The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Origin and Architectural Features of Multi-Family Residential Estates in Poland and Other Former Socialist Countries
2.2. Core Approaches to Assessments of Multi-Family Housing
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
- (1)
- multi-family residential estates (MFREs) developed before the introduction of precast construction technology (oldest buildings),
- (2)
- large prefabricated housing estates (LPHEs),
- (3)
- residential estates comprising single-family homes,
- (4)
- MFREs and single-family homes developed in the last 15 years.
3.2. Preparation of the Survey Questionnaire
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Generation of a List of SFS Indicators in Multi-Family Residential Estates
- Residential safety:
- (a)
- legible network of local roads and pedestrian routes,
- (b)
- parking spaces that meet local needs,
- (c)
- access to primary healthcare providers.
- Recreation and esthetics:
- (a)
- well-designed residential greenery,
- (b)
- playgrounds and active recreation sites.
- Daily needs:
- (a)
- proximity of grocery stores, fruit and vegetable stores, bakeries,
- (b)
- proximity to pharmacies.
- Education and child care:
- (a)
- proximity of kindergartens,
- (b)
- proximity of primary schools.
4.2. Survey of Residents’ Needs Regarding SFS
4.3. SFS Indicators
- One disabled parking bay in a parking lot with 6–15 spaces,
- Two disabled parking bays in a parking lot with 16–40 spaces,
- Three disabled parking bays in a parking lot with 41–100 spaces,
- 4% in parking lots with more than 100 spaces.
4.4. Test of GIS Tools for Diagnosing SFS in Selected MFREs
4.5. Assessment of SFS in Multi-Family Residential Estates
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Core Approaches | Indicators/Parameters | Data Sources | Case Study | Key Authors and References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Planning structure | Features of settlement development including: spatial composition, development intensity ratio, basic spatial objects serving human mobility, communication solutions, and ecological solutions in spatial planning. | Urban planning materials, cartographic materials, data from field survey. | Dublin/Ireland (Marianella Housing); Kolonia/Germany (Physikersiedlung); Madrid/Spain (Nuevo Retiro Torres Cañaveral); Poland/Katowice (Francuska Park); Kraków (Bagry Park); Warsaw (Nowy Targówek) | Bradecki T. [48]; Karcz S. [18] |
2 | Revitalization/modernization parameters |
| Data from field survey. | Katowice/Poland (Housing Estates: Witosa, Paderewskiego, Tysiąclecia) | Warchalska-Troll A. [32,33] |
3 | Esthetics (image) of the housing estate | Aesthetics of housing estate elements, visual assessment: facade color, decorative details, the composition of green areas around buildings, green terraces, distance from park areas, presence of recreational and leisure space. | Data from field survey, public opinion research, field research. | Manchester/England (Islington); Budapest/Hungary (Kelenfold and Havanna Housing Estates); Grenoble/France (Villeneuve Housing Estate); Rotterdam/The Netherlands (Lijnbaan Housing Estate) | Benkő M. [49] |
4 | Functionality of space | The function of a building or public space is related to daily use: transportation, housing, education, social infrastructure, retail, and services. | Cartographic materials; data from field surveys. | All housing estates in Szczecin/Poland | Lis C., Woźniak M. [50] |
Diversification of the functional structure: green areas, activity space, neighborhood space (community space), building entrances and exits, traffic and parking management spaces, and senior-friendly spaces. | Cartographic materials; data from field surveys. | Research project RESTATE, an acronym for: "Restructuring Large-scale Housing Estates in European Cities: Good Practices and New Visions for Sustainable Neighbourhoods and Cities" (France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK), in 16 cities, and 29 estates in the period November 2002 to October 2005 | K. Dekker, S. Hall, R. van Kempen, and I. Tosics [42] | ||
5 | Environmental values |
| Cartographic materials; data from field surveys. | Berlin/Germany (Karl-Marx-Allee, Mehrower Allee, Marzahn); Poznań/Poland (B. Śmiałego, Piątkowo, Oświecenia, Rataje) | Zwierzchowska I., Haase D., Dushkova D. [16] |
6 | Public open spaces |
| Cartographic materials; data from field surveys. | Zurich/Switzerland (Pflegi Areal, Hegianwandweg) | Vela I.Y. [27] |
Integration, permeability, local choice, functional mix, typology of in-between space, plot structures, density, building diversity, "eye-level" design. | Cartographic materials, data from field survey, public opinion research, field research. | Madrid, Barcelona, and Zaragoza/Spain (selected housing estates built in the post-war period, between 1960 and 1975—the boom years for European cities, where housing estates fulfilled the ideas of seriation and standardization) | Garcia-Perez S., Oliveira, V., Monclus J. [51] | ||
The indicators of POS quality are identified and analyzed as relevant:
| Cartographic materials, data from field surveys, field research. | Niš/Serbia (Josifa Pancica area, Dositeja Obradovica Area, Stanka Vlasotincanina Area, Stara zeleznicka kolonija–Rasadnik Area) | Kondić S., Živković M., Tanić M., Kostić I. [19] | ||
7 | Spatial order | Indicators of spatial order, i.e., sidewalks, children’s play facilities, internal roads, lawns, educational centers, trash garbage cans, lampposts, dumpsters, neighborhood stores, and building facades. | Cartographic materials; data from field surveys; field research. | Ostrów Mazowiecka/Poland (Selected housing estates) | Podciborski T., Orzoł R. [14] |
8 | Life quality indicators | Housing environment: Public transportation; amenities; green areas; pollution resource; possibility of natural disaster; land use landscaping. Housing function: Parking plan; dwelling unit plan; safety; convenience; security; adaptability. housing comfort: temperature and humidity; thermal insulation; noise; sound insulation; daylighting; artificial lighting; view; indoor air quality; ventilation. | Cartographic materials; sensor data; data from field surveys; field research. | The southern part of Seoul/Korea | Kim S.-S., Yang I.-H., Yeo M.-S., Kim K.-W. [52] |
9 | Sustainable development of multi-family housing estates | The basic design criteria resulting from a sustainable development paradigm include: CONTEXT OF PLACE:
| Provisions of applicable law regarding spatial planning, construction, technical conditions; urban planning, and architectural materials; data from field surveys. | Szczecin/Poland (Housing Estates: Nautica, Chabrowe, Pogodno) | Raczyński M. [13], Majerska-Pałubicka B. [53] |
Statistics | Olsztyn | |
---|---|---|
Pieczewo (OWP) | Generałów | |
Area (km2) | 2.24 | 1.95 |
Population density per km2 | 4558 | 5217 |
Population | 10,209 | 10,174 |
Disabled persons per 1000 population | 2.05 | 2.44 |
Category | Criteria | Indicator | Data Sources | Stages of Implementation |
---|---|---|---|---|
SFS outside the settlement (general location) | Distance to public facilities | City center | Google hybrid map | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices determining distance buffers. Vectorization of analyzed objects. Completion in 3 h (hours). |
Train station/airport | Google map | |||
Cultural facilities (i.e., theater, philharmonic, museum) | Google map | |||
Specialized health care facilities (i.e., hospitals, specialized health centers) | Google hybrid map | |||
City/commune office, public administration | Google map, Municipal Spatial Information System of the City of Olsztyn (MSIPO—https://msipmo.olsztyn.eu/imap/ (accessed on 15 March 2022)) | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices. Map generation from MSIPO portal (raster), map calibration, determination of distance buffers. Realization up to 5 h. | ||
Recreational facilities with infrastructure (i.e., parks, water bodies, forests) | MSIPO (https://msipmo.olsztyn.eu/imap/ (accessed on 15 March 2022)) | |||
Neighborhood function (function of land use adjacent to the housing estate) | Type of function | Database of topographic objects (BDOT10k—Geoportal) | Vector data downloaded from the geoportal (separately for city and county, 2 packages zipped) SHP format, buffering. Implementation up to 4 h. | |
Planning parameters | Built-up area of residential buildings | BDOT10k—Geoportal, MSIPO, WebEWID, OSM | Analysis of SHP vector data from OSM obtained with Quick OSM plug-in for QGIS, verification of building location data with map generation from WebEWID (raster), map calibration. Realization 6 h. | |
SFS inside the settlement (detailed location) | Planning parameters Communication | Building intensity including storeys | BDOT10k—Geoportal, MSIPO, WebEWID | Analysis of SHP data from point above, building floors obtained from BDOT 10 k layer description. Implementation 3 h. |
View opening of the buildings | Geoportal 3D, high-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | Analysis on SHP vector data from OSM and 3D building model data downloaded from geoportal, GML data format. Implementation 5 h. | ||
Clarity of communication areas | High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal), OpenStreetMap (OSM—bike), CyclOSM | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices and WMS database plug-in (high-resolution orthophoto map). Implementation 3 h. | ||
Accessibility to public transport stops within 200 m | OSM (public transport); Mobile Passenger Information System—Bus Online | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices, map generation from Bus Online (raster), map calibration, definition of distance buffers. Implementation up to 3 h. | ||
Communication Parking lots | Number of public transport lines | OSM (public transport); high-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | ||
Number of exits from the estate | OSM (standard and public transport) | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices and WMS database plug-in (high-resolution orthophoto map), vectorization, identification of number of exits from the housing estate. Implementation 1 h. | ||
Access to bicycle paths | High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal); OSM (bike); CyclOSM) | Viewing maps in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices and WMS database plug-in (High-resolution orthophoto map) Implementation 2 h. | ||
Percentage of parking lots and garages per dwelling unit | High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal); Olsztyn City Map Portal—WebEWID (https://webewid.olsztyn.eu (accessed on 10 March 2022)); OSM (bike); CyclOSM | Analysis of SHP layer from OSM, comparing it with base map from WebEWID, viewing maps in Qgis 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices and WMS database plug-in (High-resolution orthophoto map). Implementation 5 h. | ||
Parking lots Biologically active space—Green areas | Percentage of parking lots and garages for the disabled per dwelling | High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal), WebEWID, BDOT10k—Geoportal | ||
Percentage share of biologically active areas—potential for green areas | WebEWID, OSM, BDOT10k—Geoportal, high-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | Map analysis in QGIS 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices and WMS database plug-in (high-resolution orthophoto map), maps generation from WebEWID (raster) and calibration to QGIS analysis of SHP layer from BDOT10k. Implementation 4 h. | ||
Biologically active space—Green areas Recreational area | Percentage share of greenery in the total area of biologically active land | WebEWID, OSM, High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | ||
Active recreation areas (i.e., gym, playground, ice rink) | WebEWID, OSM, BDOT10k—Geoportal, High-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | Map analysis in QGIS 3.22.1, QuickMapServices plug-in, and WMS database plug-in (high-resolution orthophoto map), maps generation from WebEWID and calibration to QGIS analysis of SHP layer from BDOT10 k, calculation of geomertia playgrounds in ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1. Implementation 4 h. | ||
Recreational area Educational facilities | Number of attractive playgrounds (over 400 m2) | WebEWID, OSM, BDOT10k—Geoportal, high-resolution orthophoto map (Geoportal) | ||
Kindergarten | Google map, BDOT10k—Geoportal, MSIPO | |||
Educational facilities Trade and services facilities (accessibility within 200 m) | Primary school | MSIPO | Map generation from MSIPO (raster), map calibration, definition of distance buffers. Implementation up to 3 h. | |
Primary medical care | Google hybrid map | Viewing maps in Qgis 3.22.1, plug-in QuickMapServices, definition of distance buffers. Vectorization of analyzed objects. Implementation up to 4 h. | ||
Trade and services facilities (accessibility within 200 m) | Primary shopping facilities | Google map | ||
Catering/restaurants | Google hybrid map |
Category | Criteria | Indicator | Indicator Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unfavorable—Rank 0 | Medium—Rank 1 | Favorable—Rank 2 | |||
SFS outside the settlement (general location) | Distance to public facilities | City center | Up to 500 m and more than 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 1501 to 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries |
Train station/airport | Up to 500 m and more than 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries | From 1501 to 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | ||
City/commune office, public administration | Up to 500 m and more than 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 1501 to 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries | ||
Recreational facilities with infrastructure (i.e., parks, water bodies, forests) | More than1501 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries | Up to 500 from the settlement boundaries | ||
Specialized health care facilities (i.e., hospitals, specialized health centers) | Up to 500 m and more than 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries | From 1501 to 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | ||
Cultural facilities (i.e., theater, philharmonic, museum) | Up to 500 m and more than 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | From 501 to 1500 m from the settlement boundaries | From 1501 to 5000 m from the settlement boundaries | ||
Neighborhood function (function of land use adjacent to the housing estate) | Type of function | Industry function; services and commerce that are burdensome and generate heavy traffic (e.g., train station, rail traffic, hypermarkets); mines; gravel pits; wastelands (e.g., swamps, moors, dunes, landfills, etc.) | Agriculture | Residential function; non-intrusive services and trade; forests and wooded areas; recreation (flowing and standing waters); green areas including allotments. | |
SFS inside the settlement (detailed location) | Planning parameters | Built-up area of residential buildings | Above (>) 15% of the settlement area | Between 10 and 15% of the settlement area | Less than (<) 10% of the settlement area |
Building intensity including storeys | >1.5 | 1–1.5 | <1 | ||
View opening of the buildings | <40% of the settlement area | 40–70% of the settlement area | >71% of the settlement area | ||
Clarity of communication areas | Undifferentiated traffic for vehicles and people | Delineated four-wheeled, pedestrian traffic | Delineated four-wheeled, two-wheeled, pedestrian traffic | ||
Communication | Accessibility to public transport stops within 200 m | <50% of the settlement area | 50–79% of the settlement area | >80% of the settlement area | |
Number of public transport lines | 0–1 | 2 | 3 and more | ||
Number of exits from the estate | 1 and more than 5 | 2 | 3–4 | ||
Access to bicycle paths | The cycle path does not reach the settlement boundary | The bicycle path reaches the settlement boundary | Access to bicycle paths inside the settlement | ||
Parking lots | Percentage of parking lots and garages per dwelling unit | 1 parking space per dwelling | 1–1.5 parking space per dwelling | More than 1.5 parking spaces per dwelling | |
Percentage of parking lots and garages for the disabled per dwelling | <4% the total area of parking spaces | 4–5% of the total area of parking spaces | >5% of the total area of parking spaces | ||
Biologically active space–green areas | Percentage share of biologically active areas, potential for green areas | <25% of the settlement area | 26–35% of the settlement area | >36% of the settlement area | |
Percentage share of greenery in the total area of biologically active land | <40% of the total area of biologically active land | 41–60% of the total area of biologically active land | >61% of the total area of biologically active land | ||
Recreational area | Active recreation areas (i.e., gym, playground, ice rink) | None within the settlement boundaries | 1–2 places | >2 places | |
Number of attractive playgrounds (over 400 m2) | <25% | 26–50% | >50% | ||
Educational facilities | Kindergarten | None within the settlement boundaries | 1 within the settlement boundaries | >1 within the settlement boundaries | |
Primary school | >500 m from the settlement boundary | <500 m from the settlement boundary | It is located within the boundaries of the settlement | ||
Trade and services facilities (accessibility within 200 m) | Primary medical care | <40% of the settlement area | 40–70% of the settlement area | >71% of the settlement area | |
Primary shopping facilities | <40% of the settlement area | 40–70% of the settlement area | >71% of the settlement area | ||
Catering/restaurants | <40% of the settlement area | 40–70% of the settlement area | >71% of the settlement area |
Area Parameters | Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pieczewo | Generałów | ||
Housing area | 561,013.99 m2 | 483,373.91 m2 | |
Building area | 14.43% | 15.63% | |
Total building intensity | 0.607 | 0.664 | |
Residential building intensity | 0.543 | 0.639 | |
Percentage share of housing estate development area by function: | Residential | 10.82% | 13.82% |
Greenery | 36.43% | 32.11% | |
Recreational | 3.25% | 3.41% | |
Parking lots | 8.24% | 8.51% | |
Educational | 4.93% | 0.17% | |
Health | 0.75% | 0.03% | |
Commercial | 1.67% | 1.70% | |
Garages | 0.77% | 0.14% |
Category | Criteria | Indicator | Generałów Housing Estate | Pieczewo Housing Estate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Rank | Value | Rank | |||
SFS outside the settlement (general location) | Distance to public facilities | City center | 3600 m | 1 | 3200 m | 1 |
Train station/airport | 5440 m | 0 | 5470 m | 0 | ||
City/commune office, public administration | 3100 | 1 | 3350 | 1 | ||
Recreational facilities with infrastructure (i.e., parks, water bodies, forests) | Park—750 m, (Lake—2400 m) | 1 | Forest—50 m (lake 4500 m) | 2 | ||
Specialized health care facilities (i.e., hospitals, specialized health centers) | 2742 m | 2 | 1845 m | 2 | ||
Cultural facilities (i.e., theater, philharmonic, museum) | 3832 m | 2 | 2850 m | 2 | ||
Neighborhood function (Function of land use adjacent to the housing estate) | Type of function | Residential, agriculture, other green areas | 1 | Residential, forest and wooded areas, other green areas | 2 | |
SFS inside the settlement (detailed location) | Planning parameters | Built-up area of residential buildings | 13.82% | 1 | 10.82% | 1 |
Building intensity including storeys | 0.664 | 2 | 0.607 | 2 | ||
View opening of the buildings | 26.2% | 0 | 33.7% | 0 | ||
Clarity of communication areas | Delineated four-wheeled, pedestrian traffic | 1 | Delineated four-wheeled, pedestrian traffic | 1 | ||
Communication | Accessibility to public transport stops within 200 m | 69.8% | 1 | 71.8% | 1 | |
Number of public transport lines | 7 | 2 | 9 | 2 | ||
Number of exits from the estate | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||
Access to bicycle paths | The bicycle path reaches the borders of the estate | 1 | The bicycle path reaches the borders of the estate | 1 | ||
Parking lots | Percentage of parking lots and garages per dwelling unit | 1.41 | 1 | 1.47 | 1 | |
Percentage of parking lots and garages for the disabled per dwelling | 3.1% | 0 | 2.6% | 0 | ||
Biologically active space—green areas | Percentage share of biologically active areas, potential for green areas | 32.1% | 1 | 36.4% | 2 | |
Percentage share of greenery in the total area of biologically active land | 52.3% | 1 | 68.5% | 2 | ||
Recreational area | Active recreation areas (i.e., gym, playground, ice rink) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
Number of attractive playgrounds (over 400 m2) | 3/30 (30.68%) | 1 | 11/28 (87.7%) | 2 | ||
Educational facilities | Kindergarten | 1 in the settlement area | 1 | 3 in the settlement area | 2 | |
Primary School | At a distance of 1800 m | 0 | 1 large in the settlement area | 2 | ||
Trade and services facilities (accessibility within 200 m) | Primary medical care | 56.2% | 1 | 78.4% | 2 | |
Primary shopping facilities | 72.8% | 2 | 81.2% | 2 | ||
Catering/restaurants | 58.3% | 1 | 63.1% | 1 | ||
Sum | 29 | 38 | ||||
% of maximum value | 55.8% | III deg. SFS moderately user-friendly | 73.1% | IV deg. SFS user-friendly |
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Dawidowicz, A.; Dudzińska, M. The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116642
Dawidowicz A, Dudzińska M. The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116642
Chicago/Turabian StyleDawidowicz, Agnieszka, and Małgorzata Dudzińska. 2022. "The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116642
APA StyleDawidowicz, A., & Dudzińska, M. (2022). The Potential of GIS Tools for Diagnosing the SFS of Multi-Family Housing towards Friendly Cities—A Case Study of the EU Member State of Poland. Sustainability, 14(11), 6642. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116642