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Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition
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Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine (ISSN 2075-4426). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanisms of Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2025 | Viewed by 6889

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Roberto Franceschi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pediatric Unit, S. Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, Italy
Interests: diabetology; pediatric endocrinology; nutrition; obesity; bone metabolism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The heterogeneity in age at onset and clinical presentation within the same form of diabetes, differences in the response to treatments in patients with the same phenotype, and the variability in the course of the disease require personalized management. The precision medicine approach has been applied to individuals with monogenic diabetes (i.e., MODY, neonatal diabetes) and to type 1 and type 2 diabetes to select treatments that are most likely to offer benefits and least likely to cause side effects, with improvement of clinical outcomes and economic cost saving.

In the last 10 years, genetic, metabolomic, immunologic, and other sophisticated tests have become less expensive and more widespread; therefore, it is expected that precision medicine will become increasingly applied to diabetes care.

This Special Issue of Journal of Personalized Medicine aims to highlight the current state of precision medicine applied to diabetes to show some of the latest findings and future perspectives and integrate expertise from basic science, clinical, and population-based approaches. Topics of interest include novel insights into gene testing, polymorphisms and bioinformatics, metabolites and intestinal microbiome analysis, as well as their association with the risk of disease, drug metabolism, or disease complications.

Dr. Roberto Franceschi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Personalized Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diabetes treatment
  • drug metabolism
  • disease complications
  • polymorphisms
  • epigenetics
  • metabolomics
  • proteomics

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 399 KiB  
Article
Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Aged 0–14 Years in Trentino–Alto Adige Region and Determinants of Onset with Ketoacidosis
by Stefania Fanti, Denise Lazzarotto, Petra Reinstadler, Nadia Quaglia, Evelina Maines, Maria Agostina Lamberti, Vittoria Cauvin, Riccardo Pertile, Massimo Soffiati and Roberto Franceschi
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(10), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14101055 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1293
Abstract
Aim: To assess the incidence and the temporal trend of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during the period 2014–2023 in youths aged 0–14 years in the Trentino–Alto Adige region, Italy. Methods: A retrospective review of all incident cases of T1D [...] Read more.
Aim: To assess the incidence and the temporal trend of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during the period 2014–2023 in youths aged 0–14 years in the Trentino–Alto Adige region, Italy. Methods: A retrospective review of all incident cases of T1D diagnosed at the two Pediatric Diabetes Centers of Bolzano and Trento was matched with diabetes exemptions (No. 344). Demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic status (SES) data at first hospitalization were collected from subjects who agreed to participate (No. 272). Results: The incidence of T1D was 21.5/100,000 person/years, with a peak of 31.1 in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The mean age at the onset was 8.8 ± 3.9 years. Seventy-nine percent of the subjects were Italians, primarily residents in rural areas, and SES was equally represented. The mean incidence of DKA was 36.9%. The logistic regression analysis showed that the independent characteristics of the patients with DKA were of a younger age and displayed higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values. No relation of DKA with seasonality, ethnicity, or first-degree relative (FDR) with T1D or SES was detected. Conclusions: Our study revealed an incidence of T1D in the Trentino–Alto Adige region comparable to other areas in the North of Italy. The DKA rate negatively correlated with age; therefore, targeted prevention educational campaigns to increase awareness are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 425 KiB  
Article
Coffee Consumption and CYP1A2 Polymorphism Involvement in Type 2 Diabetes in a Romanian Population
by Laura Claudia Popa, Simona Sorina Farcas and Nicoleta Ioana Andreescu
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070717 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is known to be the main enzyme directly responsible for caffeine metabolism. Rs762551 (NC_000015.10:g.74749576C>A) is a single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene, and it is known mainly for metabolizing caffeine. A significant worldwide health issue, type 2 diabetes [...] Read more.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is known to be the main enzyme directly responsible for caffeine metabolism. Rs762551 (NC_000015.10:g.74749576C>A) is a single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene, and it is known mainly for metabolizing caffeine. A significant worldwide health issue, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has been reported to be negatively associated with coffee consumption. Yet, some studies have proven that high intakes of coffee can lead to a late onset of T2DM. Objectives: This study aims to find any significant correlations among CYP1A2 polymorphism, coffee consumption, and T2DM. Methods: A total of 358 people were enrolled in this study—218 diagnosed with T2DM, and 140 representing the control sample. The qPCR technique was performed, analyzing rs762551 (assay C_8881221) on the LightCycler 480 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) with Gene Scanning software version 1.5.1 (Roche). Results: Our first observation was that the diabetic patients were likely to consume more coffee than the non-diabetic subjects. People with the AA genotype, or the fast metabolizers, are the least common, yet they are the highest coffee consumers and present the highest glucose and cholesterol levels. Another important finding is the correlation between coffee intake and glucose level, which showed statistically significant differences between the diabetic group (p = 0.0002) and the control group (p = 0.029). Conclusions: The main conclusion of this study is that according to genotype, caffeine levels, glucose, and cholesterol are interconnected and proportionally related, regardless of type 2 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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14 pages, 282 KiB  
Review
A Review of Stage 0 Biomarkers in Type 1 Diabetes: The Holy Grail of Early Detection and Prevention?
by Măriuca Mănescu, Ion Bogdan Mănescu and Alina Grama
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(8), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080878 - 20 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1624
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an incurable autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet cells, resulting in lifelong dependency on insulin treatment. There is an abundance of review articles addressing the prediction of T1D; however, most focus on the presymptomatic [...] Read more.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an incurable autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet cells, resulting in lifelong dependency on insulin treatment. There is an abundance of review articles addressing the prediction of T1D; however, most focus on the presymptomatic phases, specifically stages 1 and 2. These stages occur after seroconversion, where therapeutic interventions primarily aim to delay the onset of T1D rather than prevent it. This raises a critical question: what happens before stage 1 in individuals who will eventually develop T1D? Is there a “stage 0” of the disease, and if so, how can we detect it to increase our chances of truly preventing T1D? In pursuit of answers to these questions, this narrative review aimed to highlight recent research in the field of early detection and prediction of T1D, specifically focusing on biomarkers that can predict T1D before the onset of islet autoimmunity. Here, we have compiled influential research from the fields of epigenetics, omics, and microbiota. These studies have identified candidate biomarkers capable of predicting seroconversion from very early stages to several months prior, suggesting that the prophylactic window begins at birth. As the therapeutic landscape evolves from treatment to delay, and ideally from delay to prevention, it is crucial to both identify and validate such “stage 0” biomarkers predictive of islet autoimmunity. In the era of precision medicine, this knowledge will enable early intervention with the potential for delaying, modifying, or completely preventing autoimmunity and T1D in at-risk children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)
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Other

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18 pages, 584 KiB  
Systematic Review
Diabetes Awareness Campaigns to Prevent Ketoacidosis at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes: Efficacy on Multiple Outcomes and Predictors of Success: A Systematic Review
by Elisa Minerba, Evelina Maines, Nadia Quaglia, Ludovica Fedi, Stefania Fanti, Alessandro Fierro and Enza Mozzillo
J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(12), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121115 - 21 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1126
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In Italy, the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is still very high (35.7–39.6%), especially in youths. We aimed to determine the efficacy of awareness campaigns to prevent DKA on multiple outcomes and identify success predictors. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In Italy, the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is still very high (35.7–39.6%), especially in youths. We aimed to determine the efficacy of awareness campaigns to prevent DKA on multiple outcomes and identify success predictors. Methods: We searched electronic databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, and Web of Science) for studies published between 1 August 1990 and 1 August 2024. The review included studies that focused on children under 18 years old, and outcomes were measured by comparing before and after implementing the campaigns in the same area and between areas where interventions took place or not. Results: Of 236 records identified, 15 were eligible for analysis. After campaign implementation, the pooled DKA reduction resulted between 1% and 65.5%, based on the characteristics of the campaigns. A decrease in the rate of acute complications, such as cerebral edema, was reported. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at onset showed a mean reduction of 0.7–5.1%; C-peptide increased in patients without DKA at diagnosis, and length of hospitalization decreased. Campaign costs were lower than the costs of treating subjects with DKA. Conclusions: This review demonstrated that DKA awareness campaigns effectively reduce DKA incidence and improve other parameters, such as acute complications, HbA1c and C-peptide levels, length of hospitalization, and costs, among youths with T1D. To be effective, campaigns must follow specific principles of target population, modality, and minimal duration, as reported in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives, 2nd Edition)
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