Geosciences

19 pages, 7427 KB

Open AccessArticle

Petrology of the 1952 Eruption and Ancient Lava and Pyroclastic Flows of Krenitsyn Peak Volcano, Onekotan Island, Kuril Arc, Russia

by Vesta O. Davydova, Anton A. Nuzhdaev, Ilya E. Bolshakov, Ruslan A. Kuznetsov, Andrey B. Ermolinskiy, Elena S. Zhitova and Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090358 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Krenitsyn Peak is one of the two active volcanoes on Onekotan Island (Greater Kuril Ridge). The inaccessibility of the island, along with the volcano being situated within a sizeable (7 km in diameter) and cold (3.7 °C) caldera lake, has led to minimal [...] Read more.

Krenitsyn Peak is one of the two active volcanoes on Onekotan Island (Greater Kuril Ridge). The inaccessibility of the island, along with the volcano being situated within a sizeable (7 km in diameter) and cold (3.7 °C) caldera lake, has led to minimal research on the area. We present the first detailed characterization of the rocks from the only historical eruption of Krenitsyn Peak (November 1952) and a brief description of the ancient lava and pyroclastic density current (PDC) deposits that make up the building of the volcano. The 1952 eruptive products are represented by two-pyroxene andesites (59.2–63.3 wt.% SiO₂), and the older lava and pyroclastic flow rocks consist of two-pyroxene andesites and dacites (62–67.6 wt.% SiO₂). Almost all samples belong to the calc-alkaline, medium-K, and medium-Fe series, and the pumiceous lapilli from the 1952 eruption fall into the low-Fe series. The minerals exhibit signs of magma mingling, including relic high-Ca (up to An₉₂) plagioclase cores with signs of dissolution and recrystallization, and oscillatory-zoned pyroxene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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26 pages, 31941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Erosion and Karst in Subsurface Middle Paleozoic Rocks in the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma, USA

by A. Riley Brinkerhoff, John McBride, R. William Keach II and Scott M. Ritter

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090357 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Seismic attribute analysis, guided by well data, reveals widespread stratigraphic anomalies caused by erosion or karstification in the late Ordovician-early Devonian Hunton Group in the Arkoma Basin, eastern Oklahoma, USA. This study shows that these strata are more extensive than previously known. Well [...] Read more.

Seismic attribute analysis, guided by well data, reveals widespread stratigraphic anomalies caused by erosion or karstification in the late Ordovician-early Devonian Hunton Group in the Arkoma Basin, eastern Oklahoma, USA. This study shows that these strata are more extensive than previously known. Well data and seismic mapping in the Red Oak petroleum field identify approximately 40 m thick Hunton lenses, averaging 3 km in diameter, surrounded by karsted rock. These lenses may be remnants of incomplete erosion during the Middle Devonian period (pre-Woodford unconformity) or result from Hunton rocks sagging into sinkholes caused by karstification and collapse of underlying Viola or Bromide carbonates. Using formation tops from wells, correlated with attribute and structure maps from a 3D seismic volume, we identify (1) areas lacking Hunton seismic markers, indicating complete removal; (2) areas with Hunton contacts, showing where Hunton remains; and (3) zones without Hunton but with a thin layer underlying carbonate strata, interpreted as an incipient karst zone, often near areas with Hunton. We also observe that the thickness of the overlying Woodford Shale, a key hydrocarbon target, correlates with karstic and erosional thinning of Hunton carbonates. Interpretation of 3D seismic data reveals a strong connection between thinned Hunton and thickened Woodford Shale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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30 pages, 16948 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dolomitization and Silicification in Syn-Rift Lacustrine Carbonates: Evidence from the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Duwi Basin, Red Sea, Egypt

by Tawfiq Mahran, Reham Y. Abu Elwafa, Alaa Ahmed, Osman Abdelghany and Khaled M. Abdelfadil

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090356 - 11 Sep 2025

Abstract

Studies of early syn-rift successions in the Duwi Basin have revealed repetitive lacustrine carbonate deposits exhibiting regressive sequences and early diagenetic processes. Two main informal stratigraphic units (Units 1 and 2), spanning the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, have been identified in the [...] Read more.

Studies of early syn-rift successions in the Duwi Basin have revealed repetitive lacustrine carbonate deposits exhibiting regressive sequences and early diagenetic processes. Two main informal stratigraphic units (Units 1 and 2), spanning the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene, have been identified in the area. Unit 1 primarily consists of lacustrine limestone and calcrete deposits that formed in a palustrine environment, whereas Unit 2 is composed of dolomites and cherts, which developed during times of lake evaporation and desiccation under arid climatic conditions. A wide variety of pedogenic features, including brecciation, nodulization, rhizocretions, fissuring, microkarsts, and circumgranular cracks, dominate the carbonate sequence, indicating deposition in a marginal lacustrine setting. Integrated petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic studies of carbonate facies reveal two distinct evolutionary stages in the Duwi Basin, with dolomitization and silicification characterizing the late stage. Their isotopic compositions show a wide range of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values, ranging from −9.00‰ to −7.98‰ and from −10.03‰ to −0.68‰, respectively. Dolomite beds exhibit more negative δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values, whereas palustrine limestones display higher (less negative) values. The upward trend of δ¹⁸O enrichment in carbonates suggests that the lake became hydrologically closed. Trace element concentrations serve as potential markers for distinguishing carbonate facies, aiding with paleoenvironmental and diagenetic interpretations. Our findings indicate that the studied dolomites and cherts formed under both biogenic and abiogenic conditions in an evaporative, alkaline-saline lake system. Biogenic dolomite and silica likely resulted from microbial activity, whereas abiogenic formation was driven by physicochemical conditions, including decreasing pH values and the presence of smectite clays. Tectonics, local climate, and provenance played crucial roles in controlling the overall diagenetic patterns and evolutionary history of the lake basin system during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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23 pages, 11733 KB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Vulnerability Function Development Based on the Damage Caused by the 2014 Chiang Rai Earthquake, Thailand

by Patcharavadee Hong and Masashi Matsuoka

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090355 - 10 Sep 2025

Abstract

Seismic hazards in Thailand are frequently overlooked in disaster management planning, leading to insufficient research and significant economic losses during earthquake events. The 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake exposed critical vulnerabilities in Thailand’s building practices due to widespread non-compliance with building codes and limited [...] Read more.

Seismic hazards in Thailand are frequently overlooked in disaster management planning, leading to insufficient research and significant economic losses during earthquake events. The 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake exposed critical vulnerabilities in Thailand’s building practices due to widespread non-compliance with building codes and limited preparedness. This exposure prompted the development of empirical vulnerability functions using loss data from 15,031 damaged residences. The study analyzed government compensation records, which were standardized using replacement cost metrics. Three distinct models were developed through probabilistic and possibilistic modeling approaches. Residual analysis demonstrated the superior performance of the possibilistic approach, with the Possibilistic-based Vulnerability Function achieving a 49.84% reduction in residuals for small loss predictions compared to probability-based models. The research findings indicate that possibility theory—capable of addressing multiple uncertainties—provided a more accurate representation of the observed losses. These results offer valuable guidance for enhancing seismic risk assessment and disaster preparedness strategies in local applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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22 pages, 4003 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modelling of Rock Fragmentation in Landslide Propagation: A Test Case

by Claudia Zito, Massimo Mangifesta, Mirko Francioni, Luigi Guerriero, Diego Di Martire, Domenico Calcaterra, Corrado Cencetti, Antonio Pasculli and Nicola Sciarra

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090354 - 7 Sep 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

Landslides and rockfalls can negatively impact human activities and cause radical changes to the surrounding environment. For example, they can destroy entire buildings and roadway infrastructure, block waterways and create sudden dams, resulting in upstream flooding and increased flood risk downstream. In extreme [...] Read more.

Landslides and rockfalls can negatively impact human activities and cause radical changes to the surrounding environment. For example, they can destroy entire buildings and roadway infrastructure, block waterways and create sudden dams, resulting in upstream flooding and increased flood risk downstream. In extreme cases, they can even cause loss of life. External factors such as weathering, vegetation and mechanical stress alterations play a decisive role in their evolution. These actions can reduce strength, which can have an adverse impact on the slope’s ability to withstand failure. For rockfalls, this process also affects fragmentation, creating variations in the size, shape and volume of detached blocks, which influences propagation and impact on the slope. In this context, the Morino-Rendinara landslide is a clear example of rockfall propagation influenced by fragmentation. In this case, fragmentation results from tectonic stresses acting on the materials as well as specific climatic conditions affecting rock mass properties. This study explores how different fragmentation scales influence both velocity and landslide propagation along the slope. Using numerical models, based on lumped mass approach and stochastic analyses, various scenarios of rock material fracturing were examined and their impact on runout was assessed. Different scenarios were defined, varying only the fragmentation degree and different random seed sets at the beginning of simulations, carried out using the Rock-GIS tool. The results suggest that rock masses with high fracturing show reduced cohesion along joints and cracks, which significantly lowers their shear strength and makes them more prone to failure. Increased fragmentation further decreases the bonding between rock blocks, thereby accelerating landslide propagation. Conversely, less fragmented rocks retain higher resistance, which limits the extent of movement. These processes are influenced by uncertainties related to the distribution and impact of different alteration grades, resulting from variable tectonic stresses and/or atmospheric weathering. Therefore, a stochastic distribution model was developed to integrate the results of all simulations and to reconstruct both the landslide propagation and the evolution of its deposits. This study emphasizes the critical role of fragmentation and the volume involved in rockfalls and their runout behaviour. Furthermore, the method provides a framework for enhancing risk assessment in complex geological environments and for developing mitigation strategies, particularly regarding runout distance and block size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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27 pages, 29215 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Magnetic Analysis of Nieuwerkerk Volcano, Banda Sea, Indonesia: Preliminary Hazard Assessment and Geological Interpretation

by Aditya Pratama, Muhammad Aufaristama, Alutsyah Luthfian, Muhammad Zain Tuakia, Ratika Benita Nareswari, Putu Billy Suryanata, Gabriela Nogo Retnaningtyas Bunga Naen, Affan Fadhilah and Nurhidayat

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090353 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 489

Abstract

Nieuwerkerk Volcano, located in the Banda Sea, Indonesia, is a submarine volcano whose entire edifice lies beneath sea level. Its proximity to several inhabited islands raises significant concerns regarding potential impacts from future volcanic hazards. Despite historical unrest recorded in 1925 and 1927, [...] Read more.

Nieuwerkerk Volcano, located in the Banda Sea, Indonesia, is a submarine volcano whose entire edifice lies beneath sea level. Its proximity to several inhabited islands raises significant concerns regarding potential impacts from future volcanic hazards. Despite historical unrest recorded in 1925 and 1927, a comprehensive geological and geophysical understanding of Nieuwerkerk remains notably limited, with the last research expedition being in 1930. This study seeks to advance our understanding of the geomorphological structure and subsurface characteristics of the region, contributing to a preliminary hazard assessment and delineating key directions for future geoscientific investigation. The data were obtained during our most recent expedition conducted in 2022. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry data were analyzed to delineate the volcano’s morphology, while marine magnetic survey data were processed to interpret magnetic anomalies associated with its structure beneath volcano. Our updated morphological analysis reveals the following: (1) Nieuwerkerk Volcano is among the largest submarine volcanic edifices in the Banda Sea (length = 80 km, width = 30 km, height = 3460 m); (2) there is the presence of twin peaks (depth~300m); (3) there are indications of sector collapse (diameter = 10–12 km); (4) there are significant fault lineaments; and (5) there are landslide deposits, suggesting a complex volcanic edifice shaped by various constructive and destructive processes. The magnetic data show a low magnetic anomaly beneath the surface, where one of the indications is the presence of active magma. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of Nieuwerkerk’s current condition and volcanic evolution for an initial assessment of potential hazards, including future eruptions, edifice collapse, and landslides, which could subsequently trigger tsunamis. Further investigation, including comprehensive geophysical surveys covering the entire Nieuwerkerk area, rock sample analysis, visual seafloor observation, and seawater characterization, is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of its magmatic system and a more robust hazard assessment. This research highlights the critical need for detailed investigations of active submarine volcanoes, particularly those with sparse historical records and close proximity to populated areas, within tectonically complex settings such as the Banda Sea. Full article

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20 pages, 4854 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Talcum Powder: A Developing Solution for Reduction the Swelling Potential of Expansive Soil

by Mohamed Sakr, Ashraf Nazir, Waseim Azzam and Hesham Eleraky

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090352 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 336

Abstract

Expansive soils are clayey soils that undergo significant volume changes due to moisture content variations which can severely affect the stability of foundations and infrastructure. This study investigates the use of talcum powder as a novel stabilizing additive to reduce the swelling potential [...] Read more.

Expansive soils are clayey soils that undergo significant volume changes due to moisture content variations which can severely affect the stability of foundations and infrastructure. This study investigates the use of talcum powder as a novel stabilizing additive to reduce the swelling potential of expansive soils with particular focus on the behavior of the treated soil under curing conditions. Talcum powder concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by dry weight of soil was considered. A comprehensive series of laboratory tests were conducted, including swelling pressure, Atterberg limits, modified Proctor compaction and unconfined compressive strength at 4 curing times: 0 days, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. In addition, mineralogical and microstructural analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results revealed that incorporating talcum powder at a content of 25% by dry weight effectively reduced the swelling pressure by 37.5%. The compression index decreases with the increase in the talcum powder content. The results highlight the material’s significant capability to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soils, particularly under curing conditions and offer a cost-effective and readily available solution for soil stabilization applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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17 pages, 12857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Andesite and CO₂-Saturated Water Interaction at Different Temperatures and Flow Rates Using a Flow-Through Reactor

by Heejun Yang, Akira Ueda, Hideki Kuramitz, Sakurako Satake, Kentaro Masuoka and Amane Terai

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090351 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

This study aims to elucidate the geochemical reactions between CO₂-saturated water and rocks in CO₂-enhanced geothermal system (CO₂-EGS) reservoirs by focusing on andesite found in island arc regions, such as Japan. Laboratory flow tests of CO₂ [...] Read more.

This study aims to elucidate the geochemical reactions between CO₂-saturated water and rocks in CO₂-enhanced geothermal system (CO₂-EGS) reservoirs by focusing on andesite found in island arc regions, such as Japan. Laboratory flow tests of CO₂-saturated water (3 wt.% CO₂) and rocks (particle size: 0.14–1 mm) were conducted under varying temperature (150–250 °C) and flow rate (0.3 and 1.0 mL/min) conditions using a flow-through reactor. Elevated temperatures enhanced the dissolution of silicate minerals, reflected by increased Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Si concentrations, whereas those of Fe²⁺ and Al³⁺ remained low, suggesting secondary mineral precipitation. The dissolution process was dominant at 150 °C. Al-bearing minerals, such as gibbsite and boehmite, as well as clay minerals, including beidellite and kaolinite, were predominant at higher temperatures (200–250 °C). Carbonate minerals were not observed, attributable to low pH and limited availability of divalent cations. Flow rate substantially influenced Si dissolution rates, with lower flow rates promoting longer residence times and higher Si dissolution rates. These results indicate that the test conditions simulate the environment around the injection well, where the fluid is acidic and dissolution is the main reaction in the rock. Although a small amount of secondary minerals precipitated and the Si dissolution rates were of the same order of magnitude as those for labradorite, it may be considered that andesite has less impact on permeability variations than basalt near the injection well in CO₂-EGS reservoirs. Full article

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23 pages, 26402 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Geological Heritage of Príncipe Island (West Africa)

by Keynesménio Neto and Maria Helena Henriques

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090350 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 314

Abstract

The Príncipe Island is in the Gulf of Guinea, along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Africa). It is known worldwide for its biodiversity for whose conservation there is strong national and international consensus. But its geodiversity has played and continues to play a [...] Read more.

The Príncipe Island is in the Gulf of Guinea, along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (West Africa). It is known worldwide for its biodiversity for whose conservation there is strong national and international consensus. But its geodiversity has played and continues to play a very important role in creating this unique habitat in sub-Saharan Africa, and represents an important asset in promoting local tourism, with a focus on the geological history of this remote island. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive synthesis that is both up-to-date and inclusive, incorporating all the fundamental information and references on the geodiversity and the geological heritage of the Príncipe Island. The geological heritage of Príncipe Island is represented by ten geological heritage sites of different types (volcanological, geomorphological, sedimentological, and stratigraphical), and five viewpoints, whose geoheritage contents make it possible to support a narrative about the geological history of the Cameroon Volcanic Line that is of major relevance for the development of geoeducational resources and potentially appealing to fostering regional geotourism. Príncipe geological heritage sites were inventoried and assessed using the same qualitative methodology previously applied to the geological heritage of São Tomé Island, therefore making it possible to complete the country’s national inventory of geological sites, as well as to enrich the representation of African geoheritage among the world’s list of geological heritage sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: "Trends and Prospects in Geoheritage, Geoparks, and Geotourism")

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17 pages, 3397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges in the Detection of Water-Filled Cavities in Karst Environments Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

by Sergio Negri and Dora Francesca Barbolla

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090349 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is one of the most commonly used geophysical methods for imaging the distribution of electrical resistivity in the subsurface. It is often employed to characterise heterogeneity in karst regions and locate cavities and conduits below the surface. The resistivity [...] Read more.

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is one of the most commonly used geophysical methods for imaging the distribution of electrical resistivity in the subsurface. It is often employed to characterise heterogeneity in karst regions and locate cavities and conduits below the surface. The resistivity contrast between the host rock and the cavity depends on the material filling the cavity. Air has a high electrical resistivity and should therefore produce strong reflections and refractions off cavity walls. However, cavities are not always easily detectable. A decrease in resistivity contrast at the interface between rock and air may result from different physical conditions relating to pore saturation, fracturing and stress near the cavity walls. Our first goal is to understand how extensive fracturing and hydrogeological conditions in the first subsurface layers can affect electric current flow in the presence of a karst tunnel. We use the commercial Res2Dmod software 3.0 to simulate an ERT on several ground models. The results, which are based on hydrogeological models, are presented for several conditions of a karst conduit: empty; full of water within a homogeneous background; and below the groundwater level in the presence of extensive fractures in the shallow layer above it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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17 pages, 4287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Environmental Radionuclides and Controlling Factors in Volcanic Soils of Andean Patagonia

by Ludmila La Manna, Leticia Gaspar, Dubraska González Comunian and Ana Navas

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090348 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 259

Abstract

Natural radionuclides (⁴⁰K, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U) were evaluated for the first time on volcanic ash soils of the Argentine Patagonian Andes. The study was carried out along a topoedaphoclimatic gradient, encompassing soils from Xeric Mollisols [...] Read more.

Natural radionuclides (⁴⁰K, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U) were evaluated for the first time on volcanic ash soils of the Argentine Patagonian Andes. The study was carried out along a topoedaphoclimatic gradient, encompassing soils from Xeric Mollisols to Udic Andisols, and different land uses. Median mass-specific activities of the lithogenic radionuclides ⁴⁰K, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U were 375, 8, 17, 19, and 29 (Bq kg⁻¹), respectively, all falling within global natural background levels, yet distinct spatial and vertical patterns emerged. Radionuclide activities increased with sand content and decreased with organic matter, highlighting the role of the parent material and texture. In dry-site Mollisols, ⁴⁰K and ²¹⁰Pb increased with depth, while in humid-site Udands, activities declined with depth, suggesting leaching and surface accumulation by allophane–organic matter complexes. The 238U/226Ra activity ratio showed disequilibrium, indicating young, developing soil profiles. In Xerolls, where native forest was replaced by afforestation and rangeland use, erosion-driven degradation was evident. The distribution of radionuclides along the slopes was closely linked to the topographic position and slope gradient. These results underscore the sensitivity of radionuclide patterns to parent material, soil-forming processes and land use and provide a valuable reference for environmental monitoring in volcanic landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Estimating the Coefficient of Variation of Large Earthquake Recurrence Interval Based on Paleoseismic Sequences

by Xing Guo and Zhijun Dai

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090347 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 297

Abstract

The coefficient of variation α is a critical parameter in the Brownian Passage Time (BPT) model, used to quantify the variability of large earthquake recurrence intervals. In this paper, a new estimation method is proposed for α based on paleoseismic sequences across multiple [...] Read more.

The coefficient of variation α is a critical parameter in the Brownian Passage Time (BPT) model, used to quantify the variability of large earthquake recurrence intervals. In this paper, a new estimation method is proposed for α based on paleoseismic sequences across multiple faults within a given tectonic region. By integrating Monte Carlo simulations with a Bayesian framework, the method assesses the probability distribution of α without assuming that the sample average recurrence interval equals the true mean μ, thereby avoiding epistemic bias. To validate the method, 1,000,000 simulations were conducted in two study areas of differing spatial scales. In the Western Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor, the posterior mean of α is 0.36 (without dating uncertainty) and 0.34 (with uncertainty). Expanding the analysis to 29 faults across western China, the estimated α increases to 0.39 (without dating uncertainty) and 0.36 (with uncertainty), with substantially reduced uncertainty bounds. The results reveal that increasing the number of paleoseismic sequences significantly reduces the uncertainty in estimating α, while considering dating uncertainty has only a minor impact. The methodology provides a robust framework for deriving region-specific recurrence variability parameters and proves particularly valuable for tectonically active regions where individual fault records are sparse but collectively form comprehensive datasets across multiple fault systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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17 pages, 4855 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Combined Use of Fly Ash and Lime to Stabilize a Clayey Soil: A Sustainable and Promising Approach

by Marta Di Sante, Muhammad Khizar Khan, Luca Calò, Evelina Fratalocchi and Francesco Mazzieri

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090346 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

The aim of the present note is to contribute to the search for sustainable binders to be used for soil stabilization purposes. Fly ash and quicklime are added to a clayey soil of low plasticity in different proportions; samples were prepared by wet [...] Read more.

The aim of the present note is to contribute to the search for sustainable binders to be used for soil stabilization purposes. Fly ash and quicklime are added to a clayey soil of low plasticity in different proportions; samples were prepared by wet mixing and Standard Proctor compaction of the soil–water–binder mixture. Permeability tests were carried out for the first 28 days of curing, varying the moulding water content of the investigated samples. Compressibility was evaluated through one-dimensional consolidation tests performed after 7 days of curing and shear strength was investigated at the same curing time. Reactions development was successfully monitored by measuring pH and small strain shear modulus by means of bender elements testing for the first 28 days of curing. Microstructural investigation through scanning electron microscope and Energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy revealed the presence of pozzolanic products in the mixture, reflecting the reduction in compressibility and the improvement in the mechanical characteristics of the soil of concern, after the treatment. The addition of the combination of fly ash and quicklime allowed to enhance the draining capability of the mixtures, especially when the mixture is compacted at optimum water content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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29 pages, 24013 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Architecture of Foreland Basins from Seismic Noise Recording: Tectonic Implications for the Western End of the Guadalquivir Basin

by David Amador Luna, Albert Macau, Carlos Fernández and Francisco M. Alonso-Chaves

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090345 - 3 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The Variscan and Mesozoic basement are covered by Neogene and Quaternary sediments belonging to the Guadalquivir foreland Basin (southern Spain). This study explores the subsurface of the northern margin of its westernmost sector using the HVSR method, recording seismic noise at 334 stations [...] Read more.

The Variscan and Mesozoic basement are covered by Neogene and Quaternary sediments belonging to the Guadalquivir foreland Basin (southern Spain). This study explores the subsurface of the northern margin of its westernmost sector using the HVSR method, recording seismic noise at 334 stations between the mouths of the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir rivers, near Doñana National Park. Fundamental frequency and basement measurements enabled the estimation of an empirical formula for basement depth: h = 80.16·f₀^−1.48. Five distinct HVSR responses were obtained: (a) low-frequency peaks, indicating deep substratum; (b) high-frequency peaks, shallow bedrock; (c) broad peaks, potential critical zones (3D-2D effects, suggesting faults); (d) double peaks (marshlands); and (e) no peaks, near-outcropping bedrock. The soil fundamental frequencies range from 0.23 to 18 Hz, with bedrock depth ranges from 1 to 5 m in the northwest to over 600 m in the southeast. Borehole data correlate strongly with HVSR-derived results, with typical discrepancies of only a few tens of meters, likely due to the presence of non-geological basement acting as a mechanical basement. Although the possibility of ancient fluvial terraces of the Guadalquivir River contributing to abrupt slope changes is considered, H/V spectra with broad peaks suggest tectonic origins. This study presents the first regional three-dimensional model of the basin basement over an area exceeding 2300 km², revealing a horst-and-graben system formed by foreland deformation linked to the westward advance of the Rif-Betic orogenic front. Full article

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24 pages, 19145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Marine Hydraulic Process Modelling Using SMC-Brasil on the Semi-Arid Brazilian Coast

by Thiago Cavalcante Lins Silva, Marco Túlio Mendonça Diniz, Paulo Victor do Nascimento Araújo and Bruno Ferreira

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090344 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 497

Abstract

Understanding coastal hydraulic processes is essential for sustainable coastal planning and management, especially in semi-arid regions where data scarcity represents a significant challenge. This study sought to apply the Brazilian Coastal Modelling System (SMC-Brasil) to analyse the coastal hydraulic processes present on the [...] Read more.

Understanding coastal hydraulic processes is essential for sustainable coastal planning and management, especially in semi-arid regions where data scarcity represents a significant challenge. This study sought to apply the Brazilian Coastal Modelling System (SMC-Brasil) to analyse the coastal hydraulic processes present on the Brazilian semi-arid coast in Rio Grande do Norte, seeking to understand its boundary conditions given the scarcity of data and limited monitoring network. The methodological procedures followed five main stages: data collection and processing, running the models, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the results. The simulations identified wave propagation and dissipation patterns influenced by local bathymetric features such as sandy banks and submarine canyons. The modelling indicated waves with an average Hs₅₀% of 1.14 m, with dominant directions from ENE to ESE. Longitudinal flows ranged from 1 to 8 m³/h, with a predominance of east to west at medium and high tides. The modelling indicated spatial gradients of energy and sediment transport compatible with historical records and field observations. The results show that submerged relief irregularities play a central role in regional coastal dynamics, conditioning current flows and deposition. The application of SMC-Brasil has shown potential to fill monitoring gaps in regions with low infrastructure, offering affordable and effective technical support for adaptive coastal planning in the face of climate change impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrogeology)

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36 pages, 12719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Petrogenesis and Provenance of the Triassic Metasedimentary Succession in the Sakar Unit, Bulgaria: Constraints from Petrology, Geochemistry, and U-Pb Detrital Geochronology

by Tzvetomila Filipova Vladinova and Milena Georgieva Georgieva

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090343 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the metasedimentary sequences of terrigenous–carbonate Sakar-type Triassic (TCSTT) and Sakar-type Triassic (STT) in the Sakar Unit, southeastern Bulgaria. Both share lithological similarities (alternation of carbonate–silicate schists, mica schists, marbles, and impure marbles) and are affected by post-Triassic metamorphism, but with [...] Read more.

This study investigates the metasedimentary sequences of terrigenous–carbonate Sakar-type Triassic (TCSTT) and Sakar-type Triassic (STT) in the Sakar Unit, southeastern Bulgaria. Both share lithological similarities (alternation of carbonate–silicate schists, mica schists, marbles, and impure marbles) and are affected by post-Triassic metamorphism, but with differences in metamorphic grade and partly in the variation of potential sources of the sedimentary material. STT shows a higher metamorphic grade (lower amphibolite facies) when compared to TCSTT (lower greenschist facies). Petrographic observations and geochemical analyses indicate protoliths composed of arkosic sandstones, shales, and limestones derived from a quartz-dominated source with minor contributions from intermediate magmatic sources. The U-Pb geochronology of the detrital zircons reveals a dominant Carboniferous age complemented by an Early Ordovician age, which is consistent with the presence of Carboniferous–Permian igneous rocks in the basement. The presence of Early Paleozoic and Cambrian–Neoproterozoic zircons in the detrital zircon populations suggests that older rocks of the basement of the Sakar Unit and the Srednogorie Zone are also sources of the sedimentary material. Based on the immobile trace element content and discrimination diagrams, the siliciclastic component originates from rocks formed in a continental-arc setting. REE patterns indicate a negative Eu anomaly inherited from granitic-source rocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: “Sedimentology and Stratigraphy”)

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13 pages, 12589 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Big Rivers Started to Drain to the Arctic Basin: A View from the Kara Sea

by Victoria Ershova, Daniel Stockli, Carmen Gaina, Andrey Khudoley and Sergey Shimanskiy

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090342 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study provides new constraints on the paleogeographic evolution of the Arctic during the Mesozoic. U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon and rutile grains, together with (U–Th)/He zircon thermochronological data from the uppermost Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous strata of the Sverdrup well in the [...] Read more.

This study provides new constraints on the paleogeographic evolution of the Arctic during the Mesozoic. U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon and rutile grains, together with (U–Th)/He zircon thermochronological data from the uppermost Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous strata of the Sverdrup well in the Kara Sea, reveals a major shift in sediment provenance. Two distinct age populations of detrital zircon define this transition: Group 1 (Middle Jurassic–Hauterivian) shows dominant Neoproterozoic–Cambrian (ca. 700–500 Ma) and Paleozoic (ca. 350–290 Ma) peaks, whereas Group 2 (Aptian–Albian) is characterized by prominent Paleoproterozoic (ca. 1980–1720 Ma), Paleozoic (ca. 350–255 Ma), and Early Mesozoic (ca. 240–115 Ma) ages. Corresponding variations in (U–Th)/He zircon ages—from a Triassic peak (~225 Ma) in Group 1 to a dominant Early Cretaceous peak (~140 Ma) in Group 2—support a switch from a proximal to more distal sediment source. We propose that the emergence of large continent-scale river systems transported clastic material from the southern margin of the Siberian Craton to the Arctic Ocean starting in the late Early Cretaceous. The development of a significant freshwater supply potentially initiated a thick low-salinity layer within the surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean, possibly leading to the onset of a strong salinity stratification of near-surface water masses as in the modern Arctic Ocean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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24 pages, 17479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Heritage and Geology: The Example of the Mascheroni Fountain and Its Qanat in the Rupestrian Town of Laterza (MurGEopark UGGp and “Terra delle Gravine” Regional Park, Puglia, Southern Italy)

by Filippo Bellini, Domenica Bellini, Francesca Clemente, Luisa Sabato and Marcello Tropeano

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090341 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 754

Abstract

Water resources allow us to trace the history of many of our towns. In settings with limited surface water, a very interesting case study is represented by the presence/preservation of water in the rupestrian towns located along the rocky walls of canyons (locally [...] Read more.

Water resources allow us to trace the history of many of our towns. In settings with limited surface water, a very interesting case study is represented by the presence/preservation of water in the rupestrian towns located along the rocky walls of canyons (locally named “gravine”) southward, cutting the Murge karst area (Puglia, Southern Italy). In some sections of their valleys, soft rocks, easy to dig, are exposed, and, along the canyon flanks, favored the development of rupestrian towns (cities where dwellings are carved in these soft rocks). Here, before the construction of aqueducts that now bring water from the “distant” Apennines (at least 30 km away), the building of historical fountains, in addition to the collection of rainwater in cisterns, testifies to the presence of an aquifer now undervalued as a local water resource useful for human settlements in a predominantly karst territory. Our study regards an aquifer feeding the Mascheroni Fountain (Great Masks Fountain) through a short qanat that allowed for the development of the old town of Laterza, in Puglia (Southern Italy). Starting from the attractiveness of the ancient fountain, the connection between geological features of the area and the ancestral origin of the city could be proposed to a large audience, representing an intriguing opportunity to develop themes useful for geotouristic purposes and disseminating concepts about sustainability and the importance of preserving local renewable resources. This topic is of paramount importance since the town of Laterza is located at the boundary between the UNESCO MurGEopark and the “Terra delle Gravine” Regional Park, making it the ideal starting point for both parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: "Trends and Prospects in Geoheritage, Geoparks, and Geotourism")

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19 pages, 4060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing Waste Tyres for Sustainable Riverbank Revetment and Stabilization: A Hybrid Nature-Based Pilot in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta

by Cu Ngoc Thang, Nguyen Thanh Binh, Tran Van Ty, Nguyen Thi Bay, Chau Nguyen Xuan Quang and Nigel K. Downes

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090340 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Riverbank erosion poses a significant threat to livelihoods and infrastructure in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. This study explores the use of old tyres as a material for embankment construction to stabilize riverbanks, combining physical reinforcement with bioengineering [...] Read more.

Riverbank erosion poses a significant threat to livelihoods and infrastructure in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. This study explores the use of old tyres as a material for embankment construction to stabilize riverbanks, combining physical reinforcement with bioengineering techniques. A pilot project was conducted in Dinh My commune, An Giang Province, where an embankment was constructed using old tyres, geotextile, riprap, and vegetation. Field measurements using the Leica TS02 Plus Total Station and Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling were employed to assess the embankment’s performance. Results indicate that the embankment effectively stabilized the riverbank, with a maximum displacement of 18 mm observed after one year. The FEM predictions closely aligned with the measured data, achieving an accuracy of 68% or higher, validating the model’s accuracy. The integration of vegetation further enhanced stability, demonstrating the potential of this approach as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for riverbank protection. This study highlights the dual benefits of erosion control and waste management, offering a replicable strategy for addressing riverbank erosion across deltaic and lowland regions. The pilot offers a scalable model for climate-resilient infrastructure in deltaic regions globally, linking erosion control with circular economy strategies. Full article

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25 pages, 7039 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Influence of Vegetation Breakage on Tsunami-Induced Structural Forces: An Experimental Study

by Ranasinghege Nipuni Udarika and Norio Tanaka

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090339 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

This study experimentally investigated the influence of vegetation integrity, vertical architecture and morphology, flexibility, and patch length on tsunami bore attenuation and structural force reduction, using Pandanus odoratissimus (screwpine) as a model species. A key aspect of the experimental design was [...] Read more.

This study experimentally investigated the influence of vegetation integrity, vertical architecture and morphology, flexibility, and patch length on tsunami bore attenuation and structural force reduction, using Pandanus odoratissimus (screwpine) as a model species. A key aspect of the experimental design was the simulation of vegetation breakage, defined as occurring when the tsunami water depth exceeded 80% of tree height, a critical threshold for structural failure. Results showed that vegetation under non-breaking conditions significantly attenuated water levels and hydrodynamic forces, with maximum tsunami force reductions of up to 70% for rigid and 66.5% for flexible vegetation, particularly when the patch extended further inland (i.e., longer vegetation length). In contrast, vegetation breakage led to a notable decline in protective performance, with horizontal and uplift force reductions dropping between 10.1–45.2% and 10.7–16.7%, respectively, in short patches. Flexible vegetation exhibited the greatest loss of effectiveness due to structural collapse. However, longer vegetation patches played a compensatory role, maintaining higher force reduction even under breaking conditions. Notably, broken P. odoratissimus still contributes to energy dissipation through its intact dense aerial roots that resist flow near the bed. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining vegetation integrity for effective tsunami mitigation, while also recognizing that partially damaged vegetation retains some protective function, particularly when configured in extended patches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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24 pages, 3434 KB

Open AccessArticle

Secondary Education Students’ Misconceptions on Principles of Geology: Minerals and Rocks

by Georgios Giotopoulos, Ioannis Koukouvelas, Irini Skopeliti, Polychronis Economou and Dimitrios Papoulis

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090338 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The purpose of this research is to investigate the misconceptions related to geological concepts among Secondary Education students in the region of Achaia, Greece. The study focuses on both Lower Secondary Education (Gymnasium, grades 7–9) and Upper Secondary Education, including General and Vocational [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the misconceptions related to geological concepts among Secondary Education students in the region of Achaia, Greece. The study focuses on both Lower Secondary Education (Gymnasium, grades 7–9) and Upper Secondary Education, including General and Vocational Education (grades 10–12). Previous research has shown that students entering Lower Secondary Education or High School often possess several misconceptions about geological concepts. These misconceptions result in a fragmented or incorrect understanding, which may arise from intuitive perceptions of how the natural world evolves that are incorrect, or from stereotypes and assumptions acquired from the family environment or inadequacies in the school curriculum. Despite teachers’ efforts to clarify these concepts, a significant percentage of students continue to hold misconceptions, mainly related to minerals and rocks. A total of 1065 secondary students completed an online closed-ended questionnaire that was designed and validated based on previous research findings to highlight their misconceptions. This study results showed a clear differentiation between students from urban and rural areas, while demographic characteristics (such as gender, age, parents’ occupation, and parents’ marital status) did not appear to play a significant role. In addition, the responses to specific sets of questions varied depending on the student’s grade level. Identifying students’ misconceptions can support the development of appropriate educational tools and/or inform targeted interventions that aim to clarify these concepts and correct any incorrect assumptions. Full article

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30 pages, 20277 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multidisciplinary Approach to Mapping Morphostructural Features and Their Relation to Seismic Processes

by Simona Bongiovanni, Raffaele Martorana, Alessandro Canzoneri, Maurizio Gasparo Morticelli and Attilio Sulli

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090337 - 1 Sep 2025

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Abstract

A multidisciplinary investigation was conducted in southwestern Sicily, near the seismically active Belice Valley, based on the analysis of morphostructural features. These were observed as open fractures between 2014 and 2017; they were subsequently filled anthropogenically and then reactivated during a seismic swarm [...] Read more.

A multidisciplinary investigation was conducted in southwestern Sicily, near the seismically active Belice Valley, based on the analysis of morphostructural features. These were observed as open fractures between 2014 and 2017; they were subsequently filled anthropogenically and then reactivated during a seismic swarm in 2019. We generated a seismic event distribution map to analyze the location, magnitude, and depth of earthquakes. This analysis, combined with multitemporal satellite imagery, allowed us to investigate the spatial and temporal relationship between seismic activity and fracture evolution. To investigate the spatial variation in thickness of the superficial cover and to assess the depth to the underlying bedrock or stiffer substratum, 45 Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) ambient noise measurements were conducted. This method, which analyzes the resonance frequency of the ground, produced maps of the amplitude, frequency, and vulnerability index of the ground (K_g). By inverting the HVSR curves, constrained by Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) results, a subsurface model was created aimed at supporting the structural interpretation by highlighting variations in sediment thickness potentially associated with fault-controlled subsidence or deformation zones. The surface investigation revealed depressed elliptical deformation zones, where mainly sands outcrop. Grain-size and morphoscopic analyses of sediment samples helped understand the processes generating these shapes and predict future surface deformation. These elliptical shapes recall the liquefaction process. To investigate the potential presence of subsurface fluids that could have contributed to this process, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was performed. The combination of the maps revealed a correlation between seismic activity and surface deformation, and the fractures observed were interpreted as inherited tectonic and/or geomorphological structures. Full article

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57 pages, 27746 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Remote Sensing and Knowledge-Based Systems for Structural Lineament Mapping in the Rif Belt

by Meriyam Mhammdi Alaoui, Ilias Kacimi, Khadija Diani, Moad Morarech, Saâd Soulaimani and Mohammed Elhag

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090336 - 1 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study presents a novel methodology for mapping Fault- and Thrust-based Structural Lineaments (FT-SL) in the rugged and inaccessible Oued-Laou watershed of the Rif Belt, Morocco. Combining optical (Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI) and radar (Sentinel-1 SAR) remote sensing data, the research employs manual, [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel methodology for mapping Fault- and Thrust-based Structural Lineaments (FT-SL) in the rugged and inaccessible Oued-Laou watershed of the Rif Belt, Morocco. Combining optical (Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-2 MSI) and radar (Sentinel-1 SAR) remote sensing data, the research employs manual, semi-automatic, and automatic extraction methods enhanced by spatial filtering (Sobel, Laplacian, Kuan). A Knowledge-Based System (KBS) integrated with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) evaluates the effectiveness of these methods, focusing on lineament statistics, orientation, density distribution, and correlation with existing geological maps. The results highlight Sentinel-1 SAR’s superior performance in detecting subsurface structures, while manual extraction yields the highest accuracy. This study also demonstrates the potential for generalizing this approach to other Alpine orogenic regions, such as the Alps, due to shared geological characteristics. The findings provide a robust framework for structural lineament mapping in mountainous terrains, addressing challenges of accessibility and data scarcity. Full article

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20 pages, 9016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in the Mitrovica Region: Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterization

by Bahri Sinani, Blazo Boev, Arianit A. Reka, Berat Sinani and Ivan Boev

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090335 - 1 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the presence of naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) in the Bajgora region of Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo. Rock samples were collected and analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The analyses confirmed [...] Read more.

This study investigates the presence of naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) in the Bajgora region of Mitrovica, Republic of Kosovo. Rock samples were collected and analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The analyses confirmed the presence of the chrysotile mineral, which is part of the asbestos mineral family, while the minerals of the serpentine group, lizardite and antigorite, were identified. Also, in the last sample, in the flyschite sandstone formations, quartz was identified. XRPD enabled the identification of mineral phases, while SEM/EDX provided detailed morphological and chemical characterization, essential for confirming asbestos structures. The detection of asbestos near residential areas raises serious public health concerns, as airborne fibers may be inhaled during routine daily activities. Exposure to these fibers is linked to severe diseases, including asbestosis and mesothelioma. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring and comprehensive assessment of asbestos contamination in the Bajgora region. The findings point to the need for continuous monitoring and comprehensive assessment of the Bajgora region for asbestos contamination. Furthermore, the ecological risks to human health resulting from the dispersion of asbestos mineral fibers in the soil, where their presence may be found in surface waters and in the air, these fibers represent a significant environmental risk that requires urgent attention by establishing a monitoring system for the benefit of public health. Full article

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66 pages, 37513 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Priabonian Larger Benthic Foraminifera in the Vicinity of Verona (N Italy)

by Levent Sina Erkızan, György Less and Cesare Andrea Papazzoni

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090334 - 1 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The rich Eocene larger benthic foraminiferal (LBF) assemblages in the vicinity of Verona have long been well known. However, they are described in detail only from the Ypresian to Bartonian interval. Here, we present the results of our morphometrically based study of Priabonian [...] Read more.

The rich Eocene larger benthic foraminiferal (LBF) assemblages in the vicinity of Verona have long been well known. However, they are described in detail only from the Ypresian to Bartonian interval. Here, we present the results of our morphometrically based study of Priabonian LBF. The lowermost part of the succession, just above the uppermost occurrence of giant Nummulites (N. biedai), outcrops at Monte Cavro and contains Heterostegina reticulata multifida and Nummulites hormoensis as major constituents. These taxa clearly determine the earliest Priabonian Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ) 18C. Slightly younger strata can be analyzed in the other three studied exposures on the northern side of Castel San Felice. These beds already represent the early Priabonian SBZ 19A Zone based on the first appearing Spiroclypeus sirottii and the presence of Heterostegina reticulata mossanensis and Nummulites fabianii (replacing H. r. multifida and N. hormoensis, respectively). The most abundant LBF in these beds are the very diverse and well-preserved orthophragmines represented the families Discocyclinidae (genera Discocyclina and Nemkovella) and Orbitoclypeidae (genera Orbitoclypeus and Asterocyclina). They determine the Orthophragmine Zone (OZ) 14. The distinction of six species of the genus Discocyclina (especially that of D. euaensis from D. dispansa) is discussed in detail. The exposures around Castel San Felice are considered as key localities for the SBZ 19A and OZ 14 Zones, containing their key LBF assemblages. Consistently, both orthophragmine and LBF range charts for the late Lutetian to Priabonian are updated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Palaeogeographic and Palaeoclimatic Changes Recorded by Microfossils)

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20 pages, 12028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Geoscience, Ethics, and Community Resilience: Lessons from the Etna 2018 Earthquake

by Marco Neri and Emilia Neri

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090333 - 1 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Mount Etna has a well-documented history of frequent eruptions and seismic activity, periodically causing significant damage to urban areas. On 26 December 2018, a Mw 4.9 shallow earthquake struck the volcano’s eastern flank, severely damaging approximately 3000 buildings. The post-earthquake recovery strategy aimed [...] Read more.

Mount Etna has a well-documented history of frequent eruptions and seismic activity, periodically causing significant damage to urban areas. On 26 December 2018, a Mw 4.9 shallow earthquake struck the volcano’s eastern flank, severely damaging approximately 3000 buildings. The post-earthquake recovery strategy aimed to enhance community resilience by addressing the hazardous nature of the affected territory. This objective was achieved through measures such as relocation and public use transformation. In areas impacted by active faults, the relocation of damaged buildings was encouraged, while cleared zones were repurposed for public use, transformed into gardens and open-air parking spaces. Despite these efforts, some relocated individuals experienced psychological distress. To address this challenge, government planners played a pivotal role in disseminating scientifically accurate information, raising public awareness, and facilitating adaptation. The approach implemented on Etna was later adopted in other post-earthquake recovery programs in Italy, evolving into a replicable strategy for risk mitigation in disaster-prone areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards)

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19 pages, 5933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Map of Geodiversity as a Tool to Identify Geodiversity-Related Ecosystem Services: Application to the Costões e Lagunas Aspiring Geopark, SE Brazil

by Daniel Souza dos Santos, Kátia Leite Mansur and Neila Nunes Ferreira

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090332 - 31 Aug 2025

Viewed by 553

Abstract

Geodiversity mapping is a key topic in the field of geoconservation. Although most methodological proposals are based on quantitative assessments, recent studies on qualitative mapping have shown strong potential for various applications, including relationships with biodiversity, territorial management, and nature conservation. This article [...] Read more.

Geodiversity mapping is a key topic in the field of geoconservation. Although most methodological proposals are based on quantitative assessments, recent studies on qualitative mapping have shown strong potential for various applications, including relationships with biodiversity, territorial management, and nature conservation. This article presents a qualitative geodiversity map of the Costões e Lagunas Aspiring Geopark, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The map was also used to identify geodiversity-related ecosystem services in the territory. The method for generating the map was divided into two steps: first, thematic maps representing geodiversity components were integrated to identify areas where components interact to form specific environments; second, based on these interactions, geodiversity units were defined. Ecosystem services provided by each unit were identified through the analysis of human activities occurring within them. The results show that the geodiversity units provide multiple ecosystem services across different categories and are essential to the well-being of local inhabitants. These findings reinforce the relevance of the qualitative approach and demonstrate that geodiversity mapping can support broader landscape analyses. Thus, qualitative geodiversity maps are effective tools for identifying ecosystem services across extensive areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Research Trends of Geoheritage and Geoconservation)

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26 pages, 3768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence in Geomorphology: A Bibliometric Analysis of Trends, Techniques, and Global Research Patterns

by Marco Luppichini, Domenico Capolongo, Giovanni Scardino, Giovanni Scicchitano and Monica Bini

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090331 - 27 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, artificial intelligence has gained significant traction in Earth sciences, driving a shift from qualitative approaches to quantitative, data-driven methodologies. In geomorphology, artificial intelligence techniques are now applied at multiple scales and for diverse purposes, leveraging a wide spectrum of methods [...] Read more.

In recent years, artificial intelligence has gained significant traction in Earth sciences, driving a shift from qualitative approaches to quantitative, data-driven methodologies. In geomorphology, artificial intelligence techniques are now applied at multiple scales and for diverse purposes, leveraging a wide spectrum of methods including supervised and unsupervised machine learning, regression algorithms, classification models, clustering techniques, neural networks, and dimensionality reduction. This study presents a structured bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature indexed in Scopus, analyzing over 2000 articles published between 1990 and 2024. Through a bibliometric approach, we explore temporal trends, the most commonly used artificial intelligence techniques, thematic domains, geographic patterns, and associated keywords. Results reveal the pervasive use of artificial intelligence in key geomorphological areas, particularly in fluvial, coastal, and erosional contexts, alongside the adoption of a rich variety of algorithms. The study also highlights the wide range of AI techniques applied in geomorphological research, spanning from traditional machine learning models to advanced neural architectures. This review provides a critical overview of the current landscape and outlines future directions to support more transparent, equitable, and integrated adoption of artificial intelligence in geomorphological research. The findings of this study are relevant to a wide range of stakeholders. Researchers and Ph.D. candidates can use the results to identify dominant thematic and methodological trajectories and detect underexplored areas. Data scientists and AI specialists may benefit from the mapped applications to implement advanced techniques in geomorphological contexts. The analysis also offers useful insights for funding agencies aiming to support strategic and equitable research development, particularly in underrepresented regions. Finally, journal editors and publishers may use emerging trends to inform the design of thematic issues and research priorities. Full article

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11 pages, 54717 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Deep-Water Volcaniclastic Layers in the Late Messinian Apennines Foreland Basin Unravel the First Calc-Alkaline Rhyolitic Eruption in the Central Italy Magmatic System

by Michela Principi, Fabio Arzilli, Giulia Bosio, Daniele Morgavi and Claudio N. Di Celma

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090330 - 23 Aug 2025

Viewed by 493

Abstract

A package of upper Messinian volcaniclastic layers (UMVLs), exposed in the deep-water foreland basin system of the central Apennines (Italy), is the volcanic product of a rhyolitic eruption dated to 5.5 Ma. These UMVLs are an important marker for stratigraphic correlations along the [...] Read more.

A package of upper Messinian volcaniclastic layers (UMVLs), exposed in the deep-water foreland basin system of the central Apennines (Italy), is the volcanic product of a rhyolitic eruption dated to 5.5 Ma. These UMVLs are an important marker for stratigraphic correlations along the central Apennines foreland basin system, but their source is still debated and poorly understood. Italian Plio-Quaternary volcanism exhibits significant petrological and geochemical variability, causing debate over magma genesis and differentiation. Investigating the magmatic evolution of central Italy is crucial for understanding one of the most complex geodynamic settings on Earth. The first evidence of efficient magma differentiation, producing eruptible calc-alkaline rhyolitic magmas, is the San Vincenzo eruption at 4.41 Ma. Our sedimentological and petrological analyses of UMVL exposures indicate a possible volcanic source in the northeastern Tuscany Magmatic Province. This discovery implies a developed transcrustal magma reservoir system and suggests that efficient magma differentiation capable of producing eruptible calc-alkaline rhyolitic magma occurred about one million years earlier than the San Vincenzo eruption, marking these UMVLs as the first rhyolitic eruption associated with Italian Plio-Quaternary volcanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Tectonic Origins of Sedimentary Basins: Provenance and Evolution Across Geological Time)

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24 pages, 12181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Surface and Subsurface Behavior of a Natural Gas Storage Site over Time: The Case of the Cornegliano Gas Field (Po Plain, Northern Italy)

by Stefano Lombardi, Andrea Di Giulio, Giuseppe Gervasi, Chiara Cavalleri, Andrew Johnson, Patrick Egermann, Arnaud Lange and Giovanni Toscani

Geosciences 2025, 15(9), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15090329 - 23 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Foredeep basins often host significant natural gas reservoirs within siliciclastic successions, as exemplified by the Po Plain (Northern Italy), one of Europe’s largest foredeep basins. Here, numerous depleted gas reservoirs have been successfully converted into underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. For safe and [...] Read more.

Foredeep basins often host significant natural gas reservoirs within siliciclastic successions, as exemplified by the Po Plain (Northern Italy), one of Europe’s largest foredeep basins. Here, numerous depleted gas reservoirs have been successfully converted into underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. For safe and efficient storage operations, detailed reservoir characterization and continuous monitoring of surface and subsurface effects are crucial. This study investigates the Cornegliano Laudense reservoir during its first 5–7 years as a UGS facility, employing an integrated monitoring approach that combines traditional methods (InSAR for surface deformation, microseismic monitoring) with innovative techniques (Pulsed Neutron Log-PNL). The results clearly illustrate and quantify the significant increase in storage capacity over a relatively short operational period, primarily driven by the progressive displacement of formation water by injected gas. Despite increased stored gas volumes, monitoring revealed no adverse effects on surface stability or subsurface seismicity. This integrated methodology demonstrates substantial potential for refining predictive models, optimizing storage efficiency, and enhancing sustainable management practices for underground gas storage operations. Full article

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