Sustainability

22 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Resilient and Nature-Based Drinking Water Supply Source for Saline and Arsenic Prone Coastal Aquifers of the Bengal Delta

by Khurshid Jahan, Anwar Zahid, Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan and Iqbal Ali

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6703; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116703 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5423

Abstract

Salinity causes a hostile environmental impact throughout the year in the coastal region of Bangladesh, and its severity increases day by day. Because of upstream freshwater flow reduction and massive groundwater extraction, salinity has increased substantially over the last three decades. Moreover, arsenic [...] Read more.

Salinity causes a hostile environmental impact throughout the year in the coastal region of Bangladesh, and its severity increases day by day. Because of upstream freshwater flow reduction and massive groundwater extraction, salinity has increased substantially over the last three decades. Moreover, arsenic contamination in shallow groundwater makes the groundwater unsuitable for potable use. Consequently, the coastal area suffers from acute storage of safe water supply. Salinity also negatively impacts human activities, livelihood, agricultural production, and the aquatic ecosystem. Though the shallow aquifer contains high salinity and a small amount of Arsenic (As), the very shallow aquifer (within 3m to 8m) contains fresh water in many areas in the rainy season due to the direct recharge of rainwater. However, rainfall recharge varies significantly depending on the geological and hydrogeological settings. Specifically, up to 50% of annual rainfall is stored in shallow aquifers of Quaternary sands through direct infiltration. The research’s principal objective is to identify the safe and sustainable drinking water source in the arsenic and saline-prone coastal region. Groundwater samples were collected from the different locations of the study area during both dry and wet seasons and examined seasonal variations in groundwater table and salinity levels. The chemical analyses and Physico-chemical parameters indicate that the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking. Except for some groundwater samples from the wet season, the salinity of all samples was under the allowable limit for Bangladesh (<2000 µS/cm), and the targeted aquifer was almost arsenic (50 µg/l) free. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis has been made to accomplish the study goals. Particularly, the groundwater’s electrical conductivity (EC) values of most samples were measured within the limit of fresh or brackish water (<2000 μS/cm). Overall, the results indicate the prospect of a very shallow aquifer as a source of freshwater for drinking purposes throughout the year, considering both arsenic and salinity, which effectively solve the freshwater shortage, especially in the saline-arsenic prone area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Use)

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29 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

State-of-the-Art of Factors Affecting the Adoption of Automated Vehicles

by Yilun Chen, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Peter Stasinopoulos and Shah Khalid Khan

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116697 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6381

Abstract

Around 90% of accidents stem from human error. Disruptive technology, especially automated vehicles (AVs), can respond to the problems by, for instance, eradicating human error when driving, thus increasing energy efficiency due to the platoon effect, and potentially giving more space to human [...] Read more.

Around 90% of accidents stem from human error. Disruptive technology, especially automated vehicles (AVs), can respond to the problems by, for instance, eradicating human error when driving, thus increasing energy efficiency due to the platoon effect, and potentially giving more space to human activities by decreasing parking space; hence, with the introduction of the autonomous vehicle, the public attitude towards its adoption needs to be understood to develop appropriate strategies and policies to leverage the potential benefits. There is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive literature review on adoption attitudes toward AVs that considers various interlinked factors such as road traffic environment changes, AV transition, and policy impacts. This study aims to synthesize past research regarding public acceptance attitude toward AVs. More specifically, the study investigates driverless technology and uncertainty, road traffic environment changes, policy impact, and findings from AV adoption modelling approaches, to understand public attitudes towards AVs. The study points out critical problems and future directions for analysis of AV impacts, such as the uncertainty on AVs adoption experiment, policy implementation and action plans, the uncertainty of AV-related infrastructure, and demand modelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential Diffusion and Impacts of Autonomous Electric Vehicles: Evidence and Modelling Approaches)

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31 pages, 6786 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland

by Agnieszka Dawidowicz and Małgorzata Dudzińska

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6642; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116642 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3165

Abstract

Motives: The need for sustainable urban development, including an improvement in residents’ quality of life, requires ongoing urban diagnostics. Assessments of multi-family housing estates play a very important role in this process. Population growth influences the expansion of housing estates in limited urban [...] Read more.

Motives: The need for sustainable urban development, including an improvement in residents’ quality of life, requires ongoing urban diagnostics. Assessments of multi-family housing estates play a very important role in this process. Population growth influences the expansion of housing estates in limited urban space. The extent to which spatial and functional structures (SFS) in housing developments meet the residents’ current needs should be evaluated. These needs undergo dynamic change and are influenced by economic, socio-cultural, sanitary, and ecological factors. Aim: The main objective of this study was to develop a methodology for assessing SFS solutions in open spaces in multi-family residential estates (MFREs) based on a complete list of SFS indicators, and to determine the potential of GIS tools and selected open data sources for automating this process. GIS was used to represent data. The intermediate goal was to determine differences in the SFS solutions of two MFREs that were built with different technologies and urban layouts in the last 70 years in the city of Olsztyn (Poland). Methods: An empirical study was conducted with the use of qualitative and quantitative methods based on a review of the literature, the results of a resident survey, and an analysis of spatial data in ArcGIS and QGIS software. Results: The residents’ needs for SFS in MFREs were identified. A list of 26 SFS indicators and their values (on a 3-point scale) was developed to assess multi-family housing. The applicability of GIS software and spatial data from the national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) and other sources was assessed in the process. The research method was tested to reveal differences in SFS solutions in the compared MFREs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart GIS and Geo-Technology in Sustainable and Crisis Land and Urban Management)

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17 pages, 3945 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Management Optimization of Electricity System with Sustainability Enhancement

by Wei Hou, Rita Yi Man Li and Thanawan Sittihai

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6650; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116650 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4160

Abstract

Based on new policies and social changes, renewable energies have highly penetrated electrical systems, making the system more vulnerable than before. On the other hand, it leads to congestion and competition within the network. To this end, this paper developed a probabilistic multi-objective-based [...] Read more.

Based on new policies and social changes, renewable energies have highly penetrated electrical systems, making the system more vulnerable than before. On the other hand, it leads to congestion and competition within the network. To this end, this paper developed a probabilistic multi-objective-based congestion management approach and applied it to the optimal transmission switching (OTS) strategies, to maximize system suitability and minimize total production costs. A point estimation economic method (PEM) has been applied, as one of the best management and economic tools to handle the uncertainties associated with a wind turbine’s power production and load demand (LD). Results demonstrate the effectiveness and merit of the proposed technique, compared to the existing one, which can lead to higher reliability and sustainability for the grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies towards Energy Cooperation between Smart Grid and Microgrids)

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17 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Narrative-Based Disaster Learning Programmes Simultaneously Improve People’s Disaster Awareness Scores, Willingness to Pay and Settlement Preferences

by Misato Uehara, Makoto Fujii, Kazuki Kobayashi and Keita Shiba

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6635; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116635 - 28 May 2022

Viewed by 3988

Abstract

Few studies currently examine the effect of different disaster informational programmes because conducting such intervention studies is challenging. By providing two types of online disaster learning programmes, this intervention study measured changes made to three different perspectives: (1) disaster preventive awareness scores, (2) [...] Read more.

Few studies currently examine the effect of different disaster informational programmes because conducting such intervention studies is challenging. By providing two types of online disaster learning programmes, this intervention study measured changes made to three different perspectives: (1) disaster preventive awareness scores, (2) willingness to pay for disaster information (WTP), and (3) settlement preferences (preferences for post-disaster recovery goals). The participants engaged with one of two different types of 45-min learning programmes—one created as a narrative-based disaster learning programme (N = 218) and the other presented as a collective information disaster learning programme (N = 201). Consequently, both disaster preparedness scores and WTP increased statistically after both styles of disaster preparedness programmes. Furthermore, the increase generated by the narrative programme was greater (2.2 times higher for WTP value and 1.72 times higher in WTP value-increased probability). In their preprogramme answer, people who selected safety and nature conservation for post-disaster recovery goals improved their awareness scores. Despite both programmes having the same theme and length, only the narrative learning programme had a beneficial—improvement odds ratio for all three perspectives. Thus, the narrative-based disaster learning (vicarious) experience simultaneously improved people’s disaster awareness scores, willingness to pay for disaster information, and settlement preferences for disaster prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-disaster Recovery from a Sustainability Perspective)

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19 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceConcept Paper

Applying a Coupled Hydrologic-Economic Modeling Framework: Evaluating Alternative Options for Reducing Impacts for Downstream Locations in Response to Upstream Development

by Maria Amaya, Faye Duchin, Erich Hester and John C. Little

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116630 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

Economic input-output and watershed models provide useful results, but these kinds of models do not use the same spatial units, which typically limits their integration. A modular hydrologic-economic modeling framework is designed to couple the Rectangular Choice-of-Technology (RCOT) model, a physically constrained, input-output [...] Read more.

Economic input-output and watershed models provide useful results, but these kinds of models do not use the same spatial units, which typically limits their integration. A modular hydrologic-economic modeling framework is designed to couple the Rectangular Choice-of-Technology (RCOT) model, a physically constrained, input-output (I-O) model, with the Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF). Integrating these two models can address questions relevant to both economists and hydrologists, beyond addressing only administrative or watershed concerns. This framework is utilized to evaluate alternative future development prospects within Fauquier County, northern Virginia, specifically residential build-up, and agricultural intensification in the upstream location of the local watershed. Scenarios are designed to evaluate the downstream impacts on watershed health caused by upstream development and changes made within the economic sectors in response to these impacts. In the first case, an alternative residential water technology is more efficient than the standard for ensuring adequate water supply downstream. For scenarios involving upstream agricultural intensification, a crop shift from grains to fruits and vegetables is the most efficient of the alternatives considered. This framework captures two-way feedback between watershed and economic systems that expands the types of questions one can address beyond those that can be analyzed using these models individually. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects in Sustainable Water Management)

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22 pages, 4287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation and Functional Zoning of the Ecological Environment in Urban Space—A Case Study of Taizhou, China

by Haixia Zhao, Xiaowei Jiang, Binjie Gu and Kaiyong Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116619 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3812

Abstract

Functional zoning provides a basis for establishing a regional development layout with clear functions, reasonable division of labor, and complementary advantages. In the process of urban development, a large number of behaviors such as occupying ecological land and generating a lot of pollution [...] Read more.

Functional zoning provides a basis for establishing a regional development layout with clear functions, reasonable division of labor, and complementary advantages. In the process of urban development, a large number of behaviors such as occupying ecological land and generating a lot of pollution cause damage to the urban ecological environment. Functional zoning of the ecological environment has become an important tool used by the local and central governments to establish a harmonious relationship between socio-economic welfare and the ecological environment in recent years. Guided by the concepts and principles of ecological function zoning, this study applies and extends the methodological approach of ecological function zoning to the scale of urban space. Based on consideration of an evaluation of ecological environment sensitivity, ecosystem service function importance, and socio-economic coercion, this paper divides urban space into four types, namely: ecological environment restoration zone, ecological economy bearing zone, ecological environment preservation zone, and ecological environment protection zone, utilizing a mutually exclusive matrix classification. Taking Taizhou in Jiangsu Province as a pilot study, this paper verifies the actual application of a theoretical model and its technicalities, thus advancing the general case for function zoning of the ecological environment. Furthermore, it outlines measures for ecological environment protection and the industrial development orientation of each function area, thus providing a scientific basis for Taizhou’s ecological city development and construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being for Environmental Sustainability)

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26 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Social License for Closure—A Participatory Approach to the Management of the Mine Closure Process

by Aleksandra Kozłowska-Woszczycka and Katarzyna Pactwa

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6610; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116610 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4186

Abstract

The European Union’s climate policy and the assumptions of the European Green Deal require Poland to take decisive transition efforts. The achievement of climate neutrality is a challenge due to the special role of coal in the Polish economy. Closing mines and abandoning [...] Read more.

The European Union’s climate policy and the assumptions of the European Green Deal require Poland to take decisive transition efforts. The achievement of climate neutrality is a challenge due to the special role of coal in the Polish economy. Closing mines and abandoning coal is the greatest challenge for local communities in mining regions. This article presents the example of Wałbrzych, a Polish post-mining town, which has been experiencing the accumulation of negative consequences of inadequately planned liquidation since the 1990s. The current activities of mining companies in the face of abandoning coal were also analyzed. The gaps identified in the literature indicate the need to define a new method of managing the liquidation processes, based on the consideration of key risks resulting from decommissioning, to minimize the social costs in the first place. In this regard, it is helpful to diagnose the social concerns of the stakeholders. The social aspects of mine closures remain a challenge and finding effective ways to deal with them has become crucial for the industry. This prompted us to propose an approach based on community involvement in the decommissioning processes and the introduction of the social license for closure (SLC). By engaging the community, the SLC gives it a voice, allowing it to accommodate the individual needs of mining regions and ensure a successful and just transition. This article recognizes the key stakeholders and their fears related to the liquidation of mining. The organizational framework for stakeholder approval of the SLC is presented. The analysis was based on the example of Poland, a country facing the challenge of closing hard coal mines. Conclusions formulated on the basis of the case study complement the existing research in the field of social licensing and involving stakeholders in the mine closure planning process in accordance with the idea of corporate social responsibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies toward a Green Deal and Circular Economy)

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29 pages, 3082 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Support of Sustainability: The Historical Ecology of Vertebrate Biodiversity and Native American Harvest Practices in the Florida Keys, USA

by Michelle J. LeFebvre, Traci Ardren, Victor D. Thompson, Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Sara Ayers-Rigsby

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116552 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4608

Abstract

The Florida Keys are currently experiencing unprecedented loss of lifeways, biodiversity, and cultural heritage due to sea-level rise, catastrophic storm events, unsustainable traditions of resource exploitation, and land development. Yet, these islands have a long history of human occupation and socioecological systems underlying [...] Read more.

The Florida Keys are currently experiencing unprecedented loss of lifeways, biodiversity, and cultural heritage due to sea-level rise, catastrophic storm events, unsustainable traditions of resource exploitation, and land development. Yet, these islands have a long history of human occupation and socioecological systems underlying their current sustainability crisis that date back at least 2500 years. Here we report early results of ongoing zooarchaeological research from Upper Matecumbe Key designed to explore anthropogenic engagement with vertebrate fauna between AD 800 and 1250, providing an approximately 500-year window on marine fisheries and terrestrial faunal harvesting for this small island archipelago. Focusing on one of the few remaining, nearly intact Native American archaeological sites in the region, our research contributes to critically needed long-term anthropogenic perspectives on harvest patterns relevant to regional biodiversity conservation and sustainability initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Archaeology, Historical Ecology, and Sustainability of Island Cultures)

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26 pages, 8213 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Non-Potable Water Quality Assessment Results for Water Conservation in the Context of a Medical Facility Case Study

by Geraldine Seguela, John Richard Littlewood and George Karani

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6578; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116578 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

This paper discusses recycled non-potable water (NPW) quality test results from an existing, decentralized, treated air handling unit (AHU) air conditioning (A/C) condensate water (CW) system in a medical facility case study (MFCS) in Abu Dhabi (AD), the capital city of the United [...] Read more.

This paper discusses recycled non-potable water (NPW) quality test results from an existing, decentralized, treated air handling unit (AHU) air conditioning (A/C) condensate water (CW) system in a medical facility case study (MFCS) in Abu Dhabi (AD), the capital city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The MFCS, a 364-bed hospital that opened in 2015 with 50% landscaping, is targeting 100% non-clinical/non-potable water use for landscape irrigation (LI) from 179,700 m³/year treated CW, which is a by-product of AHU A/C. For seven months per year, however, a deficit of 14,340 m³ AHU A/C CW occurs, so costly and non-sustainable, desalinated potable water is required. The proposed change project, using a mixed methodology, develops a sustainable NPW strategy, including a protocol to extract water from recycled, onsite, organic food waste, fire sprinkler pump test water (FSPTW), and reverse osmosis reject water (RORW) to meet the AHU A/C CW shortfall by adapting, enhancing, and monitoring the medical facility’s NPW treatment system. The hospital’s sustainability strategy implemented by the author could be legislated and mandated by the relevant authority for regional medical facilities, taking the form of a water conservation protocol including the classification and characterization of different types of NPW to understand their impact on LI, human health, and building water systems. The outcome is a novel change in practice to reuse 25,141 m³/year RORW and 1136 m³/year FSPTW as makeup water for the A/C CW shortfall in winter. The results identify key considerations to be addressed by the target audience (building owners, landscape contractors, and facility managers) when reusing NPW to protect the environment against soil degradation—a major aspect of decarbonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water: Key Factor for the Future of Sustainable World)

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25 pages, 6874 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Strategies for Urban and Landscape Regeneration Related to Agri-Cultural Heritage in the Urban-Periphery of South Milan

by Julia Nerantzia Tzortzi, Laura Guaita and Aspassia Kouzoupi

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6581; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116581 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8093

Abstract

Urban Sprawl, and the fragmentation of the territory associated with it, are factors degrading the peri-urban areas in many European cities. The aim of this research is to investigate the role that Green Infrastructure (GI) and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) can have in redefining [...] Read more.

Urban Sprawl, and the fragmentation of the territory associated with it, are factors degrading the peri-urban areas in many European cities. The aim of this research is to investigate the role that Green Infrastructure (GI) and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) can have in redefining peri-urban areas, relating urban and rural landscapes. The case study focuses on the Southern Milan periphery, at the rural-urban transition fringe; the transformation pressures, tendencies, and local activities are approached, and the main problems are juxtaposed to the potentialities, defining simultaneously the site’s vulnerability and latent resilience. The elaboration of a research-by-design approach focuses on the refurbishment and interconnection of disused open spaces and abandoned buildings: converting them in favor of a GI and NBS network, through a perspective of Ecosystem Services (ES) enhancement, but also encompassing cultural heritage and multicultural aspects. The overall design demonstrates the possibility of deploying an infiltration strategy, of the rural landscape into the urban fringe. The objective is to articulate a multiscalar methodology and give insights on how a GI network can rebalance urban-rural transitioning spaces and enhance ES, improving the quality of marginal spaces both in environmental and socio-cultural terms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards a Sustainable Urban Planning for the Green Deal Era)

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13 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Μeat Quality Traits as Affected by the Dietary Inclusion of Food Waste in Finishing Pigs

by Elisavet Giamouri, George Papadomichelakis, Athanasios C. Pappas, Panagiotis E. Simitzis, Fenia Galliou, Nadine Paßlack, Juergen Zentek, Katia Lasaridi, Kostas Fegeros, Thrassyvoulos Manios, Eleni Tsiplakou and George Zervas

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116593 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4455

Abstract

An increasing world population along with increasing human needs have raised demand for animal origin products. Moreover, high prices of conventional animal feeds have led to a demand for alternative feedstuff. Food waste can be an alternative feed ingredient. The aim of the [...] Read more.

An increasing world population along with increasing human needs have raised demand for animal origin products. Moreover, high prices of conventional animal feeds have led to a demand for alternative feedstuff. Food waste can be an alternative feed ingredient. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of dried hotel residues (DHR) on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and meat quality traits in finishing pigs. In each of the 2 trials conducted, 20 castrated male pigs were allotted into 2 treatments. In both trials, control treatment pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet without hotel residues. In the first trial, a DHR1 treatment contained 100 g DHR1/kg with meat residues (approximately 5%). In the second trial, a DHR2 treatment, contained 80 g DHR2/kg with no meat residues. Average daily feed intake tended to be lower and average daily weight gain was lower in DHR1 compared to control pigs in the first trial, while in the second no differences were detected. However, final body weight, FCR and dressing percentage were not affected in any of the two trials. Minor differences in several meat physical traits, hematological parameters were observed among treatments and trials. In conclusion, the results indicate that the dietary addition of DHR did not affect the feed utilization and the quality of the produced meat; hence, the use of DHR in pig feeding can be supported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue RETASTE: Rethink Food Waste)

23 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Challenging and Interlinking Quality of Life with Social Sustainability in European Cross-Border Suburban Regions: An Empirical Survey in Bratislava-Lower Austria and Burgenland, and Salzburg-Bavaria

by Pavla Štefkovičová and Andreas Koch

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6602; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116602 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3384

Abstract

The relatively dynamic population growth in suburban municipalities in some European border regions caused by cross-border suburbanization poses challenges for maintaining and promoting the quality of life of residents and the social sustainability of municipalities. The aim of this paper is to provide [...] Read more.

The relatively dynamic population growth in suburban municipalities in some European border regions caused by cross-border suburbanization poses challenges for maintaining and promoting the quality of life of residents and the social sustainability of municipalities. The aim of this paper is to provide insights into these issues based on our own empirical research conducted in the border regions of Lower Austria, Burgenland, and Bavaria, which are affected by the cross-border suburbanization of Bratislava and Salzburg. Empirical results illustrate a “cherry-picking strategy” of a high proportion of residents, i.e., choosing selectively the best options of both worlds to improve or maintain their quality of life. These strategies refer to housing decisions, satisfaction with the social neighborhood and the environment, functional patterns of daily activities, and local engagement. Although most respondents rated community relations positively, the coexistence of different social groups would benefit from their deeper integration into the community life. Residential satisfaction in terms of quality of life can foster a sense of belonging and thus contribute to the social sustainability of cross-border suburban regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Challenges of Sustainable Development)

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26 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Towards a Business, Human Rights and the Environment Framework

by Olga Martin-Ortega, Fatimazahra Dehbi, Valerie Nelson and Renginee Pillay

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6596; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116596 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 11452

Abstract

We are in the midst of an ecological crisis which has been and continues to be provoked by human-led ‘environmental degradation’ (defined for the purposes of this editorial as any harm or adverse impact caused to the environment, including climate change, the contamination [...] Read more.

We are in the midst of an ecological crisis which has been and continues to be provoked by human-led ‘environmental degradation’ (defined for the purposes of this editorial as any harm or adverse impact caused to the environment, including climate change, the contamination of the land and water through the exposure to or dumping of toxic and hazardous substances and wastes, air pollution, the destruction of ecosystems, and the depletion of biodiversity) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business, Human Rights and the Environment)

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31 pages, 8269 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mapping of Ecological Corridors as Connections between Protected Areas: A Study Concerning Sardinia, Italy

by Federica Isola, Federica Leone and Corrado Zoppi

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6588; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116588 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3848

Abstract

According to the European Commission, green infrastructure and spatial connectivity concerning the provision of ecosystem services are strictly related to the conceptual category of ecological networks. In particular, regional and urban planning processes should adequately manage, improve and monitor the effectiveness of green [...] Read more.

According to the European Commission, green infrastructure and spatial connectivity concerning the provision of ecosystem services are strictly related to the conceptual category of ecological networks. In particular, regional and urban planning processes should adequately manage, improve and monitor the effectiveness of green infrastructures as ecological networks which provide ecosystem services and the spatial connectivity of such systems. Building on a methodological approach defined in previous studies, this article aims at identifying ecological corridors through a least-cost path model with reference to the spatial layout of a set of protected areas. Moreover, such a methodological approach is implemented in the context of the Sardinian region to map ecological corridors, which form, together with protected areas, a network representing the spatial framework of regional green infrastructure. Finally, the study discusses the relation between ecological corridors and the spatial taxonomy of the landscape components featured by environmental relevance, identified by the Regional Landscape Plan, through multiple linear regression analysis, in order to assess if, and to what extent, the present regional spatial zoning code can be used as a basis to implement regulations aimed at protecting ecological corridors. This methodological approach is relevant to defining planning policies and measures to strengthen the operational capacity and effectiveness of regional networks of protected areas through the protection and the improvement of the spatial framework of ecological corridors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Spatial Planning Based on Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Nature-Based Solutions)

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17 pages, 1737 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera) on Larviculture and Fatty Acid Composition of Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca (L.)) Cultured under Pseudo-Green Water Conditions

by Adrian A. Bischoff, Melanie Kubitz, Claudia M. Wranik, Laura Ballesteros-Redondo, Patrick Fink and Harry W. Palm

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6607; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116607 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

A new cultivation system with the chlorophyte Monoraphidium contortum combined with a self-sustaining culture of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus was applied for Sander lucioperca (L.) larviculture. Survival, morphometrics, as well as fatty acid composition of pikeperch larvae were analyzed after a ten-day [...] Read more.

A new cultivation system with the chlorophyte Monoraphidium contortum combined with a self-sustaining culture of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus was applied for Sander lucioperca (L.) larviculture. Survival, morphometrics, as well as fatty acid composition of pikeperch larvae were analyzed after a ten-day feeding period. By using the pseudo-green water technique with improved aeration and water movement at the surface, survival rates reached up to 94%, with a total larval length of 8.1 ± 0.3 mm and a specific length growth rate of up to 4.1% day⁻¹ for S. lucioperca. The biochemical composition of B. calyciflorus and especially its contents in C18 PUFAs and suitable n-3/n-6 ratios met the nutritional requirements of pikeperch larvae. The high abundance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the diet appeared to be less important in the first feeding due to a possible retention of essential fatty acids, which originate from the yolk sac reserves, at adequate levels. Exponential growth of microalgae and zooplankton under the applied conditions was most effective when stocking M. contortum five days and B. calyciflorus three days before adding the fish larvae. Appropriate timing and sufficient live feed density allowed a successful integration of B. calyciflorus into pikeperch larviculture. We hypothesize that feeding pikeperch larvae with a self-sustaining Brachionus-culture under pseudo-green water conditions with minor disruptions during larviculture will improve survival and growth. This system is a first step towards pikeperch larviculture inside recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) under continuous feed supply with live feed within the same aquaculture unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Aquaculture Systems)

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20 pages, 1646 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Conflicts over Land as a Risk for Social-Ecological Resilience: A Transnational Comparative Analysis in the Southwestern Amazon

by Rebecca Froese, Claudia Pinzón, Loreto Aceitón, Tarik Argentim, Marliz Arteaga, Juan Sebastian Navas-Guzmán, Gleiciane Pismel, Sophia Florence Scherer, Jannis Reutter, Janpeter Schilling and Regine Schönenberg

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6520; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116520 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5023

Abstract

People in the department of Madre de Dios/Peru, the state of Acre/Brazil, and the department of Pando/Bolivia experience similar conflicts over land, land use, and access to resources. At the same time, each conflict reveals distinct characteristics and dynamics, arising from its history, [...] Read more.

People in the department of Madre de Dios/Peru, the state of Acre/Brazil, and the department of Pando/Bolivia experience similar conflicts over land, land use, and access to resources. At the same time, each conflict reveals distinct characteristics and dynamics, arising from its history, legal regulation, institutional (in-)capacities, and culturally diverse local populations. The aim of this paper is to better understand the main drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas in this transboundary region, known as MAP, and to analyze how (environmental) institutions influence these drivers. The paper is based on a literature review and expert interviews; it focuses on conflicts around (1) gold mining in Madre de Dios, (2) extensive cattle ranching in Acre, and (3) access to communal land in Pando. Using theories of conflict research, expanded by a political ecology perspective and insights from stakeholder and expert interviews, we find that the major conflict drivers are (1) land tenure and access to land and natural resources, (2) identity and lifestyle driven transformations, (3) state and market driven agendas, and (4) networked illegal and criminal activities. Through a comparative conflict analysis, we develop four recommendations to strengthen the creation of reflexive institutions that may be able to foster social-ecological resilience in the region: (1) The clarification of responsibilities between governance institutions and their financing; (2) the awareness raising for existing power structures and opening spaces for enhanced local participation; (3) the breaking of corruptive cycles while developing economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable livelihood opportunities; and (4) taking the continuous reproduction of illegal activities into account while clarifying responsibilities, raising awareness, and breaking corruptive cycles. The results of our research therefore not only contribute to a better understanding of conflicts in the MAP region and the wider scientific literature on social-ecological conflicts and governance, but it is also the first paper that identifies entry points and prerequisites for the transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions in Amazonian societies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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22 pages, 2776 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Counter-Urban Activity Out of Copenhagen: Who, Where and Why?

by Hans Thor Andersen, Aske Egsgaard-Pedersen, Høgni Kalsø Hansen, Elise Stenholt Lange and Helle Nørgaard

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116516 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4817

Abstract

While migration is often understood as movement towards cities, it can also assume another direction, traditionally termed counter-urbanisation. This paper contributes to the study of counter-urbanisation by investigating data on settlement patterns to places outside commuting distance to the Copenhagen labour market. Counter-urban [...] Read more.

While migration is often understood as movement towards cities, it can also assume another direction, traditionally termed counter-urbanisation. This paper contributes to the study of counter-urbanisation by investigating data on settlement patterns to places outside commuting distance to the Copenhagen labour market. Counter-urban migration outside of the Copenhagen commuting area is compared with out-migration from Copenhagen to suburbs and commuting areas in the period from 2005 to 2020, reflecting periods of both economic growth and recession. In this paper, we explore this development in terms of the numbers and characteristics of migrants moving out of commuting distance in comparison to those migrants who leave the city to settle in the suburbs or within commuting distance. The quantitative findings are combined with qualitative findings from a survey of the motives of migrants. In line with earlier studies, this study finds that family, friends, place-specific relations and job opportunities are important motives for moving. However, the results also show that an increasing share of migrants have higher education. This will contribute to the future economic and social sustainability of rural and peripheral places in Denmark. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Counter Urban Migration, Commuting, and Social Sustainability in Everyday Life)

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19 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Meet Your Digital Twin in Space? Profiling International Expat’s Readiness for Metaverse Space Travel, Tech-Savviness, COVID-19 Travel Anxiety, and Travel Fear of Missing Out

by Umer Zaman, Inhyouk Koo, Saba Abbasi, Syed Hassan Raza and Madeeha Gohar Qureshi

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116441 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 8059

Abstract

The metaverse promises an unimaginable future for digital travelers by enabling them to gain unique experiences (e.g., space travel) that would otherwise be impossible in non-virtual reality. Moreover, COVID-19 travel anxiety has triggered growing interest in virtual environments (e.g., metaverse travel) in the [...] Read more.

The metaverse promises an unimaginable future for digital travelers by enabling them to gain unique experiences (e.g., space travel) that would otherwise be impossible in non-virtual reality. Moreover, COVID-19 travel anxiety has triggered growing interest in virtual environments (e.g., metaverse travel) in the aftermath of the pandemic. The cost-conscious and tech-savvy behavior of travelers has been resurrected in the ‘new normal’; however, the fear of missing out (FOMO) is now dictating travelers’ choices for newness, immersive and rewarding travel experiences. To address these emerging trends, promising new technologies, and untested relationships, the present study explored the effects of COVID-19 travel anxiety on the readiness for metaverse space travel. In addition, the moderating influence of tech savviness and travel FOMO was tested on this relationship. Drawing on data of international expats (N = 386) in UAE, the finding based on structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that the international expat’s readiness for metaverse space travel is positively influenced by their COVID-19 travel anxiety. Moreover, expats with high tendencies of travel FOMO and tech savviness will experience a stronger impact of COVID-19 travel anxiety on their readiness for metaverse space travel. These novel findings guided by prominent theories (e.g., self-determination, SOR, and protection motivation) offer new insights for policy makers and practitioners to strategically achieve digital-tourism transformation and sustainability through emerging and immersive metaverse technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of New Technologies in Tourism Activities)

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18 pages, 5201 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ensemble Climate and Streamflow Projections for the Assiniboine River Basin, Canada

by Muhammad Rehan Anis and David J. Sauchyn

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116487 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3787

Abstract

The Assiniboine River Basin (ARB) is subject to an exceptionally variable precipitation regime of the Canadian Prairies, ranging between record droughts and unprecedented flooding in just the past decade. To assess the impact of a changing climate on hydroclimate variability in the ARB, [...] Read more.

The Assiniboine River Basin (ARB) is subject to an exceptionally variable precipitation regime of the Canadian Prairies, ranging between record droughts and unprecedented flooding in just the past decade. To assess the impact of a changing climate on hydroclimate variability in the ARB, we used the bias–corrected simulations from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4) to drive MESH model for two 60–year periods, a historical baseline (1951–2010) and future projection (2041–2100), under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 to simulate ARB flows at eight hydrometric stations. The precipitation is projected to increase in every season (~10–38%) except for summer (~−1–−5%). Minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures have the largest seasonal trends, increasing by 2–3 °C in the near future (2021–2050) and 5–6 °C in the far future (2051–2080). These climate changes produce higher winter river flows while peak runoff shifts by several weeks to earlier in the year. There is a shift in the magnitude and timing of extreme water levels. The ensemble of climate projections from a single model and one RCP to the variability and uncertainty in the future hydrology supports adaptation planning in the industrial sectors of Saskatchewan’s economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resources Management under Climate Change)

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14 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Improving the Lipid Profile of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae for Marine Aquafeeds: Current State of Knowledge

by Daniela P. Rodrigues, Olga M. C. C. Ameixa, José Antonio Vázquez and Ricardo Calado

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6472; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116472 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5265

Abstract

The replacement of fish meal and fish oil by insect-based ingredients in the formulation of marine aquafeeds can be an important step towards sustainability. To pursue this goal, the modulation of the lipid profile of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) [...] Read more.

The replacement of fish meal and fish oil by insect-based ingredients in the formulation of marine aquafeeds can be an important step towards sustainability. To pursue this goal, the modulation of the lipid profile of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) has received great attention. While its nutritional profile can shift with diet, the ability to modulate its lipidome is yet to be understood. The present work provides an overview of the lipid modulation of H. illucens larvae through its diet, aiming to produce a more suitable ingredient for marine aquafeeds. Marine-based substrates significantly improve the lipid profile of H. illucens larvae, namely its omega-3 fatty acids profile. An improvement of approximately 40% can be achieved using fish discards. Substantial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids for marine fish and shrimp species, were recorded in H. illucens larvae fed on fish discards and coffee silverskin with Schyzochytrium sp. Unfortunately, these improvements are still deeply connected to marine-based bioresources, some still being too costly for use at an industrial scale (e.g., microalgae). New approaches using solutions from the biotechnology toolbox will be decisive to make H. illucens larvae a feasible alternative ingredient for marine aquafeeds without having to rely on marine bioresources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects, Food Security and Circular Food Production)

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19 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainability Analysis of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant through Emergy Evaluation

by Ramona Ciobanu, Carmen Teodosiu, Cecilia M. V. B. Almeida, Feni Agostinho and Biagio Fernando Giannetti

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116461 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3008

Abstract

Water and wastewater treatment plants are essential for the supply of drinking water for consumption and the treatment of effluents produced by human/industrial activities. However, few studies deal with the investments and sustainability of these services, which consider both the contribution of nature [...] Read more.

Water and wastewater treatment plants are essential for the supply of drinking water for consumption and the treatment of effluents produced by human/industrial activities. However, few studies deal with the investments and sustainability of these services, which consider both the contribution of nature and society. This study uses the emergy approach to evaluate a wastewater treatment plant located in the northeastern part of Romania, in Iași city. An assessment of the environmental costs of natural fluxes required for the treatment processes was performed, considering that the treated effluent is, still, loaded with contaminants that have to be absorbed by the receiving water natural system. The work done by nature to assimilate this load, generally considered free, is esteemed as a further cost in the total emergy budget of the wastewater treatment processes. The sustainability perspective was approached by calculating and analyzing the emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental load rate (ELR), and emergy sustainability development index (ESI). The use of local renewable natural resources in Iași municipal wastewater treatment plants is negligible (1.71% of the total plant emergy budget), as compared to that of the purchased resources (98.29% of the total plant emergy budget) mainly processed with the support of fossil fuels’ generated energy. The unit emegy value was, also, calculated and compared to other studies relevant for wastewater treatment plants. The analysis suggests that the large amount of emergy that wastewater contains is proportional to the number of resources employed for wastewater treatment and the extensive effects on surrounding ecosystems, where wastewater is discharged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Urban Water Consumption and Sustainability)

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25 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Is Public–Private Partnership (PPP) a Preferred Strategy for Procuring Smart Infrastructure in Developed Countries: An Empirical Study of the Perceived Benefits, Barriers and Recommended Strategies

by Nimesha Sahani Jayasena, Daniel W. M. Chan and Mohan M. Kumaraswamy

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6421; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116421 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4999

Abstract

Attention to Smart Infrastructure (SI) has risen due to its advantages, including better access, increased quality of life, and simplified maintenance management. To develop SI, Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are identified as potentially beneficial procurement strategies, which boost capacities to manage risks by pooling [...] Read more.

Attention to Smart Infrastructure (SI) has risen due to its advantages, including better access, increased quality of life, and simplified maintenance management. To develop SI, Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are identified as potentially beneficial procurement strategies, which boost capacities to manage risks by pooling diverse resources. However, the applicability of PPP in SI developments in developed countries is scarcely researched. This may be due to underestimating the other potential benefits from PPP, although developed countries may have their own funding to develop SI. Hence, this research aims to evaluate the significant factors influencing the success of PPP in SI projects in developed countries based on public-sector satisfaction (S1), private-sector satisfaction (S2), and end-user satisfaction (S3). A comprehensive literature review was followed by expert interviews and an international survey, focusing on developed countries. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied to map the connections amongst the influencing factors and S1, S2, and S3. The results reveal that legal and political-related factors significantly impact on S2 and S3, while social barriers significantly impact on S1. The effect of the constructs and factors on S1, S2, and S3 along with their rankings are unveiled in this research paper, providing a sound basis to increase success levels and minimize shortfalls in PPP to boost SI developments in developed countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities, Connected Communities, and Environmental Sustainability)

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26 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable and Responsible Design Education: Tensions in Transitions

by Joanna Boehnert, Matt Sinclair and Emma Dewberry

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6397; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116397 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9535

Abstract

Sustainable and Responsible Design (SRD) harnesses design’s potential to address eco-social problems and in doing so challenge the status quo of design education by reframing the social and ecological consequences, boundaries and agencies of design. This critical and transdisciplinary approach frays the edges [...] Read more.

Sustainable and Responsible Design (SRD) harnesses design’s potential to address eco-social problems and in doing so challenge the status quo of design education by reframing the social and ecological consequences, boundaries and agencies of design. This critical and transdisciplinary approach frays the edges of traditional design disciplines with embedded and reflexive modes of learning. We describe characteristics of SRD education and present theories of learning to empower students in this complex terrain. The learning associated with SRD education is ecologically engaged, participative, critical, expansive and designerly. We recount case studies of our own experiences advancing sustainable and responsible undergraduate design education in the UK. We identify path constraints such as disciplinary fragility, appropriation, and power dynamics in the design school. The push for a revision of priorities generates tensions where there is often greenwashing rhetoric of sustainability and inclusivity. We describe strategies and tactics to address these tensions. We highlight the agency we have as educators and designers and argue that design education can only meaningfully participate in response to the challenges presented by climate change, other types of ecocide, and social problems when educators make substantive commitments to supporting sustainability literacies and design approaches that serve the interests of diverse stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Design Education and Implementation)

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12 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility of SMEs: Learning Orientation and Performance Outcomes

by Lasse Torkkeli and Susanne Durst

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6387; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116387 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5634

Abstract

Responsibility and sustainability are today a key part of doing business globally. However, the attention of scholars and policymakers has mainly been on large multinational enterprises, with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) receiving less attention. Recent studies have noted the importance of learning [...] Read more.

Responsibility and sustainability are today a key part of doing business globally. However, the attention of scholars and policymakers has mainly been on large multinational enterprises, with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) receiving less attention. Recent studies have noted the importance of learning for SMEs to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR), but it is not yet known how the learning orientation of SMEs impacts their CSR, and how the development impacts the internationalization and performance of SMEs, which are research gaps that recent studies have noted. Shedding light on those dynamics is also important from a practical perspective since in most countries SMEs constitute a large majority of firms in both amounts and total employment. The present study contributes by illustrating how CSR impacts different types of performance in SMEs, and how the learning orientation of SMEs predetermines their CSR. Regression analyses conducted on an empirical sample of Finnish SMEs indicate that CSR in SMEs has an impact on certain types of performance and that their learning orientation determines their CSR. Therefore, the study contributes to the literature on responsibility and sustainability in SMEs, and to that SME internationalization, by shedding light on the antecedents and outcomes of CSR for SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsibility and Sustainability in SMEs)

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15 pages, 806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

U.S. Almond Exports and Retaliatory Trade Tariffs

by Abraham Ajibade and Sayed Saghaian

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6409; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116409 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8388

Abstract

The U.S. is the top producer, exporter, and consumer of tree nuts in the world. Tree nuts are a significant part of U.S. agricultural exports to the world. In 2019, the U.S. exported about USD 9.1 billion worth of tree nuts, just behind [...] Read more.

The U.S. is the top producer, exporter, and consumer of tree nuts in the world. Tree nuts are a significant part of U.S. agricultural exports to the world. In 2019, the U.S. exported about USD 9.1 billion worth of tree nuts, just behind soybean exports at USD 18.7 billion. Tree nuts, such as almonds and pistachios, are mostly produced in the state of California. California produces 100% of U.S. commercial almonds. Globally, almonds are the leading U.S. tree nut export in both value and volume. Almonds are shipped to over 90 countries annually. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the export demand function for U.S. almonds in major destination countries and evaluate the impact of the retaliatory trade tariffs policy by some of the importing countries on the U.S. almond exports. The currently available literature does not fully address these issues. We identified the top five almond export destinations, which were in Europe and Asia, namely, China/Hong Kong, Germany, India, Japan, and Spain, which account for more than 50% of U.S. almond imports. We used a double-log export demand equation that is well referenced in the literature and economic theory to identify the significant explanatory variables affecting the U.S. almonds export demand function. We also tried to estimate the impact of retaliatory tariffs on almond exports imposed by the major importing countries. Our results showed that U.S. almond and pistachio prices, real exchange rates, and gross domestic products of importing countries were significant factors that affected U.S. almond exports. The results showed that the imposed retaliatory tariffs had no negative effect on U.S. almond exports. This could have been because the study ended in 2019 and did not involve enough data to fully evaluate the impact of the retaliatory trade tariffs policy. U.S. almond exports have market concentration and strong market power in international markets. The efforts toward more sustainable production of almonds to solidify an already established market share in the world almond markets and against substitutes, such as pistachios, seem to be a sound strategy and focus of the U.S. almond agribusinesses and exporters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural Development Economics and Policy)

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21 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Africa’s Agricultural TFP for Food Security and Effects on Human Development: Evidence from 35 Countries

by Boima M. Bernard, Jr., Yanping Song, Sehresh Hena, Fayyaz Ahmad and Xin Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6411; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116411 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4546

Abstract

Population growth, food shortages, and low levels of human development have been longstanding issues confronting many African countries. Agricultural productivity remains a critical goal for mitigating these challenges and ensuring overall economic development. Total factor productivity (TFP) is a crucial metric for determining [...] Read more.

Population growth, food shortages, and low levels of human development have been longstanding issues confronting many African countries. Agricultural productivity remains a critical goal for mitigating these challenges and ensuring overall economic development. Total factor productivity (TFP) is a crucial metric for determining a sector’s overall growth. However, due to a lack of comprehensive assessments of the trends and determinants of TFP growth in African agriculture, there are disagreements. Within the context of inclusive human development, the impact of agricultural productivity is frequently misrepresented in the current literature. This paper estimated TFP growth and assessed its impact on human development in Africa. Due to technological improvement, TFP increased moderately at a 5.4% growth rate across African countries over the period (2001–2019). Empirical evidence indicates that TFP growth enhances human development in the long run, but the effect varies according to levels of human development (HDI) and the nature of growth over time. For instance, higher levels of human development tend to mitigate the impact of TFP. Further analysis revealed that technical efficiency improvement is critical for enhancing food safety and human development. Policy recommendations for improving TFP for food security and human development in Africa are provided. Further investigation into agricultural TFP’s impact beyond the poverty measure in Africa is encouraged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Environment, Economy, Society and Policy)

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15 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Organizational Well-Being of Italian Doctoral Students: Is Academia Sustainable When It Comes to Gender Equality?

by Chiara Corvino, Amalia De Leo, Miriam Parise and Giulia Buscicchio

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116425 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2921

Abstract

Despite the fact that there are several researchers reporting the risks of doctoral students in terms of mental health, there is still a lack of studies exploring their well-being at an organizational level, looking at the difference between male and female PhD students. [...] Read more.

Despite the fact that there are several researchers reporting the risks of doctoral students in terms of mental health, there is still a lack of studies exploring their well-being at an organizational level, looking at the difference between male and female PhD students. This work aims at describing gender differences in the organizational well-being of doctoral students in an Italian context. A sample of 121 Italian PhD students filled an adaption of the ANAC questionnaire (National Authority for Anti-Corruption) for an organizational well-being assessment between June and July 2021. The results show that there are a number of well-being indicators for which female PhD students have statistically lower scores than men regarding: (1) the perception of health and safety at work; (2) career development; and (3) job autonomy. Practical suggestions to improve the academic system in terms of sustainability for preventing PhD students’ organizational malaise with a particular focus on gender equality are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue When Are Organizations Sustainable? Well-Being and Discomfort in Working Contexts: Old and New Forms of Malaise)

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13 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Informal Environment Regulation, Green Technology Innovation and Air Pollution: Quasi-Natural Experiments from Prefectural Cities in China

by Xinghua Wang, Shunchen Wu, Xiaojuan Qin, Meixiang La and Haixia Zuo

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6333; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106333 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3389

Abstract

Facing informal environment regulation carried out by the environmental protection organizations, we study and judge its inhibitory effect on air pollution and the acting path. Based on panel data of 285 cities in China from 1998 to 2018, a time-varying difference-in-difference model is [...] Read more.

Facing informal environment regulation carried out by the environmental protection organizations, we study and judge its inhibitory effect on air pollution and the acting path. Based on panel data of 285 cities in China from 1998 to 2018, a time-varying difference-in-difference model is used to estimate the effect of informal environment regulation on air pollution. The estimation results show that informal environment regulation can inhibit air pollution significantly under different scenarios. Green technology innovation is introduced into the research and a mediating effect model is used to investigate the influencing mechanism. Informal environment regulation strengthens pressure on pollutant emissions. This forces enterprises to enhance the investment and application of green technology innovation during production. Mechanism analysis shows that informal environment regulation inhibits air pollution by encouraging the application of green technology innovation. The above conclusions are still valid after a series of robustness tests, including parallel trend, placebo test and instrumental variables. The research conclusions provide empirical evidence for the construction of a diversified air-pollution control system and demonstrate the practical significance of informal environment regulation to improve air quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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26 pages, 3147 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evolution of Wireless Communication to 6G: Potential Applications and Research Directions

by Muhammad Zeeshan Asghar, Shafique Ahmed Memon and Jyri Hämäläinen

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106356 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 17023

Abstract

The fifth-generation mobile network (5G), as the fundamental enabler of Industry 4.0, has facilitated digital transformation and smart manufacturing through AI and cloud computing (CC). However, B5G is viewed as a turning point that will fundamentally transform existing global trends in wireless communication [...] Read more.

The fifth-generation mobile network (5G), as the fundamental enabler of Industry 4.0, has facilitated digital transformation and smart manufacturing through AI and cloud computing (CC). However, B5G is viewed as a turning point that will fundamentally transform existing global trends in wireless communication practices as well as in the lives of masses. B5G foresees a world where physical–digital confluence takes place. This study intends to see the world beyond 5G with the transition to 6G assuming the lead as future wireless communication technology. However, despite several developments, the dream of an era without latency, unprecedented speed internet, and extraterrestrial communication has yet to become a reality. This article explores main impediments and challenges that the 5G–6G transition may face in achieving these greater ideals. This article furnishes the vision for 6G, facilitating technology infrastructures, challenges, and research leads towards the ultimate achievement of “technology for humanity” objective and better service to underprivileged people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Applications for Optimal Management in Smart Cities)

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14 pages, 2202 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Sustainable Livelihood for Displaced Rohingyas and Their Resilience at Bhashan Char in Bangladesh

by Md. Monirul Islam, Aparna Barman, Makidul Islam Khan, Gour Gobinda Goswami, Bulbul Siddiqi and Sharif A. Mukul

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6374; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106374 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9871

Abstract

The livelihood sustainability of the Rohingya refugees relocated in Bhashan Char, Bangladesh, has been questioned by various international stakeholders due to the remoteness and perceived vulnerabilities of the island. The Bangladesh government, a few international organizations, and some non-government organizations are working on [...] Read more.

The livelihood sustainability of the Rohingya refugees relocated in Bhashan Char, Bangladesh, has been questioned by various international stakeholders due to the remoteness and perceived vulnerabilities of the island. The Bangladesh government, a few international organizations, and some non-government organizations are working on developing livelihood opportunities in there. But there is scarce study about the livelihood opportunities and challenges of the Rohingyas living there. This study explores the vulnerabilities and livelihood opportunities of Rohingyas in Bhashan Char so as to help increase their resilience. The vulnerabilities include natural, geographical, and climatic shocks and stresses (e.g., cyclone, floods, storm surge, sea-level rise, geographical position). However, there are ample opportunities for their livelihood development, despite some challenges which can be overcome with concerted efforts. The opportunities include intensification and extensification of livelihood activities, such as modern agriculture, fish farming, livestock rearing, small business, handicraft, fishing net mending, crab fattening, biofloc aquaculture, and fish cage culture, but turning these opportunities into reality requires sufficient investment and internationally positive attitude. Better shelter, better disaster preparedness, cultural practices, education, and skill development can increase their capacity to bounce back, absorb shocks, and make them more resilient. National and international humanitarian organizations should plan to enhance the resilience of the Rohingya communities living in Bhashan Char and the island itself so that they can sustain in the long run, even after their anticipated repatriation to Myanmar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migration-Refugee Policies and Socioeconomics, Well-Being and Sustainable Outcomes)

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15 pages, 2622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Heterogeneity of Spatial-Temporal Distribution of Nitrogen in the Karst Rocky Desertification Soils and Its Implications for Ecosystem Service Support of the Desertification Control—A Literature Review

by Panteng Wan, Kangning Xiong and Le Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106327 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

In recent years, the study of soil nitrogen distribution (SND) in rocky desertification control ecosystems has increased exponentially. Rocky desertification experiences severe environmental degradation due to its fragile nature, and understanding rocky desertification soil nitrogen (SN) is critical for ecosystem services (ES) to [...] Read more.

In recent years, the study of soil nitrogen distribution (SND) in rocky desertification control ecosystems has increased exponentially. Rocky desertification experiences severe environmental degradation due to its fragile nature, and understanding rocky desertification soil nitrogen (SN) is critical for ecosystem services (ES) to support sustainable development. From the perspective of bibliometrics, this paper systematically, comprehensively, qualitatively and quantitatively describes the progress, trends and hotspots of SND in the field of rocky desertification environment. The results show that: 97.40% of the document type is “Article”; the study of rocky desertification SND shows the characteristics of rapid growth, the volume of published articles in the past three years accounted for 34.30% of the total; active countries are mainly China, Germany, United States, Sweden, Finland, etc. The research hotspots in this field include karst and nitrogen, and the future research hotspots tend to focus on karst rocky desertification ecosystem, soil nutrients and vegetation diversity in south China. It is suggested to construct SN management strategy suitable for rocky desertification fragile ecosystems in the future, strengthen theoretical research and comprehensively understand the characteristics of rocky desertification control ecosystem to put forward sustainable management strategy according to local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nitrogen Cycling and Its Impact on Forest Soil Ecology in the Context of Global Climate Change)

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17 pages, 4950 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Changes in the Landscape Pattern of Wetlands and Its Impact on the Value of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Yellow River Basin, Inner Mongolia

by Jing Yun, Huamin Liu, Zhichao Xu, Xiaoai Cao, Linqian Ma, Lu Wen, Yi Zhuo and Lixin Wang

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6328; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106328 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3678

Abstract

The Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia has significant ecological advantages, and it is critical to research the landscape pattern of its watershed wetland ecosystem and the changes in its service value in order to protect the environment and develop the region in [...] Read more.

The Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia has significant ecological advantages, and it is critical to research the landscape pattern of its watershed wetland ecosystem and the changes in its service value in order to protect the environment and develop the region in a high-quality manner. In this paper, we use the landscape index method, the equivalent factor method, and a field survey to investigate changes in wetland landscape patterns and the dynamics of wetland ecosystem service values in the Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia from 1990 to 2020, and then examine the impact of landscape pattern evolution on wetland ecosystem service values in the region. The study’s findings indicate that rivers, lakes, and herbaceous marshes are the most common types of wetland landscapes in Inner Mongolia’s Yellow River Basin. The landscape types in the research area are diverse, and landscape fragmentation is increasing. In the Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia, the overall value of wetland ecosystem benefits is negatively connected with Patch Density and the Shannon Diversity Index, and positively correlated with the Contagion Index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Response to Climate Change in Arid Land)

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22 pages, 1435 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chelating Agents in Assisting Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: A Review

by Yue You, Junfeng Dou, Yu Xue, Naifu Jin and Kai Yang

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6379; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106379 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7884

Abstract

Massive stockpiles of uranium (U) mine tailings have resulted in soil contamination with U. Plants for soil remediation have low extraction efficiency of U. Chelating agents can mobilize U in soils and, hence, enhance phytoextraction of U from the soil. However, the rapid [...] Read more.

Massive stockpiles of uranium (U) mine tailings have resulted in soil contamination with U. Plants for soil remediation have low extraction efficiency of U. Chelating agents can mobilize U in soils and, hence, enhance phytoextraction of U from the soil. However, the rapid mobilization rate of soil U by chelating agents in a short period than plant uptake rate could increase the risk of groundwater contamination with soluble U leaching down the soil profile. This review summarizes recent progresses in synthesis and application of chelating agents for assisting phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils. In detail, the interactions between chelating agents and U ions are initially elucidated. Subsequently, the mechanisms of phytoextraction and effectiveness of different chelating agents for phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils are given. Moreover, the potential risks associated with chelating agents are discussed. Finally, the synthesis and application of slow-release chelating agents for slowing down metal mobilization in soils are presented. The application of slow-release chelating agents for enhancing phytoextraction of soil U is still scarce. Hence, we propose the preparation of slow-release biodegradable chelating agents, which can control the release speed of chelating agent into the soil in order to match the mobilization rate of soil U with plant uptake rate, while diminishing the risk of residual chelating agent leaching to groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radioactivity: Sustainable Materials and Innovative Techniques)

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29 pages, 2852 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential Impacts by the Invasion of Insects Reared to Feed Livestock and Pet Animals in Europe and Other Regions: A Critical Review

by Felipe Lourenço, Ricardo Calado, Isabel Medina and Olga M. C. C. Ameixa

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6361; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106361 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7690

Abstract

While the use of alien insect species for food and feed can help to alleviate protein shortage and provide for a more sustainable feed production, their invasive potential should be considered since invasive alien species represent one of the five main global threats [...] Read more.

While the use of alien insect species for food and feed can help to alleviate protein shortage and provide for a more sustainable feed production, their invasive potential should be considered since invasive alien species represent one of the five main global threats to biodiversity. In the European Union (EU), eight insect species have already been authorized to be used as feed ingredients for aquaculture organisms, pets, poultry, and pigs. These species were selected based on available national risk assessments, as most of them are non-native to Europe. However, it is not clear how these risk assessments truly consider all EU bioregions, given that the information used was mostly biased towards northern European regions. As a large proportion of invasive alien species already present in the EU were introduced unintentionally, it is therefore crucial to understand and manage the potential pathways of such introductions in a more effective way. Here, we provide a critical overview of the potential risks of rearing alien insect species as feed or as pet food (for both livestock and exotic pets) in the EU. The results showed that some of these insect species have an invasive potential, either due to their reproductive capacity in different climates or due to the fact that they have already established populations in areas where they were introduced, with negative effects on local ecosystems or causing economical losses. For this reason, it is recommended that risk assessments should be performed in other EU bioregions as well as monitoring programs to control the spread of insect species with invasive potential. In addition, other available native insect species with potential to be used as feed ingredients should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects, Food Security and Circular Food Production)

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8 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceOpinion

Water Footprint as a Tool for Selection of Alternatives (Comments on “Food Recommendations for Reducing Water Footprint”)

by Libor Ansorge and Lada Stejskalová

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6317; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106317 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3600

Abstract

Water footprint is a new tool for assessing sustainability in terms of water use. Researchers are devising new applications that use water footprint, one of which is focused on comparing the water requirements of individual diets. Systems have been proposed to suggest tailor-made [...] Read more.

Water footprint is a new tool for assessing sustainability in terms of water use. Researchers are devising new applications that use water footprint, one of which is focused on comparing the water requirements of individual diets. Systems have been proposed to suggest tailor-made recipes that use a lower water quantity in production. This system proposes alternative recipes with lower demands for water resources based on their water footprint. The water footprint consists of three components—blue, green, and grey water footprints. However, focusing only on a reduction in the total water footprint may lead to an increase in some of its parts, such as the blue water footprint, and subsequently to water scarcity in some river basins. Therefore, it is recommended to extend the food recommendations system with sustainability criteria in order to avoid the unsustainable management of water resources. The same criteria can be used in any system for selecting alternatives based on the water footprint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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24 pages, 5172 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Sustainability of Rock Art: Preservation and Research

by Andrea Zerboni, Federica Villa, Ying-Li Wu, Tadele Solomon, Andrea Trentini, Alessandro Rizzi, Francesca Cappitelli and Marina Gallinaro

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106305 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8473

Abstract

Rock art is a widespread cultural heritage, representing an immovable element of the material culture created on natural rocky supports. Paintings and petroglyphs can be found within caves and rock shelters or in open-air contexts and for that reason they are not isolated [...] Read more.

Rock art is a widespread cultural heritage, representing an immovable element of the material culture created on natural rocky supports. Paintings and petroglyphs can be found within caves and rock shelters or in open-air contexts and for that reason they are not isolated from the processes acting at the Earth surface. Consequently, rock art represents a sort of ecosystem because it is part of the complex and multidirectional interplay between the host rock, pigments, environmental parameters, and microbial communities. Such complexity results in several processes affecting rock art; some of them contribute to its destruction, others to its preservation. To understand the effects of such processes an interdisciplinary scientific approach is needed. In this contribution, we discuss the many processes acting at the rock interface—where rock art is present—and the multifaceted possibilities of scientific investigations—non-invasive or invasive—offered by the STEM disciplines. Finally, we suggest a sustainable approach to investigating rock art allowing to understand its production as well as its preservation and eventually suggest strategies to mitigate the risks threatening its stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Archaeology of Sustainability and Sustainable Archaeology)

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18 pages, 8454 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A New Decision Support System for Analyzing Factors of Tornado Related Deaths in Bangladesh

by Fahim Sufi, Edris Alam and Musleh Alsulami

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6303; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106303 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3531

Abstract

Tropical cyclones devastate large areas, take numerous lives and damage extensive property in Bangladesh. Research on landfalling tropical cyclones affecting Bangladesh has primarily focused on events occurring since AD1960 with limited work examining earlier historical records. We rectify this gap by developing a [...] Read more.

Tropical cyclones devastate large areas, take numerous lives and damage extensive property in Bangladesh. Research on landfalling tropical cyclones affecting Bangladesh has primarily focused on events occurring since AD1960 with limited work examining earlier historical records. We rectify this gap by developing a new Tornado catalogue that include present and past records of Tornados across Bangladesh maximizing use of available sources. Within this new Tornado database, 119 records were captured starting from 1838 till 2020 causing 8735 deaths and 97,868 injuries leaving more than 102,776 people affected in total. Moreover, using this new Tornado data, we developed an end-to-end system that allows a user to explore and analyze the full range of Tornado data on multiple scenarios. The user of this new system can select a date range or search a particular location, and then, all the Tornado information along with Artificial Intelligence (AI) based insights within that selected scope would be dynamically presented in a range of devices including iOS, Android, and Windows. Using a set of interactive maps, charts, graphs, and visualizations the user would have a comprehensive understanding of the historical records of Tornados, Cyclones and associated landfalls with detailed data distributions and statistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Sustainable Disaster Management)

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33 pages, 8498 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Policy Instruments in the Implementation of Renewable Sources of Energy in Selected European Countries

by Elnaz Nasiri, Lisandra Rocha-Meneses, Abrar Inayat and Timo Kikas

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6314; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106314 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5120

Abstract

Nowadays, great attention has been paid to alternative sources of energy that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels and help to reduce their utilization in the overall energy mix. In Europe, the development and implementation of renewable sources of energy [...] Read more.

Nowadays, great attention has been paid to alternative sources of energy that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels and help to reduce their utilization in the overall energy mix. In Europe, the development and implementation of renewable sources of energy is regulated and supported by legal frameworks. This paper investigates the impact of European Directives and its transposition to national policies on the share of renewable sources of energy in electricity, heating and cooling, and transport in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. For this, quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. The quantitative data refer to the gross energy consumption, energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes (by category), and energy consumption in the transportation sector, while the qualitative data refer to the main directives and legal frameworks utilized to regulate the utilization and implementation of renewable energy in the selected countries. The results of this study show that the European Directives are not as effective as expected in the promotion and adoption of renewable sources of energy. Although none of the countries investigated in this paper were able to achieve the 10% share of energy produced from renewable sources for the transportation sector, certain goals were still achieved. For instance, in 2018, 6.57% of the energy utilized in the transportation sector in Denmark was from renewable sources, while in Estonia it was 3.29%, in Ireland 7.17%, in Latvia 4.73%, in Lithuania 4.33%, and in the Netherlands 9.59%. These results suggest that the current regulations should be revised and that clear, accountable, and predictable regulations should be put in place to ensure the energetic independence in Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Biorefineries in Circular Economy)

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15 pages, 12509 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Opportunities from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Identify Differences in Weed Spatial Distribution between Conventional and Conservation Agriculture

by Nebojša Nikolić, Pietro Mattivi, Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo, Cristiano Miele, Massimo De Marchi and Roberta Masin

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6324; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106324 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2684

Abstract

Weeds are one of the major issues in agricultural production and they are present in most agricultural systems. Due to the heterogeneity of weed distribution, understanding spatial patterns is paramount for precision farming and improving sustainability in crop management. Nevertheless, limited information is [...] Read more.

Weeds are one of the major issues in agricultural production and they are present in most agricultural systems. Due to the heterogeneity of weed distribution, understanding spatial patterns is paramount for precision farming and improving sustainability in crop management. Nevertheless, limited information is currently available about the differences between conventional agricultural (CV) weed spatial patterns and weed spatial patterns in conservation agricultural systems (CA); moreover, opportunities to use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and recognition algorithms to monitor these differences are still being explored and tested. In this work, the opportunity to use UAVs to detect changes in spatial distribution over time between CA and CV fields was assessed for data acquisition. Acquired data were processed using maximum likelihood classification to discriminate between weeds and surrounding elements; then, a similarity assessment was performed using the ‘equal to’ function of the raster calculator. The results show important differences in spatial distribution over time between CA and CV fields. In the CA field 56.18% of the area was infested in both years when the field margin effect was included, and 22.53% when this effect was excluded; on the other hand, in the CV field only 11.50% of the area was infested in both years. The results illustrate that there are important differences in the spatial distribution of weeds between CA and CV fields; such differences can be easily detected using UAVs and identification algorithms combined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies, Techniques and Process for the Sustainable Precision Agriculture)

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13 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 on Depressive Symptoms and Loneliness for Middle-Aged and Older Adults

by Angela L. Curl and Katie E. Wolf

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6316; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106316 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2975

Abstract

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depressive symptoms and loneliness in older adults, using the Protection Motivation Theory Framework. Using data collected between March 2020 and May 2021 as part of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2145 [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depressive symptoms and loneliness in older adults, using the Protection Motivation Theory Framework. Using data collected between March 2020 and May 2021 as part of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2145 adults over age 50), the roles of threat and coping appraisals as predictors of protective health behaviors and, ultimately, mental health outcomes, were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Being at high risk for COVID-19 complications and death was associated with more depressive symptoms and loneliness. Higher levels of concern about COVID-19 were associated with more depressive symptoms while knowing someone who had died of the coronavirus was associated with less loneliness. Lower scores for perceived control over one’s health and social life were associated with more depressive symptoms and higher loneliness. These results suggest that moving forward, mental health assessments should consider the impact of the pandemic and include measures specifically asking about COVID-19 concerns and experiences (e.g., death of close friends or family due to COVID-19, protective health measures). Additionally, future responses to this pandemic and other public health emergencies should consider the influence that self-efficacy has on health behaviors and mental health. The pandemic has raised public awareness of the negative consequences of social isolation and acted to destigmatize mental illness, and this greater awareness could encourage middle-aged and older adults to seek various treatments for depression and loneliness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contextual and Psychological Variables Facilitating Psychosocial Well-being and Adjustment: Perspectives for a Sustainable Psychological Development)

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24 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reducing the Environmental Impact of Clothing: An Exploration of the Potential of Alternative Business Models

by Sarah Gray, Angela Druckman, Jhuma Sadhukhan and Keith James

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6292; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106292 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 13580

Abstract

Business models providing used clothing to consumers have the potential to increase the use of each garment and thereby reduce pressure on raw materials and primary production. This research used in-depth interviews complemented by a literature review to improve the understanding of the [...] Read more.

Business models providing used clothing to consumers have the potential to increase the use of each garment and thereby reduce pressure on raw materials and primary production. This research used in-depth interviews complemented by a literature review to improve the understanding of the business models and the ways in which they can impact the environment. In total, the interviews were carried out with seven business owners and six experts in clothing sustainability, product lifespan extension, and circular business models. Examples of business models of interest include businesses selling secondhand clothes and businesses renting clothes to customers. A typology of business models is used to understand how each model impacts the environment and to highlight the factors that contribute most to the impacts that need to be managed. Business models vary in how they impact the environment, through differences in the way they manage transport, storage, and cleaning. Business models also vary in how successfully they reduce the environmental impacts from the production of new garments by increasing the number of times different wearers wear a garment and reducing the need to buy new garments. This effect is referred to as displacement, and the displacement rate provides an indication of the efficiency of reuse models in reducing total volumes of throughput. Indeed, some new business models may not have reduced throughput as a goal at all, and appraisal of this is crucial to understanding the environmental impacts of the various models. Full article

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19 pages, 5484 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Aligning to the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Assessing Contributions of UBC Botanical Garden

by Adriana Lopez-Villalobos, Dionne Bunsha, Delanie Austin, Laura Caddy, Jennifer Douglas, Andy Hill, Kevin Kubeck, Patrick Lewis, Ben Stormes, Ryo Sugiyama and Tara Moreau

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106275 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5185

Abstract

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development outlines 17 goals for the wellbeing of people and the planet. The purpose of this study was to understand how University of British Columbia Botanical Garden (UBCBG) contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [...] Read more.

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development outlines 17 goals for the wellbeing of people and the planet. The purpose of this study was to understand how University of British Columbia Botanical Garden (UBCBG) contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) and to identify opportunities for future action. To address this, we worked across departments to assess our programs and activities against the UN-SDG 17 goals and 169 targets. The UN-SDG indicators were only used to identify potential metrics that could be consider for future tracking. The main activities of UBCBG include ex situ plant conservation, sustainability education and community engagement. Our results found that UBCBG contributes to 12 of the 17 goals and 24 of the 169 targets. The two UN-SDGs with more targets aligned to UBCBG’s activities were Goal 15—Life on Land and Goal 12—Responsible Consumption and Production. Through its partnerships with other botanical gardens, research institutions and the regional government, the Garden amplifies its work at a global, national and regional level. We are re-imagining the role of botanical gardens in an age of equity, decolonization, the biodiversity crisis and the climate emergency. Since the UN-SDGs address both nature and people, they are an appropriate framework to guide our work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botanic Gardens and Their Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals)

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16 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Borrowing Power from Potential Entrants and High-Speed Rail: Entry Pattern of China’s Low-Cost Carrier

by Xiaowei Tang, Siyu Ren, Xinyao Ma and Kurt Fuellhart

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6294; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106294 - 21 May 2022

Viewed by 2415

Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of market structure and high-speed rail on China’s low-cost carrier Spring Airlines’ entry patterns during the pre-pandemic period. Dividing the air transport system into discrete distance segments (i.e., short-, medium- and long-haul) helps better reveal critical factors that [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the impact of market structure and high-speed rail on China’s low-cost carrier Spring Airlines’ entry patterns during the pre-pandemic period. Dividing the air transport system into discrete distance segments (i.e., short-, medium- and long-haul) helps better reveal critical factors that affect the route entry of Spring. Given the existence of market power in China’s airline industry and the capacity constraints at major airports, Spring strives to enter routes that can accommodate more potential entrants without a strong response from incumbents and are connected with more concentrated or lower-capacity airports. The complementary and competition effects of high-speed rail are well-distinguished in different distance ranges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aviation Management and Air Transport Industry II)

31 pages, 408 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

ELECTRE III for Strategic Environmental Assessment: A “Phantom” Approach

by Fabrizio Battisti

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106221 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2787

Abstract

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a systematic evaluation process of the environmental consequences of urban and territorial plans and programs which aims to guarantee a high degree of environmental protection and to contribute to integrating environmental factors during the design, adoption, and [...] Read more.

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a systematic evaluation process of the environmental consequences of urban and territorial plans and programs which aims to guarantee a high degree of environmental protection and to contribute to integrating environmental factors during the design, adoption, and approval of plans and programs. Even if in Europe the SEA was already included in the legislation of each European Member State as of 2017, in these countries—and particularly in Italy—there is a diffuse lack of indications on procedures and/or evaluation protocols. In this article, the use of evaluation techniques in SEA is discussed. The specific objective of the research is the construction of an evaluation method to express a synthetic judgement—based on acknowledged, objective parameters—within the SEA procedure. According to the literature review, results regarding the SEA procedure, and its possible supporting methodologies, Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) appears to be the most SEA-coherent approach. Moreover, the ELECTRE method family has shown the highest suitability to perform the evaluation phase of SEA. Hence, an operational development of ELECTRE III is herein proposed and applied to a case study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Projects, Public–Private Partnerships and Economic Sustainability Evaluation)

13 pages, 1051 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Traditional Knowledge and Modern Motivations for Consuming Seaweed (Limu) in Samoa

by Ulusapeti Tiitii, Nicholas Paul, Sarah Burkhart, Silva Larson and Libby Swanepoel

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106212 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4262

Abstract

Seaweeds are a traditional food throughout the Pacific. In Samoa, the edible seaweeds limu fuafua (sea grapes, Caulerpa racemosa and C. chemnitzia) and limu a’au (red seaweed, Halymenia durvillei and Halymenia sp.) are hand-harvested and consumed fresh or cooked, respectively. However, there [...] Read more.

Seaweeds are a traditional food throughout the Pacific. In Samoa, the edible seaweeds limu fuafua (sea grapes, Caulerpa racemosa and C. chemnitzia) and limu a’au (red seaweed, Halymenia durvillei and Halymenia sp.) are hand-harvested and consumed fresh or cooked, respectively. However, there is limited scientific or traditional documentation of these commodities. Here, we assess the traditional use and cultural value of edible seaweeds and explore modern consumer preferences and perceived nutritional benefits. Structured enumerator-administered questionnaires were used to examine the relationship between consumption and demographics and subsequently to assess the key motivators for consumption, including perceived nutritional benefits. A total of 320 participants were surveyed across 20 village communities, with 95% reporting consumption of Caulerpa and 40% of Halymenia. Consumption was primarily on a weekly to monthly basis, and even once a day. Motivators and barriers for consumption were then assessed in 320 village participants with an additional 203 intercept interviews at fish markets. A content analysis of the open-ended questions revealed the key motivators for eating limu were health and taste (positive), whereas the key barriers were taste (negative) and availability. We identify opportunities to develop a nutrient evidence base for Samoan seaweeds to aid in marketing, especially for youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Human Health and Wellbeing in Traditional Food Systems)

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23 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Performance and Profitability of Banking Sector in Special Reference to Private Commercial Banks: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh

by Md. Abu Issa Gazi, Md. Nahiduzzaman, Iman Harymawan, Abdullah Al Masud and Bablu Kumar Dhar

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106260 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 14720

Abstract

The current crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the global economy hard, causing significant damage to every aspect of the global banking system, and Bangladesh is no exception. For that reason, its performance and profitability have been affected. In this study, [...] Read more.

The current crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the global economy hard, causing significant damage to every aspect of the global banking system, and Bangladesh is no exception. For that reason, its performance and profitability have been affected. In this study, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the financial performance and profitability of the listed private commercial banks in Bangladesh. We initially compute each bank’s financial performance index (FPI) to determine the position according to their financial performance individually before and the current period of COVID-19 by the standardized CAMELS rating system. After assessing the position, the fixed-effect regression model is used to explore the impact of the bank’s specific variables and macroeconomic variables along with the banks’ variables on the banks’ profitability. The banks that performed better during the pre-pandemic period of COVID-19 also performed better during the pandemic period of COVID-19. The performance of AIBL, EBL, and BBL was almost autonomously higher during both periods. In the case of bank profitability, our paper discovered that during the pandemic period of COVID-19, high non-performing loan rates, holding more liquid assets, a high amount of hedging capital, and inappropriate bank size lessened the banks’ profitability. In contrast, a low leverage position and inflation rate enhanced the bank’s profitability during this period. The outcome of this study will help bank authorities detect the loopholes and take preventive measures that can improve their profitability during a crisis period like COVID-19. The investors and depositors who invest money in banks can precisely decide their portfolios. Full article

10 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of the Number of Hours Spent at Home on the Volume of Municipal Waste Generated: Evidence from Tokyo during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Kentaka Aruga

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6165; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106165 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

This study explores how changes in hours spent at home during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020–February 2022) affected the volume of municipal waste generated by households. Applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to a time series model created to measure the volume of combustible [...] Read more.

This study explores how changes in hours spent at home during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020–February 2022) affected the volume of municipal waste generated by households. Applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to a time series model created to measure the volume of combustible waste, recyclable plastic, plastic bottles, glasses and cans, and used paper, this study finds that an increase in the number of hours spent at home elevated the amount of combustible waste, recyclable plastic bottles, and glass bottles and cans generated. The increase in the volume of waste during the pandemic tended to be related to increased demand for delivery and take-out containers, and the increase in combustible waste was likely caused by a surge in the use of unrecyclable plastic containers. Thus, the results of the study suggest the importance of enhancing the use of recyclable containers and the need for support to develop ways to spread the use of such containers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Natural Resource Markets)

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25 pages, 12400 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Assessment of Crowd-Gathering in Urban Open Public Spaces Supported by Spatio-Temporal Big Data

by Yicheng Yang, Jia Yu, Chenyu Wang and Jiahong Wen

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6175; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106175 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5851

Abstract

The urban open public spaces are the areas where people tend to gather together, which may lead to great crowd-gathering risk. This paper proposes a new method to assess the rank and spatial distribution of crowd-gathering risk in open public spaces in a [...] Read more.

The urban open public spaces are the areas where people tend to gather together, which may lead to great crowd-gathering risk. This paper proposes a new method to assess the rank and spatial distribution of crowd-gathering risk in open public spaces in a large urban area. Firstly, a crowd density estimation method based on Tencent user density (TUD) data is built for different times in open public spaces. Then, a reasonable crowd density threshold is delimited to detect critical crowd situations in open public spaces and find out the key open public spaces that need to have intensive crowd-gathering prevention. For estimating the crowd-gathering risk in key open public spaces, the quantified risk assessment approach is conducted based on the classical risk theory that simultaneously considers the probability of an accident occurring, the severity of the accident consequence, and the risk aversion factor. A case study of the area within the Outer-ring Road of Shanghai was conducted to determine the feasibility of the new method. The thematic maps that describe the ranks and spatial distribution of crowd-gathering risk were generated. According to the risk maps, the government can determine the crowd control measures in different areas to reduce the crowd-gathering risk and prevent dangerous events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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17 pages, 309 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Entitlement, Indeterminacy and Professional Discretion in Urban Planning: Problematising a Child’s Right to Clean Air for Play in London

by Brigid Taylor and Richard Nunes

Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6189; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106189 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

The interaction between air quality and play space receives less focus in planning than it has in public health and environmental sciences research. In this paper, seven local planning authorities of inner London (UK) were sampled from the 10 boroughs with the worst [...] Read more.

The interaction between air quality and play space receives less focus in planning than it has in public health and environmental sciences research. In this paper, seven local planning authorities of inner London (UK) were sampled from the 10 boroughs with the worst air quality in parks. Greenwich, with significantly better air quality, was included for comparison. The selected authorities were validated against deprivation data, ensuring variance in socio-economic terms. Across this sample, 21 major residential planning applications were assessed, alongside a document analysis of planning policy documents for each authority. Lastly, five semi-structured interviews with different practitioners collectively provided multi-disciplinary perspectives on the planning processes across the sample. Despite the national government having conferred children a right to leisure space and a healthy environment via international conventions, the English planning system, as an institutional rights framework, is not consistently prioritising the delivery of children’s play space nor delivering play space where the air quality has been robustly assessed. In other words, such rights have been subjugated to other priorities in limited urban space in London. Therefore, a discretionary planning system does not preclude individual human rights from becoming disadvantaged under democratically controlled decision-making processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health, Well-Being and Sustainability)

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