Polymers

21 pages, 4572 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Control System for a Hydraulic Injection Molding Machine Using an AFC Controller and Utilization of Learning Parameters

by Takahiro Shinpuku, Takumi Kobayashi, Shota Yabui, Kento Fujita, Yusuke Uematsu, Shota Suzuki and Yusuke Uchiyama

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080911 (registering DOI) - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Maintaining stable molding quality in hydraulic injection molding machines is difficult because the internal state of molten resin cannot be directly observed and varies with material properties and operating conditions. This difficulty is intensified by variations in hydraulic characteristics caused by oil temperature [...] Read more.

Maintaining stable molding quality in hydraulic injection molding machines is difficult because the internal state of molten resin cannot be directly observed and varies with material properties and operating conditions. This difficulty is intensified by variations in hydraulic characteristics caused by oil temperature changes. This study proposes an adaptive feedforward control (AFC) framework that improves injection velocity tracking while utilizing AFC learning parameters as indicators of resin state. AFC is implemented as a multi-frequency feedforward controller whose parameters are updated through repetitive injection cycles. To overcome the limited learning duration within a single injection shot, a shot-to-shot compensation mechanism accumulates and transfers learning results across consecutive shots. Experiments are conducted on a hydraulic injection molding machine using polypropylene materials with different viscosities. The results show that the converged AFC learning parameters vary systematically with material changes and correspond to differences in molded product appearance. Furthermore, by adjusting the cylinder temperature of another material, the AFC parameters converge to values close to those of a reference material, resulting in similar molded products. These findings demonstrate that AFC learning parameters reflect variations in resin state and can serve as practical state indicators for aligning molding conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Processing Technologies: Injection Molding)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 3011 KB

Open AccessArticle

A First-Order Shear Deformation Theory-Based Analytical Approach for Acoustic-Vibration Research of Rib-Stiffened PVC Foam Sandwich Structures with Reinforcing and Weakening Phases

by Zhaozhe Ma, Ruijie Dai, Zhiwei Zhou and Ying Li

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080910 (registering DOI) - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical approach based on the FSDT to study the acoustic vibration performance of rib-stiffened PVC foam sandwich structures with reinforcing and weakening phases when submerged in water. The complex core layer with reinforcing and weakening phases is homogenized to [...] Read more.

This paper presents a theoretical approach based on the FSDT to study the acoustic vibration performance of rib-stiffened PVC foam sandwich structures with reinforcing and weakening phases when submerged in water. The complex core layer with reinforcing and weakening phases is homogenized to an equivalent orthotropic layer. Building upon this framework, the governing equations of motion for rib-stiffened PVC foam sandwich structures under the boundary conditions of a simply supported type are derived, incorporating the coupling interaction between the reinforcing ribs and the sandwich plates. Considering the influence of the underwater environment, with the Helmholtz equation governing the continuity of the acoustic pressure field and the Euler equation regulating the fluid–structure interaction interface continuity, the Navier method is subsequently employed to solve for the natural frequencies and acoustic vibration responses. For the purpose of verifying the proposed approach, the predicted results are contrasted with both the literature-derived data and numerical simulation results. Finally, parametric research is further conducted to explore the effect of the parameters of the rib and core layers on the underwater acoustic vibration characteristics. The conclusions drawn from this study can provide meaningful guidance for engineering design and optimization of such rib-stiffened sandwich structures, incorporating both reinforcing and weakening phases in underwater engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

16 pages, 6340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrosynthesis of Silver Particles–Polypyrrole on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes, with a View to Their Modification with Ki-67 Antibodies

by Matias Luengo, Loreto A. Hernández, Isabeau D. M. Figueroa, Cindy Peña, Gonzalo Riveros and Eduardo Muñoz

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080909 (registering DOI) - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

The development of reliable electrochemical interfaces for biosensor applications requires materials that combine high conductivity, large effective surface area, and suitable platforms for biomolecule immobilization. In this work, a hybrid electrochemical platform based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) [...] Read more.

The development of reliable electrochemical interfaces for biosensor applications requires materials that combine high conductivity, large effective surface area, and suitable platforms for biomolecule immobilization. In this work, a hybrid electrochemical platform based on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) and electrodeposited silver particles (AgPs) is presented for the subsequent immobilization of Ki-67 antibodies. PPy films were synthesized under optimized electrochemical conditions, producing homogeneous, porous, and electrochemically stable coatings that significantly enhanced the doping/undoping processes from 0.3280 C/0.3284 C to 0.3281 C/0.3284 C for SPCE and SPCE-PPy, respectively. Subsequently, silver particles were deposited onto the PPy matrix, resulting in a well-dispersed and uniform distribution of AgPs, promoted by the interaction between Ag⁰ and the nitrogen groups in the polymer backbone. The synergistic combination of PPy and AgPs resulted in improved charge-transfer properties and enhanced electrochemical reversibility, thereby decreasing the peak-to-peak separation of the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox couple used as a probe by 40%. Immobilization of Ki-67 antibodies was achieved via direct interaction with AgPs, resulting in a marked passivation effect, as evidenced by the suppression of redox probe signals, confirming successful biofunctionalization. The proposed SPCE-PPy-AgP architecture provides a robust, reproducible, and versatile platform for antibody immobilization, as demonstrated by oxidation and reduction peaks with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.18% and 4.43%, respectively, highlighting its potential for developing label-free electrochemical immunosensors for clinically relevant proliferation biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Inorganic Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3434 KB

Open AccessArticle

Berberine-Loaded Chitosan-Succinylated Pullulan Composite Films for the Preservation of Fresh-Cut Apples

by Xinyu Zhang, Chu Gong, Yujie Liu, Jun Wang, Zhizhou Yang and Jun-Li Yang

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080908 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Biopolymer-based packaging films possess outstanding performances and are being developed as the alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastic packaging films with many non-ignorable shortcomings. In this study, chitosan, succinylated pullulan (SP), and berberine (BBR) were combined to fabricate novel biopolymer-based composite films (CSSPB) via [...] Read more.

Biopolymer-based packaging films possess outstanding performances and are being developed as the alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastic packaging films with many non-ignorable shortcomings. In this study, chitosan, succinylated pullulan (SP), and berberine (BBR) were combined to fabricate novel biopolymer-based composite films (CSSPB) via the layer-by-layer assembly method. The effects of the incorporation of BBR on the physicochemical properties of the film were investigated. It was found that after BBR was added, the tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), hydrophobicity, and antioxidant capacities of the film were enhanced. The chemical bonding, crystalline properties, elemental composition, and thermal stability of the films were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The in vitro antifungal tests revealed the antifungal activities of the films with a relatively high BBR content against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (CG). In the preservation experiments, the CSSPB films exhibited preservation effects on fresh-cut apples, which manifested as delaying browning, weight loss, an increase in the soluble solids content, and a decrease in hardness. The new CSSPB composite films were opined to hold application potential in the field of food packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biobased Polymers and Its Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

43 pages, 4634 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geometry-Driven Structural Efficiency and Normative Performance of Miriti-Based Sandwich Composite Roofing Tiles

by Ana Célia Sousa da Silva, Maurício Maia Ribeiro, Douglas Santos Silva, Raí Felipe Pereira Junio, Sergio Neves Monteiro and Jean da Silva Rodrigues

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080907 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

This work experimentally evaluates the geometry-driven structural efficiency and normative performance of sandwich-type composite roofing tiles composed of a miriti wood core and fiberglass-reinforced polymer faces. Trapezoidal-profile tiles were manufactured by hand lay-up and assessed according to ABNT NBR 16753, including visual inspection, [...] Read more.

This work experimentally evaluates the geometry-driven structural efficiency and normative performance of sandwich-type composite roofing tiles composed of a miriti wood core and fiberglass-reinforced polymer faces. Trapezoidal-profile tiles were manufactured by hand lay-up and assessed according to ABNT NBR 16753, including visual inspection, fiber content, water absorption, apparent flexural behavior, deformation resistance, and impact resistance. The miriti core exhibited an extremely low mean density of 0.091 ± 0.008 g/cm³ (CV ≈ 8.8%), enabling lightweight sandwich configurations with an average overall thickness of approximately 8 mm. Fiberglass contents ranged from 27.5% to 32.1% by mass. Sealed sandwich specimens showed median water uptake values of approximately 2.5% after 2 h and 6.0% after 24 h immersion. Deformation resistance tests indicated admissible deflections of 15.0–15.75 mm (L/40), supported by applied masses between 39.6 and 104.3 kg (≈388–1023 N) without rupture or permanent damage. Apparent flexural stresses ranged from 6.7 to 9.3 MPa, with apparent moduli between 0.7 and 1.9 GPa. All tiles achieved 100% approval in deformation, impact (2–8 J), and visual criteria. The results demonstrate that geometric effects dominate structural performance, validating miriti wood as an efficient and sustainable core for normatively compliant composite roofing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Progress and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 3021 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Insights into Phage–Hydrogel Polymer Interactions Through Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Machine Learning

by Roba M. S. Attar and Mohammed A. Imam

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080906 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

An efficient bacteriophage delivery system needs to be developed to overcome the challenges associated with phage instability, rapid diffusion, and loss of infectivity at the infection site. Hydrogels have been found to be potential carriers. Hydrogels have emerged as promising carriers due to [...] Read more.

An efficient bacteriophage delivery system needs to be developed to overcome the challenges associated with phage instability, rapid diffusion, and loss of infectivity at the infection site. Hydrogels have been found to be potential carriers. Hydrogels have emerged as promising carriers due to their biocompatibility, tunable physicochemical properties and capacity for controlled release. However, the molecular factors that regulate phage–hydrogel interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an in silico framework combining molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, MM/PBSA binding energy calculations, machine learning-based adhesion prediction, and diffusion modeling to explore phage–hydrogel interactions at the molecular level. Surface-exposed bacteriophage proteins, such as capsid and tail proteins, were evaluated against eight different hydrogel polymers. Binding site analysis revealed the presence of multiple solvent-accessible pockets that can interact with the polymer. Docking studies showed favorable and stable interactions, with hyaluronic acid showing strong binding affinity to multiple phage proteins (−5.5 to −5.7 kcal/mol) and GelMA showing high affinity to the capsid gp10 protein (−5.6 kcal/mol). The integrity of the structural complexes was further confirmed by 100 ns MD simulations, stable RMSD and RMSF trajectories, compact structural conformations, and favorable MM/PBSA binding energies. Machine learning classification successfully differentiated high- and low-adhesion systems and identified hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions as key determinants of sustained yet reversible phage retention. Collectively, our findings suggest that the hydrogels enriched with charged and polar functional groups can facilitate stable but non-destructive phage binding, enabling controlled and sustained release. This study provides mechanistic insights into rational hydrogel design for phage delivery systems and highlights the potential of high-throughput computational strategies to accelerate the development of optimized phage therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Networks and Gels)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 4684 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Study and FEM-Based Analysis for Road Safety Barriers: Additively Manufactured PLA–Geopolymer Hybrid Composites

by Muhammed Fatih Yentimur, Oğuzhan Akarsu, Cem Alparslan, Tuba Kütük-Sert, Şenol Bayraktar, Abdulkadir Cüneyt Aydin and Ahmet Tortum

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080905 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the impact response and energy absorption performance of additively manufactured PLA–geopolymer hybrid composites for potential application in road safety barriers. Hybrid Charpy specimens were fabricated with three different infill densities (20%, 60%, and 100%), combining a 3D-printed PLA outer shell [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact response and energy absorption performance of additively manufactured PLA–geopolymer hybrid composites for potential application in road safety barriers. Hybrid Charpy specimens were fabricated with three different infill densities (20%, 60%, and 100%), combining a 3D-printed PLA outer shell with a geopolymer core. Charpy impact tests were conducted in accordance with ISO 179-1 and ASTM D6110, and the absorbed energy, specific energy absorption, and mass efficiency were determined experimentally. A phase-based analytical model was also used to estimate elastic energy contributions, while fracture surfaces were examined to identify infill-dependent damage mechanisms. To extend the material-level findings to an engineering-scale application, the observed trends were transferred to a New Jersey-type road safety barrier model and evaluated using ANSYS Explicit Dynamics. The results showed that infill density strongly affects fracture behavior and energy dissipation performance, with 60% infill providing the most balanced response in terms of energy absorption and mass/material efficiency. The originality of the present study lies in going beyond a material-scale investigation of the impact behavior of additively manufactured PLA–geopolymer hybrid structures by integrally correlating the experimental Charpy results with a theoretical energy-based framework, fracture-surface observations, and explicit dynamic finite element analysis of a New Jersey-type road safety barrier model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials in 3D Printing, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pollution Flashover Characteristics of Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Alternating Surfaces for Insulator Hybridization

by Bo Tao, Li Cheng, Yi Gong, Haoming Bao and Ruijin Liao

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080904 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

With the growing trend toward insulator hybridization, higher requirements are imposed on the synergistic improvement of interfacial durability and pollution flashover performance. Machining annular grooves at the green-body stage and embedding silicone rubber enables the construction of an embedded structure with improved durability, [...] Read more.

With the growing trend toward insulator hybridization, higher requirements are imposed on the synergistic improvement of interfacial durability and pollution flashover performance. Machining annular grooves at the green-body stage and embedding silicone rubber enables the construction of an embedded structure with improved durability, forming hydrophilic/hydrophobic alternating surfaces. However, the outdoor insulation characteristics of such hybrid surfaces remain insufficiently investigated, and their engineering feasibility requires further validation. In this study, a series of hydrophilic/hydrophobic alternating surfaces were fabricated, and artificial pollution tests were conducted. The results show that the AC pollution flashover voltage exhibits a saturated increasing trend as the hydrophobic interfaces become more dispersed. When twenty 4 mm wide hydrophobic interfaces were distributed along a 16 cm creepage distance, the flashover voltage was 12.4% higher than that of a fully hydrophobic surface. These results indicate that appropriate design of hydrophobic interface distribution can achieve excellent pollution flashover performance even at relatively low hydrophobic coverage (≤50%). High-speed imaging combined with infrared thermography reveals the discharge mechanism governed by hydrophobic interface distribution from an electro–thermal coupling perspective. The coexistence of multiple dry bands induced by discrete hydrophobic interfaces is identified as the key factor enhancing flashover withstand capability. A static pollution flashover model was established to quantitatively estimate the AC flashover voltage, confirming the external insulation feasibility of the embedded hybrid concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 5166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ballistic Performance and Energy Dissipation Mechanisms of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Raffia Fabric Under 9 mm Impact

by Douglas Santos Silva, Raí Felipe Pereira Junio, Elias Matias Bentes, Thomaz Jacintho Lopes, Belayne Zanini Marchi and Sergio Neves Monteiro

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080903 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the ballistic performance and energy dissipation mechanisms of epoxy composites reinforced with raffia fabric at fiber volume fractions of 10%, 20%, and 30% under 9 mm full metal jacket projectile impact. Ballistics tests were conducted to determine impact and residual [...] Read more.

This study investigates the ballistic performance and energy dissipation mechanisms of epoxy composites reinforced with raffia fabric at fiber volume fractions of 10%, 20%, and 30% under 9 mm full metal jacket projectile impact. Ballistics tests were conducted to determine impact and residual velocities, absorbed energy, absorption efficiency, equivalent ballistic limit, and momentum reduction. All tests were performed at similar impact velocities (≈433 m/s), corresponding to an incident energy of approximately 750 J. The results revealed a clear inverse relationship between raffia content and energy absorption capability. The ER10 composite exhibited the highest performance, with an absorbed energy of 176.7 ± 9.7 J, absorption efficiency of 23.5 ± 0.9%, and momentum reduction of 0.1253 ± 0.0053. Increasing the fiber fraction to 20% (ER20) and 30% (ER30) led to progressive reductions in absorbed energy to 119.7 ± 2.7 J and 77.7 ± 9.0 J, with efficiencies of 15.95 ± 0.26% and 10.30 ± 1.12%, respectively. The residual velocity increased from 379.3 ± 2.5 m/s (ER10) to 397.0 ± 2.1 m/s (ER20) and 411.1 ± 1.6 m/s (ER30). One-way ANOVA detected statistically significant differences in absorbed energy and absorption efficiency among the different fiber volume fractions (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate a trade-off between stiffness and toughness and indicate that raffia-reinforced composites can play complementary roles in sustainable multilayered armor systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Epoxy Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 3681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experiment-Driven Gaussian Process Surrogate Modeling and Bayesian Optimization for Multi-Objective Injection Molding

by Hanafy M. Omar and Saad M. S. Mukras

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080902 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Injection molding process optimization has predominantly relied on simulation-generated data, which cannot capture machine-specific variability and stochastic process noise inherent in real manufacturing environments. This paper presents an experiment-driven machine learning framework for multi-objective optimization of injection molding process parameters targeting volumetric shrinkage, [...] Read more.

Injection molding process optimization has predominantly relied on simulation-generated data, which cannot capture machine-specific variability and stochastic process noise inherent in real manufacturing environments. This paper presents an experiment-driven machine learning framework for multi-objective optimization of injection molding process parameters targeting volumetric shrinkage, warpage, cycle time, and part weight. Physical experiments were conducted on an industrial injection molding machine using high-density polyethylene with a face-centered central composite design. Systematic benchmarking of four machine learning algorithms under identical cross-validation protocols identified Gaussian process regression as the best-performing surrogate model for the majority of quality metrics, while warpage prediction remained challenging across all algorithms due to its complex thermo-mechanical origins. Permutation-based feature importance analysis established a clear parameter hierarchy, identifying holding time as the dominant factor governing multiple quality responses. Constrained Bayesian optimization with progressive constraint tightening was employed to identify optimal parameter sets and fundamental process capability boundaries. The resulting parameter configurations were validated against a held-out test set. This work demonstrates that rigorous, data-driven optimization using exclusively experimental data provides a viable and practically achievable alternative to simulation-based approaches, contributing to experiment-centric smart manufacturing in polymer processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Color Stability of 3D-Printed Dental Resins Following Different Surface Treatments

by Agnieszka Nowakowska-Toporowska, Zbigniew Raszewski, Adam Nowicki, Joanna Weżgowiec, Julita Kulbacka and Edward Kijak

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080901 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Recent advancements in technologies, such as 3D printing, have been adopted in prosthodontics to streamline clinical procedures and provide high-quality prosthetic devices to patients within a reduced timeframe. Aim of the study: This study primarily aimed to determine the color change levels [...] Read more.

Introduction: Recent advancements in technologies, such as 3D printing, have been adopted in prosthodontics to streamline clinical procedures and provide high-quality prosthetic devices to patients within a reduced timeframe. Aim of the study: This study primarily aimed to determine the color change levels of 3D-printed dental resins for temporary and long-term intraoral applications. We also evaluated the effectiveness of post-processing procedures such as polishing or glazing on color stability. Materials and methods: Three types of dental resins were tested in distilled water, coffee, and wine environments for 2, 7, 30, and 60 days. A spectrophotometric analysis was conducted, and the Ciede2000 formula was used to determine the DE. Results: The material type, conditioning method, and storage time significantly affected the color changes of the tested materials. The post-processing technique had the most remarkable impact on color stability over time. Conclusions: Glazing of the 3D-printed material surface appears to be the most effective approach to prolong its clinical applicability by maintaining color stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Microfabrication and 3D/4D Printing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Graft Copolymer-Based Rubber Enables Enhanced Damping Performance and Mechanical Strength

by Kaijuan Li, Zhongxing Zhang, Wei Cheng, Guoxing Lin and Chengfei Liu

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080900 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Noise pollution poses significant challenges to human health and quality of life; thus, high-performance damping materials are attracting increasing attention. Rubber has been extensively applied in these materials due to its viscoelasticity. However, the damping performance of these materials is often constrained by [...] Read more.

Noise pollution poses significant challenges to human health and quality of life; thus, high-performance damping materials are attracting increasing attention. Rubber has been extensively applied in these materials due to its viscoelasticity. However, the damping performance of these materials is often constrained by the intrinsically limited energy-dissipation capability of the polymer backbone, which lacks sound-absorbing functionalities. Herein, a cross-linked sliding graft copolymer (SGC) was incorporated into isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR) and chlorinated butyl rubber (ClIR) to fabricate high-strength damping elastomers. Unlike conventional covalently cross-linked polymers, the cross-linked SGC features mobile junctions, which can slide along the polyrotaxane backbone to redistribute and equalize chain tension, giving rise to the “pulley effect”. Benefiting from the intrinsically high energy-dissipation capability of SGC and the cooperative contribution of interfacial hydrogen bonding, the obtained SGC/IIR and SGC/ClIR blends exhibit both enhanced damping performance and mechanical properties. The synergistic improvement in damping capacity and mechanical robustness renders the SGC/rubber blends as promising candidates for advanced sound-absorption applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3368 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silver Conductive Adhesives with Long Pot Life and Stable Electrical–Thermal Performance

by Wilson Hou-Sheng Huang, Jyh-Ferng Yang, Yi-Cang Lai and Jem-Kun Chen

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080899 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the formulation–property relationships of epoxy-based silver conductive adhesives by varying silver filler architecture, total filler loading, and organic carrier design. Rotational viscometry, four-point probe measurements, thermal conductivity analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the correlations [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the formulation–property relationships of epoxy-based silver conductive adhesives by varying silver filler architecture, total filler loading, and organic carrier design. Rotational viscometry, four-point probe measurements, thermal conductivity analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the correlations among rheological behavior, conductive network formation, and electrical–thermal transport properties. All formulations incorporate dicyandiamide (DICY) as a latent curing agent, in combination with a thermally activated accelerator and silane coupling agents, to stabilize filler–matrix interfaces and suppress moisture-assisted side reactions. This latent curing chemistry enables effective low temperature curing at approximately 155 °C, providing compatibility with temperature-sensitive flexible polymer substrates. After sealed storage at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity for two weeks, all formulations exhibited viscosity variations within ≤16%, demonstrating extended pot life and good storage stability under ambient conditions. Meanwhile, the normalized volume resistivity and thermal conductivity remained close to their initial values, with maximum relative deviations of approximately 12% and 7%, respectively, from the initial (Day 0) values across all formulations, indicating stable electrical and thermal transport properties during storage. Differences in conductive network formation and filler packing characteristics were reflected in the observed electrical and thermal transport behaviors. Balanced electrical–thermal performance was achieved without the need for high-temperature sintering or post-annealing, underscoring the effectiveness of the low temperature curing strategy. Overall, this work defines a practical formulation design window that simultaneously achieves low temperature curability, long pot life, stable rheology, and robust electrical–thermal performance. The results provide useful material-level guidelines for the development of epoxy-based silver conductive adhesives intended for conductive interconnects on flexible polymer substrates and related flexible electronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Fibers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Assessment of SBS-Modifier Content in Bituminous Binders Using Infrared Spectroscopy

by Saltanat Ashimova, Yerik Amirbayev, Adiya Zhumagulova, Manarbek Zhumamuratov, Sakypzhamal Begaliyeva, Zhanar Baibolekova and Mariya Smagulova

Polymers 2026, 18(8), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18080898 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Polymer-modified bituminous binders are widely used in road construction due to their enhanced mechanical performance; however, the effectiveness of these materials critically depends on the actual concentration of polymer modifiers, particularly styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). This study aims to develop and validate a rapid, reproducible [...] Read more.

Polymer-modified bituminous binders are widely used in road construction due to their enhanced mechanical performance; however, the effectiveness of these materials critically depends on the actual concentration of polymer modifiers, particularly styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). This study aims to develop and validate a rapid, reproducible Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy method for the quantitative determination of SBS content in polymer-modified bitumen (PMB). Since, to date, there is no clearly defined method for controlling the quantitative content of polymers in PMB, this creates difficulties in accepting the roadway into operation. Calibration PMB samples containing 1–4% SBS were prepared, tested for physical and mechanical properties, and analyzed spectroscopically to identify characteristic absorption bands at 966 cm⁻¹ and 699–760 cm⁻¹. A first-order calibration model was constructed to relate peak intensity to polymer concentration. The results demonstrate a clear linear correlation between SBS content and IR absorption features, confirming the suitability of FTIR as an instrumental method for routine laboratory control. Application of the model allowed determination of actual polymer mass fraction with high accuracy and reproducibility. The findings also showed that increased SBS levels improve softening point, elasticity, and low-temperature resistance, with 3–4% representing a performance-optimal range. Overall, the proposed FTIR-based approach provides an objective and efficient tool for quality control of polymer-modified binders and supports broader standardization efforts in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 11787 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Framework for Predicting PHBV Biodegradation-Induced Weight Loss Based on Laboratory and Real-Environment Condition Tests

by Marianna I. Kotzabasaki, Leonidas Mindrinos, Nikolaos P. Sotiropoulos, Konstantina V. Filippou and Chrysanthos Maraveas

Polymers 2026, 18(7), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18070897 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) emerge as promising biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, yet predicting their biodegradation behavior under different environmental conditions remains challenging. In this study, we propose a novel data-driven computational framework for predicting biodegradation-induced weight/mass loss in PHA-based materials. A comprehensive database of [...] Read more.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) emerge as promising biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, yet predicting their biodegradation behavior under different environmental conditions remains challenging. In this study, we propose a novel data-driven computational framework for predicting biodegradation-induced weight/mass loss in PHA-based materials. A comprehensive database of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)-based formulations was manually curated by systematically collecting and harmonizing material descriptors, environmental parameters, and experimental biodegradation outcomes from laboratory- and large-scale studies conducted in soil, marine, freshwater, and compost environments. Multiple regression-based quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed and rigorously validated, demonstrating high predictive performance and strong correlations between polymer structure, environmental conditions and degradation behavior. “Exposure time”, “degradation environment” and “hydroxybutyrate (HB) ratio” were identified as the most important features for weight loss. Finally, the predictive model was integrated into the Jaqpot computational platform, enabling open access and facilitating data-driven assessment and design of biodegradable polymer systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6903 KB

Open AccessArticle

Production and Characterization of Poly(lactic acid) and Poly(ε-caprolactone) Films Enriched with Pomegranate Peel Extract: Toward Biodegradable and Sustainable Food Packaging

by Ömer Faruk Uslu, Nebahat Aral, Sinem Argün and Özge Taştan Ülkü

Polymers 2026, 18(7), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18070896 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Recently, more sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials have begun to attract attention in food packaging due to major, rising concerns related to plastic usage. This study aims to develop and characterize biodegradable food packaging materials, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) enriched [...] Read more.

Recently, more sustainable and biodegradable packaging materials have begun to attract attention in food packaging due to major, rising concerns related to plastic usage. This study aims to develop and characterize biodegradable food packaging materials, namely poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) enriched with pomegranate peel extract (PoPE). Firstly, the optimal extract selected was a 24 h maceration of PoPE with 60% ethanol, after production with different solvents and methods. PLA- and PCL-based films were produced via melt compounding with the addition of PoPE at different concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 10%, w/w). FTIR confirmed that the PoPE did not modify the chemical backbones of PLA or PCL, with only a more pronounced O–H band in PCL, suggesting mainly non-covalent/physical interactions. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed tunable warm coloration and strong UV shielding with reduced transparency; for PLA ~3–5 wt.%, PoPE enabled near-complete UV blocking, while PCL achieved very high UV protection even at low loadings. PoPE improved toughness in PLA (3–5 wt.%) and maintained ductility in PCL (1–10 wt.%). PoPE-added PLA and PCL films maintained thermal stability up to 10 wt.% according to TGA results. DSC/XRD indicated a matrix-dependent crystallization response. PLA remained largely amorphous, whereas PoPE promoted PCL crystallinity without changing polymer crystal polymorphs. SEM images revealed homogenous dispersion of PoPE in the films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Assessment of Novel Polymeric Materials for Sustainable Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 170 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Trends in Polymer Membranes: Fabrication Technique, Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications in Environmental Science (Part II)

by Gang Wei and Yan Wang

Polymers 2026, 18(7), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18070895 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Polymeric membranes have been widely applied in various fields such as adsorption, separation, energy conversion, chemical production, antibacterial, antifouling, and biomedicine due to their excellent porous and channel structure, as well as tailored separation performance, ease of operation, and low energy consumption [...] [...] Read more.

Polymeric membranes have been widely applied in various fields such as adsorption, separation, energy conversion, chemical production, antibacterial, antifouling, and biomedicine due to their excellent porous and channel structure, as well as tailored separation performance, ease of operation, and low energy consumption [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Polymer Membranes: Fabrication Technique, Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications in Environmental Science, 2nd Edition)

27 pages, 4347 KB

Open AccessReview

Collagen Scaffolds in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures: Current Evidence, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

by Qiong-Ling Shi, Xiao Zhu, Chen Chen, Jing-Yi Chen, Dan-Yang Lu, Ying Shi, Yan-Qi Chen and Zhi-Fang Wu

Polymers 2026, 18(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18070894 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Predictable pulp-dentin regeneration continues to represent a major challenge in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). Although collagen-based scaffolds are widely investigated for their excellent biocompatibility, their ability to deliver consistent clinical and histological outcomes requires critical evaluation. This review summarizes recent advances in the [...] Read more.

Predictable pulp-dentin regeneration continues to represent a major challenge in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). Although collagen-based scaffolds are widely investigated for their excellent biocompatibility, their ability to deliver consistent clinical and histological outcomes requires critical evaluation. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of collagen scaffolds for REPs. Clinical studies demonstrate that these scaffolds support high tooth survival rates and promote vitality recovery, root wall thickening, and apical closure. However, consistent root lengthening remains elusive. Histologically, the newly formed mineralized tissue from collagen scaffolds within REPs tends to be cementum-like or bone-like rather than reparative dentin, a pattern closely associated with the physicochemical properties of collagen, including pore size, porosity, concentration, stiffness, viscosity, and viscoelasticity. We conclude that while collagen scaffolds represent a “promising platform” for REPs due to their biocompatibility and clinical performance, current evidence indicates that they do not consistently achieve true pulp-dentin regeneration. We therefore propose targeted modification and advanced tissue engineering strategies to direct genuine regeneration. This review offers a framework for the rational design of next-generation collagen constructs toward more predictable regenerative outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 5133 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical, Thermal and X-Ray Shielding Properties of Lead-Free Composites of HDPE Filled with Metal-Based Powders

by Sitah Alanazi, Shahad Alshadokhi, Eid Alosime, Mansour Almurayshid, Mohammed Alsuhybani and Mohammad Marashdeh

Polymers 2026, 18(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18070893 - 6 Apr 2026

Abstract

The increasing utilization of radiation in medicine, industry, and water purification highlights the need for efficient radiation-protection materials. This study investigates lead-free polymer composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with four metallic fillers: tungsten carbide (WC), molybdenum carbide (MoC), tungsten (W), and [...] Read more.

The increasing utilization of radiation in medicine, industry, and water purification highlights the need for efficient radiation-protection materials. This study investigates lead-free polymer composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with four metallic fillers: tungsten carbide (WC), molybdenum carbide (MoC), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo) at 15 wt%. The objective is to evaluate their potential as alternatives to lead for shielding ionizing radiation. Mechanical performance was examined through tensile testing, while thermal stability was assessed based on the residual mass. Radiation-attenuation behavior was analyzed through linear and mass attenuation coefficients (µ and µₘ), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), buildup factors (B), and effective atomic number (Z_eff) within the 47.9–248 keV energy range. The HDPE/W composite exhibited the greatest enhancement, with a mass attenuation coefficient (µₘ) 82.5% higher than that of pure HDPE, along with the highest linear attenuation coefficient (µ). Furthermore, tungsten-loaded samples achieved an RPE of 98.05% at 47.9 keV. The increased density, low B, and high Z_eff values collectively contribute to superior shielding performance. These findings indicate that HDPE filled with WC, MoC, W, and Mo are promising lead-free candidates for low-energy X-ray shielding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites for Shielding Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Polymers

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI