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Pharmaceuticals, Volume 18, Issue 4

April 2025 - 162 articles

Cover Story: Lithium is an alkali metal found in mineral form in nature, from which it can be extracted and processed into various lithium salts. Research on lithium’s use as a neuroprotector in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases is grounded in its well-established role as a mood stabilizer. Preclinical studies have shown that lithium, a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), can reduce amyloid and tau pathology, attenuate neuronal cell death, and improve cognitive function in animal models of AD. Translational research indicates that lithium may protect against AD by reducing apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and stimulating neurotrophic factors. This review outlines the timeline from lithium’s discovery to the current understanding of its properties and provides an overview of its main mechanisms of neuroprotective action. View this paper
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Articles (162)

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,578 Views
24 Pages
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Medicinal Phytocompounds as Potential Inhibitors of p300-HIF1α Interaction: A Structure-Based Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

  • Muhammad Suleman,
  • Abrar Mohammad Sayaf,
  • Sohail Aftab,
  • Mohammed Alissa,
  • Abdullah Alghamdi,
  • Suad A. Alghamdi,
  • Mohammed A. Alshehri,
  • Kar Kheng Yeoh,
  • Sergio Crovella and
  • Abdullah A. Shaito
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 602;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040602

21 April 2025

Background: Hypoxia plays a key role in cancer progression, mainly by stabilizing and activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). For HIF-1 to function under low oxygen conditions, it must interact with the transcriptional coactivator p300, a crit...

Full Article
  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
8,912 Views
32 Pages
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Assessing Omega-3 Therapy and Its Cardiovascular Benefits: What About Icosapent Ethyl? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Nathália Mendes Machado,
  • Maria Vitória Barroso Oliveira,
  • Karina Quesada,
  • Jesselina Francisco dos Santos Haber,
  • Ricardo José Tofano,
  • Claudio José Rubira,
  • Tereza Lais Menegucci Zutin,
  • Rosa Direito,
  • Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira and
  • Camila Marcondes de Oliveira
  • + 6 authors
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 601;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040601

20 April 2025

Background: Lipid-lowering therapies are an option for stabilizing lipid levels. Icosapent ethyl (IPE) is a highly purified formulation of eicosapentaenoic acid, which can reduce lipid action, improve plaque stabilization, reduce platelet aggregation...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,225 Views
12 Pages
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Fluorine-18-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Probe Targeting Activated p38α: Design, Synthesis, and In Vivo Evaluation in Rodents

  • Mikiya Futatsugi,
  • Anna Miyazaki,
  • Yasukazu Kanai,
  • Naoya Kondo and
  • Takashi Temma
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 600;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040600

20 April 2025

Background/Objectives: The kinase p38α, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is activated by external stimuli and plays a crucial role in inflammation, tumor growth, and metabolic disorders. In particular, p38α...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
892 Views
25 Pages
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Phenolic Acid Investigation and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Potentials of Galeopsis spp. (Lamiaceae) from Romanian Flora

  • Roxana Maria Golu,
  • Cornelia Bejenaru,
  • Ludovic Everard Bejenaru,
  • Adina-Elena Segneanu,
  • Andrei Biţă,
  • Antonia Radu,
  • Adriana Cosmina Tîrnă,
  • Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu,
  • George Dan Mogoşanu and
  • Johny Neamţu
  • + 1 author
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 599;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040599

20 April 2025

Background/Objectives Galeopsis spp. (Lamiaceae) are widely distributed across extensive areas in Romania, being used mainly for their sedative, neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, astringent, and diuretic properties. T...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,883 Views
36 Pages
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Identification of Microbial-Based Natural Products as Potential CYP51 Inhibitors for Eumycetoma Treatment: Insights from Molecular Docking, MM-GBSA Calculations, ADMET Analysis, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

  • Tilal Elsaman,
  • Mohamed Khalid Alhaj Awadalla,
  • Malik Suliman Mohamed,
  • Eyman Mohamed Eltayib and
  • Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 598;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040598

20 April 2025

Background/Objectives: Eumycetoma, caused by Madurella mycetomatis, is a chronic fungal infection with limited treatment options and increasing drug resistance. CYP51, a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, is a well-established target for azole an...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
2,051 Views
27 Pages
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Synthesis and Neurotropic Activity of New 5-Piperazinopyrazolo[3,4-c]-2,7-naphthyridines and Isoxazolo[5,4-c]-2,7-naphthyridines

  • Samvel N. Sirakanyan,
  • Elmira K. Hakobyan,
  • Athina Geronikaki,
  • Domenico Spinelli,
  • Anthi Petrou,
  • Victor G. Kartsev,
  • Hasmik A. Yegoryan,
  • Hasmik V. Jughetsyan,
  • Mariam E. Manukyan and
  • Ruzanna G. Paronikyan
  • + 2 authors
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 597;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040597

19 April 2025

Background/Objectives: Approximately 1% of people worldwide suffer from epilepsy. The development of safer and more effective antiepileptic medications (AEDs) is still urgently needed because all AEDs have some unwanted side effects and roughly 30% o...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,624 Views
13 Pages
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In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Permeation-Enhancing Estrogen Formulations

  • Guiyun Song,
  • Kendice Ip,
  • Bruce Biundo,
  • Maria Carvalho,
  • A. J. Day,
  • August S. Bassani,
  • Hui Song,
  • Benigno C. Valdez and
  • Daniel Banov
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 596;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040596

19 April 2025

Background/Objectives: Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is commonly prescribed to women in need to restore the deficiency of hormones. Estrogens, in particular estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), are associated with side effects when given orally. As s...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,648 Views
12 Pages
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Efficacy and Safety of Isatuximab, Carfilzomib, and Dexamethasone (IsaKd) in Multiple Myeloma Patients at the First Relapse After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation and Lenalidomide Maintenance: Results from the Multicenter, Real-Life AENEID Study

  • Nicola Sgherza,
  • Olga Battisti,
  • Paola Curci,
  • Concetta Conticello,
  • Salvatore Palmieri,
  • Daniele Derudas,
  • Candida Germano,
  • Enrica Antonia Martino,
  • Giuseppe Mele and
  • Roberta Della Pepa
  • + 14 authors
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 595;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040595

19 April 2025

Background: In the randomized, phase-3 IKEMA trial, the triplet isatuximab, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone (IsaKd) demonstrated superior clinical benefit compared to those of carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed/refractory mu...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,198 Views
20 Pages
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Enhanced Topical Delivery of Methotrexate via Transferosome-Loaded Microneedle Array Patch: Formulation, Optimization, and In Vitro–In Vivo Assessment

  • Snehal Shinde,
  • Anil Kumar Singh,
  • Vijay R. Chidrawar,
  • Amarjitsing Rajput and
  • Sudarshan Singh
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 594;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040594

18 April 2025

Background: Conventional approaches in treating psoriasis demonstrate several complications. methotrexate (MTX) has been frequently used for its efficacy in managing moderate to severe psoriasis. However, MTX acts as an antagonist in regular dosage,...

Full Article
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,105 Views
24 Pages
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Timbe (Acaciella angustissima) as an Alternative Source of Compounds with Biological Activity: Antidiabetic

  • Diana Karina Rangel-Sandoval,
  • Lucia Guerrero-Becerra,
  • Consuelo Lomas-Soria,
  • Amanda Kim Rico-Chávez,
  • José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez,
  • Luis Antonio Reyes-Castro,
  • Angélica Morales-Miranda and
  • Ana Angélica Feregrino-Pérez
Pharmaceuticals2025, 18(4), 593;https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040593

18 April 2025

Background/Objectives: Timbe (Acaciella angustissima) is a legume recognized for its environmental benefits, such as soil restoration, wildlife nutrition, and the presence of biologically active compounds. This study investigates the antioxidant, pha...

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