Geosciences

40 pages, 14629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Geothermal Potential of a Fractured Carbonate Reservoir (Southern Apennines, Italy): Relationships Between Structural Control and Heat Flow

by Chrysanthi Pontikou, Ioannis Vakalas, Sotirios Kokkalas, Raffaele Di Cuia, Angelo Ricciato and Giovanni Toscani

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080311 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

As part of the energy transition needed to mitigate global warming, the study and sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources—a largely underutilized form of energy and heat production—is crucial. The availability of subsurface data acquired for oil and gas exploration purposes provides an opportunity [...] Read more.

As part of the energy transition needed to mitigate global warming, the study and sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources—a largely underutilized form of energy and heat production—is crucial. The availability of subsurface data acquired for oil and gas exploration purposes provides an opportunity to reconsider these data to enhance the use of geothermal potential. This is the case of a fractured carbonate reservoir in the Southern Apennines (Italy). All available subsurface data were gathered, homogenized, and reinterpreted to build a 3D geological model of the study area, where a positive thermal anomaly is known, yet the mechanisms and pathways of heat transport were previously unclear. By integrating subsurface, temperature, and literature data, a geological model is proposed that explains how high temperatures and heat propagation are closely linked to specific geological features. By cross-referencing and weighing the relevance of data for geothermal purposes, an attempt is made to rank the geothermal potential of existing wells in the area. This study demonstrates how a well-constrained geological model and the joint analysis of multidisciplinary data can provide the necessary knowledge base for conducting further technical, engineering, and economic analyses to assess the commercial viability of the identified geothermal resource. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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2 pages, 132 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Telesca et al. Statistical Investigation of the 2020–2023 Micro-Seismicity in Enguri Area (Georgia). Geosciences 2025, 15, 247

by Luciano Telesca, Nino Tsereteli, Nazi Tugushi and Tamaz Chelidze

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080310 - 11 Aug 2025

Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

25 pages, 5810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pliocene Marine Bivalvia from Vale Farpado (Pombal, Portugal): Palaeoenvironmental and Palaecological Significance

by Ricardo J. Pimentel, Pedro M. Callapez, Mahima Pai, Paulo Legoinha and Pedro A. Dinis

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080309 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

The western Iberian marine Pliocene represents a key transitional zone between tropical and boreal molluscan faunas. Recent studies at the rediscovered fossil locality of Vale Farpado have yielded 34 bivalve species, distributed among 18 families. The most diverse families identified are Veneridae and [...] Read more.

The western Iberian marine Pliocene represents a key transitional zone between tropical and boreal molluscan faunas. Recent studies at the rediscovered fossil locality of Vale Farpado have yielded 34 bivalve species, distributed among 18 families. The most diverse families identified are Veneridae and Pectinidae. The assemblage is predominantly composed of suspension- and deposit-feeding taxa, with no evidence of carnivorous feeding strategies. Most taxa exhibit an infaunal life habitat. Initial colonising bivalve communities inhabited mobile, gravel-dominated substrates, where coarse clasts and disarticulated bioclasts provided stable microhabitats for epifaunal species. Over time, later assemblages became established, primarily on sandy substrates. Palaeoenvironmental indicators, including molluscs and foraminifera, suggest that these benthic communities occupied the infralittoral zone, at depths generally shallower than 30 metres, and the sea surface temperatures were broadly subtropical. However, periodic incursions of cooler, nutrient-rich waters driven by upwelling systems influenced local conditions, enhancing primary productivity and supporting a taxonomically rich and ecologically complex benthic ecosystem. The bivalve assemblages of Vale Farpado thus contribute valuable insights into the palaeoecology and biogeographical dynamics of the Pliocene North Atlantic, particularly in the context of sea surface temperature gradients and bivalve faunal interchange between temperate and tropical marine realms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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21 pages, 4201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Geomorphological Changes of the Sabato River (Southern Italy)

by Francesca Martucci, Floriana Angelone, Edoardo G. D’Onofrio, Filippo Russo and Paolo Magliulo

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080308 - 8 Aug 2025

Viewed by 201

Abstract

Short-term channel adjustments are a research topic of great relevance in the framework of fluvial geomorphology, but studies on this topic have been quite scarce in Southern Italy, at least since the 2010s, notwithstanding the fact that this area is strongly representative of [...] Read more.

Short-term channel adjustments are a research topic of great relevance in the framework of fluvial geomorphology, but studies on this topic have been quite scarce in Southern Italy, at least since the 2010s, notwithstanding the fact that this area is strongly representative of a much wider morphoclimatic context, i.e., the Mediterranean area, which particularly suffers from the effects of current climate change. Currently, different interpretations still exist about the type and role of controlling factors, and a common morphoevolutionary trend is quite far from being defined; so, new case studies are needed. In this paper, the geomorphological changes experienced by the Sabato R. (Southern Italy) over a period of ~150 years were investigated. A reach-scale geomorphological analysis in a GIS environment of raster data, consisting of four topographic maps (from 1870, 1909, 1941 and 1955) and five sets of orthophotos (from 1998, 2004, 2008, 2011 and 2014), was carried out, integrated with field-surveyed data. Land-use changes, in-channel anthropic disturbances, floods and rainfall variations were selected as possible controlling factors. The study highlighted four morphoevolutionary phases of the studied river. Phase 1 (1870s–1910s) was characterized by a relative channel stability in terms of both mean width and pattern, while channel widening dominated during Phase 2 (1910s–1940s). In contrast, Phase 3 (1940s–1990s) was characterized by intense and diffuse narrowing. Finally, during Phase 4 (from the 1990s onward), an alternation in channel narrowing and flood-induced widening was detected. During all phases, changes in both channel pattern and riverbed elevation were less evident than those in channel width. Land-use changes and, later, floods, in addition to in-channel human disturbances at a local scale, were the main controlling factors. The obtained results have profound implications for rivers located outside Italy as well, as they provide new insights into the role played by the considered controlling factors in the geomorphological evolution of a typical Mediterranean river. Understanding this role is fundamental in regional-scale river management, hazard mitigation and environmental planning, as proved by the vast pre-existing scientific literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Geomorphological and Hydrological Insights for Flood Risk Assessment)

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28 pages, 4027 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isotopes in Archeology: Perspectives on Post-Mortem Alteration and Climate Change

by Antonio Simonetti and Michele R. Buzon

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080307 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Isotopic investigations focused on determining the mobility and provenance of ancient human civilizations and sourcing of archeological artifacts continue to gain prominence in archeology. Most studies focus on the premise that the geographic variation in isotope systems of interest (e.g., Sr, Pb, Nd, [...] Read more.

Isotopic investigations focused on determining the mobility and provenance of ancient human civilizations and sourcing of archeological artifacts continue to gain prominence in archeology. Most studies focus on the premise that the geographic variation in isotope systems of interest (e.g., Sr, Pb, Nd, O) in the natural environment is recorded in both human hard tissues of local individuals and raw materials sourced for artifacts within the same region. The introduction of multi-collection–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) and laser ablation systems are techniques that consume smaller sample sizes compared to previous mass spectrometric approaches due to their higher ionization efficiency and increased sensitivity. This development has facilitated the isotopic measurement of trace elements present at low abundances (e.g., Pb, Nd, <1-to-low ppm range) particularly in human tooth enamel. Accurate interpretation of any isotope ratio measurement for the proveniencing of such low-abundance samples requires the adequate evaluation of post-mortem diagenetic alteration. A synopsis of practices currently in use for identifying post-mortem alteration in human archeological samples is discussed here. Post-mortem shifts in radiogenic isotope signatures resulting from secondary alteration are distinct from those potentially related to the impact of climate change on the bioavailable budgets for these elements. This topic is of interest to the archeological community and discussed here in the context of Holocene-aged samples from burial sites within the Nile River Valley System, and preferred dust source areas from the neighboring Sahara Desert. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isotope Geochemistry: Latest Developments and Applications for Geosciences)

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23 pages, 3031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Capuchin Search Algorithm-Optimized Multilayer Perceptron for Robust and Precise Prediction of Blast-Induced Airblast in a Blasting Mining Operation

by Kesalopa Gaopale, Takashi Sasaoka, Akihiro Hamanaka and Hideki Shimada

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080306 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

Blast-induced airblast poses a significant environmental and operational issue for surface mining, affecting safety, regulatory adherence, and the well-being of surrounding communities. Despite advancements in machine learning methods for predicting airblast, present studies neglect essential geomechanical characteristics, specifically rock mass strength (RMS), which [...] Read more.

Blast-induced airblast poses a significant environmental and operational issue for surface mining, affecting safety, regulatory adherence, and the well-being of surrounding communities. Despite advancements in machine learning methods for predicting airblast, present studies neglect essential geomechanical characteristics, specifically rock mass strength (RMS), which is vital for energy transmission and pressure-wave attenuation. This paper presents a capuchin search algorithm-optimized multilayer perceptron (CapSA-MLP) that incorporates RMS, hole depth (HD), maximum charge per delay (MCPD), monitoring distance (D), total explosive mass (TEM), and number of holes (NH). Blast datasets from a granite quarry were utilized to train and test the model in comparison to benchmark approaches, such as particle swarm optimized artificial neural network (PSO-ANN), multivariate regression analysis (MVRA), and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) equation. CapSA-MLP outperformed PSO-ANN (RMSE = 1.120, R² = 0.904 compared to RMSE = 1.284, R² = 0.846), whereas MVRA and USBM exhibited lower accuracy. Sensitivity analysis indicated RMS as the main input factor. This study is the first to use CapSA-MLP with RMS for airblast prediction. The findings illustrate the significance of metaheuristic optimization in developing adaptable, generalizable models for various rock types, thereby improving blast design and environmental management in mining activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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19 pages, 14233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subsurface Characterization of the Merija Anticline’s Rooting Using Integrated Geophysical Techniques: Implications for Copper Exploration

by Mohammed Boumehdi, Hicham Khebbi, Doha Dchar, Lahsen Achkouch, Anwar Ain Tagzalt, Nour Eddine Berkat, Mohammed Magoua, Youssef Hahou and Othman Sadki

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080305 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

This study investigates the subsurface rooting of the Merija anticline in the Missour Basin, Morocco, with a focus on copper mineralization exploration. A sequential geophysical workflow was implemented, combining gravity surveys, electrical resistivity (ER), and induced polarization (IP) methods. The gravity data, acquired [...] Read more.

This study investigates the subsurface rooting of the Merija anticline in the Missour Basin, Morocco, with a focus on copper mineralization exploration. A sequential geophysical workflow was implemented, combining gravity surveys, electrical resistivity (ER), and induced polarization (IP) methods. The gravity data, acquired along spaced profiles extending from outcropping areas to Quaternary-covered zones, clearly delineated the structural continuity of the anticline beneath the cover. The application of trend filtering in covered areas allowed the removal of regional effects, successfully isolating residual anomalies associated with the buried continuation of the anticline. Interpolated Bouguer anomaly maps highlighted a major regional fault, interpreted as controlling the deep rooting of the anticline. A resistivity profile was then deployed perpendicular to this fault, providing detailed imaging of the anticline’s geometry and lithological contrasts. Complementary IP profiles conducted near the mine site targeted the detection of chargeability anomalies associated with copper mineralization dominated by malachite, confirming the electrical signature of copper mineralization, particularly within the sandstone and conglomerate formations of the Lower Cretaceous. To validate the geophysical interpretations, a drilling campaign was conducted, which confirmed the presence of the identified lithological units and the anticline rooting, as revealed by geophysical data. This approach provides a robust framework for copper exploration in the Merija area and can be adapted to similar geological contexts elsewhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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21 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Semi-Supervised Approach to Characterise Microseismic Landslide Events from Big Noisy Data

by David Murray, Lina Stankovic and Vladimir Stankovic

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080304 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

Most public seismic recordings, sampled at hundreds of Hz, tend to be unlabelled, i.e., not catalogued, mainly because of the sheer volume of samples and the amount of time needed by experts to confidently label detected events. This is especially challenging for very [...] Read more.

Most public seismic recordings, sampled at hundreds of Hz, tend to be unlabelled, i.e., not catalogued, mainly because of the sheer volume of samples and the amount of time needed by experts to confidently label detected events. This is especially challenging for very low signal-to-noise ratio microseismic events that characterise landslides during rock and soil mass displacement. Whilst numerous supervised machine learning models have been proposed to classify landslide events, they rely on a large amount of labelled datasets. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop tools to effectively automate the data-labelling process from a small set of labelled samples. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised method for labelling of signals recorded by seismometers that can reduce the time and expertise needed to create fully annotated datasets. The proposed Siamese network approach learns best class-exemplar anchors, leveraging learned similarity between these anchor embeddings and unlabelled signals. Classification is performed via soft-labelling and thresholding instead of hard class boundaries. Furthermore, network output explainability is used to explain misclassifications and we demonstrate the effect of anchors on performance, via ablation studies. The proposed approach classifies four landslide classes, namely earthquakes, micro-quakes, rockfall and anthropogenic noise, demonstrating good agreement with manually detected events while requiring few training data to be effective, hence reducing the time needed for labelling and updating models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Approaches with Seismic Techniques to Investigate Landslide Areas)

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14 pages, 7406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Driven Calibration of MODFLOW Models: Comparing Random Forest and XGBoost Approaches

by Husam Musa Baalousha

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080303 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 183

Abstract

The groundwater inverse problem has several challenges such as instability, non-uniqueness, and complexity, especially for heterogeneous aquifers. Solving the inverse problem is the traditional way to calibrate models, but it is both time-consuming and sensitive to errors in the measurements. This study explores [...] Read more.

The groundwater inverse problem has several challenges such as instability, non-uniqueness, and complexity, especially for heterogeneous aquifers. Solving the inverse problem is the traditional way to calibrate models, but it is both time-consuming and sensitive to errors in the measurements. This study explores the use of machine learning (ML) surrogate models, namely Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), to solve the inverse problem for the groundwater model calibration. Datasets for 20 hydraulic conductivity fields were created randomly based on statistics of hydraulic conductivity from the available data of the Northern Aquifer of Qatar, which was used as a case study. The corresponding hydraulic head values were obtained using MODFLOW simulations, and the data were used to train and validate the ML models. The trained surrogate models were used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity based on field observations. The results show that both RF and XGBoost have considerable predictive skill, with RF having better R² and RMSE values (R² = 0.99 for training, 0.93 for testing) than XGBoost (R² = 0.86 for training, 0.85 for testing). The ML-based method lowered the computational effort greatly compared to the classical solution of the inverse problem (i.e., using PEST) and still produced strong and reliable spatial patterns of hydraulic conductivity. This demonstrates the potential of machine learning models for calibrating complex groundwater systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 6218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Relationship Between Electrical Resistivity and Water Content in Unsaturated Loess: Theoretical Model and ERT Imaging Verification

by Hu Zeng, Qianli Zhang, Cui Du, Jie Liu and Yilin Li

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080302 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

As a typical porous medium, unsaturated loess demonstrates critical hydro-mechanical coupling properties that fundamentally influence geohazard mitigation, groundwater resource evaluation, and foundation stability in geotechnical engineering. This investigation develops a novel theoretical framework to overcome the limitations of existing models in converting electrical [...] Read more.

As a typical porous medium, unsaturated loess demonstrates critical hydro-mechanical coupling properties that fundamentally influence geohazard mitigation, groundwater resource evaluation, and foundation stability in geotechnical engineering. This investigation develops a novel theoretical framework to overcome the limitations of existing models in converting electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles into water content distributions for unsaturated loess through quantitative inversion modeling. Systematic laboratory investigations on remolded loess specimens with controlled density and water content conditions revealed distinct resistivity–water interaction mechanisms. A characteristic two-stage decay pattern was identified: resistivity exhibited an exponential decrease from 420 Ω·m (water saturation (S_w = 10%)) to 90 Ω·m (S_w = 40%), followed by asymptotic stabilization at S_w ≥ 40%. The derived quantitative correlation provides a robust mathematical basis for water content profile inversion. Field validation through integrated ERT and borehole data demonstrated exceptional predictive accuracy in shallow strata (<20 m depth), achieving mean absolute errors of <5%. However, inversion reliability decreased with depth (>20 m), primarily attributed to density-dependent charge transport mechanisms. This underscores the necessity of incorporating coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes for deep-layer characterization. This study provides a robust framework for engineering applications of ERT in loess terrains, offering significant advancements in geotechnical monitoring and geohazard prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Transport, Transformation and Cycling of Elements in Water and Soil and Their Response to Human Activities)

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58 pages, 10593 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Statistical Physics of Fissure Swarms and Dike Swarms

by Agust Gudmundsson

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080301 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

Fissure swarms and dike swarms in Iceland constitute the main parts of volcanic systems that are 40–150 km long, 5–20 km wide, extend to depths of 10–20 km, and contain 2 × 10¹⁴ outcrop-scale (≥0.1 m) and 10^22–23 down to grain-scale [...] Read more.

Fissure swarms and dike swarms in Iceland constitute the main parts of volcanic systems that are 40–150 km long, 5–20 km wide, extend to depths of 10–20 km, and contain 2 × 10¹⁴ outcrop-scale (≥0.1 m) and 10^22–23 down to grain-scale (≥1 mm) fractures, suggesting that statistical physics is an appropriate method of analysis. Length-size distributions of 565 outcrop-scale Holocene fissures (tension fractures and normal faults) and 1041 Neogene dikes show good to excellent fits with negative power laws and exponential laws. Here, the Helmholtz free energy is used to represent the energy supplied to the swarms and to derive the Gibbs–Shannon entropy formula. The calculated entropies of 12 sets and subsets of fissures and 3 sets and subsets of dikes all show strong positive correlations with sets/subsets length ranges and scaling exponents. Statistical physics considerations suggest that, at a given time, the probability of the overall state of stress in a crustal segment being heterogeneous is much greater than the state of stress being homogeneous and favourable to the propagation of a fissure or a dike. In a heterogeneous stress field, most fissures/dikes become arrested after a short propagation—which is a formal explanation of the observed statistical size-length distributions. As the size of the stress-homogenised rock volume increases larger fissures/dikes can form, increasing the length range of the distribution (and its entropy) which may, potentially, transform from an exponential distribution into a power-law distribution. Full article

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29 pages, 12422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Foreshock–Aftershock–Swarm Discrimination During the 2025 Seismic Crisis near Santorini Volcano, Greece: Earthquake Statistics and Complex Networks

by Ioanna Triantafyllou, Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos, Constantinos Siettos and Konstantinos Spiliotis

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080300 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1048

Abstract

The advanced determination of the type (foreshock–aftershock–swarm) of an ongoing seismic cluster is quite challenging; only retrospective solutions have thus far been proposed. In the period of January–March 2025, a seismic cluster, recorded between Santorini volcano and Amorgos Island, South Aegean Sea, caused [...] Read more.

The advanced determination of the type (foreshock–aftershock–swarm) of an ongoing seismic cluster is quite challenging; only retrospective solutions have thus far been proposed. In the period of January–March 2025, a seismic cluster, recorded between Santorini volcano and Amorgos Island, South Aegean Sea, caused considerable social concern. A rapid increase in both the seismicity rate and the earthquake magnitudes was noted until the mainshock of M_L = 5.3 on 10 February; afterwards, activity gradually diminished. Fault-plane solutions indicated SW-NE normal faulting. The epicenters moved with a mean velocity of ~0.72 km/day from SW to NE up to the mainshock area at a distance of ~25 km. Crucial questions publicly emerged during the cluster. Was it a foreshock–aftershock activity or a swarm of possibly volcanic origin? We performed real-time discrimination of the cluster type based on a daily re-evaluation of the space–time–magnitude changes and their significance relative to background seismicity using earthquake statistics and the topological metric betweenness centrality. Our findings were periodically documented during the ongoing cluster starting from the fourth cluster day (2 February 2025), at which point we determined that it was a foreshock and not a case of seismic swarm. The third day after the M_L = 5.3 mainshock, a typical aftershock decay was detected. The observed foreshock properties favored a cascade mechanism, likely facilitated by non-volcanic material softening and the likely subdiffusion processes in a dense fault network. This mechanism was possibly combined with an aseismic nucleation process if transient geodetic deformation was present. No significant aftershock expansion towards the NE was noted, possibly due to the presence of a geometrical fault barrier east of the Anydros Ridge. The 2025 activity offered an excellent opportunity to investigate deciphering the type of ongoing seismicity cluster for real-time discrimination between foreshocks, aftershocks, and swarms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Natural Hazards)

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16 pages, 21475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Palynostratigraphy of the “Muschelkalk Sedimentary Cycle” in the NW Iberian Range, Central Spain

by Manuel García-Ávila, Soledad García-Gil and José B. Diez

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080299 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

The Muschelkalk sedimentary cycle in the northwestern region of the Iberian Range (central Spain) lies within a transitional area between the Iberian and Hesperia type Triassic domains. To improve the understanding of its paleopalynological record, fifty samples were analyzed from ten stratigraphic sections [...] Read more.

The Muschelkalk sedimentary cycle in the northwestern region of the Iberian Range (central Spain) lies within a transitional area between the Iberian and Hesperia type Triassic domains. To improve the understanding of its paleopalynological record, fifty samples were analyzed from ten stratigraphic sections corresponding to the Tramacastilla Dolostones Formation (TD Fm.), Cuesta del Castillo Sandstones and Siltstones Formation (CCSS Fm.), and Royuela Dolostones, Marls and Limestones Formation (RDML Fm.). Despite previous studies in the area, palynological data remain scarce or insufficiently detailed, highlighting the need for a systematic reassessment. Based on the identified palynological assemblages, the succession is assigned to an age spanning from the Fassanian to the Longobardian, with a possible extension into the base of the Julian (early Carnian). The results confirm that the siliciclastic unit (CCSS) represents a lateral facies change with respect to the carbonate formations of the upper Muschelkalk (TD and RDML). From a paleoecological perspective, the assemblages indicate a warm and predominantly dry environment, dominated by xerophytic conifers, although evidence of more humid local environments, such as marshes or coastal plains, is also observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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21 pages, 4289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

H₂ Transport in Sedimentary Basin

by Luisa Nicoletti, Juan Carlos Hidalgo, Dariusz Strąpoć and Isabelle Moretti

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080298 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 434

Abstract

Natural hydrogen is generated by fairly deep processes and/or in low-permeability rocks. In such contexts, fluids circulate mainly through the network of faults and fractures. However, hydrogen flows from these hydrogen-generating layers can reach sedimentary rocks with more typical permeability and porosity, allowing [...] Read more.

Natural hydrogen is generated by fairly deep processes and/or in low-permeability rocks. In such contexts, fluids circulate mainly through the network of faults and fractures. However, hydrogen flows from these hydrogen-generating layers can reach sedimentary rocks with more typical permeability and porosity, allowing H₂ flows to spread out rather than be concentrated in fractures. In that case, three different H₂ transport modes exist: advection (displacement of water carrying dissolved gas), diffusion, and free gas Darcy flow. Numerical models have been run to compare the efficiency of these different modes and the pathway they imply for the H₂ in a sedimentary basin with active aquifers. The results show the key roles of these aquifers but also the competition between free gas flow and the dissolved gas displacement which can go in opposite directions. Even with a conservative hypothesis on the H₂ charge, a gaseous phase exists at few kilometers deep as well as free gas accumulation. Gaseous phase displacement could be the faster and diffusion is neglectable. The modeling also allows us to predict where H₂ is expected in the soil: in fault zones, eventually above accumulations, and, more likely, due to exsolution, above shallow aquifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Energy Extraction: Geological Insights and Innovations)

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23 pages, 28189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Susceptibility Prediction Using GIS, Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Artificial Neural Network in North-Western Tunisia

by Manel Mersni, Dhekra Souissi, Adnen Amiri, Abdelaziz Sebei, Mohamed Hédi Inoubli and Hans-Balder Havenith

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080297 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 739

Abstract

Landslide susceptibility modelling represents an efficient approach to enhance disaster management and mitigation strategies. The focus of this paper lies in the development of a landslide susceptibility evaluation in northwestern Tunisia using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches. [...] Read more.

Landslide susceptibility modelling represents an efficient approach to enhance disaster management and mitigation strategies. The focus of this paper lies in the development of a landslide susceptibility evaluation in northwestern Tunisia using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches. The used database covers 286 landslides, including ten landslide factor maps: rainfall, slope, aspect, topographic roughness index, lithology, land use and land cover, distance from streams, drainage density, lineament density, and distance from roads. The AHP and ANN approaches were applied to classify the factors by analyzing the correlation relationship between landslide distribution and the significance of associated factors. The Landslide Susceptibility Index result reveals five susceptible zones organized from very low to very high risk, where the zones with the highest risks are associated with the combination of extreme amounts of rainfall and steep slope. The performance of the models was confirmed utilizing the area under the Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The computed ROC curve (AUC) values (0.720 for ANN and 0.651 for AHP) convey the advantage of the ANN method compared to the AHP method. The overlay of the landslide inventory data locations of historical landslides and susceptibility maps shows the concordance of the results, which is in favor of the established model reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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19 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Are US Undergraduates Taught and What Have They Learned About US Continental Crust and Its Sedimentary Basins?

by Clinton Whitaker Crowley and Robert James Stern

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080296 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

We need to educate students and the public about addressing natural resource challenges to maintain civilization moving into a sustainable future. Because US mineral and energy resources are found in its continental crust and sedimentary basins, introductory geology students need to be well-informed [...] Read more.

We need to educate students and the public about addressing natural resource challenges to maintain civilization moving into a sustainable future. Because US mineral and energy resources are found in its continental crust and sedimentary basins, introductory geology students need to be well-informed about US crust and basins. We think that creating effective videos about these topics is the best way to engage students to want to learn more. In preparation for making these videos, we researched what introductory geology students are taught and what they learn about these topics. Student interviews informed us about learned curriculum, and taught curriculum was analyzed using a novel keyword-counting method applied to textbook indices. We found that geophysics is stressed twice as much as geology, radiometric dating, and sedimentary basins. We expected that students would have learned more about geophysics and less about the other topics; however, this was not the case. Students knew more about geology, and less about geophysics, radiometric dating, and sedimentary basins. To make effective videos on these topics, we need to explain the following threshold concepts: seismic refraction to scaffold student understanding of crustal geophysics, as well as radiometric dating and deep time to understand crustal geology and the economic importance of sedimentary basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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23 pages, 2750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Sea Surface Temperatures from Mercenaria spp. During the Plio-Pleistocene: Oxygen Isotope Versus Clumped Isotope Paleothermometers

by Garrett F. N. Braniecki, Donna Surge and Ethan G. Hyland

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080295 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

The Mid-Piacenzian Warm Interval (MPWI) is marked by warmer temperatures and higher atmospheric CO₂ levels than today, making it an analogue for late-21st-century-warming, whereas the early Pleistocene cooling is more like today. We compare seasonal growth temperatures derived from oxygen isotope ratios [...] Read more.

The Mid-Piacenzian Warm Interval (MPWI) is marked by warmer temperatures and higher atmospheric CO₂ levels than today, making it an analogue for late-21st-century-warming, whereas the early Pleistocene cooling is more like today. We compare seasonal growth temperatures derived from oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) and clumped isotopes (∆₄₇) in Mercenaria. Modern shells were previously collected from coastal NC. The fossil shells are from the Duplin (MPWI) and Waccamaw Formations (early Pleistocene), NC. Oxygen isotope ratios range from −2.2‰ to 2.3‰ (modern), −0.9‰ to 2.4‰ (MPWI), and −0.9‰ to 2.9‰ (early Pleistocene). The values of Δ₄₇ range from 0.576‰ to 0.639‰ (modern), 0.566‰ to 0.621‰ (MPWI), and 0.581‰ to 0.615‰ (early Pleistocene). We show that Mercenaria do not require a species-specific ∆₄₇ calibration. Modern and MPWI ∆₄₇-derived summer/winter temperatures (SST_∆47) and seasonal amplitudes are indistinguishable from δ¹⁸O-derived temperatures. The early Pleistocene summer SST_∆47 is indistinguishable from δ¹⁸O-derived temperatures, but the winter SST_∆47 is warmer by 5 °C and may reflect within-shell time averaging. The modern summer/winter SST_∆47 are indistinguishable from the MPWI, but the MPWI has a lower seasonal amplitude by 5 °C. Compared to our calculated δ¹⁸O_sw values, modeled values for the MPWI are within error but are much lower, and they are not within error for the early Pleistocene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pliocene Studies in Paleobiology, Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate)

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37 pages, 9057 KiB

Open AccessReview

Palaeoclimatic Geoheritage in the Age of Climate Change: Educational Use of the Pleistocene Glacial and Periglacial Geodiversity

by Paweł Wolniewicz and Maria Górska-Zabielska

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080294 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 540

Abstract

The lithological record of past climates and climate changes reveals significant potential in enhancing education and understanding of global climate changes and their impacts on contemporary societies. A relatively young geological record of Pleistocene cooling and glaciations serves as one of the most [...] Read more.

The lithological record of past climates and climate changes reveals significant potential in enhancing education and understanding of global climate changes and their impacts on contemporary societies. A relatively young geological record of Pleistocene cooling and glaciations serves as one of the most useful geo-educational tools. The present study encompasses a comprehensive review of ongoing efforts to assess and communicate the glacial geoheritage of the Pleistocene, with a detailed case study of Poland. A literature review is conducted to evaluate the extent of scientific work on inventorying and communicating the geodiversity of Pleistocene glacial and periglacial environments globally. The study demonstrates a steady increase in the number of scientific contributions focused on the evaluation and promotion of Pleistocene geoheritage, with a notable transition from the description of geosites to the establishment of geoconservation practices and educational strategies. The relative complexity of the palaeoclimatic record and the presence of glacial geodiversity features across extensive areas indicate that effective scientific communication of climate changes requires careful selection of a limited number of geodiversity elements and sediment types. In this context, the use of glacial erratic boulders and rock gardens for promotion of Pleistocene glacial geoheritage is advocated, and the significance of educational initiatives for local communities and the preservation of geocultural heritage is outlined in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Research Trends of Geoheritage and Geoconservation)

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20 pages, 5875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Rock Bolt Support for Large Underground Structures Using 3D DFN-DEM Method

by Nooshin Senemarian Isfahani, Amin Azhari, Hem B. Motra, Hamid Hashemalhoseini, Mohammadreza Hajian Hosseinabadi, Alireza Baghbanan and Mohsen Bazargan

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080293 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

A systematic sensitivity analysis using three-dimensional discrete element models with discrete fracture networks (DEM-DFN) was conducted to evaluate underground excavation support in jointed rock masses at the CLAB2 site in Southeastern Sweden. The site features a joint network comprising six distinct joint sets, [...] Read more.

A systematic sensitivity analysis using three-dimensional discrete element models with discrete fracture networks (DEM-DFN) was conducted to evaluate underground excavation support in jointed rock masses at the CLAB2 site in Southeastern Sweden. The site features a joint network comprising six distinct joint sets, each with unique geometrical properties. The study examined 10 DFNs and 19 rock bolt patterns, both conventional and unconventional. It covered 200 scenarios, including 10 unsupported and 190 supported cases. Technical and economic criteria for stability were assessed for each support system. The results indicated that increasing rock bolt length enhances stability up to a certain point. However, multi-length rock bolt patterns with similar consumption can yield significantly different stability outcomes. Notably, the arrangement and properties of rock bolts are crucial for stability, particularly in blocks between bolting sections. These blocks remain interlocked in unsupported areas due to the induced pressure from supported sections. Although equal-length rock bolt patterns are commonly used, the analysis revealed that triple-length rock bolts (3, 6, and 9 m) provided the most effective support across all ten DFN scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Geodynamic, Geotechnics and Geomechanics)

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19 pages, 8049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Magnetic Field Coordinates of BMM Sensors Under a Collapsed Rock Mass Array for Assessing Ore Body Contour Displacement

by Andrey O. Shigin, Danil S. Kudinov, Ekaterina A. Kokhonkova and Vyacheslav V. Romanov

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080292 - 1 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This article analyzes the operating principle of the BMM sensor emitter in order to improve the accuracy of the wireless determination of the BMM sensor coordinates under a massif of destroyed rock in the context of the problem of determining the shift of [...] Read more.

This article analyzes the operating principle of the BMM sensor emitter in order to improve the accuracy of the wireless determination of the BMM sensor coordinates under a massif of destroyed rock in the context of the problem of determining the shift of rocks during gold ore mining. Using numerical simulations, FEM has been developed to develop digital models reflecting individual cases of the propagation of the magnetic field of the emitter located in various geological conditions and positions relative to the rock surface and the vertical axis. The accuracy of determining the coordinates of the radio beacon in the rock has been analyzed, and data on the deviation of the coordinates of the peaks of the magnetic field strength from the radio beacon axis have been obtained in cases of a heterogeneous composition of the rock massif, the influence of the deviation of the emitter axis angle from the vertical, the influence of the unevenness of the collapse relief, and the influence of the superposition of fields from different radiation sources. A study has been carried out to determine the direction of the radio beacon search based on the resulting vector of the emitter’s magnetic field strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mining and Geotechnical Engineering)

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12 pages, 11337 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Crustal-Scale Duplexes Beneath the Eastern Rioni Foreland Basin in Western Georgia: A Case Study from Seismic Reflection Profile

by Victor Alania, Onise Enukidze, Nino Kvavadze, Tamar Beridze, Rusudan Chagelishvili, Anzor Giorgadze, George Melikadze and Alexander Razmadze

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080291 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 247

Abstract

Our understanding of foreland basin subsurface structures relies heavily on seismic reflection data. The seismic profile across the eastern Rioni foreland basin in western Georgia is critical for characterizing its deformation structural style. We applied fault-related folding and thrust wedge theories to interpret [...] Read more.

Our understanding of foreland basin subsurface structures relies heavily on seismic reflection data. The seismic profile across the eastern Rioni foreland basin in western Georgia is critical for characterizing its deformation structural style. We applied fault-related folding and thrust wedge theories to interpret the seismic profile and construction structural cross-section, which reveals that compressional structures are controlled by multiple detachment levels. Both thin-skinned and thick-skinned structures are identified. The seismic profile and structural cross-section reveal the presence of normal faults, reverse faults, thrust faults, duplexes, triangle zone, and crustal-scale duplexes. The deep-level detachment within the basement is responsible for the development of the crustal-scale duplexes. These structures appear to have formed through the reactivation of pre-existing normal faults during compressive deformation. Based on our interpretation, the imaged duplex system likely represents the western subsurface continuation of the Dzirula Massif. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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44 pages, 58273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geological Hazard Susceptibility Assessment Based on the Combined Weighting Method: A Case Study of Xi’an City, China

by Peng Li, Wei Sun, Chang-Rao Li, Ning Nan and Sheng-Rui Su

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080290 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 294

Abstract

Xi’an, China, has a complex geological environment, with geological hazards seriously hindering urban development and safety. This study analyzed the conditions leading to disaster formation and screened 12 evaluation factors (e.g., slope and slope direction) using Spearman’s correlation. Furthermore, it also introduced an [...] Read more.

Xi’an, China, has a complex geological environment, with geological hazards seriously hindering urban development and safety. This study analyzed the conditions leading to disaster formation and screened 12 evaluation factors (e.g., slope and slope direction) using Spearman’s correlation. Furthermore, it also introduced an innovative combined weighting method, integrating subjective weights from the hierarchical analysis method and objective weights from the entropy method, as well as an information value model for susceptibility assessment. The main results are as follows: (1) There are 787 hazard points—landslides/collapses are concentrated in loess areas and Qinling foothills, while subsidence/fissures are concentrated in plains. (2) The combined weighting method effectively overcame the limitations of single methods. (3) Validation using hazard density and ROC curves showed that the combined weighting information value model achieved the highest accuracy (AUC = 0.872). (4) The model was applied to classify the disaster susceptibility of Xi’an into high (12.31%), medium (18.68%), low (7.88%), and non-susceptible (61.14%) zones. The results are consistent with the actual distribution of disasters, thus providing a scientific basis for disaster prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslide Susceptibility Mapping, Hazard Assessment and Risk Evaluation)

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32 pages, 1671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling the Impact of Climate Change on Runoff in a Sub-Regional Basin

by Ndifon M. Agbiji, Jonah C. Agunwamba and Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080289 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 429

Abstract

This study focuses on developing a climate-flood model to investigate and interpret the relationship and impact of climate on runoff/flooding at a sub-regional scale using multiple linear regression (MLR) with 30 years of hydro-climatic data for the Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Data were [...] Read more.

This study focuses on developing a climate-flood model to investigate and interpret the relationship and impact of climate on runoff/flooding at a sub-regional scale using multiple linear regression (MLR) with 30 years of hydro-climatic data for the Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Data were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for the following climatic parameters: annual average rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, humidity, duration of sunlight (sunshine hours), evaporation, wind speed, soil temperature, cloud cover, solar radiation, and atmospheric pressure. These hydro-meteorological data were analysed and used as parameters input to the climate-flood model. Results from multiple regression analyses were used to develop climate-flood models for all the gauge stations in the basin. The findings suggest that at 95% confidence, the climate-flood model was effective in forecasting the annual runoff at all the stations. The findings also identified the climatic parameters that were responsible for 100% of the runoff variability in Calabar (R² = 1.000), 100% the runoff in Uyo (R² = 1.000), 98.8% of the runoff in Ogoja (R² = 0.988), and 99.9% of the runoff in Eket (R² = 0.999). Based on the model, rainfall depth is the only climate parameter that significantly predicts runoff at 95% confidence intervals in Calabar, while in Ogoja, rainfall depth, temperature, and evaporation significantly predict runoff. In Eket, rainfall depth, relative humidity, solar radiation, and soil temperatures are significant predictors of runoff. The model also reveals that rainfall depth and evaporation are significant predictors of runoff in Uyo. The outcome of the study suggests that climate change has impacted runoff and flooding within the Cross River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Hydrological Challenges in a Changing Climate: Lessons and Innovations)

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13 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Soft Data Checking for Subsurface Modeling

by Nataly Chacon-Buitrago and Michael J. Pyrcz

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080288 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

Soft data, such as seismic imagery, plays a critical role in subsurface modeling by providing indirect constraints away from hard data locations. However, validating whether subsurface model realizations honor this type of data remains a challenge due to the lack of robust quantitative [...] Read more.

Soft data, such as seismic imagery, plays a critical role in subsurface modeling by providing indirect constraints away from hard data locations. However, validating whether subsurface model realizations honor this type of data remains a challenge due to the lack of robust quantitative tools. This study introduces a machine learning-based workflow for soft data checking that uses an autoencoder (AE) to encode 2D seismic slices into a latent space. Subsurface model realizations are transformed into the same domain and projected into this latent space, enabling both visual and quantitative comparisons using principal component analysis and Euclidean distances. We demonstrate the workflow on rule-based models and their associated synthetic seismic data (soft data), showing that models with similar Markov chain parameters to the reference soft data score higher in proximity metrics. This approach provides a scalable, quantitative, and interpretable framework for evaluating the consistency between soft data and subsurface models, supporting better decision-making in reservoir characterization and other geoscience applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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17 pages, 4065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Sea Level Changes in the Bay of Maladroxia, Southwestern Sardinia, and Their Implications for the Pre- and Protohistoric Cultures

by Steffen Schneider, Marlen Schlöffel, Anna Pint and Constance von Rüden

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080287 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

A multidisciplinary study was conducted to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental evolution of Maladroxia Bay, one of the principal bays of the islet of Sant’Antioco in southwestern Sardinia, over the past eight millennia. As part of an archaeological landscape project, this study explores the paleogeography [...] Read more.

A multidisciplinary study was conducted to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental evolution of Maladroxia Bay, one of the principal bays of the islet of Sant’Antioco in southwestern Sardinia, over the past eight millennia. As part of an archaeological landscape project, this study explores the paleogeography and environment of the bay from a diachronic perspective to gain insights into the Holocene relative sea level history, shoreline displacements, and the environmental conditions during different phases. This study is based on an analysis of four sediment cores in conjunction with a chronological model that is based on radiocarbon dates. Four relative sea level indicators were produced. These are the first such indicators from the early and middle Holocene for the island of Sant’Antioco. The results indicate that in the early Holocene, the area was a terrestrial, fluvial environment without marine influence. In the 6th millennium BCE, the rising sea level and marine transgression resulted in the formation of a shallow inner lagoon. It reached its maximum extent in the middle of the 5th millennium BCE. Afterwards, a gradual transition from lagoon to floodplain, and a seaward shift of the shoreline occurred. The lagoon potentially served as a valuable source of food and resources during the middle Holocene. During the Nuragic period (2nd to 1st millennium BCE), the Bay of Maladroxia was very similar to how it is today. Its location was ideal for use as an anchorage, due to the calm and sheltered conditions that prevailed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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19 pages, 6898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Application of Radon Measurement and Conventional Electrical Prospecting in Geothermal Exploration: A Case Study of Lantian Section, Ningdu, Jiangxi Province

by Yingying Zhang, Gongxin Chen, Hailong Ye and Ximin Bai

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080286 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 257

Abstract

As a pivotal clean energy source with considerable reserves, geothermal water plays an indispensable role in diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and accomplishing carbon neutrality. This study employed conventional electrical prospecting and radon gas surveys in the Lantian area of Ningdu, aimed at [...] Read more.

As a pivotal clean energy source with considerable reserves, geothermal water plays an indispensable role in diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and accomplishing carbon neutrality. This study employed conventional electrical prospecting and radon gas surveys in the Lantian area of Ningdu, aimed at curtailing geothermal development costs by precise targeting of resource locations. The investigations successfully delineated fracture structures within the Lantian region. Distinct anomalies were identified in the electrical profiling along Survey Lines 1, 2, and 4, with the most pronounced features observed on Line 4. Accordingly, characteristic peak anomalies were exhibited by the radon gas measurement profiles S1, S2, and S4 corresponding to Lines 1, 2, and 4, respectively. The synergistic interpretation of resistivity and radon survey data recognized two primary fracture zones: the NE-trending zone F1 and the NEE-trending zone F2. This integrated approach not only ascertained the efficacy of the radon gas measurement, but also lays a robust basis for future geothermal water exploration targeting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isotope Geochemistry: Latest Developments and Applications for Geosciences)

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15 pages, 2361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characteristics of the Hida Granitoids in the Unazuki and Katakaigawa Areas, Central Japan

by Kazuki Oishi, Rui Kuwahara, Kazuya Shimooka and Motohiro Tsuboi

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080285 - 29 Jul 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

The Hida Belt in central Japan is a key geological unit for understanding the crustal growth of the Eurasian continent in the Mesozoic. However, while previous studies have focused primarily on geochronology, the geochemical characteristics of its rocks and minerals remain largely unexplored. [...] Read more.

The Hida Belt in central Japan is a key geological unit for understanding the crustal growth of the Eurasian continent in the Mesozoic. However, while previous studies have focused primarily on geochronology, the geochemical characteristics of its rocks and minerals remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and magmatic processes of the Hida granitoids, including adakitic rocks, distributed in the Unazuki and Katakaigawa areas. Whole-rock major oxides and trace elements, as well as Rb-Sr isotopes, were analyzed. Based on Rb–Sr isotopic compositions, the Hida granitoids are classified into two types. The younger and older granitoids in the Unazuki area, categorized as Type I, exhibit a narrow range of isotopic ratios, whereas the older granitoids in the Katakaigawa area, classified as Type II, display significantly higher values than those of Type I. The geochemical data suggest that the adakitic rocks in the older granitoids originated from interaction with alkali-rich melts or fluids, while those in the younger granitoids were derived from hydrous felsic magmas sourced from subducted oceanic crust. These findings provide new insights into the formation and evolution of granitic magmatism in the Hida Belt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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19 pages, 1606 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isotopic Studies in South American Mammals: Thirty Years of Paleoecological Discoveries

by Dánae Sanz-Pérez, Rodrigo L. Tomassini and Manuel Hernández Fernández

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080284 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Stable isotope analysis has become a key tool in paleontology, providing insights into ancient diets, ecosystems, climates, and environmental shifts. Despite the growing importance of isotopic studies in South America, no comprehensive bibliometric review has been conducted until now. This study addresses that [...] Read more.

Stable isotope analysis has become a key tool in paleontology, providing insights into ancient diets, ecosystems, climates, and environmental shifts. Despite the growing importance of isotopic studies in South America, no comprehensive bibliometric review has been conducted until now. This study addresses that gap, analyzing the development of the field over the past thirty years. Our results show a rapidly expanding discipline, especially in the last five years, with increasing publication rates and participation from South American researchers, particularly in Brazil and Argentina. However, the analysis also reveals persistent biases: notably, a strong focus on the Quaternary period, which limits broader evolutionary interpretations. Keyword co-occurrence points to dominant themes such as paleodiet, paleoecology, and megafaunal extinction, while highlighting new trends like ecological niche modeling and nitrogen isotope applications. The co-authorship network reflects high levels of collaboration, particularly with Spain and the United States. A marked gender imbalance in authorship is also evident, calling attention to the need for greater inclusivity. This review emphasizes the importance of addressing taxonomic and temporal gaps, strengthening interdisciplinary and international networks, and promoting equity in order to ensure the continued growth and global relevance of isotopic paleontology in South America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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28 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessReview

Radon Anomalies and Earthquake Prediction: Trends and Research Hotspots in the Scientific Literature

by Félix Díaz and Rafael Liza

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080283 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 285

Abstract

Radon anomalies have long been explored as potential geochemical precursors to seismic activity due to their responsiveness to subsurface stress variations. However, before this study, the scientific progression of this research domain had not been systematically examined through a quantitative lens. This study [...] Read more.

Radon anomalies have long been explored as potential geochemical precursors to seismic activity due to their responsiveness to subsurface stress variations. However, before this study, the scientific progression of this research domain had not been systematically examined through a quantitative lens. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 379 articles published between 1977 and 2025 and indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. Utilizing the Bibliometrix R-package and its Biblioshiny interface, the analysis investigates temporal publication trends, leading countries, institutions, international collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. The results reveal a marked increase in research output since 2010, with China, India, and Italy emerging as the most prolific contributors. Thematic mapping indicates a shift from conventional geochemical monitoring toward the integration of artificial intelligence techniques, such as decision trees and neural networks, for anomaly detection and predictive modeling. Notwithstanding this methodological evolution, core research themes remain centered on radon concentration monitoring and the analysis of environmental parameters. Overall, the findings highlight the coexistence of traditional and emerging approaches, emphasizing the importance of standardized methodologies and interdisciplinary collaboration. This bibliometric synthesis provides strategic insights to inform future research and strengthen the role of radon monitoring in seismic early warning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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26 pages, 13192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating a Large-Scale Creeping Landmass Using Remote Sensing and Geophysical Techniques—The Case of Stropones, Evia, Greece

by John D. Alexopoulos, Ioannis-Konstantinos Giannopoulos, Vasileios Gkosios, Spyridon Dilalos, Nicholas Voulgaris and Serafeim E. Poulos

Geosciences 2025, 15(8), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15080282 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 338

Abstract

The present paper deals with an inhabited, creeping mountainous landmass with profound surface deformation that affects the local community. The scope of the paper is to gather surficial and subsurface information in order to understand the parameters of this creeping mass, which is [...] Read more.

The present paper deals with an inhabited, creeping mountainous landmass with profound surface deformation that affects the local community. The scope of the paper is to gather surficial and subsurface information in order to understand the parameters of this creeping mass, which is usually affected by several parameters, such as its geometry, subsurface water, and shear zone. Therefore, a combined aerial and surface investigation has been conducted. The aerial investigation involves UAV’s LiDAR acquisition for the terrain model and a comparison of historical aerial photographs for land use changes. The multi-technique surface investigation included resistivity (ERT) and seismic (SRT, MASW) measurements and density determination of geological formations. This combination of methods proved to be fruitful since several aspects of the landslide were clarified, such as water flow paths, the internal geological structure of the creeping mass, and its geometrical extent. The depth of the shear zone of the creeping mass is delineated at the first five to ten meters from the surface, especially from the difference in diachronic resistivity change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: “New Horizons in Geophysics: From Theory to Applications”)

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