Journal of Personalized Medicine

15 pages, 748 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Levels During One-Lung Ventilation Predict Better Cognitive and Clinical Outcomes After Thoracic Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Ignacio Garutti, Francisco de la Gala, Javier Hortal, Almudena Reyes, Elena de la Fuente, David Martinez-Gascueña, Carlos Alberto Calvo, Santiago Hernández, Estrela Caamaño, Carlos Simón, Elena Vara and Patricia Piñeiro

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090445 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Background: Cerebral desaturation during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in thoracic surgery has been associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). While the adverse effects of low intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO₂) are well documented, the potential clinical value of maintaining supranormal rScO [...] Read more.

Background: Cerebral desaturation during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in thoracic surgery has been associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). While the adverse effects of low intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO₂) are well documented, the potential clinical value of maintaining supranormal rScO₂ levels has not been thoroughly studied. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study based on a previously collected cohort from a tertiary university hospital. Adult patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery between January 2019 and December 2022 were included, provided they received lidocaine either intravenously or via a paravertebral block as part of a standardized anesthetic protocol. Patients were divided into the following two groups based on their mean INVOS values 30 min into OLV: those with rScO₂ ≥75% (H-INVOS group) and <75% (L-INVOS group). Intraoperative physiological variables, inflammatory biomarkers, cognitive function via the Mini-Mental State Examination, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Results: The H-INVOS group exhibited significantly higher preoperative lung function, higher PaO₂ and PaCO₂ values during OLV, and higher hemoglobin concentrations across all timepoints. They also demonstrated better preservation of cognitive function, lower IL-18 expression at 24 h postoperatively, and shorter hospital stays. There were no statistically significant differences in intraoperative hemodynamics or ventilatory mechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cardiothoracic Surgery)

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10 pages, 711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diabetes Phenotypes in Patients Presenting a Myocardial Infarction: Progress Towards Precision Medicine?

by Christelle Lacqua, Arnaud Barbou, Marianne Zeller, Ludwig Serge Aho Glele, Héloïse Adam, Florence Bichat, Jean-Michel Petit, Yves Cottin and Mathieu Boulin

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090444 - 21 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite advances in personalized medicine, diabetes classification and management have remained widely unchanged for decades. The aims of the present study were to determine profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes at the time of their myocardial infarction and to assess [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite advances in personalized medicine, diabetes classification and management have remained widely unchanged for decades. The aims of the present study were to determine profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes at the time of their myocardial infarction and to assess 1-year cardiovascular events. Methods: All type 2 diabetic patients admitted for myocardial infarction in our Coronary Intensive Care Unit between 1 April 2021 and 30 June 2023 were included in this retrospective study. To identify patient profiles, we performed a data-driven cluster analysis based on the k-means method according to six characteristics considered as the most relevant in the literature (age at diabetes diagnosis, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, glutamate decarboxylase antibodies, insulin resistance and beta-cell function). Cox multivariate models were used to identify predictors of 1-year cardiovascular event- and major adverse cardiovascular event-free survivals. Results: This study included 250 patients with a median age of 71 years. Our cluster repartition was as follows: 46% patients presented a severe insulin-deficient diabetes, 3% a severe insulin-resistant diabetes, 16% a mild obesity-related diabetes, 33% a mild age-related diabetes, and 2% patients suffered from a severe autoimmune diabetes. In multivariate analyses, the only independent factor for both longer cardiovascular event- and major adverse cardiovascular event-free survival was a higher glomerular function rate (hazard ratio of 0.97 and 0.98 per 1 mL/mn/1.73 m²; p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: This study suggests that the severe insulin-deficient diabetes and mild age-related diabetes pathophysiological phenotypes, easily estimated using insulin resistance and beta-cell function as well as age at diabetes diagnosis, body mass index, and glycated hemoglobin, were more frequent among diabetic patients at the time of their myocardial infarction. In daily clinical practice, caution is needed for patients with a low glomerular function rate, as this was associated with shorter cardiovascular event- and major adverse cardiovascular event-free survival at 1-year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Diagnostics in Personalized Medicine)

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11 pages, 472 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Future of Valvular Heart Disease and Structural Heart Interventions: Why So Much Excitement?

by Eirini Beneki and Julia Grapsa

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090443 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in the aging population and continues to be a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Advances in non-invasive imaging, able to confirm the presence and severity of valve disease, have been crucial in revealing [...] Read more.

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in the aging population and continues to be a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Advances in non-invasive imaging, able to confirm the presence and severity of valve disease, have been crucial in revealing VHD mechanisms through the assessment of morphological and functional changes. In parallel, immense progress in both surgical techniques and catheter-based interventions has broadened therapeutic options, particularly for high-risk and elderly patients. Despite the availability of evidence-based guidelines, a shared decision-making process should play a key role in the final decision for therapy, outlining the goals and risks of possible intervention coupled with the patient’s own needs and expectations. Future research should aim to develop safer, more effective, and longer-lasting treatments tailored to the unique need of each patient with VHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Echocardiography in Heart Disease)

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16 pages, 400 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Age at Onset on the Clinical Course and Biochemical Parameters of Anorexia Nervosa

by Lorenzo Ferrario, Andrea Costantino, Letizia Maria Affaticati, Massimo Clerici, Antonios Dakanalis, Enrico Capuzzi and Massimiliano Buoli

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090442 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, making early diagnosis and tailored management crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age at onset (AAO)—childhood/adolescence versus adulthood—on the clinical course and associated biochemical parameters. Methods: Seventy-six female [...] Read more.

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric disorders, making early diagnosis and tailored management crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age at onset (AAO)—childhood/adolescence versus adulthood—on the clinical course and associated biochemical parameters. Methods: Seventy-six female patients with AN were divided into two groups based on AAO (<18 years vs. ≥18 years). Group comparisons were performed using t-tests for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables. Correlation analyses assessed associations between AAO and continuous variables. Significant findings were entered into regression models, including a binary logistic regression with AAO as the dependent variable and a linear regression with significant correlations as predictors. Results: The early-onset group showed significantly higher potassium levels and a lower sodium/potassium ratio (Na⁺/K⁺) compared with the late-onset group (potassium: t = 0.93, p < 0.01; Na⁺/K⁺: t = 3.39, p < 0.01). AAO was strongly inversely correlated with potassium levels (r = −0.75, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.574, p < 0.01) and Na⁺/K⁺ (r = 0.78, p = 0.01). Binary logistic regression correctly classified 87% of cases, showing that lower Na⁺/K⁺ was associated with earlier onset (OR = 2.23, p = 0.03). Linear regression confirmed significant associations of AAO with cholesterol levels (B = 0.07, p = 0.02) and Na⁺/K⁺ (B = 1.68, p < 0.01). Conclusions: AAO in AN is strongly associated with specific biochemical parameters. Early-onset patients exhibit more severe electrolyte imbalances, while late-onset cases show higher cholesterol levels, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized treatment approaches according to AAO, although further studies are warranted to confirm these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Psychiatry: Exploring New Horizons in Mental Health)

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11 pages, 573 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cluster-Based Immunization Patterns in Diabetes Mellitus: Insights for Personalized Preventive Care

by Teresa Gisinger, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer and Michael Leutner

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090441 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

Background: We investigated immunization status and preventive care among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients by stratifying them into clinically distinct risk clusters based on comorbidities, reflecting a personalized medicine approach. Methods: Using the Austrian health interview survey 2019, we identified four groups: [...] Read more.

Background: We investigated immunization status and preventive care among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients by stratifying them into clinically distinct risk clusters based on comorbidities, reflecting a personalized medicine approach. Methods: Using the Austrian health interview survey 2019, we identified four groups: cluster 1 (DM, arterial hypertension (aHTN), dyslipidemia; n = 215), cluster 2 (DM, aHTN, dyslipidemia, obesity class II; n = 33), cluster 3 (DM, aHTN, dyslipidemia, depression; n = 65), and a control cohort (DM without hyperlipidemia, hypertension, depression, or obesity class II; n = 214). The cohorts were compared by chi² tests. By logistic regression the association of the cluster-related variables and the vaccination status/preventive care variables were analyzed. Results: Significant differences in intact diphtheria immunization between the cohorts exist (cluster 1: 45.6%, cluster 2: 27.3%, cluster 3: 52.3%, control: 51.9%, p-value 0.047). Differences in intact tetanus (42.4% vs. 64%, p = 0.027) and diphtheria (27.3% vs. 51.9%, p = 0.013) immunization between cluster 2 and control cohort were investigated. Cluster 2 was negatively associated with tetanus (OR 0.83, p = 0.009) and diphtheria (OR 0.85, p = 0.018) immunization. Cluster 1 reports higher rates of fecal occult blood test (50.7% vs. 39.3%, p = 0.022) and cluster 2 reports a higher rate of colonoscopy (24.2% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.015) in comparison to the control cohort. Conclusions: A personalized medicine approach reveals that DM patients with specific comorbidity patterns, particularly those with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity class II, have lower immunization rates—highlighting the need for targeted preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1332 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Precision Paradigm in Periodontology: A Multilevel Framework for Tailored Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

by Gianna Dipalma, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Francesco Inchingolo, Irene Palumbo, Lilla Riccaldo, Mariafrancesca Guglielmo, Roberta Morolla, Andrea Palermo, Grazia Marinelli and Alessio Danilo Inchingolo

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090440 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 763

Abstract

Background: Precision medicine in periodontology seeks to individualize prevention, diagnosis, and treatment based on biological, genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. This approach addresses the limitations of standardized protocols, which often fail to consider patient-specific variability in disease susceptibility and progression. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background: Precision medicine in periodontology seeks to individualize prevention, diagnosis, and treatment based on biological, genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. This approach addresses the limitations of standardized protocols, which often fail to consider patient-specific variability in disease susceptibility and progression. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024593760). Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2014–2025) using terms related to precision and personalized medicine in periodontology. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, and risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS tool. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Diagnostic tools integrating biomarkers (e.g., IL-1β, salivary and GCF proteomics) and digital platforms (e.g., flowcharts and decision support systems) showed improved accuracy and early disease detection. Personalized treatments, including host-modulating therapies and customized antibiotics, improved clinical outcomes. Tailored preventive strategies based on genetic, systemic, and behavioral risk profiling reduced tooth loss and optimized care frequency. Conclusions: Precision periodontology enhances patient-centered care by integrating omics technologies, real-time diagnostics, and behavioral insights. This paradigm improves diagnostic precision, therapeutic outcomes, and long-term prevention, supporting its broader implementation in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Personalized Cosmetic and Restorative Dentistry)

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35 pages, 1744 KB

Open AccessReview

Personalizing Cochlear Implant Care in Single-Sided Deafness: A Distinct Paradigm from Bilateral Hearing Loss

by Emmeline Y. Lin, Stephanie M. Younan, Karen C. Barrett and Nicole T. Jiam

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090439 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1630

Abstract

Background: Cochlear implants (CIs) serve diverse populations with hearing loss, but patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) often show lower post-implantation usage and satisfaction than bilateral CI users. This disparity may stem from their normal contralateral ear providing sufficient auditory input for many daily [...] Read more.

Background: Cochlear implants (CIs) serve diverse populations with hearing loss, but patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) often show lower post-implantation usage and satisfaction than bilateral CI users. This disparity may stem from their normal contralateral ear providing sufficient auditory input for many daily situations, reducing the perceived need for consistent CI use. Consequently, uniform screening and evaluations, typically designed for bilateral hearing loss, often fail to address SSD’s unique needs. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the current literature to explore patient and device factors shaping CI integration, outcomes, and experience in SSD. It highlights implications for developing personalized care strategies distinct from those used in bilateral hearing loss. Results: SSD patients face unique challenges: reliance on compensatory behaviors and significant auditory processing difficulties like acoustic–electric mismatch and place–pitch discrepancy. Anatomical factors and deafness of duration also impact outcomes. Traditional measures are often insufficient due to ceiling effects. Music perception offers a sensitive metric and rehabilitation tool, while big data and machine learning show promise for predicting outcomes and tailoring interventions. Conclusions: Optimizing CI care for SSD necessitates a personalized approach across candidacy, counseling, and rehabilitation. Tailored strategies, including individualized frequency mapping, adaptive auditory training, advanced outcome metrics like music perception, and leveraging big data for precise, data-driven predictions, are crucial for improving consistent CI usage and overall patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Otolaryngology: Big Data Application in Personalized Medicine)

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14 pages, 417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Insulin Resistance with Dysglycemia in Elder Koreans: Age- and Sex-Specific Cutoff Values

by Sang Min Yoon and Boyoung Park

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090438 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 758

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dysglycemia including pre-diabetes mellitus (Pre-DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to support personalized early diagnosis of dysglycemia by proposing optimal, sex- and age-specific cutoff values for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dysglycemia including pre-diabetes mellitus (Pre-DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to support personalized early diagnosis of dysglycemia by proposing optimal, sex- and age-specific cutoff values for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Beta-Cell Function (HOMA-β) in Koreans aged ≥65 years. Methods: This study analyzed 3862 older Koreans from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019–2021), excluding those with prior diabetes or medication. The participants were classified into normal and dysglycemia groups, based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Sex- and age-specific optimal cutoff values were determined using Youden’s Index (YI) and area under the curve (AUC). Results: For T2DM, the optimal HOMA-IR cutoff was 2.25 for men and 2.03 for women, with strong discriminative performance (AUCs: 0.828 and 0.823, respectively). Stratifying cutoff values further by sex and age improved the diagnostic accuracy (AUC > 0.83 in most subgroups), underscoring the value of tailored thresholds. For pre-DM, the HOMA-IR cutoff was 1.73 in men and 1.85 in women (AUCs: 0.682 and 0.665, respectively). Age- and sex-specific cutoffs modestly improved AUCs, particularly in men (up to 0.7), although the improvement was less consistent among women. HOMA-β showed no significant association with dysglycemia, and no meaningful cutoff values were identified. Conclusions: HOMA-IR is a promising marker for the early identification of dysglycemia in older adults when interpreted through a personalized lens. Applying sex- and age-specific cutoff values enhances diagnostic precision and supports a more individualized approach to metabolic risk assessment. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to validate these personalized thresholds and to optimize early detection strategies in diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 1717 KB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Amyloid Monoclonal Antibodies for Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence, ARIA Risk, and Precision Patient Selection

by Amer E. Alkhalifa, Abdulrahman Al Mokhlf, Hande Ali, Nour F. Al-Ghraiybah and Vasiliki Syropoulou

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090437 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2254

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, pathologically defined by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. Recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab represent the first disease-modifying [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, pathologically defined by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. Recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab represent the first disease-modifying therapies for early AD. These therapies have generated both optimism and controversy due to modest efficacy and safety concerns, particularly amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs). This review synthesizes current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and biomarker-guided use of anti-Aβ mAbs in AD. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to 31 July 2025 for studies on anti-amyloid mAbs in AD. Sources included peer-reviewed articles and regulatory reports. The extracted data covered study design, population, amyloid confirmation, dosing, outcomes, biomarkers, ARIA incidence, and management. Results: Anti-amyloid mAbs consistently demonstrated robust amyloid clearance and modest slowing of clinical decline in early symptomatic AD. Differences emerged across agents in efficacy signals, safety profiles, and regulatory outcomes. Lecanemab and donanemab showed more consistent cognitive benefits, while aducanumab yielded mixed findings, leading to its withdrawal. ARIAs were the most frequent adverse events, occurring more often in APOE ε4 carriers and typically during early treatment. Biomarker analyses also revealed favorable downstream effects, including reductions in phosphorylated tau and markers of astroglial injury, supporting engagement of disease biology. Conclusions: Anti-amyloid mAbs provide proof of concept for AD modification, with the greatest benefit in early disease stages and moderate tau burden. Optimal use requires biomarker confirmation of the amyloid, careful tau staging, and genetic risk assessment. While limitations remain, these therapies represent a pivotal step toward precision neurology and may serve as a foundation for multimodal strategies targeting tau, neuroinflammation, and vascular pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disease Biomarkers)

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3 pages, 297 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Journal of Personalized Medicine—Aims and Scope Update

by Kenneth P. H. Pritzker

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090436 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) [...] Full article

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16 pages, 2109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safety of Primary Tracheoesophageal Puncture in Patients Submitted to Enlarged Total Laryngectomy with Pectoralis Major Reconstruction

by Emilia Degni, Sebastiana Lai, Carlo Camillo Ciccarelli, Gamze Yesilli Puzella, Claudia Crescio, Paolo Tropiano, Valeria Fois, Claudio Parrilla, Jacopo Galli and Francesco Bussu

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090435 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Total laryngectomy (TL) remains a key treatment option for advanced laryngeal cancer. Primary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) with voice prosthesis (VP) enables early speech restoration and is increasingly adopted, even in patients with conditions traditionally considered contraindications, such as prior/adjuvant radiotherapy, extended resections, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Total laryngectomy (TL) remains a key treatment option for advanced laryngeal cancer. Primary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) with voice prosthesis (VP) enables early speech restoration and is increasingly adopted, even in patients with conditions traditionally considered contraindications, such as prior/adjuvant radiotherapy, extended resections, and immediate reconstructive procedures. This study evaluates complication rates and long-term outcomes associated with primary TEP in these settings. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 101 patients undergoing TL for laryngeal or hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma at the University Hospital of Sassari (August 2017–December 2024) was analyzed. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and oncological data were collected, with a particular focus on postoperative early complications and late sequelae and oncological outcomes. Results: Primary TEP was performed in 78 patients (77.2%). Overall, pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 6/101 patients (5.9%), postoperative bleeding in 5/101 (5.0%), and dysphagia in 11/101 (10.9%), with only 2/11 (2.0%) requiring intervention. Mean follow-up was 44.6 ± 3.2 months (median 41, range 4–93). No significant association was found between primary TEP and complication rates, including in patients undergoing enlarged TL with pectoralis major reconstruction. Conclusions: Primary TEP appears safe and effective, even in cases requiring extended resections and reconstructive procedures. It should be considered to enhance functional recovery and postoperative quality of life for all motivated patients undergoing total laryngectomy without patient-related contraindications. Our findings may constitute a step towards personalized medicine in laryngeal oncology as they support priortizing patient-specific factors, such as pneumological and neurological clinical conditions and level of cooperation, over purely surgical considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy in Clinical Medicine)

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15 pages, 695 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cancer Prevention Pathways in People Living with HIV: Assessment of Prevalence and Related Factors Among Individuals Attending HIV Division of Ferrara Hospital

by Daniela Segala, Mario Stancanelli and Rosario Cultrera

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090434 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Background. Oncological diseases are among the leading causes of death in people living with HIV (PLWH). With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy and the consequent reduction in AIDS-defining cancers (ADC), there has been a growing incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). Methods. A retrospective [...] Read more.

Background. Oncological diseases are among the leading causes of death in people living with HIV (PLWH). With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy and the consequent reduction in AIDS-defining cancers (ADC), there has been a growing incidence of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC). Methods. A retrospective observational study (cross sectional prevalence analysis) was conducted to investigate the prevalence and spectrum of oncological diseases in patients attending the HIV/AIDS Division at the Ferrara Hospital. The sample included 534 patients evaluated between January 2023 and November 2024 (534/682 met eligibility). Demographic, clinical, and serological data were extracted from medical records. The CDC’s 2014 definition has been adopted for the ADC/NADC classification. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 29 and G*Power 3.1 software. Results. The data analysis revealed 62.8% NADC vs. 37.2% ADC (44 NADCs vs. 26 ADCs). Male individuals and those aged 50 and older were more represented. Patients with ADC more often fell into C2–C3 groups, indicative of severe immunodeficiency, while NADCs were more prevalent in clinical groups A1–B3. Statistical analysis showed that viral load was more frequently under 50 copies/mL in the NADC group, while it tended to be higher in the ADC group. Conclusions. These results align with current scientific evidence regarding the global prevalence of ADCs and NADCs. The findings highlight the need to implement targeted oncological screening strategies for HIV-positive patients to promote early diagnosis and improve prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infectious Disease Epidemiology)

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13 pages, 601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Undiagnosed Risk Factors in Patients with First-Ever Ischemic Stroke Treated at MUHC: A Retrospective Analysis

by Shorog Althubait, Heather Perkins, Robert Cote, Theodore Wein, Jeffrey Minuk, Eric Erhensperger, Liam Durcan, Aimen Moussaddy and Lucy Vieira

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090433 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Background: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite established prevention strategies, many patients present with previously undiagnosed vascular risk factors (URFs) at the time of their first-ever ischemic stroke, suggesting missed opportunities for early detection. In Canada, particularly [...] Read more.

Background: Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite established prevention strategies, many patients present with previously undiagnosed vascular risk factors (URFs) at the time of their first-ever ischemic stroke, suggesting missed opportunities for early detection. In Canada, particularly in Quebec, access to primary care is inconsistent, and a substantial proportion of the population lacks attachment to a family doctor (FD). Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of URFs among patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and to evaluate the relationship between URFs, geographic region, and access to primary care in Quebec, Canada. We hypothesized that patients without an FD would have a higher prevalence of URFs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 610 patients admitted with first-ever ischemic stroke to the McGill University Health Center (MUHC) between 2014 and 2017. Data collected included demographics; known and undiagnosed stroke risk factors such as hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia (HLD), and atrial fibrillation (AF); FD status; and geographic location based on postal code. Results: Among the 610 patients, 136 (22.3%) had at least one URF. The most common URF was HLD (14.3%), followed by HTN (6.2%), AF (1.6%), and DM (0.1%). Of 609 patients with available data, 146 (23.97%) lacked an FD. Patients without an FD were significantly more likely to have undiagnosed HTN (7.6% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.008). No significant differences were observed for the other URFs. Geographic variation was noted in both URF prevalence and FD access, but regional differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that a lack of an FD is associated with a higher prevalence of undiagnosed HTN in ischemic stroke patients. Targeted screening and improved access to primary care, particularly in underserved regions, may help to reduce the burden of preventable stroke by facilitating the earlier identification and management of modifiable risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Preventive Medicine)

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12 pages, 1004 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine-Learning-Based Survival Prediction in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Multi-Model Analysis Using a Comprehensive Clinical Dataset

by Jeong Hyun Lee, Jaeyun Jeong, Young Jin Ahn, Kwang Suk Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Won Sik Ham, Byung Ha Chung and Kyo Chul Koo

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090432 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Purpose: Accurate survival prediction is essential for optimizing the treatment planning in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the traditional statistical models often underperform due to limited variable inclusion and an inability to account for complex, multidimensional data interactions. Methods: We retrospectively [...] Read more.

Purpose: Accurate survival prediction is essential for optimizing the treatment planning in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the traditional statistical models often underperform due to limited variable inclusion and an inability to account for complex, multidimensional data interactions. Methods: We retrospectively collected 46 clinical, laboratory, and pathological variables from 801 patients with CRPC, covering the disease course from the initial disease diagnosis to CRPC progression. Multiple machine learning (ML) models, including random survival forests (RSFs), XGBoost, LightGBM, and logistic regression, were developed to predict cancer-specific mortality (CSM), overall mortality (OM), and 2- and 3-year survival status. The dataset was split into training and test cohorts (80:20), with 10-fold cross-validation. The performance was assessed using the C-index for regression models and the AUC, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score for classification models. Model interpretability was assessed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Results: Over a median follow-up of 24 months, 70.6% of patients experienced CSM. RSFs achieved the highest C-index in the test set for both CSM (0.772) and OM (0.771). For classification tasks, RSFs demonstrated a superior performance in predicting 2-year survival, while XGBoost yielded the highest F1-score for 3-year survival. The SHAP analysis identified time to first-line CRPC treatment and hemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase levels as key predictors of survival outcomes. Conclusion: The RSF and XGBoost ML models demonstrated a superior performance over that of traditional statistical methods in predicting survival in CRPC. These models offer accurate and interpretable prognostic tools that may inform personalized treatment strategies. External validation and the integration of emerging therapies are warranted for broader clinical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Medical Care)

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27 pages, 2698 KB

Open AccessReview

Metabolic Signature of FLT3-Mutated AML: Clinical and Therapeutic Implications

by Cristina Banella, Gianfranco Catalano, Maura Calvani, Eleonora Candi, Nelida Ines Noguera and Serena Travaglini

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090431 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1231

Abstract

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous malignancy marked by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, especially in older patients. While conventional treatments such as the “7 + 3” chemotherapy regimen and allogeneic stem cell transplantation remain standard care options, [...] Read more.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous malignancy marked by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, especially in older patients. While conventional treatments such as the “7 + 3” chemotherapy regimen and allogeneic stem cell transplantation remain standard care options, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed our understanding of AML’s molecular complexity. Among the emerging hallmarks of AML, metabolic reprogramming has gained increasing attention for its role in supporting leukemic cell proliferation, survival, and therapy resistance. Distinct AML subtypes—shaped by specific genetic alterations, including FLT3, NPM1, and IDH mutations—exhibit unique metabolic phenotypes that reflect their underlying molecular landscapes. Notably, FLT3-ITD mutations are associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and altered energy metabolism, contributing to disease aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes. This review highlights the interplay between metabolic plasticity and genetic heterogeneity in AML, with a particular focus on FLT3-driven metabolic rewiring. We discuss recent insights into how these metabolic dependencies may be exploited therapeutically, offering a rationale for the development of metabolism-targeted strategies in the treatment of FLT3-mutated AML. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Progress and Future Directions)

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15 pages, 367 KB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

The CORTEX Project: A Pre–Post Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of a Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy Program for Adult Inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa

by Giada Pietrabissa, Davide Maria Cammisuli, Gloria Marchesi, Giada Rapelli, Federico Brusa, Gianluigi Luxardi, Giovanna Celia, Alessandro Chinello, Chiara Cappelletti, Simone Raineri, Luigi Enrico Zappa, Stefania Landi, Francesco Monaco, Ernesta Panarello, Stefania Palermo, Sara Mirone, Francesca Tessitore, Mauro Cozzolino, Leonardo Mendolicchio and Gianluca Castelnuovo

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090430 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 782

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is marked by cognitive deficits, particularly reduced mental flexibility and weak central coherence, which may sustain the core psychopathological symptoms. While cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) has shown efficacy in improving these cognitive processes in AN, evidence on computer-based CRT [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is marked by cognitive deficits, particularly reduced mental flexibility and weak central coherence, which may sustain the core psychopathological symptoms. While cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) has shown efficacy in improving these cognitive processes in AN, evidence on computer-based CRT remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of integrating computer-assisted cognitive remediation therapy (CA-CRT) into standard nutritional rehabilitation (treatment as usual, TAU) to improve the targeted cognitive and psychological parameters among inpatients with AN in a more personalized and scalable way. Methods: A multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted. At least 54 participants with a diagnosis of AN will be recruited at each site and randomized into either the experimental or control group after initial screening. The intervention will last five weeks and include 15 individual CA-CRT sessions alongside 10 individual CR sessions, delivered in addition to standard care. The primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at the end of the intervention to evaluate the changes in cognitive flexibility, central coherence, and psychological functioning. Results: Participants receiving CA-CRT are expected to develop more flexible and integrated thinking styles and achieve greater improvements in clinical outcomes compared to those receiving standard care alone, supporting a more personalized therapeutic approach. Conclusions: These findings would underscore the feasibility and clinical value of incorporating CA-CRT into standard inpatient treatment for AN. By specifically targeting cognitive inflexibility and poor central coherence in a scalable, individualized format, CA-CRT may enhance treatment effectiveness and support the development of patient-centered interventions tailored to the cognitive profiles of individuals with AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Therapy for Psychophysical Health: An Integrative Approach)

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13 pages, 1905 KB

Open AccessReview

Characteristics of Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Coagulation Abnormalities and Tailored Diagnosis and Treatment

by Osamu Imataki, Makiko Uemura and Akira Kitanaka

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090429 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

At onset, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may be complicated by coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), infection, thromboembolism, hemophagocytic syndrome/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HPS/HLH), hemorrhage, and hematoma formation. In these cases, the cause may be secondary. On the [...] Read more.

At onset, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may be complicated by coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), infection, thromboembolism, hemophagocytic syndrome/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HPS/HLH), hemorrhage, and hematoma formation. In these cases, the cause may be secondary. On the other hand, it is known that platelet clotting dysfunction and fibrinolysis abnormalities are seen in the background of MDS, and primary fibrinolysis abnormalities may be complicated by adverse events associated with paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS). Coagulation fibrinolysis, as a PNS associated with MDS, is known to take the pattern of either consumptive coagulation abnormality or fibrinolytic coagulation abnormality. One mechanism of coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities has been shown to be the immunophenotypical pathway, and aberrant cytokine production is also associated with coagulopathy in MDS. We focused on how to differentiate an MDS-associated bleeding tendency resulting from either secondary or primary causes. In order to make this differentiation, we proposed a useful flowchart for the differentiation of solidified fibrinolysis seen at the initial MDS diagnosis. Additionally, we compared and summarized the molecular pathways of the secondary and primary causes of coagulopathy. Addressing coagulation and fibrinolytic abnormalities in MDS is required to differentiate the complexity and heterogeneity of bleeding and coagulation abnormalities. This review highlights the need to distinguish between the primary (disease-intrinsic) and secondary (reactive or complication-related) causes of coagulopathy. By proposing a diagnostic flowchart tailored to evaluate these causes at initial diagnosis, this study supports individualized risk stratification and management strategies. By comparing the molecular pathways of the two causes of coagulopathy, we provide a clinical discussion of the underlying pathologies. This aligns with the principles of personalized medicine by ensuring that treatment decisions (e.g., supportive care, anticoagulation, and antifibrinolytics) are based on the patient’s specific pathophysiological profile, rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanisms of Diseases)

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11 pages, 1194 KB

Open AccessArticle

Irvine–Gass Syndrome Personalized Treatment Outcomes: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study

by Lorenzo Tomaschek, Laura Hoffmann, Robert Katamay, David Stocker, Asan Kochkorov and Katja Hatz

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090428 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 689

Abstract

Irvine–Gass syndrome (IGS) is a macular edema that is mostly observed after cataract surgery, also known as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). To date, there are still no standardized guidelines for its treatment. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Irvine–Gass syndrome (IGS) is a macular edema that is mostly observed after cataract surgery, also known as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). To date, there are still no standardized guidelines for its treatment. Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of local and systemic treatments on the resolution of Irvine–Gass Syndrome as well as the therapeutic outcomes of patients with known risk factors such as diabetes and arterial hypertension in order to be able to personalize treatment regimens for each patient. Methods: A total of 136 eyes were followed for a mean of 9.7 ± 15.2 months, with patients divided as follows: those who received only local treatment (LT), those who received systemic treatment (ST), those with cardiovascular diseases (CV), and those without cardiovascular diseases (NCV). We compared the time from the diagnosis of IGS to fully recovered edema (no sub- or intraretinal fluid), central subfield thickness (CST, as evaluated using optical coherence tomography), visual acuity (VA), and intraocular pressure (IOD) in each group. The time from diagnosis to resolution was measured from the initiation of therapy to the full resolution of edema. Results: A total of 136 eyes were examined. The mean CST significantly decreased in the LT (n = 75) (458.3 ± 96.5 µm to 320 ± 39.5 µm (p < 0.01)) and ST (n = 61) groups (519.3 ± 121.6 µm to 337.2 ± 70.6 µm (p < 0.01)) from baseline to 12 months, with no significant difference (p = 0.92). The mean VA significantly increased in both groups from baseline to 12 months (LT: 69.1 ± 11.9 to 80.4 ± 6.6 letters (p < 0.01); ST: 65.1 ± 11.8 to 78.5 ± 6.8 letters (p < 0.01)). The mean time to the resolution of edema was significantly shorter in the LT group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the CST decrease, VA gain, or time to edema resolution between the CV and NCV patients. Conclusions: In regard to the non-inferiority of local treatment, a personalized approach for each patient should be considered, and systemic treatment must be critically evaluated to determine possible side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy in Clinical Medicine)

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15 pages, 2619 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Patient-Reported Outcomes of Digital Versus Conventional Impressions for Implant-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Aspasia Pachiou, Evangelia Zervou, Nikitas Sykaras, Dimitrios Tortopidis, Alexis Ioannidis, Ronald E. Jung, Franz J. Strauss and Stefanos Kourtis

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090427 - 5 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between digital and conventional impression techniques for implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (iFDPs). Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases up to June 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Human [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between digital and conventional impression techniques for implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (iFDPs). Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases up to June 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Human clinical studies reporting PROMs between digital and conventional impression techniques for iFDPs were included. Studies using structured, but not necessarily validated, questionnaires were eligible. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Where possible, meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model to pool comparable outcomes across studies using mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Out of 1784 records screened, eighteen studies were included. Most studies showed that digital impressions were associated with higher patient satisfaction, compared to conventional impressions. Ten studies contributed data to at least one outcome; pooled analyses included the following: overall satisfaction (k = 5), comfort (k = 7), gagging/nausea (k = 5), esthetic satisfaction (k = 2), unpleasant taste (k = 5), anxiety (k = 5), discomfort (k = 2), pain (k = 5), and overall discomfort (k = 5). Digital impressions were significantly favored (p < 0.05) for anxiety (MD = 13.3, 95% CI: −22 to −4.5), nausea (MD = −26.4, 95% CI −46.8 to −6.0), bad taste (MD = −34.8, 95% CI −58.3 to −11.3), discomfort (SMD = −2.24, 95% CI −3.51 to −0.98), comfort (SMD = 1.77, 95% CI: 0.60 to 2.94), perceived procedure time (SMD = 0.96; 95% CI 0.29 to 1.62), and overall satisfaction (SMD = 0.55; 95% CI 0.01 to 1.09). No statistically significant differences were found for pain or esthetic evaluation. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed among the included studies. Conclusions: Current evidence indicates that digital impression workflows enhance the overall patient experience for implant-supported fixed restorations, especially in domains linked to comfort and procedural efficiency. These findings support PROM-informed personalization of impression workflows: screening for gagging, anxiety, or intolerance to impression materials could guide patient-tailored use of intraoral scanning while acknowledging no consistent advantage for pain or esthetic perception. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral Health: Innovative and Personalized Approaches)

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16 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammatory Indices vs. CA 125 for the Diagnosis of Early Ovarian Cancer: Evidence from a Multicenter Prospective Italian Cohort

by Carlo Ronsini, Stefano Restaino, Manuela Ludovisi, Giuseppe Vizzielli, Mariano Catello Di Donna, Giuseppe Cucinella, Maria Cristina Solazzo, Cono Scaffa, Pasquale De Franciscis, Mario Fordellone, Stefano Cianci and Vito Chiantera

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090426 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 947

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most challenging gynecologic malignancies to diagnose in its early stages, significantly impacting prognosis and treatment options [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecologic Oncology: Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics and Therapy)

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20 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessReview

Long-Term Prognosis, Risk Assessment, and Management of Patients Diagnosed with Takotsubo Syndrome: A Narrative Review

by Małgorzata Kosek-Nikołajczuk, Ewa Borowiak, Radoslaw Piatkowski, Marcin Grabowski and Monika Budnik

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090425 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a condition marked by sudden and temporary dysfunction of the left ventricle, occurring without significant coronary artery disease. It was previously thought to be a benign and self-limiting condition, associated with a favorable long-term prognosis and minimal impact on [...] Read more.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a condition marked by sudden and temporary dysfunction of the left ventricle, occurring without significant coronary artery disease. It was previously thought to be a benign and self-limiting condition, associated with a favorable long-term prognosis and minimal impact on survival. However, the most recent findings provide evidence that TTS is a heterogeneous condition with various presentation patterns. Using the most recent evidence regarding long-term prognosis in TTS, this review article aims to provide an overview of the long-term survival of patients with TTS, highlighting potential risk factors and comorbidities that may worsen prognosis. It also explores the risk of recurrence and the utility of advanced imaging modalities for prognosis assessment. Risk factors negatively impacting long-term outcomes include male sex, older age, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), physical triggers (especially pulmonary and neurological diseases), and comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and active cancer. Recurrence, though relatively uncommon, can affect up to 11% of patients, with “super recurrence” linked to higher peak troponin levels, lower LVEF, and emotional triggers. Advanced imaging modalities—such as coronary angiography and ventriculography, which are considered the gold standard, along with serial echocardiographic assessment—combined with cardiac biomarkers, including relatively low peak troponin levels and markedly elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as well as diagnostic ratios like copeptin/NT-proBNP, provide a robust framework for differentiating TTS from acute coronary syndromes. Key findings suggest that chronic therapeutic strategies in the long-term management of TTS patients should focus on improving long-term outcomes and reducing the risk of mortality and TTS recurrence. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health) and Google Scholar to identify relevant English-language publications addressing the long-term prognosis, biomarkers, imaging, risk of recurrence, and long-term management of TTS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Prevention and Personalized Treatment for Cardiovascular Diseases)

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14 pages, 1748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Medium- and Long-Term Evaluation of Splenic Arterial Embolization: A Retrospective CT Volumetric and Hematologic Function Analysis

by Filippo Piacentino, Federico Fontana, Cecilia Beltramini, Andrea Coppola, Anna Maria Ierardi, Gianpaolo Carrafiello, Giulio Carcano and Massimo Venturini

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090424 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 575

Abstract

Background: Splenic arterial embolization (SAE) is a well-established technique in the non-operative management of splenic trauma and aneurysms. While its short-term safety and efficacy have been widely documented, medium- and long-term impacts on splenic volume and function remain under-investigated. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Background: Splenic arterial embolization (SAE) is a well-established technique in the non-operative management of splenic trauma and aneurysms. While its short-term safety and efficacy have been widely documented, medium- and long-term impacts on splenic volume and function remain under-investigated. This study aimed to evaluate volumetric changes and hematological parameters following SAE, with emphasis on its role in preserving splenic integrity and potential integration with AI-enhanced imaging technologies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 17 patients treated with SAE between January 2014 and December 2023. Volumetric measurements were performed using computed tomography (CT) with 3D reconstructions before and after SAE. Patients were divided into two groups based on indication: polytrauma (n = 8) and splenic artery aneurysm (n = 9). Hematological parameters including white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and hemoglobin (Hb) were evaluated in correlation with clinical outcomes. Statistical significance was assessed using Student’s t-test, and power analysis was conducted. Results: Among the trauma group, mean splenic volume decreased from 190.5 ± 51.2 cm³ to 147.8 ± 77.8 cm³ (p = 0.2158), while in the aneurysm group, volume decreased from 195.4 ± 78.9 cm³ to 143.7 ± 81.4 cm³ (p = 0.184). Though not statistically significant, these changes suggest post-procedural splenic remodeling. The technical success of SAE was 100%, with no cases of late follow-up infarction, abscess, immunological impairment, or secondary splenectomy required. Hematologic parameters remained within normal limits in follow-up assessments. Conclusions: SAE represents a safe and effective intervention for spleen preservation in both traumatic and aneurysmal conditions. Although a reduction in splenic volume has been observed, white blood cell counts, a reliable indicator of splenic function, have remained stable over time. This finding supports the preservation of splenic function following SAE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Innovations and Artificial Intelligence in Interventional Radiology: A Step Towards Personalized Medicine)

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19 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Piloting of Co.Ge.: A Web-Based Digital Platform for Generative and Clinical Cognitive Assessment

by Angela Muscettola, Martino Belvederi Murri, Michele Specchia, Giovanni Antonio De Bellis, Chiara Montemitro, Federica Sancassiani, Alessandra Perra, Barbara Zaccagnino, Anna Francesca Olivetti, Guido Sciavicco, Rosangela Caruso, Luigi Grassi and Maria Giulia Nanni

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090423 - 3 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 596

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study presents Co.Ge. a Cognitive Generative digital platform for cognitive testing. We describe its architecture and report a pilot study. Methods: Co.Ge. is modular and web-based (Laravel-PHP, MySQL). It can be used to administer a variety of validated cognitive [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study presents Co.Ge. a Cognitive Generative digital platform for cognitive testing. We describe its architecture and report a pilot study. Methods: Co.Ge. is modular and web-based (Laravel-PHP, MySQL). It can be used to administer a variety of validated cognitive tests, facilitating administration and scoring while capturing Reaction Times (RTs), trial-level responses, audio, and other data. Co.Ge. includes a study-management dashboard, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for external integration, encryption, and customizable options. In this demonstrative pilot study, clinical and non-clinical participants completed an Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), which we analyzed using accuracy, number of recalled words, and reaction times as outcomes. We collected ratings of user experience with a standardized rating scale. Analyses included Frequentist and Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs). Results: Mean ratings of user experience were all above 4/5, indicating high acceptability (n = 30). Pilot data from AVLT (n = 123, 60% clinical, 40% healthy) showed that Co.Ge. seamlessly provides standardized clinical ratings, accuracy, and RTs. Analyzing RTs with Bayesian GLMMs and Gamma distribution provided the best fit to data (Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation) and allowed to detect additional associations (e.g., education) otherwise unrecognized using simpler analyses. Conclusions: The prototype of Co.Ge. is technically robust and clinically precise, enabling the extraction of high-resolution behavioral data. Co.Ge. provides traditional clinical-oriented cognitive outcomes but also promotes complex generative models to explore individualized mechanisms of cognition. Thus, it will promote personalized profiling and digital phenotyping for precision psychiatry and rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Future Development in Precision Medicine)

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11 pages, 480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Hides the Clue: Unraveling the Diagnostic Value of Coronary Calcium Scoring in Cardiac Arrest Survivors

by Ana Margarida Martins, Joana Rigueira, Beatriz Valente Silva, Beatriz Nogueira Garcia, Pedro Alves da Silva, Ana Abrantes, Rui Plácido, Doroteia Silva, Fausto J. Pinto and Ana G. Almeida

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090422 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Introduction: Coronary artery disease remains one of the most prevalent causes of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although the benefit of early coronary angiography is well stablished in patients with ST-segment elevation, the benefit and the timing of performing it in other patients [...] Read more.

Introduction: Coronary artery disease remains one of the most prevalent causes of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Although the benefit of early coronary angiography is well stablished in patients with ST-segment elevation, the benefit and the timing of performing it in other patients remain a matter of debate. This is due to the difficulty of identifying those in which an infarction with non-ST-segment elevation is the cause of the OHCA. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) emerges as a reliable predictor of coronary disease and adverse cardiovascular events, detectable even in non-gated chest computed tomography (CT) scans commonly used in OHCA etiological studies, showcasing potential for streamlined risk assessment and management. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate if CAC in non-gated CT scans performed in OHCA survivors could act as a good predictor of coronary artery disease on coronary angiography. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study of OHCA survivors without ST-segment elevation at presentation. We selected patients for whom a non-gated chest CT was performed and underwent coronary angiography due to the clinical, electrocardiogram (ECG), or echocardiographic suspicion of acute coronary syndrome. An investigator, blinded to the coronary angiography report, evaluated CAC both quantitively (with Agatston score) and qualitatively (visual assessment: absent, mild, moderate, or severe). Results: A total of 44 consecutive patients were included: 70% male, mean age of 60 ± 13 years old. The mean Agatston score was 396 ± 573 AU (Agatston units). Regarding the qualitative assessment, CAC was classified as mild, moderate, and severe in 11%, 25%, and 20% of patients, respectively. The coronary angiography revealed significant coronary lesions in 15 patients (34%), of which 87% were revascularized (80% underwent PCI and 7% CABG). The quantitative CAC assessment accurately predicted the presence of significant lesions on coronary angiography (AUC = 0.90, 95% CI 0.81–0.99, p < 0.001). The presence of moderate or severe CAC by visual assessment also predicted significant lesions on coronary angiography (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.87–109.71, p = 0.01). There was also a good and significant correlation between the vessel with severe calcification in the CT scan and the culprit vessel evaluated by coronary angiography. CAC was reported in only 16% of the reviewed CTs, most of them with severe calcification. Conclusion: The assessment of CAC in non-gated chest CT scans proved to be feasible and displayed a robust correlation with the presence, severity, and location of coronary artery disease. Its routine use upfront was shown to be an important complement to CT scan reports, ensuring more precise and personalized OHCA management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Cardiac Imaging)

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14 pages, 3046 KB

Open AccessReview

The State of the Art in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Field Cancerization: A Narrative Review

by Andrea Paradisi, Enrico Bocchino, Maria Mannino, Giulio Gualdi, Alessandra D’Amore, Daniele Omar Traini and Ketty Peris

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090421 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1690

Abstract

Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered the early phase of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and represents one of the most common epithelial skin lesions, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 14%. An estimated annual risk of progression has been reported with a [...] Read more.

Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered the early phase of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and represents one of the most common epithelial skin lesions, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 14%. An estimated annual risk of progression has been reported with a range from 0 to 0.53%. Although spontaneous regression of individual AK lesions has been described in approximately 23% of cases, the frequent presence of multiple lesions, usually in the broader context of field cancerization, significantly diminishes the likelihood of regression and contributes to a higher cumulative risk of progression to SCC. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide an overview of the current evidence of the most effective available lesion-directed and field-directed treatments for actinic keratoses, on the personalized, combined, or sequential approach, as well as on the emerging therapeutic options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatology: Diagnosis and Personalized Treatment)

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10 pages, 538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Outcomes of Splenic Artery Embolization in Blunt Splenic Trauma: Insights from an Italian Multicenter Cohort

by Fabio Corvino, Francesco Giurazza, Marcello Andrea Tipaldi, Tommaso Rossi, Francesco Daviddi, Orsola Perrone, Ilaria Ambrosini, Mauro D’addato, Ilaria Villanova, Paolo Marra, Francesco Saverio Carbone, Antonio Vizzuso, Fernando Smaldone, Anna Rita Scrofani, Roberto Iezzi, Andrea Discalzi, Marco Calandri, Marco Femia, Carlo Valenti Pittino, Ruggero Vercelli, Daniele Falsaperla, Antonello Basile, Antonio Bruno, Chiara Gasperini and Raffaella Niola Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090420 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 792

Abstract

Background: Splenic artery embolization (SAE) has emerged as a key adjunct to non-operative management (NOM) in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic trauma, yet variability in its application persists across centers. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate real-life clinical practices, techniques, and outcomes [...] Read more.

Background: Splenic artery embolization (SAE) has emerged as a key adjunct to non-operative management (NOM) in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic trauma, yet variability in its application persists across centers. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate real-life clinical practices, techniques, and outcomes of SAE in blunt splenic trauma across multiple Italian trauma centers. Materials and Methods: This retrospective multicenter study analyzed data from 281 patients undergoing emergency SAE for blunt splenic trauma between January 2019 and December 2021. Demographics, imaging findings, embolization techniques, complications, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess predictors of splenectomy. Results: The technical success rate was 100%, with a 9.6% rate of post-embolization splenectomy and a complication rate of 24.9% (including 5.7% splenic infarction and 3.2% rebleeding). Embolization was performed proximally (46.6%), distally (28.8%), or with a combined approach (24.6%). No significant correlation was found between embolization technique and splenectomy rate. Patients with AAST grade III injuries benefited from SAE with high technical success and low failure rates. Notably, 14.2% of patients underwent angiography despite negative CT, with a splenectomy rate of 10% in this subgroup. Multivariate analysis identified no independent predictors of splenectomy. Conclusions: SAE is a reliable and effective tool in the management of blunt splenic trauma, achieving high splenic salvage rates even in selected grade III injuries and CT-negative patients. In an era of precision medicine, interventional radiology should be regarded as a distinct and specific treatment modality, comparable to surgery, rather than being merely included within non-operative management (NOM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventional Radiology: Towards Personalized Medicine)

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12 pages, 1229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transoral Robotic Surgery for the Salvage of Primarily Irradiated Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas Recurring at the Base of the Tongue: A Small Monoinstitutional Series

by Samuele Frasconi, Davide Rizzo, Roberto Gallus, Nikolaos Machouchas, Sergio Cannova, Dan Marian Fliss, Jacopo Galli and Francesco Bussu

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090419 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recurrences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at the base of the tongue (BoT) after primary radiochemotherapy (RT-CHT) are associated with low survival rates, poor functional outcomes, and high morbidity following salvage surgery. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has emerged as a less [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recurrences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at the base of the tongue (BoT) after primary radiochemotherapy (RT-CHT) are associated with low survival rates, poor functional outcomes, and high morbidity following salvage surgery. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to open surgical approaches. This study aims to describe our clinical experience with TORS in patients with BoT SCC recurrence after RT-CHT, focusing on oncological outcomes—relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS)—as well as functional outcomes, particularly swallowing function. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of four patients who underwent salvage TORS for BoT recurrence between September 2013 and September 2014 at a single tertiary referral center. All patients had been previously treated with primary RT-CHT for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Oncological events (recurrence, death) and functional endpoints (dietary limitations, MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory [MDADI] scores) were retrieved from medical records. Results: Four patients were included. All achieved unrestricted oral intake by one month post-TORS, showing functional improvement compared to their preoperative status. Three of the four patients remained free of locoregional recurrence during follow-up. No major perioperative complications were reported. Conclusions: In selected patients with BoT SCC recurrence after primary RT-CHT, TORS may offer a viable and less morbid salvage treatment option with favorable early functional outcomes and acceptable oncologic control. Based on both our institutional experience and the supporting literature, we propose selection criteria to guide TORS indication in this clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery: Clinical Updates and New Perspectives in Precision Medicine Era)

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18 pages, 285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiovascular Complications Are Increased in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Path Toward Achievement of a Personalized Risk Estimation

by Vito Annese, Maria Laura Annunziata, Guglielmo Albertini Petroni, Emanuele Orlando, Sofia Cinque, Marzio Parisi, Paolo Biamonte, Giuseppe Dell’Anna, Anna Latiano and Serenella Castelvecchio

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090418 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) continues to rise, with up to 50% of patients experiencing extraintestinal manifestations. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are of particular concern, ranking as the second leading cause of mortality in this population. Despite a comparatively [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) continues to rise, with up to 50% of patients experiencing extraintestinal manifestations. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are of particular concern, ranking as the second leading cause of mortality in this population. Despite a comparatively lower prevalence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, the persistent inflammatory milieu and immune dysregulation inherent to IBD may contribute to heightened CVD risk. In this study, following a review of the current literature, an ongoing prospective trial designed to clarify CV risk profiles in IBD patients is detailed. Methods: A cohort of patients with IBD is being enrolled for comprehensive baseline evaluation of CV risk factors, lifestyle metrics, and disease characteristics. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) will be tracked and contrasted with a gender- and age-matched non-IBD cohort over a 2-year follow-up period. In cases of MACE occurrence, a multi-omics analysis—including genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and microbiome profiling—will be performed, along with a parallel evaluation in matched IBD controls without MACE. An artificial intelligence (AI) framework will support the analysis of this complex dataset. Results: To date, over 150 patients with IBD have been enrolled, and detailed phenotypic data and biological samples have been collected. Conclusions: We aim to introduce an IBD-specific correction factor for existing CV risk scores upon study completion. This is particularly relevant for individuals under 40 years of age, who are often inadequately assessed by current risk stratification models Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disease Biomarkers)

14 pages, 485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microsatellite Instability and Myometrial Infiltration in Low-Grade Endometrial Cancer: A Focus on MMR Heterodimer Dysfunction by a Retrospective Multicentric Italian Study

by Carlo Ronsini, Stefano Restaino, Mariano Catello Di Donna, Giuseppe Cucinella, Maria Cristina Solazzo, Pasquale De Franciscis, Giuseppe Vizzielli, Manuela Ludovisi and Vito Chiantera

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090417 - 2 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Background: Recent studies highlight the role of microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor progression. This study examines the link between MSI, type of loss of function, and disease progression in low-grade endometrial carcinoma clinically confined to the uterus, focusing on myometrial infiltration. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background: Recent studies highlight the role of microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor progression. This study examines the link between MSI, type of loss of function, and disease progression in low-grade endometrial carcinoma clinically confined to the uterus, focusing on myometrial infiltration. Materials and Methods: This retrospective case-control study analyzed data from 144 women treated for clinical stage I low-grade endometrial carcinoma at two university hospitals. Patients were divided into two groups based on microsatellite status: 118 with microsatellite stability (MSS) and 26 with MSI. Immunohistochemical profiling assessed MMR proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6). The primary outcome was the presence of myometrial infiltration, and the secondary outcome was the deepness of infiltration. Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s exact, Chi-square, and Wilcoxon tests, with logistic regression applied to evaluate the impact of MSI on these outcomes. Results: Myometrial infiltration was present in 96% of MSS and 98% of MSI cases (p = 0.5). However, deep infiltration (≥50%) was more frequent in patients with MSI (38% vs. 19%, p = 0.042). Stratification by heterodimer loss revealed that loss of MLH1/PMS2 was associated with a higher rate of deep infiltration (47%), while loss of MSH2/MSH6 correlated with lower infiltration risk (14%). In multivariate analysis, MSH2/MSH6 loss remained negatively associated with infiltration (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80–0.98; p = 0.020), independent of grade and LVSI. Conclusions: In low-grade endometrial carcinomas clinically confined to the uterus, MSI does not increase the overall prevalence of myometrial infiltration but is associated with deeper invasion, especially in cases with MLH1/PMS2 loss. MSI profiling could aid in risk stratification and therapeutic planning, particularly in candidates for fertility-sparing treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecological Oncology: Personalized Diagnosis and Therapy)

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15 pages, 1997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Ellipsoid Zone Dynamics During Hydroxychloroquine Use

by Karen Matar, Katherine E. Talcott, Obinna Ugwuegbu, Ming Hu, Sunil K. Srivastava, Jamie L. Reese and Justis P. Ehlers

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(9), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15090416 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 553

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy can be underrecognized early, as structural changes in OCT may precede symptoms and are often subtle. Early detection is crucial to prevent irreversible damage. This study evaluated longitudinal OCT changes preceding overt HCQ toxicity using ellipsoid zone (EZ) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy can be underrecognized early, as structural changes in OCT may precede symptoms and are often subtle. Early detection is crucial to prevent irreversible damage. This study evaluated longitudinal OCT changes preceding overt HCQ toxicity using ellipsoid zone (EZ) mapping. Methods: Patients on long-term HCQ underwent two macular cube scans at least one year apart using Cirrus HD-OCT. Scans were analyzed with an EZ-mapping platform and manually validated. Patients with baseline OCT signs of toxicity or co-existing macular disease were excluded based on masked expert review. Results: Three hundred and seventy-three eyes of 373 patients were included. The mean age was 57.0 ± 12.6 years, the mean HCQ dose was 379.4 ± 59.4 mg, the treatment duration was 5.6 ± 3.7 years, and the OCT interval was 3.1 ± 0.9 years. Outer retinal metrics remained stable across the cohort. The mean en face EZ attenuation increased from 3.3% to 3.9% (p = 0.24). Thirty-four eyes (9.1%) experienced an absolute increase of ≥4% (~1.5 mm²) in EZ attenuation. This increase was significantly associated with age at HCQ initiation (p < 0.001), age at the time of the first and second OCT (p < 0.001), and baseline visual acuity (p = 0.01), and demonstrated changes in other outer retinal metrics (p < 0.01). Only 3/34 eyes (8.9%) were diagnosed by the managing clinician with HCQ toxicity at the time of the second OCT. However, 26 of these eyes (76.5%) had signs of HCQ toxicity by expert review, suggesting the overall greater sensitivity of these quantitative outer retinal metrics for detecting toxicity compared with clinician review. Conclusions: Longitudinal OCT assessment revealed overall stability in outer retinal metrics in eyes on HCQ, but a subset showed increased EZ attenuation, which correlated with age at the time of HCQ initiation, baseline visual acuity, and expert OCT review. These changes may help identify at-risk eyes and eyes with early toxicity and warrant further validation as potential screening biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatments)

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J. Pers. Med., Volume 15, Issue 9 (September 2025) – 51 articles

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