acrylic blocks to expose the crowns entirely. Nano-filled resin composite and CAD/CAM resin blocks were selected. Based on the dentin pretreatment, type of resin composite, and adhesion strategy, the teeth were randomly allocated into eight equal groups (n = 10). The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and fracture mode were determined. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the μTBS data, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The μTBS values were not significantly affected by either the resin composite type (p > 0.05) or the adhesive strategy (p > 0.05) according to the three-way ANOVA results. Conversely, significant differences were detected between no dentin pretreatment (24.20 ± 4.54 MPa) and CuSO₄ + K₂HPO₄ pretreatment (33.66 ± 5.22 MPa) using an etch-and-rinse adhesive strategy for nano-filled composites (p < 0.001). Additionally, significant differences were detected between no dentin pretreatment (24.71 ± 4.33 MPa) and CuSO₄ + K₂HPO₄ pretreatment (32.49 ± 4.92 MPa) using an etch-and-rinse adhesive strategy for CAD/CAM resin blocks (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences were detected between no dentin pretreatment (21.20 ± 3.40 MPa) and CuSO₄ + K₂HPO₄ pretreatment (30.31 ± 3.87 MPa) using a self-etching adhesive strategy for nano-filled composites (p < 0.001). Also, significant differences were detected between no dentin pretreatment (23.89 ± 3.89 MPa) and CuSO₄ + K₂HPO₄ pretreatment (31.22 ± 4.71 MPa) using a self-etching adhesive strategy for CAD/CAM resin blocks (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dentin μTBS was enhanced by a copper-based treatment when used with nano-filled and CAD/CAM resin blocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)

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14 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Value of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Tracer for Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: The Preliminary Clinical Experience

by Marcin A. Jedryka, Andrzej Czekanski, Marcin Kryszpin, Tymoteusz Poprawski, Krzysztof Grobelak, Piotr Lepka and Rafał Matkowski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060196 - 26 May 2025

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has been investigated as part of surgical staging in women with early-stage cervical cancer (CC); however, pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) remains the standard of care. This study aimed to assess feasibility and safety of SLN detection using superparamagnetic iron [...] Read more.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has been investigated as part of surgical staging in women with early-stage cervical cancer (CC); however, pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) remains the standard of care. This study aimed to assess feasibility and safety of SLN detection using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as a tracer in CC. Thirty CC patients presumed to be stage I were included in this study with SPIO administered intracervically as a tracer for SLN mapping using a magnetometer and followed by PLND. The endpoints of the study included the proportion of successful SLN detection, the average number of SLNs per patient, and the proportion of pathologically positive results per patient and per node. The diagnostic accuracy of SPIO nanoparticles for detection of metastatic SLNs was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) used to demonstrate the studied method’s sensitivity. Safety endpoints were a summary of all reported adverse events. SLNs were detected in all cases, bilaterally in 27 patients (90%). The median number of SLNs per patient was 3.5. Four cases had metastatic SLNs. The general malignancy rate per patient was 13.3%, and per node, it was 0.8%. The malignancy detection rate of SLNs was 100% per patient and 80% per node. The AUC of 1.0 (p < 0.001) confirmed the diagnostic value of the SPIO technique for the detection of metastatic SLNs, with a sensitivity of 100%. No adverse events related to the SPIO administration were reported. SPIO nanoparticles, as a tracer for SLN mapping in early-stage CC patients, demonstrated satisfactory accuracy parameters and safety; however, these data need to be evaluated by further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials for Medical Use)

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17 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Adhesive Hydrogel Patch Containing Genipin-Crosslinked Gelatin–Hyaluronic Acid for Future Use in Atopic Dermatitis

by Nurul Ain Zawawi, Manira Maarof, Nur Izzah Md Fadilah, Daniel Looi Qi Hao, Yasuhiko Tabata and Mh Busra Fauzi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060195 - 26 May 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Hydrogel patches have gained significant attention in wound healing applications as they are similar to hydrogel dressings due to their moisture-retentive properties, biocompatibility, and ability to promote tissue regeneration. In this study, gelatin-based hydrogels crosslinked with genipin and incorporated with hyaluronic acid (HA) [...] Read more.

Hydrogel patches have gained significant attention in wound healing applications as they are similar to hydrogel dressings due to their moisture-retentive properties, biocompatibility, and ability to promote tissue regeneration. In this study, gelatin-based hydrogels crosslinked with genipin and incorporated with hyaluronic acid (HA) were developed to enhance mechanical stability, swelling behavior, and structural integrity. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were conducted and confirmed successful crosslinking and good thermal stability, ensuring hydrogel durability under physiological conditions. The optimized hydrogel (GE_HA_GNP) exhibited a sufficient water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), swelling ratio, and contact angle, allowing for effective wound exudate absorption and hydration maintenance, which is essential for accelerated healing. The findings demonstrate that the crosslinked hydrogels were able to maintain a WVTR of 500 to 1500 gm⁻² day⁻¹, a contact angle of >40°, and a swelling ratio of 700–1000%. The combination of genipin as a crosslinker and the addition of HA significantly improved the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the hydrogels, making them promising candidates for an alternative treatment for atopic dermatitis and a potential wound dress-ing. Furthermore, the hydrogel patches show potential for future drug delivery appli-cations, with further studies required to evaluate their antimicrobial properties and long-term clinical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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18 pages, 3353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Bioavailability and Stability of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Formulation and Characterization of Nanophytosomes Encapsulating Red Bryony and Horned Poppy Extracts

by Atoosa Olfati, Naser Karimi, Elham Arkan, Mohsen Zhaleh and M. R. Mozafari

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060194 - 24 May 2025

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Biocompatible nanocarriers were formulated by encapsulating medicinal extracts from Bryonia dioica (Red Bryony) and Glaucium leiocarpum (Horned Poppy) using a nanophytosome approach. The nanophytosomes were prepared by employing a thin-film hydration technique. The SEM results showed a broad size distribution for both nanophytosomes, [...] Read more.

Biocompatible nanocarriers were formulated by encapsulating medicinal extracts from Bryonia dioica (Red Bryony) and Glaucium leiocarpum (Horned Poppy) using a nanophytosome approach. The nanophytosomes were prepared by employing a thin-film hydration technique. The SEM results showed a broad size distribution for both nanophytosomes, and the encapsulation efficiency was about 75–80% for both Red Bryony and Horned Poppy nanophytosomes, as confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Zeta potential analysis indicated sufficient surface charges to maintain colloidal stability. Encapsulation improved the release characteristics of the extracts, exhibiting an initial burst release followed by sustained release, which is advantageous for enhancing bioavailability within a liquid environment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified key functional groups, confirming the successful encapsulation of bioactive ingredients within the nanophytosomes. Cytotoxicity tests on fibroblast cell lines (HSF-PI 16) demonstrated the safety of these nanocarriers, indicating biocompatibility at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL. Stability tests over 30 days revealed minimal size fluctuations, further supporting the structural integrity of the formulations. Results suggest that the synthesized nanophytosomes could serve as effective and novel nanocarriers for herbal delivery, addressing the bioavailability limitations of herbal extracts and offering a promising approach for therapeutic applications in both traditional and alternative medicine. This is the first study to report nanophytosome-based delivery of Red Bryony and Horned Poppy extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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19 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Bleaching Intensity and Laser Activation on the Durability of Selected Aesthetic Composites—An In Vitro Study

by Żaneta Anna Mierzejewska, Kamila Łukaszuk, Bartłomiej Rusztyn and Kacper Maliszewski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060193 - 23 May 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different bleaching protocols, including laser-assisted techniques, on the microhardness, surface roughness, and tribological resistance of selected light-cured composites. Three Estelite Universal Flow composites with different flow properties and G-aenial Universal Flo composites [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different bleaching protocols, including laser-assisted techniques, on the microhardness, surface roughness, and tribological resistance of selected light-cured composites. Three Estelite Universal Flow composites with different flow properties and G-aenial Universal Flo composites were tested. Each group underwent bleaching procedures using Opalescence agents at 10%, 16%, and 40% concentrations, with and without laser activation. Surface microhardness was assessed using the Vickers method, roughness was measured with 3D confocal laser microscopy, and friction coefficients and wear patterns were evaluated using tribological testing. All bleaching protocols resulted in reduced microhardness and increased surface roughness. The most significant changes were observed after treatment with 40% hydrogen peroxide. Laser application, particularly at 16% concentration of carbamide peroxide, helped to partially mitigate these effects in some materials. Bleaching procedures, especially those involving high peroxide concentrations, significantly deteriorated the surface properties of dental composites, which may have clinical implications for the patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Composite Resin: Characteristics and Future Perspectives)

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17 pages, 4970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Socket Preservation Technique Using Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Materials—A Preliminary Study

by Piotr Wróbel, Adam Piecuch, Michał Bąk, Paweł Krynicki, Jakub Adamczyk, Piotr Mojżesz, Agnieszka Kiełboń, Sylwia Wójcik, Martin Starosta, Won-Pyo Lee and Tadeusz Morawiec

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060192 - 23 May 2025

Viewed by 597

Abstract

Background: The socket preservation technique involves filling the bone defect created after tooth extraction with a bone substitute material. This helps to reduce bone resorption of the post-extraction alveolar ridge. Various types of bone substitute biomaterials are used as augmentation materials, including autogeneic, [...] Read more.

Background: The socket preservation technique involves filling the bone defect created after tooth extraction with a bone substitute material. This helps to reduce bone resorption of the post-extraction alveolar ridge. Various types of bone substitute biomaterials are used as augmentation materials, including autogeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in alveolar ridge dimensions and alterations of optical bone density in sockets grafted with two different biomaterials. Additionally, bone biopsies taken from the grafted sites underwent histological evaluation. Methods: This study enrolled 10 generally healthy patients, who were divided into two equal groups. Patients in the first group were treated with an allogeneic material (BIOBank^®, Biobank, Paris, France), while patients in the second group were treated with an xenogeneic material (Geistlich Bio-Oss^®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland). Tooth extraction was performed, following which the appropriate material was placed into the debrided socket. The material was secured with a collagen membrane (Geistlich Bio-Gide^®, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and sutures, which were removed 7 to 10 days after the procedure. Micro-CBCT examinations were performed, for the evaluation of alveolar ridge dimensions and bone optical density, at 7–10 days and six months after the procedure. Bone trepanbiopsy was performed simultaneously to the implant placement, six months after socket preservation. The retrieved biopsy was subjected to histological examination via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. Results: The results showed that the allogeneic material was more effective in preserving alveolar buccal height and was probably more rapidly transformed into the patient’s own bone. Sockets grafted with the xenogeneic material presented higher optical bone density after six months. Both materials presented similar effectiveness in alveolar width preservation. Conclusions: Based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that both materials are suitable for the socket preservation technique. However, the dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge and the quality of the newly formed bone may vary depending on the type of biomaterial used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Oral Implantology—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 34975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Enhanced Osteointegration: A Comparative and In-Depth Study of the Biocompatibility of an Innovative Calcium-Doped Zirconia Coating for Biomedical Implants

by Tchinda Alex, Olivier Joubert, Richard Kouitat-Njiwa and Pierre Bravetti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060191 - 22 May 2025

Viewed by 647

Abstract

Innovation in oral implantology is constantly on the move, with a constant search for new biomaterials to overcome many of the limitations of the biomaterials used in current implantable medical devices. This study explores the biocompatibility of an innovative 5% calcium-to-zirconia (Ca-SZ) coating [...] Read more.

Innovation in oral implantology is constantly on the move, with a constant search for new biomaterials to overcome many of the limitations of the biomaterials used in current implantable medical devices. This study explores the biocompatibility of an innovative 5% calcium-to-zirconia (Ca-SZ) coating deposited by PVD on TA6V substrates for use in oral implantology. In order to determine the contribution of the Ca-SZ coating, an in vitro biocompatibility study was carried out to assess the potential influence of the Ca-SZ coating (1) on the viability and proliferation of saos-2 and HaCaT cells over a short-term exposure period of 96 h, (2) on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and (3) on the synthesis of osteogenic differentiation markers over a long-term exposure period of 21 days, in comparison with reference biomaterials. The sampling consisted of n = 3 biological replicates, and a p-value of <0.05 was used as the threshold for statistical significance. Viability and proliferation kinetics to WST-1 and CyQUANT NF, respectively, showed improved viability/proliferation of Ca-SZ exposed to both cell lines independently. The TNF-alpha and IL-6 assays revealed reduced levels of cytokines compared with the reference biomaterials, including the control groups. In parallel, in Saos-2 cells exposed to Ca-SZ for 21 days under osteogenic conditions increased expression of osteogenic markers, such as the synthesis of soluble collagens, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and osteocalcin, reflecting dynamic and facilitated osteoblastic differentiation, which was supported by the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals observed by SEM micrograph and confirmed by EDS mapping. In conclusion, Ca-SZ demonstrates an overall better biocompatibility compared with reference biomaterials, linked to a bioactive interaction of calcium, promoting cell proliferation and differentiation for optimal osteointegration, underlining its potential as a relevant innovation for next-generation implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials and Oral Implantology)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 26 articles

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