Molecules

16 pages, 5578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Modulates Shiraia Hypocrellin A Biosynthesis Through ROS/NO Signaling in Response to Bamboo Polysaccharide Elicitation

by Xinping Li, Qunyan Huang, Yanjun Ma, Liping Zheng and Jianwen Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4060; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204060 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hypocrellin A (HA), a photodynamic perylenequinone pigment from Shiraia fruiting bodies, functions as an efficient photosensitizer for clinical photodynamic therapy. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), governs carbon flux into NADPH production. This study elucidates G6PDH’s regulatory [...] Read more.

Hypocrellin A (HA), a photodynamic perylenequinone pigment from Shiraia fruiting bodies, functions as an efficient photosensitizer for clinical photodynamic therapy. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), governs carbon flux into NADPH production. This study elucidates G6PDH’s regulatory role in HA biosynthesis in Shiraia sp. S9. Bamboo polysaccharide (BPS) elicitation (100 mg/L) significantly enhanced HA production to 428.1 mg/L, 1.6-fold higher than controls after 5 days. We cloned the G6PDH gene and demonstrated that BPS upregulated its expression and activity, concomitant with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS; H₂O₂ and O₂^•−) and nitric oxide (NO) generation. ROS production was mediated by NADPH oxidase induction, while NO generation was attributed to elevated nitric oxide synthase and nitrate reductase activities. Critically, the G6PDH inhibitor glucosamine (1.0 mM) suppressed both H₂O₂ and NO production. These ROS/NO signals upregulated key HA biosynthetic (PKS, Omef) and transport (MFS) genes. Our findings establish G6PDH as a central regulator of BPS-induced HA biosynthesis via ROS/NO signaling, revealing novel metabolic crosstalk between the PPP and fungal perylenequinone biosynthesis. This work presents BPS elicitation as a biotechnological strategy for scalable HA production in Shiraia mycelium cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products Biosynthesis: Present and Perspectives)

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20 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis of the Polyphenolic Content and Identification of New Compounds from Oenothera biennis L. Species from the Wild Flora

by Viviane Beatrice Bota, Neli-Kinga Oláh, Elisabeta Chișe, Ramona-Flavia Burtescu, Flavia-Roxana Pripon Furtună, Lăcrămioara-Carmen Ivănescu, Maria-Magdalena Zamfirache, Endre Máthé and Violeta Turcuș

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4059; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204059 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Oenothera biennis L. is a biennial species native to North America and introduced to Europe in the 17th–18th centuries, used in traditional medicine or as a dietary supplement in various products, as well as in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry. In recent decades, [...] Read more.

Oenothera biennis L. is a biennial species native to North America and introduced to Europe in the 17th–18th centuries, used in traditional medicine or as a dietary supplement in various products, as well as in cosmetics and the pharmaceutical industry. In recent decades, oil extracted from seeds has been increasingly used for the treatment of various conditions. In this article, we highlight the polyphenolic content of 2 types of extracts from O. biennis species, collected from the wild flora of Romania, from two regions with different altitudes and pedoclimatic conditions (plains and mountains), namely: OHM—hydroalcoholic extract, Macea sample; OHVD—hydroalcoholic extract, Vatra Dornei; OAM—aqueous extract, Macea sample; OAVD—aqueous extract, Vatra Dornei sample. The LC/MS analysis of the whole plant extracts revealed 5 to 14 polyphenols, depending on the sample location and type of extract, out of which 7 flavonoids are newly reported for this species. Climatic parameters were mapped using QGIS. Higher qualitative and quantitative values of polyphenols were observed in the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from individuals collected from the plain area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Bioactive Polyphenolic Compounds in Food and Natural Real-World Samples II)

21 pages, 829 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Applications of Thiol-Based Catalysts in Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions: A Comprehensive Review

by Hao Yang, Yanyan Liao, Hao Guo and Ming Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204058 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a fundamental class of radical transformations that enables the direct generation of open-shell radical intermediates from R–H bonds (R = C, N, etc.), offering unique opportunities for green and sustainable synthesis. Significant progress has been made not only [...] Read more.

Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a fundamental class of radical transformations that enables the direct generation of open-shell radical intermediates from R–H bonds (R = C, N, etc.), offering unique opportunities for green and sustainable synthesis. Significant progress has been made not only in identifying diverse molecular scaffolds capable of mediating HAT but also in developing synthetic methodologies to achieve precise stereocontrol in these processes. In this context, this review highlights recent advances in the use of sugar-derived compounds, cysteine-containing peptides, and chiral/achiral thiols/thiophenols as catalysts for stereoselective HAT, emphasizing their potential to expand the synthetic utility of HAT in organic transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organosulfur and Organoselenium Chemistry II)

13 pages, 1398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning the Solid-State Hydrogen Release of Ammonia Borane by Entrapping the Intermediates: The Role of High-Boiling-Point Amines

by Mattia Bartoli, Giuseppe Ferraro, Marco Etzi, Stefania Lettieri, Candido Fabrizio Pirri and Sergio Bocchini

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204057 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ammonia borane is a promising hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen content, but its use as hydrogen carrier under thermal stimuli involves the production of several byproducts, such as borazine, reducing hydrogen purity and the overall efficiency. This work is focused [...] Read more.

Ammonia borane is a promising hydrogen storage material due to its high hydrogen content, but its use as hydrogen carrier under thermal stimuli involves the production of several byproducts, such as borazine, reducing hydrogen purity and the overall efficiency. This work is focused on the use of high-boiling-point amines to modulate ammonia borane decomposition, aiming to enhance hydrogen release and suppress volatile N_xB_y species. Kissinger’s equation kinetics revealed that amines significantly influence the decomposition mechanism, and TGA-IR investigation showed a maximum of 2.4 wt.% of pure hydrogen release in the presence of triphenyl amine. Furthermore, the experimental data herein discussed, together with a computational study of activation energies, allowed us to derive a detailed mechanism that leads to a foundation for further advancement in the exploitation of ammonia borane as a hydrogen carrier, suggesting that the formation of linear species is anchored to amine over the release of borazine and production of poly borazine-like species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials for Gas Capture and Conversion)

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15 pages, 3697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virus-like Particles Formed by the Coat Protein of the Single-Stranded RNA Phage PQ465 as a Carrier for Antigen Presentation

by Egor A. Vasyagin, Eugenia S. Mardanova and Nikolai V. Ravin

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4056; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204056 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Virus-like particles (VLPs) formed as a result of self-assembly of viral capsid proteins are widely used as a platform for antigen presentation in vaccine development. However, since the inclusion of a foreign peptide into the capsid protein can alter its spatial structure and [...] Read more.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) formed as a result of self-assembly of viral capsid proteins are widely used as a platform for antigen presentation in vaccine development. However, since the inclusion of a foreign peptide into the capsid protein can alter its spatial structure and interfere with VLP assembly, such insertions are usually limited to short peptides. In this study, we have demonstrated the potential of capsid protein (CP) of single-stranded RNA phage PQ465 to present long peptides using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a model. GFP was genetically linked to either the N- or C-terminus of PQ465 CP. Hybrid proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Spherical virus-like particles (~35 nm according to transmission electron microscopy) were successfully formed by both N- and C-terminal fusions expressed in E. coli, and by plant-produced CP with GFP fused to the C-terminus. ELISA revealed that GFP in VLPs was accessible for specific antibodies suggesting that it is exposed on the surface of PQ465-GFP particles. VLPs carrying GFP were recognized by anti-CP antibodies with less efficiency than VLPs formed by empty CP, which indicates shielding of the CP core in PQ465-GFP particles. Therefore, PQ465 CP can be used as a chimeric VLP platform for the display of relatively large protein antigens, which can operate in bacterial and plant expression systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Peptide Assembly and Bioactivity)

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21 pages, 3261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Studies on Leachability of Zinc and Iron from High-Energy Milled Waste of Scrap-Based EAF Steelmaking

by Ewa Rudnik, Michał Stępień and Piotr Palimąka

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204055 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Electric arc furnace (EAF) waste, a mixture of dust and slag, was investigated as a potential secondary source of zinc. The waste primarily consisted of zinc and iron oxides, with the presence of refractory zinc ferrite, which hinders the complete recovery of zinc. [...] Read more.

Electric arc furnace (EAF) waste, a mixture of dust and slag, was investigated as a potential secondary source of zinc. The waste primarily consisted of zinc and iron oxides, with the presence of refractory zinc ferrite, which hinders the complete recovery of zinc. This is the first study that examined the effect of mechanical treatment through high-energy planetary ball milling on the phase transformation, metal speciation, and leachability of the EAF waste. The raw material was characterized by particle size distribution, morphology, phase composition, and sequential extraction, and then subjected to milling at different rotation rates (100–400 rpm). The resulting powders were analyzed using XRD, SEM–EDS, and sequential leaching, and tested for acid (H₂SO₄) and alkaline (NaOH) leachability. Milling progressively reduced particle size, increased surface roughness, and induced structural changes, including the mechanical activation effect at low milling rates (100 rpm) and the synthesis of secondary franklinite at higher milling energies (200 rpm and 400 rpm). Sequential extraction revealed changes in zinc and iron speciation from acid-soluble to residual fractions for increased milling intensities. Leaching experiments showed rapid zinc dissolution in both acidic and alkaline solutions, while iron dissolved only in acid. The highest zinc extractions (67% in H₂SO₄, 55% in NaOH) were obtained from mechanically activated material at 100 rpm, while zinc leachability decreased for higher milling rates due to the induced mechanical synthesis of refractory phase. The kinetic model of leaching of the main components of the EAF was also established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Recycling of Industrial Waste: Critical Minerals in the Clean Energy Transition)

17 pages, 2502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetic Parameters at High-Pressure-Limit for Unimolecular Alkene Elimination Reaction Class of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters (FAAEs)

by Xiaohui Sun, Zhenyu Pei, Zerong Li and Yuanyuan Tian

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4054; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204054 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The unimolecular alkene elimination reaction class of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs) is a crucial component in the low-temperature combustion mechanism for biodiesel fuels. However, thermo-kinetic parameters for this reaction class are scarce, particularly for the large-size molecules over four carbon atoms and [...] Read more.

The unimolecular alkene elimination reaction class of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs) is a crucial component in the low-temperature combustion mechanism for biodiesel fuels. However, thermo-kinetic parameters for this reaction class are scarce, particularly for the large-size molecules over four carbon atoms and intricate branched-chain configurations. Thermo-kinetic parameters are essential for constructing a reaction mechanism, which can be used to clarify the chemical nature of combustion for biodiesel fuels. In this paper, the B3LYP method, in conjunction with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set, is used to carry out geometry optimization of the species participating in the reactions. Frequency calculations are further executed at the same level of theory. Additionally, coupled with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set, the B3LYP method acts as the low-level ab initio approach, while the Gaussian-4 (G4) composite method serves as the high-level ab initio approach within the isodesmic reaction correction scheme. The CCSD(T) approach is employed to verify the consistency of the electronic energy ascertained through the G4 method. The isodesmic reaction method (IRM) is used to obtain the energy barriers and reaction enthalpies for unimolecular alkene elimination reaction class of FAAEs. Based on the reaction class transition state theory (RC-TST), high-pressure-limit rate coefficients were computed, with asymmetric Eckart tunneling corrections applied across 500~2000 K temperature range. Rate rules at the high-pressure-limit are obtained through the averaging of rate coefficients from a representative collection of reactions, which incorporate substituent groups and carbon chains with different sizes and lengths. Ultimately, the energy barriers, reaction enthalpies, and rate rules at the high-pressure-limit and kinetic parameters expressed as (A, n, E) are supplied for developing the low-temperature combustion mechanism of biodiesel fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry)

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14 pages, 1658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and In Vitro Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Eremanthus crotonoides as SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents

by Patricia Homobono Brito de Moura, Natalie Giovanna da Rocha Ximenes, Beatriz Bastos Santos, Carla Monteiro Leal, Larissa Esteves Carvalho Constant, Stephany da Silva Costa, Shaft Corrêa Pinto, Michelle Frazao Muzitano, Diego Allonso, Ludger A. Wessjohann and Ivana Correa Ramos Leal

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4053; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204053 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Jurubatiba Sandbank National Park (PARNA Jurubatiba) is an ecological reserve characterized by harsh environmental conditions, including low rainfall, high sun exposure, and sandy soil. Among its native vegetation, Eremanthus crotonoides stands out for its richness in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and sesquiterpene lactones. [...] Read more.

The Jurubatiba Sandbank National Park (PARNA Jurubatiba) is an ecological reserve characterized by harsh environmental conditions, including low rainfall, high sun exposure, and sandy soil. Among its native vegetation, Eremanthus crotonoides stands out for its richness in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and sesquiterpene lactones. The objective of this study was to isolate and quantify sesquiterpene lactones from this species using ¹H NMR and to investigate their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential and cytotoxicity against cancer cells. UPLC-(ESI)-MS/MS analyses enabled metabolite annotation, and semi-preparative HPLC-DAD allowed the isolation of centratherin and goyazensolide, which were identified by 1D and 2D NMR. In vitro assays showed that centratherin at 10 µM concentration reduced the viability of PC-3 and HCT-116 cancer cells by 100%, while goyazensolide had no noteworthy effects. Furthermore, enzymatic inhibition assays on SARS-CoV2 targets revealed that centratherin exhibited a lower apparent IC₅₀ of 12 µM against PL^pro, while goyazensolide was more active against 3CL^pro, with an IC₅₀ of 71 µM. Notably, the dichloromethane fraction demonstrated promising activity against both enzymes, with IC₅₀ values of 30 µM for PL^pro and 11 µM for 3CL^pro. This study reports, for the first time, the isolation of goyazensolide from E. crotonoides and highlights the potential of both sesquiterpene lactones as SARS-CoV-2 enzyme inhibitors. In contrast to centratherin, goyazensolide fortunately had almost no cytotoxic effects at inhibition concentration on the cells tested. This shows that anticancer and anti-SARS effects can be separated and should have different SARs, an important prerequisite for further development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Metabolites: Isolation, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities)

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29 pages, 2804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arylpiperazinyl-Benzocycloheptapyrrole-Carboxamides Endowed with Dual Anticancer and Antiviral Activities

by Gabriele Murineddu, Carlo Di Marzo, Paola Corona, Silvia Coinu, Erika Plicanti, Battistina Asproni, Sandra Piras, Giulia Freer and Antonio Carta

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4052; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204052 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this work, we synthesized a small library of tricyclic compounds to assess whether they might have both anticancer and antiviral activity against three viruses that have recently caused epidemics. Concerning their anti-tumour activity, derivative 1 was found to be the compound with [...] Read more.

In this work, we synthesized a small library of tricyclic compounds to assess whether they might have both anticancer and antiviral activity against three viruses that have recently caused epidemics. Concerning their anti-tumour activity, derivative 1 was found to be the compound with the highest GI₅₀ values on some cancer cell line panels. Particularly, in melanoma cell lines, its GI₅₀ values ranged between 1.54 μM (MALME-3M) and 2.03 μM (M14). Several derivatives with considerable anti-tumour activity showed antiviral activity as well, against influenza A virus (e.g., derivative 19, selectivity index of 21.36 in MDCK cells) or against Zika virus (compound 13, selectivity index of 20.20 in Huh-7 cells). Moreover, compounds 13 and 12 showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, with selectivity indices of 150.00 and 63.63, respectively. Compound 1, for its anticancer activity, and 13, for its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, together with the compounds active against Zika virus and influenza A virus, are promising candidates for further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecule Hybrids for Anticancer and Antiviral Therapy)

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17 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Geochemical Availability and Ecological Risk of Trace Elements in Marine Sediments of the Tremiti Islands

by Martina Fattobene, Raffaele Emanuele Russo, Mario Berrettoni and María Dolores Galindo-Riaño

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204051 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) near the coast are a global concern due to potential impact of anthropogenic activities highly relevant when it comes to trace elements pollution in sediment. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements in sediment, their potential [...] Read more.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) near the coast are a global concern due to potential impact of anthropogenic activities highly relevant when it comes to trace elements pollution in sediment. This study aims to assess the levels of trace elements in sediment, their potential mobility and the ecological risk in Tremiti Islands, a sensitive and vulnerable MPA. Sediment was analyzed for granulometry, mineralogy, pseudo-metal concentrations and available fractions using BCR method. Statistical analysis and different pollution and ecological risk indices were applied to interpret the results, determine the contamination levels and assess the element availability and their potential impact using Sediment Quality Guidelines. Spatial variability in grain size and mineralogy was found across the sampling sites. The finer quartz-rich sediments exhibiting higher trace element concentrations. Site-specific enrichments were evident for As and Zn at Cala Spido and for Pb at Cala Matano. Cu and Mn showed notable potential bioavailability with residual fractions below 30% at all sites; low Cd concentrations were found, but it was highly available. Cala Spido and Grotta del Sale showed higher contamination-degree, while Pagliai and Cala Matano stood out for their higher ecological risk and availability indexes. These findings demonstrated that even within a Marine Protected Area, site-specific anthropogenic pressures can significantly influence sediment quality and ecological risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determination of Trace Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Environmental and Food Samples, 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 3612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the ICP-OES and SEM-EDS Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Various Types of Cosmetic Products with Antiperspirant and Deodorant Properties Available on the EU Market

by Elżbieta Maćkiewicz, Aleksandra Zimon, Aleksandra Pawlaczyk, Jadwiga Albińska and Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204050 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Nowadays deodorants and antiperspirants play an important role in maintaining daily hygiene, exerting a substantial influence on both physical comfort and social functioning. Consequently, they can be regarded as a pivotal component of contemporary personal hygiene programs. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Nowadays deodorants and antiperspirants play an important role in maintaining daily hygiene, exerting a substantial influence on both physical comfort and social functioning. Consequently, they can be regarded as a pivotal component of contemporary personal hygiene programs. The aim of this study was to undertake a comparative analysis of the elemental composition of diverse samples (72) of various roll-on deodorants and antiperspirants, sticks, and solid natural potassium–aluminium alums. These analyses were performed using ICP-OES and SEM-EDS techniques. The obtained results were then subjected to statistical and chemometric analysis. Studies demonstrated that Al and Zr were the most significant elements in the tested samples. Aluminium, a prevalent component in antiperspirants, was quantified in concentrations ranging from 0.9% to 4.4%, and in potassium–aluminium alums up to 4.7%. Aluminium and zirconium compounds were found to be the predominant elements in stick antiperspirants, with zirconium levels reaching up to 3%. The presence of lead was quantified in 35 of the 72 samples, with 19 samples exhibiting concentrations exceeding 1 mg/L. The highest lead level, reaching 15.90 mg/L, was found in potassium–aluminium alum. Furthermore, SEM-EDS analysis was conducted to verify the elemental composition, to provide data on additional ingredients, and to partially verify the information contained on the product labels. Full article

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17 pages, 1133 KB

Open AccessReview

DPAGT1—Perspective as an Anticancer Drug Target

by Michio Kurosu and Katsuhiko Mitachi

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4049; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204049 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tunicamycins trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by inhibiting DPAGT1 (dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase 1): the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates N-glycan biosynthesis. Aberrant N-glycan branching is a hallmark of many solid tumors, and distinct cancer-associated N-glycan structures have been identified. Evidence shows [...] Read more.

Tunicamycins trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by inhibiting DPAGT1 (dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase 1): the rate-limiting enzyme that initiates N-glycan biosynthesis. Aberrant N-glycan branching is a hallmark of many solid tumors, and distinct cancer-associated N-glycan structures have been identified. Evidence shows that tunicamycins suppress key oncogenic processes, including proliferation, apoptosis resistance, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Yet their high systemic toxicity and lack of selectivity have precluded therapeutic application, and the structural complexity of tunicamycins has hindered chemical modification to mitigate these liabilities. No clinically translatable antitumor efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models. This review underscores the emergence of DPAGT1 as a novel and tractable anticancer target, outlining milestones in the discovery of selective inhibitors and their potential to transform cancer therapy. We discuss how advances in DPAGT1 inhibitor design may overcome limitations of tunicamycins and pave the way toward glycosylation-targeted oncology therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Approaches to Drug Design: From Target Identification to Delivery)

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20 pages, 4234 KB

Open AccessArticle

Different Temperature Storage Conditions and Packaging Types Affects Colour Parameters, Amino Acid Composition, Microbial Contamination, and Key Bioactive Molecules of Moringa oleifera Lam. Powder

by Ashwell R. Ndhlala, Gladness T. Ngobeni, Rofhiwa Mulaudzi and Sogolo L. Lebelo

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4048; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204048 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Moringa oleifera, renowned for its medicinal potency, was investigated to discern the impact of varying storage temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C) and light conditions (dark and light) on the quality attributes of its leaf powder during a 12-month storage period. [...] Read more.

Moringa oleifera, renowned for its medicinal potency, was investigated to discern the impact of varying storage temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C) and light conditions (dark and light) on the quality attributes of its leaf powder during a 12-month storage period. The study encompassed comprehensive analyses of phytochemical levels, nutritional properties, microbial contamination, and colour changes in response to these diverse storage environments. The lightness L* colour value changed significantly (40 to 60) from baseline tests when stored at 40 °C in transparent packaging. Results highlighted distinct variations in phytochemical composition and nutritional content based on the interplay between temperature and light conditions. Lower temperatures, particularly 4 °C, in both dark and light environments, demonstrated superior preservation of bioactive compounds, with mean values for quercetin-3-rutinoside of 3.34 µg/g and 3.19 µg/g, respectively; both are significantly higher compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). This trend was also observed for rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin. Conversely, higher temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C) coupled with light exposure hastened degradation, notably impacting phytochemical stability. Microbial proliferation was evident in elevated temperatures, indicating potential safety risks. Further observations unveiled significant colour changes within the leaf powder, notably influenced by storage temperatures and light exposure. Lower temperatures exhibited diminished colour alterations compared to higher temperatures, underscoring their impact on product quality. This study underscores the critical role of controlled storage conditions, especially cooler temperatures and reduced light exposure, in maintaining the potency and quality of M. oleifera leaf powder. Recommendations advocate for stringent temperature control (preferably 4 °C) and light shielding during storage to uphold phytochemical stability and mitigate microbial proliferation. While this study provides valuable insights into temperature-mediated alterations, future research avenues should delve deeper into elucidating the underlying mechanisms of colour changes and long-term temperature effects on phytochemical and nutritional integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Foods for Health Benefits)

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19 pages, 2143 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Characterization, and Hematopoietic Efficacy of a Fluorinated Pyrazolopiperidine Inclusion Complex

by Zhanargul Koshetova, Guldana Daulet, Assel Ten, Raushan Koizhaiganova, Lyailya Baktybayeva, Tolganay Zharkynbek, Alexey Zazybin, Tulegen Seilkhanov, Nurgul Zhumanova, Valery Dembitsky and Valentina Yu

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4047; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204047 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

A novel inclusion complex of a fluorinated pyrazolopiperidine derivative (5-benzyl-7-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-2,3-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-pyrazolo [4,3-c]pyridine hydrochloride, PP·HCl) with β-cyclodextrin (PPβCD) was designed, synthesized, and characterized as a potential therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and lymphopenia. Encapsulation of PP within β-cyclodextrin increased aqueous solubility by approximately [...] Read more.

A novel inclusion complex of a fluorinated pyrazolopiperidine derivative (5-benzyl-7-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-2,3-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-pyrazolo [4,3-c]pyridine hydrochloride, PP·HCl) with β-cyclodextrin (PPβCD) was designed, synthesized, and characterized as a potential therapeutic agent for chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and lymphopenia. Encapsulation of PP within β-cyclodextrin increased aqueous solubility by approximately 3.4-fold and improved dissolution rate by 2.8-fold compared with the free compound. Structural analysis using IR, ^1H/^13C NMR, and TLC confirmed the formation of a stable 1:1 host–guest complex, and the disappearance of free PP signals further supported complete encapsulation. In vivo evaluation in a cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression model demonstrated that PPβCD accelerated hematopoietic recovery, restoring leukocyte and erythrocyte counts 35–40% faster than methyluracil, without any signs of systemic toxicity. These findings indicate that β-cyclodextrin complexation significantly enhances solubility, dissolution, and biological efficacy of the pyrazolopiperidine scaffold, supporting further preclinical development of PPβCD as a supportive therapy for chemotherapy-related hematological complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation, 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 1046 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Rearrangement in Aromatic Amino Acids and Proteins After Reaction with Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals and UV-C Radiation

by Irina Ivanova and Igor Piskarev

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4046; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204046 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The fluorescence of aqueous solutions of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, an albumin solution, and a mixture of water-soluble animal and plant proteins is investigated after treatment with hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals and continuous UV-C radiation at λ = 253.7 [...] Read more.

The fluorescence of aqueous solutions of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, an albumin solution, and a mixture of water-soluble animal and plant proteins is investigated after treatment with hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals and continuous UV-C radiation at λ = 253.7 nm. The use of independent sources of active species allows for the study of activation and the development of free radical processes in model objects. The analysis is based on Stern–Volmer coefficients for the quenching of the fluorescence of the initial substrates and the ignition of the fluorescence of newly formed products. In the reaction with hydroxyl radicals, the hydrogen atom could be abstracted from any position in the target molecule. Under continuous UV-C radiation, the protein molecule as a whole was excited. Full article

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17 pages, 4687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Iron-Doped Molybdenum Sulfide Nanoflowers on Graphene for High-Performance Supercapacitors

by Xuyang Li, Mingjian Zhao, Shuyi Li, Shiyuan Cheng, Yiting Zuo, Kaixuan Wang and Meng Guo

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204045 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Supercapacitors (SCs) are widely acknowledged for their high-power density as energy storage devices; designing electrode materials with both high efficiency and exceptional energy density remains a significant challenge. In this study, a flower-like iron-doped molybdenum sulfide on graphene nanosheets (FMS/G) was synthesized through [...] Read more.

Supercapacitors (SCs) are widely acknowledged for their high-power density as energy storage devices; designing electrode materials with both high efficiency and exceptional energy density remains a significant challenge. In this study, a flower-like iron-doped molybdenum sulfide on graphene nanosheets (FMS/G) was synthesized through a simple, efficient, and scalable solvothermal approach. The FMS/G composite demonstrated exceptional performance when employed as both positive and negative electrodes, owing to the effective incorporation of iron into the MoS₂ crystal lattice. This doping induces defects and facilitates abundant redox reactions, ultimately boosting electrochemical performance. The FMS/G composite demonstrates an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 931 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, along with excellent rate capability, retaining 582 F g⁻¹ at 20 A g⁻¹. It also exhibits remarkable cycling stability, maintaining 90.5% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, the assembled FMS/G-3//FMS/G-3 supercapacitor device achieves a superior energy density of 64.7 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 0.8 kW kg⁻¹ with outstanding cycling stability, retaining 92% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. The remarkable capabilities of the flower-like FMS/G composite underscore its noteworthy potential for promoting effective energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Chemistry)

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22 pages, 3371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Chemical Profiling and Dereplication of Australian Plants of the Family Haemodoraceae Using a Combined HPLC-MS and HRLC(ESI)-MS Approach

by Liam Thompson, Valerie Chow, Shan Chen, Priyanka Reddy, Robert Brkljača, Colin Rix, Joseph J. Byrne, Aya C. Taki, Robin B. Gasser and Sylvia Urban

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4044; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204044 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Australian plants of the family Haemodoraceae have been a reliable source of new secondary metabolites, particularly those of the ‘phenylphenalenone’ class, and related chromenes and xanthones. Some of these compounds demonstrate anti-microbial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chemical profiling of thirty [...] Read more.

Australian plants of the family Haemodoraceae have been a reliable source of new secondary metabolites, particularly those of the ‘phenylphenalenone’ class, and related chromenes and xanthones. Some of these compounds demonstrate anti-microbial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Chemical profiling of thirty individual ethanolic extracts from six separate species of Australian plants belonging to the family Haemodoraceae was conducted using an HPLC-MS approach reinforced by HRLC(ESI)-MS. Six of the extracts were further explored by employing HRLC(ESI)-MS and the compounds present were characterised and confirmed based on a comparison to the original data. All thirty extracts were assessed for biological activity against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus in vitro. The chemical profiling methodology adopted resulted in the identification of thirty-four previously reported compounds, identifying on average 64% of the previously reported secondary metabolites across the species Haemodorum simulans, Haemodorum spicatum, Haemodorum brevisepalum and Macropidia fuliginosa. Furthermore, compounds from the phenylbenzoisoquinolindone class were detected in the bulbs of Haemodorum simulans and Haemodorum coccineum, representing the first report of the structure class in extracts of the genus Haemodorum. Extracts of the H. simulans stems, M. fuliginosa bulbs and H. distichophyllum roots and bulbs exhibited anthelmintic activity in vitro. The chemical profiling HPLC-MS methodology adopted was successful in the rapid identification of most of the previously reported secondary metabolites across the Haemodoracae species, indicating that the analytical approach was robust. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of dereplication via HPLC-MS-based chemical profiling across six Australian Haemodoraceae species, identifying numerous known and putatively novel secondary metabolites. It also reports, for the first time, anthelmintic activity in selected species and marks the first detailed phytochemical investigation of H. distichophyllum since its initial pigment analysis over 50 years ago. Full article

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19 pages, 3428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation Strategies for High-Thermal-Conductivity Organosilicon Potting Adhesive

by Limin Chen, Sadaf Bashir Khan, Zhengjun Zhang and Weipeng Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4043; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204043 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, we present a novel high-thermal-conductivity-organosilicon potting adhesive developed for use in power modules. The adhesive is designed to enhance power modules’ thermal properties and mechanical strength, addressing the need for more efficient and reliable encapsulation materials in electronic applications. By [...] Read more.

In this study, we present a novel high-thermal-conductivity-organosilicon potting adhesive developed for use in power modules. The adhesive is designed to enhance power modules’ thermal properties and mechanical strength, addressing the need for more efficient and reliable encapsulation materials in electronic applications. By optimizing the resin formulation, the adhesive exhibits improved tensile strength and elongation at break properties, making it particularly suitable for applications requiring high durability and resilience under thermal and mechanical stress. Herein, we propose a high-thermal-conductivity organosilicon electronic potting adhesive designed for power modules. The adhesive consists of two components: Component A and Component B. Component A is composed of a base polymer (0.5–10 parts), silicone resin (0.15–10 parts), plasticizer (0.5–5 parts), color paste (0.01–0.2 parts), thermally conductive filler (70–120 parts), filler treatment agent (2–8 parts), and a catalyst (0.1–2 parts). Component B includes a base polymer (0.5–10 parts), silicone resin (0.15–10 parts), plasticizer (0.5–5 parts), thermally conductive filler (70–120 parts), crosslinking agent (0.1–10 parts), chain extender (0.1–10 parts), and crosslinking inhibitor (0.01–1 part). The adhesive is designed to improve the tensile strength and elongation at break. These materials were engineered to facilitate easy repair and disassembly, ensuring cost-effective maintenance and reuse in power module systems. This work demonstrates the potential of the adhesive in advancing the performance and longevity of power electronics, providing valuable insights into its practical application for high-performance electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Thin Films)

20 pages, 3280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius Aqueous Extract on Texture, Flavor Profile, and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt During Storage

by Siyi He, Jianglin Wang, Xia Tang, Xiankang Fan, Jie Luo, Tong He and Hui Zhou

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204042 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius, which is rich in various bioactive components, exhibits significant potential in the development of functional foods. However, research on its application in dairy products remains relatively limited. This study fermented yogurt using different concentrations of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius water [...] Read more.

Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius, which is rich in various bioactive components, exhibits significant potential in the development of functional foods. However, research on its application in dairy products remains relatively limited. This study fermented yogurt using different concentrations of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius water extract (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) as a functional additive, investigating its effects on the rheological properties, oxidative capacity, sensory quality, and volatile components of yogurt during storage. The results showed that during storage, the rheological properties (such as moisture content, apparent viscosity, storage modulus, etc.), the viable counts of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and the DPPH/ABTS/FRAP radical scavenging rates of asparagus yogurt were significantly superior to those of the control group (p < 0.05), indicating that the lactic yogurt exhibited better texture, stability, and overall sensory acceptance. The 0.2% addition group exhibited the best inhibitory effect on lactic acid bacteria after acidification and the most stable acidity changes. The 0.4% addition group achieved an ABTS radical scavenging rate of 58.4% on the 7th day of storage, significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.05). The asparagus yogurt contained 64 volatile flavor compounds (20.31% alcohols and 21.88% ketones), which was higher than the control group (45 compounds), and introduced new aldehydes (tridecanal) and esters (methyl salicylate, ethyl palmitate), imparting a mild sourness and spicy flavor. Sensory evaluation results indicated that the 0.2% addition group scored the highest in texture, flavor, and taste, aligning with its rheological properties and color. This provides a theoretical basis for the development of highly stable and active functional asparagus yogurt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biobased Functional Materials for Sustainable Food Packaging and Preservation)

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12 pages, 530 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eleutherococcus senticosus Fruit Extract Stimulates the Membrane Potential of the Trachea and Small Intestine in Rabbits

by Filip Graczyk, Elżbieta Piskorska, Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Krystian Krolik, Jakub Gębalski, Dorota Olszewska-Słonina, Aneta Kondrzycka-Dąda, Magdalena Wójciak, Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati, Robert Verpoorte and Daniel Załuski

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4041; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204041 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim., widely used in Russian and Chinese traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory activity, contains bioactive compounds capable of stabilizing epithelial function and reducing inflammation. Despite prior research on its effects in the colon, the impact and mechanism [...] Read more.

Background: Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim., widely used in Russian and Chinese traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory activity, contains bioactive compounds capable of stabilizing epithelial function and reducing inflammation. Despite prior research on its effects in the colon, the impact and mechanism of action of E. senticosus fruit extract on epithelial tissues of the upper digestive and respiratory tract remains unexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of E. senticosus fruit extract on the transepithelial electrical potential and resistance in the tracheal and small intestinal epithelium of rabbits. In addition, the chemical composition of the extract was also profiled by the means of UHPLC-DAD-MS. Methods: Tissue segments from the trachea and small intestine of New Zealand white male rabbits were examined using the Ussing chamber technique. Three concentrations of E. senticosus fruit extract (0.001, 0.1, 10 mg/100 mL) were applied, and changes in transepithelial electrical potential (dPD) and resistance (R) were recorded. Chemical analysis of the extract was conducted using UHPLC-DAD-MS. Results: For the first time, we have discovered that the E. senticosus extract increased membrane resistance in tracheal tissue, suggesting enhanced barrier integrity. In contrast, a slight decrease in resistance was observed in small intestinal tissue. UHPLC-DAD-MS confirmed the presence of chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acids, quercetin derivatives, and myo-inositol, compounds known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and membrane-stabilizing effects. Conclusions: The differential response of respiratory and intestinal epithelium to the E. senticosus extract highlights its tissue-specific action and supports its traditional use in the prevention and treatment of diseases characterized by epithelial barrier dysfunction, such as asthma, COPD, and Crohn’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Natural Compounds with Adaptogenic Potential)

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20 pages, 996 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Natural and Synthetic Zeolites Be Dietary Modulators of Microorganism Population, Fermentation Parameters, and Methane Emission in the Rumen? A Preliminary Study on Cow

by Małgorzata P. Majewska, Renata Miltko, Anna Tuśnio, Marcin Barszcz, Kamil Gawin, Joanna Bochenek, Urszula Wolska-Świętlicka and Barbara Kowalik

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4040; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204040 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Zeolites are ‘magic stones’ with crystalline structures and unique properties, which enable them to selectively adsorb molecules, including gases. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different types and doses of zeolites on microorganisms, nutrient digestion, and methane production [...] Read more.

Zeolites are ‘magic stones’ with crystalline structures and unique properties, which enable them to selectively adsorb molecules, including gases. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different types and doses of zeolites on microorganisms, nutrient digestion, and methane production in the rumen. The study was conducted on five two-year-old Jersey heifers (350 kg live weight) fistulated to the rumen in a 5 × 5 Latin square design divided into five feeding groups: control (basal diet), ZN2 (+120 g clinoptilolite/d), ZS2 (+120 g ZP-4A zeolite/d), ZN4 (+240 g clinoptilolite/d), and ZS4 (+240 g ZP-4A zeolite/d). During five periods of the experiment, the samples of the ruminal fluid and digesta were taken before and 3 h after feeding. The pH value, bacteria and methanogens populations, as well as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and methane production in the rumen were not affected after zeolite addition (p > 0.05). ZN2 diet decreased the number of total protozoa by 41.2% (p = 0.023) and Entodinium spp. by 51.1% (p = 0.021), while ZS2, ZN4, and ZS4 diets reduced Diplodinium population by 70.5% (p < 0.001) 3 h after feeding in comparison to the control diet. An increased population of Ophryoscolex spp. was noted in ZN2 and ZS4 cow 3 h after feeding (p < 0.001; 0.15 × 10⁴/mL and 0.08 × 10⁴/mL vs. 0.02 × 10⁴/mL) when compared to control animals. Furthermore, ZS4 diet increased ammonia (p = 0.007; 3.97 mM/L vs. 2.27 mM/L), tryptamine (p = 0.014; 0.009 µmol/g vs. 0.007 µmol/g) and 1.7-diaminoheptane (p < 0.001; 0.016 µmol/g vs. 0.006 µmol/g) concentrations in the rumen, while phenylethylamine level was 90.9% higher in ZN4 cows (p = 0.007), in comparison to control, depending on time. To summarise, zeolites may act in a type- and dose-dependent manner on the protozoa population and indicators of protein degradation. Full article

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17 pages, 5596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Removal of Synthetic Wastewater Samples Containing Basic Blue 3 Dye Using Electrochemical and Adsorption Methods

by Beyza Moralı and Türkan Börklü Budak

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4039; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204039 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Water pollution, a significant environmental issue, is growing more urgent. This study evaluated the effectiveness of adsorption and electrocoagulation methods in removing Ba-sic Blue 3 (BB3), a common dye used in the textile industry, from water. For the adsorption process, linden tree leaves—often [...] Read more.

Water pollution, a significant environmental issue, is growing more urgent. This study evaluated the effectiveness of adsorption and electrocoagulation methods in removing Ba-sic Blue 3 (BB3), a common dye used in the textile industry, from water. For the adsorption process, linden tree leaves—often used for health benefits in existing literature—were employed, while in the electrocoagulation (EC) method, an aluminum electrode was used. The results show that the optimal conditions for adsorption were an initial BB3 concentration of 5 mg/L, 50 mL of 0.9 g Tilia L. adsorbent, 60 min, 180 rpm, 30 °C, and pH 10, achieving a removal efficiency of 99.21%. The optimal conditions for electrocoagulation were 1 L of 15 mg/L initial BB3, a current density of 2.64 mA/cm², 15 mL of 0.2 M KCl, a reaction time of 90 min, a stirring speed of 100 rpm, and a pH of 10, resulting in a removal efficiency of 97.98%. The results indicate that linden leaves, a natural and sustainable material, showed a slightly higher removal percentage (99.21%) in the EC method over a shorter period (60 min). Conversely, the EC method also achieved a significant removal rate (97.98%, 90 min). In summary, both methods demonstrate strong BB3 removal capabilities and could help improve wastewater treatment processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemistry)

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39 pages, 5561 KB

Open AccessReview

USP7 at the Crossroads of Ubiquitin Signaling, Cell Cycle, and Tumorigenesis

by Matteo Lusardi, Federica Rapetti, Andrea Spallarossa, Marta Massone, Elena Cichero and Chiara Brullo

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4038; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204038 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Protein homeostasis is a dynamic process essential for cellular function and survival, tightly controlled by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Within this system, ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) plays a key role as a deubiquitinating enzyme, thus modulating the stability, localization, and activity of a wide [...] Read more.

Protein homeostasis is a dynamic process essential for cellular function and survival, tightly controlled by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Within this system, ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) plays a key role as a deubiquitinating enzyme, thus modulating the stability, localization, and activity of a wide variety of substrates. USP7 is involved in critical cellular processes such as DNA repair, apoptosis, immune response, and epigenetic regulation. The dysregulation of USP7 expressions or activity has been linked to several pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, and viral infections. This enzyme exerts its biological functions through the stabilization of both oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, highlighting its sensitive role in tumorigenesis. Despite the identification of selective USP7 inhibitors with promising preclinical activity, the development of clinically effective compounds remains a major challenge. This review summarizes the current understanding of USP7 structure, function, and biological relevance, with a particular emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic target in oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Talents in Medicinal Chemistry)

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19 pages, 1403 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Profiling of Albanian Honeys by LC–MS/MS: Gallic Acid as a Predictive Marker of Antioxidant Potential

by Xhulieta Hamiti, Gjyliza Shallari, Blerina Pupuleku, Alp Yücel, Saffet Çelìk, Erhan Sulejmani and Pranvera Lazo

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204037 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are key contributors to the bioactivity and antioxidant potential of honey, yet reliable indicators for rapid quality assessment remain limited. This study characterized phenolic profiles in 44 mono-floral and poly-floral honey samples from 11 Albanian regions using LC–MS/MS method. Total phenolic [...] Read more.

Phenolic compounds are key contributors to the bioactivity and antioxidant potential of honey, yet reliable indicators for rapid quality assessment remain limited. This study characterized phenolic profiles in 44 mono-floral and poly-floral honey samples from 11 Albanian regions using LC–MS/MS method. Total phenolic content ranged from 29.8 to 171 mg·kg⁻¹, with flavonoids accounting for 6.1–56.4% of total phenolics. Gallic acid was the dominant phenolic compound (5.5–127 mg·kg⁻¹), which is strongly correlated with the total content of polyphenols (r = 0.863, p < 0.001). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences in phenolic and flavonoid levels across geographic zones and floral types, with mono-floral honeys consistently exhibiting higher bioactive parameters. These findings demonstrate that gallic acid may serve as a practical biochemical marker for estimating antioxidant potential in honey. This insight has implications for authenticity verification and quality control, particularly in regions like Albania where diverse floral sources contribute to honey variability. By linking phenolic composition to antioxidant potential, this study supports the broader application of phenolic markers for the standardization and valorization of honey as a functional food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Food Chemistry)

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17 pages, 1090 KB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Zeolites: From Historical Background to Diverse Applications

by Abdulrahman Masoud Alotaibi

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4036; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204036 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article provides a concise review of zeolites, encompassing their definition, historical background, natural occurrence, geographical distribution, and diverse applications. As a versatile and cost-effective microporous material, zeolites have demonstrated significant potential across various fields, including wastewater treatment, radioactive waste management, agriculture, aquaculture, [...] Read more.

This article provides a concise review of zeolites, encompassing their definition, historical background, natural occurrence, geographical distribution, and diverse applications. As a versatile and cost-effective microporous material, zeolites have demonstrated significant potential across various fields, including wastewater treatment, radioactive waste management, agriculture, aquaculture, construction, medicine, and biotechnology. The review also highlights current challenges and explores emerging opportunities for future applications of zeolites. While this brief overview does not fully capture the complexity of the subject, it aims to spark interest in further research into this promising material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)

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18 pages, 3251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Tumor Potential of 4-Maleimidylphenyl-Hydrazide Derivatives

by Francis Cloutier, Alexis Paquin, Maude Cloutier, Yassine Oufqir, Laurie Fortin, Julie Girouard, Heidar-Ali Tajmir-Riahi, Carlos Reyes-Moreno and Gervais Bérubé

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4035; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204035 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The design of innovative compounds displaying anti-inflammatory activity in oncological context is a subject of great interest in drug development. It has been proved that a pro-inflammatory microenvironment which accelerates cancer growth and cellular differentiation is often present in malignant bladder tumor. In [...] Read more.

The design of innovative compounds displaying anti-inflammatory activity in oncological context is a subject of great interest in drug development. It has been proved that a pro-inflammatory microenvironment which accelerates cancer growth and cellular differentiation is often present in malignant bladder tumor. In earlier work, we reported the synthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives that act as anti-inflammatory compounds able to inhibit the pro-inflammatory markers present in bladder cancer microenvironment. DAB-1 rapidly emerged as an effective lead candidate in this investigation, with its ability to shrink by 90% in 25 days the size of human bladder cancer tumors in an ectopic mouse model. This manuscript discloses the synthesis of 23 new hydrazide derivatives of DAB-1 and reports their in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. It was discovered that most of the new compounds are essentially nontoxic against RAW 264.7 cells, as evaluated by an MTT assay. Anti-inflammatory activity of the new derivatives was investigated by evaluation of their impact on cellular nitric oxide production, measured by a Griess assay. Some compounds did significatively inhibit nitric oxide production much more effectively than the original DAB-1. Striking activity of 14, which is around four times more potent than DAB-1, promotes this derivative as new lead compound in this study. The study of these analogs reveals that a phenolic/anisole core is a key component to achieve high biological activity. Furthermore, mice models of acute inflammation and invasive BCa tumors were used to assess the in vivo impact of derivative 14, and it was found that this compound does reduce inflammation in these mice, possess similar anti-inflammatory activity but higher anti-tumoral activity compared to DAB-1 with no apparent signs of toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 2475 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Comb-Type Fluorocarbon Polymer Surfactants as Dispersants in Insecticidal and Fungicidal Suspension Concentrates

by Jingjing Zhang, Lingyun Song, Ruiying Ma, Junjie Kou, Yuxiu Liu and Qingmin Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4034; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204034 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

To investigate the application of novel comb-type fluorinated polymeric surfactants in suspension concentrates (SCs), we used the optimized surfactants (Comb-S 1, Comb-S 2, and Comb-S 3) as dispersants, with commercial dispersants as controls, to prepare 15% indoxacarb SC and 22% iprodione SC, respectively. [...] Read more.

To investigate the application of novel comb-type fluorinated polymeric surfactants in suspension concentrates (SCs), we used the optimized surfactants (Comb-S 1, Comb-S 2, and Comb-S 3) as dispersants, with commercial dispersants as controls, to prepare 15% indoxacarb SC and 22% iprodione SC, respectively. The physicochemical properties (including suspension rate, particle size, and stability) and indoor biological activity of the prepared SC were determined. Comprehensive data indicated that for 15% indoxacarb SC, the novel comb-type fluorinated polymeric surfactants exhibited good compatibility with commercial dispersants. Whether used in combination or alone, SC demonstrates excellent dispersibility, stability, and application efficacy. For 22% iprodione SC, Comb-S 2 demonstrated good compatibility with commercial dispersants. Furthermore, the fungicidal activity test against Botrytis cinerea showed that Comb-S 2 could not only replace commercial dispersants, but the 22% iprodione SC formulated with Comb-S 2 exhibited more outstanding fungicidal activity. Full article

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10 pages, 1562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Metal Gallium Promotes the Activity and Stability of the Cu-ZnO Catalyst for CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol

by Yu Zhang, Yuanshuang Zheng, Xiulin Wang, Suofu Nie, Wenqian Zhang, Lun He and Bang Gu

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4033; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204033 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol has attracted considerable attention as a promising catalytic route for both reducing CO₂ emissions and producing valuable chemical intermediates. Among various catalysts, Cu–ZnO-based systems are the most widely studied; however, their performance remains constrained by limited methanol [...] Read more.

CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol has attracted considerable attention as a promising catalytic route for both reducing CO₂ emissions and producing valuable chemical intermediates. Among various catalysts, Cu–ZnO-based systems are the most widely studied; however, their performance remains constrained by limited methanol selectivity and stability, highlighting the need for improved catalytic strategies. In this work, liquid metal gallium (Ga) was incorporated into Cu–ZnO catalysts as an additive for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Owing to its high dispersibility and fluidity, Ga helps maintain long-term catalyst stability. We investigated different introduction methods for Ga promoters and found that the physical mixing approach generated the strongest alkaline sites, thereby enhancing CO₂ activation and increasing the CO₂ conversion to methanol. Moreover, this catalyst effectively suppressed carbon deposition, further improving its stability. These findings offer new insights into the use of liquid metal Ga in CO₂ hydrogenation and provide fresh perspectives for the rational design of efficient methanol synthesis catalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in China: Advancing Sustainable Science for a Better World)

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