Journal Description
Microplastics
Microplastics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of primary and secondary microplastics published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review and reviewer names are published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
First Evidence of the Possible Influence of Avoiding Daily Liquid Intake from Plastic and Glass Beverage Bottles on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 419-432; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030026 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and
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The global microplastic pollution issue, as a result of the indispensable usage of microplastics in building materials, packaged food, medical products and consumer goods, poses significant health problems for the population. These small particles can penetrate intact cell barriers in the intestines and alveoli, thereby entering the bloodstream. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of reduced plastic consumption on blood pressure. Eight adult and healthy participants abstained from consuming commercially produced bottled beverages and restricted their primary fluid intake to tap water. Blood pressure was measured on both sides before, after 14 days and after 28 to 30 days of this partial plastic diet. Women exhibit a significant change in systolic blood pressure on the right arm after 2 and 4 weeks, while the left arm demonstrates no significant changes in blood pressure. On the contrary, in men, systolic blood pressure values on both arms show no significant alterations, attributable to the high variability across the three participants. Moreover, no significant differences in systolic blood pressure were observed when analysing the entire cohort. Significant findings are evident only at the two-week mark for diastolic blood pressure for all participants in both arms. When considering diastolic blood pressure separately for women and men, men again show no significant changes in blood pressure on either arm. However, women exhibit a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure on the left arm after 2 weeks and a statistically significant decline in diastolic blood pressure on the right arm after both 2 and 4 weeks. The results of the study suggest, for the first time, that a reduction in plastic use could potentially lower blood pressure, probably due to the reduced volume of plastic particles in the bloodstream. To confirm this hypothesis, a larger sample of male and female participants must be examined, ideally with the monitoring of plastic concentration in the blood.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)
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Open AccessArticle
Microplastics Ingestion by Copepods in Two Contrasting Seasons: A Case Study from the Terminos Lagoon, Southern Gulf of Mexico
by
Ana Montoya-Melgoza, Erik Coria-Monter, María Adela Monreal-Gómez, Elizabeth Durán-Campos, David Alberto Salas-de-León, John S. Armstrong-Altrin, Benjamín Quiroz-Martínez and Sergio Cházaro-Olvera
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 405-418; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030025 - 12 Jul 2024
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This study evaluated the ingestion of microplastics (MP) by copepods in Terminos Lagoon (TL), a RAMSAR-listed site in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The evaluation was carried out in two contrasting seasons of 2022, as follows: the dry (April) and the rainy (October).
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This study evaluated the ingestion of microplastics (MP) by copepods in Terminos Lagoon (TL), a RAMSAR-listed site in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The evaluation was carried out in two contrasting seasons of 2022, as follows: the dry (April) and the rainy (October). Copepods were collected using a conical plankton net (mesh size of 200 μm). In the laboratory, a pool of all pelagic adult copepod taxa was picked, and the MP inside the organisms were extracted, classified, and photographed using traditional optical and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 268 MP particles were extracted from the interior of copepods; among them, 149 and 119 corresponded to the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The ingestion rate in the dry season was 0.14, while in the rainy season, it was 0.11. In addition, fibers, plastic fragments, and microspheres with different colors (blue, red, black, green, transparent, and multicolored), sizes, forms (angular, round, triangular, and twisted), and textures were also detected. Fibers were the most abundant MP found in a proportion of more than 85%. In addition, in some sampling sites, microspheres were observed with high relative abundance values (80%). In some sites, fragments reach 20% of the total abundance. Significant differences were observed between the two seasons. The sites closest to the urban area adjacent to TL observed high diversity and abundance of MP. The higher abundance of MP in the dry season is due to lower river discharge, on the other hand. Thus, MP particles accumulate and become available for consumption by copepods. This is the first study that has revealed that the MP was ingested by the copepods in TL. Furthermore, this study provides a baseline information for future research on the abundance of MP in the Gulf of Mexico region.
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Open AccessArticle
Study on the Fate of the Carbopol® Polymer in the Use of Hand Sanitizer Gels: An Experimental Model to Monitor Its Physical State from Product Manufacturing up to the Final Hand Rinse
by
Marcello Marchetti, Alessandro Perini, Michela Zanella, Federico Benetti and Daniela Donelli
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 390-404; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030024 - 10 Jul 2024
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Carbopol® is a typical jelly agent belonging to the family of cross-linked polyacrylic acid copolymers. It is largely used in antibacterial gels due to its self-wetting properties. In its pristine physical form, Carbopol® falls under the definition of microplastics, though significant
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Carbopol® is a typical jelly agent belonging to the family of cross-linked polyacrylic acid copolymers. It is largely used in antibacterial gels due to its self-wetting properties. In its pristine physical form, Carbopol® falls under the definition of microplastics, though significant changes could occur once added to hydroalcoholic solvents of the liquid formulations. To date, no life-cycle data regarding the physical state are available for this substance or for other similar polymers of the same chemical class. The aim of the present study was the investigation of the fate of Carbopol®-derived microplastics used in the formulation of typical hand sanitizer gels available in the Italian market, such as Amuchina® X-Germ, along the product life cycle. An experimental model was designed to detect the presence of Carbopol® microparticles from product manufacturing to the final use. FTIR and µ-FTIR were used to detect and characterize solid particles after the optimization of the sample preparation of different experimental matrices. While Carbopol® as such can be classified as a microplastic, in the commercial product, Carbopol® particles were not detected. Ten volunteers used the product according to the instructions reported on the label, and finally they rinsed their hands. Carbopol®-based particles were not detected in the water rinse, indicating that, after usage, the original form of the Carbopol microparticles was not retrieved. The study proposes, for the first time, a simple and comprehensive experimental approach to identify and characterize microplastics in finished products and along the life cycle by simulating their real-life usage. This approach could be also useful to evaluate the release of chemical components into the environment through the use of dermal products.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Progress in Research on Microplastic Prevalence in Tropical Coastal Environments: A Case Study of the Johor and Singapore Straits
by
Emily Curren, Audrey Ern Lee, Denise Ching Yi Yu and Sandric Chee Yew Leong
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 373-389; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030023 - 8 Jul 2024
Abstract
Microplastics are contaminants in marine ecosystems, posing great threats to biota and human health. In this work, we provide an overview of the progress made in understanding microplastic prevalence in tropical coastal environments, focusing on the Johor and the Singapore Straits as a
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Microplastics are contaminants in marine ecosystems, posing great threats to biota and human health. In this work, we provide an overview of the progress made in understanding microplastic prevalence in tropical coastal environments, focusing on the Johor and the Singapore Straits as a case study. We examine the sources, distribution, transport, and ecological impact of microplastic pollution in this region through a systematic review. All papers relating to marine microplastics in Singapore’s sand and benthic sediments, seawater, and marine biota were used for analysis, from 2004 to 2023. In addition, we discuss the influence of envi-ronmental factors such as coastal morphology and anthropogenic activities on patterns of microplastic accumulation. We emphasize that microplastic pollution is more prevalent along the eutrophic Johor Strait compared to the Singapore Strait due to hydrological conditions. Rainfall is also a key factor that influences mi-croplastic abundance during the monsoon seasons. Furthermore, the bacterial and plankton assemblages of organisms on microplastic surfaces are diverse, with eutrophic waters enhancing the diversity of organisms on microplastic surfaces. Novel harmful cyanobacteria and bloom species of phytoplankton were also found on microplastic surfaces. By synthesizing existing research findings and highlighting regional characteristics, this paper contributes to ongoing efforts to mitigate microplastic pollution in tropical regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Aquatic Enviroments)
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Open AccessArticle
A Study on the Distribution of Microplastics in the South Coast of Korea and Gwangyang Bay
by
Byeong-Kyu Min, Chon-Rae Cho, Hwi-Su Cheon, Ho-Young Soh and Hyeon-Seo Cho
Microplastics 2024, 3(3), 355-372; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3030022 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Microplastic distribution surveys centered on Korea’s Gwangyang Bay and southern coastal waters. Gwangyang Bay seawater averaged 3.17 ± 1.23 particles/L, and sediments averaged 462.4 ± 143.9 particles/kg. The southern coastal seawater averaged 0.10 ± 0.09 particles/L, and the sediments averaged 50.6 ± 29.7
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Microplastic distribution surveys centered on Korea’s Gwangyang Bay and southern coastal waters. Gwangyang Bay seawater averaged 3.17 ± 1.23 particles/L, and sediments averaged 462.4 ± 143.9 particles/kg. The southern coastal seawater averaged 0.10 ± 0.09 particles/L, and the sediments averaged 50.6 ± 29.7 particles/kg. Microplastics flowing from land, through physical modeling of ocean currents in Gwangyang Bay and southern coastal waters, pass through the Yeosu Strait and flow into the southern coastal waters. At the same time, it is judged that the southern coastal waters showed somewhat lower abundance than the Gwangyang Bay waters because they move toward the Korean Strait due to the Jeju warm current water and Tsushima current water, strongly generated in summer. In addition, the seawater microplastic abundance showed a higher abundance than that on the site adjacent to the land in the southern coastal waters, which is the study area. On the other hand, the results for sediment microplastic abundance were opposite to the surface seawater microplastic results. Therefore, it is judged that entering one source of pollution does not affect the distribution of microplastics in Gwangyang Bay and southern coastal waters, but rather this occurs in different forms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Aquatic Enviroments)
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Open AccessArticle
Microplastic Analysis in Soil Using Ultra-High-Resolution UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy and Chemometric Modeling
by
Lori Shelton Pieniazek, Michael L. McKinney, Jake A. Carr and Lei Shen
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 339-354; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020021 - 14 Jun 2024
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The study of microplastics (MPs) in soils is impeded by similarities between plastic and non-plastic particles and the misidentification of MP by current analytical methods such as visual microscopic examination. Soil MPs pose serious ecological and public health risks because of their abundance,
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The study of microplastics (MPs) in soils is impeded by similarities between plastic and non-plastic particles and the misidentification of MP by current analytical methods such as visual microscopic examination. Soil MPs pose serious ecological and public health risks because of their abundance, persistence, and ubiquity. Thus, reliable identification methods are badly needed for scientific study. One possible solution is UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, which has the ability to rapidly identify and quantify concentrations of soil microplastics. In this study, a full-range, field portable spectrometer (350–2500 nm) with ultra-high spectral resolution (1.5 nm, 3.0 nm, and 3.8 nm) identified three types of common plastics: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP). Three sets of artificially MP-treated vermiculite soil samples were prepared for model prediction testing and validation: 150 samples for model calibration and 50 samples for model validation. A partial least square regression model using the spectral signatures for quantification of soil and MP mixtures was built with all three plastic polymers. Prediction R2 values of all three polymers showed promising results: polypropylene R2 = 0.943, polyvinyl chloride R2 = 0.983, and polyethylene R2 = 0.957. Our study supports previous work showing that combining ultra-high-resolution UV–Vis–NIR spectrometry with quantitative modeling can improve the accuracy and speed of MP identification and quantification in soil.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Earthworm (Eisenia andrei)-Mediated Degradation of Commercial Compostable Bags and Potential Toxic Effects
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Luís André Mendes, Ricardo Beiras and Jorge Domínguez
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 322-338; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020020 - 8 Jun 2024
Abstract
The availability of compostable plastic bags has increased greatly in the past few years, as it is perceived that this type of bags will be degraded after disposal. However, there are some knowledge gaps regarding the potential effects on the soil ecosystems. We
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The availability of compostable plastic bags has increased greatly in the past few years, as it is perceived that this type of bags will be degraded after disposal. However, there are some knowledge gaps regarding the potential effects on the soil ecosystems. We assessed the rate of degradation of samples of four different types of commercial compostable bags in vermicomposting systems with the earthworm species Eisenia andrei. We also evaluated the biological response of E. andrei (survival and reproduction) to microplastics (MPs) from fragments of the plastic bags (<2000 µm) and assessed seedling emergence in common garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) exposed to micronized plastic (<250 µm) and the respective leachate, following OECD and ISO guidelines, respectively. The rate of degradation differed significantly depending on the type of plastic rather than the substrate in the vermicomposting system. This finding suggests that the degradation process is more dependent on the microbial community colonizing the different plastic types than on earthworm activity. Regarding the biological response of the soil system, L. sativum seedling emergence was not significantly affected; however, earthworm reproduction was affected, suggesting that although compostable, some of the formulations may potentially be toxic to soil fauna.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Microplastics)
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Open AccessReview
Measures to Reduce the Discharge of tire Wear into the Environment
by
Johannes Wolfgang Neupert, Daniel Venghaus and Matthias Barjenbruch
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 305-321; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020019 - 4 Jun 2024
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The environmental impact of tire wear emissions has become increasingly apparent, and efforts to reduce their impact on the environment are on the rise. To minimise the generation of tire wear, it is essential to consider the influencing factors. However, as it cannot
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The environmental impact of tire wear emissions has become increasingly apparent, and efforts to reduce their impact on the environment are on the rise. To minimise the generation of tire wear, it is essential to consider the influencing factors. However, as it cannot be entirely prevented, measures to reduce immissions are also necessary. This paper summarises possible measures derived from the literature, stakeholder workshops, and the authors’ own conclusions, taking into account the different perspectives: tire, vehicle, road, sustainable mobility and emissions treatment. The presentation of the entry paths of tire wear into the environment and the hotspots of generation can be used to prioritise reduction measures. Measures should be implemented at a political level, technical solutions applied, and awareness raised among the general public. It is evident that reducing tire wear is a complex task that requires a transdisciplinary approach.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Hubs for Interactive Literature (HILs) as a Complimentary Visual Tool for Reviews
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Katie Stallings, Kimberly J. Zaccaria, Megan Riccardi, Gregory M. Zarus and Gaston Casillas
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 293-304; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020018 - 29 May 2024
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In the last few years, microplastics research has exploded, with the field exploring new procedures and techniques that focus on a variety of scientific and policy issues. As there are not standardized definitions for many terms in the field, including the term microplastic
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In the last few years, microplastics research has exploded, with the field exploring new procedures and techniques that focus on a variety of scientific and policy issues. As there are not standardized definitions for many terms in the field, including the term microplastic itself, researchers utilize the same labels to describe different aspects of microplastic pollution. Here we provide a visual tool, called a Hub for Interactive Literature (HIL), to assist researchers in identifying and targeting specific literature. Currently, there are four Hubs for Interactive Learning (HILs) corresponding to previously published reviews, including a scoping review of microplastics literature as well as three reviews examining the human exposure and health effects of microplastics, the unique liver carcinogenicity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics, and micro and nanoplastics found in the air. The HILs incorporate all of the literature used to produce the corresponding reviews. A couple of advantages that HILs provide in their capacity as a supportive instrument are the filtering options and easily accessed original references. This tool can be leveraged by researchers to rapidly review microplastics research and isolate specific subtopics of interest to develop new conclusions and quickly identify data gaps. We give an in-depth look at the HIL corresponding to a scoping review of microplastics literature to exhibit the novel functionality and advantages of this exciting tool. We demonstrate a novel world map of the literature to show that microplastics are a global scientific and public health issue. The map offers the additional functionality of filtering the references by country. We also provide a brief description of the current HILs to show the flexibility and personalization available when using this method.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Reduction in the Input of Microplastics into the Aquatic Environment via Wastewater Treatment Plants in Germany
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Philipp Lau, Julia Stein, Luisa Reinhold, Matthias Barjenbruch, Tim Fuhrmann, Ingo Urban, Katrin Bauerfeld and Andrea Holte
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 276-292; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020017 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) has emerged as a significant environmental challenge due to increased plastic production and its widespread presence in the environment. This study aimed to assess MP concentrations throughout the treatment process at nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany, from influent to
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Microplastic (MP) has emerged as a significant environmental challenge due to increased plastic production and its widespread presence in the environment. This study aimed to assess MP concentrations throughout the treatment process at nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany, from influent to effluent. A customized sampling technique was employed, followed by field and laboratory preparation and the quantification of polymers (PE, PP, PS, PMMA, and PET) using TED-GCMS. MP concentrations decreased progressively in the WWTPs, with influent concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 13.6 mg/L. Effluent concentrations in the conventional WWTPs ranged from 0.001 to 0.051 mg/L, while advanced treatment via filtration yielded concentrations below the limit of quantification at 0.005 mg/L. All tested of the WWTPs demonstrated an over 99% removal efficiency for microplastics. Despite effective retention by the WWTPs, a critical evaluation of the results is necessary. There is a need to optimize existing technologies and enhance the standardization of sampling, processing, and measurement methods, as well as intensify efforts towards creating preventive measures to reduce plastic emissions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Aquatic Enviroments)
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Open AccessArticle
Microscopic Image Dataset with Segmentation and Detection Labels for Microplastic Analysis in Sewage: Enhancing Research and Environmental Monitoring
by
Gwanghee Lee, Jaeheon Jung, Sangjun Moon, Jihyun Jung and Kyoungson Jhang
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 264-275; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020016 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
We introduce a novel microscopic image dataset augmented with segmentation and detection labels specifically designed for microplastic analysis in sewage environments. Recognizing the increasing concern over microplastics—particles of synthetic polymers smaller than 5 mm—and their detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and human health,
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We introduce a novel microscopic image dataset augmented with segmentation and detection labels specifically designed for microplastic analysis in sewage environments. Recognizing the increasing concern over microplastics—particles of synthetic polymers smaller than 5 mm—and their detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and human health, our research focuses on enhancing detection and analytical methodologies through advanced computer vision and deep learning techniques. The dataset comprises high-resolution microscopic images of microplastics collected from sewage, meticulously labeled for both segmentation and detection tasks, aiming to facilitate accurate and efficient identification and quantification of microplastic pollution. In addition to dataset development, we present example deep learning models optimized for segmentation and detection of microplastics within complex sewage samples. The models demonstrate significant potential in automating the analysis of microplastic contamination, offering a scalable solution to environmental monitoring challenges. Furthermore, we ensure the accessibility and reproducibility 12 of our research by making the dataset and model codes publicly available, accompanied by detailed 13 documentation on GitHub and LabelBox.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics and Human Health: Impact, Challenges and Interaction Mechanisms)
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Open AccessArticle
Microplastic Volatile Organic Compounds Found within Chrysaora chesapeakei in the Patuxent River, Maryland
by
Carol A. Smith, Santosh Mandal, Chunlei Fan and Saroj Pramanik
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 250-263; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020015 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Microplastics are tangible particles of less than 0.2 inches in diameter that are ubiquitously distributed in the biosphere and accumulate in water bodies. During the east-coast hot summers (23–29 °C) of 2021 and 2022, June through September, we captured copious amounts of the
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Microplastics are tangible particles of less than 0.2 inches in diameter that are ubiquitously distributed in the biosphere and accumulate in water bodies. During the east-coast hot summers (23–29 °C) of 2021 and 2022, June through September, we captured copious amounts of the jellyfish Chrysaora chesapeakei, a predominant species found in the Patuxent River of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland on the United States East Coast. We determined that their gelatinous bodies trapped many microplastics through fluorescent microscopy studies using Rhodamine B staining and Raman Spectroscopy. The chemical nature of the microplastics was detected using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy headspace (SPME-GC-MS) and solvent extraction (GC-MS) methods through a professional commercial materials evaluation laboratory. Numerous plastic-affiliated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diverse chemical origins and their functional groups (alkanes, alkenes, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and alcohols) along with other non-microplastic volatile organic compounds were observed. Our findings corroborate data in the available scientific literature, distinguishing our finding’s suitability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Aquatic Enviroments)
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Open AccessArticle
Short-Term Microplastics Exposure to the Common Mysid Shrimp, Americamysis bahia: Effects on Mortality and DNA Methylation
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Jack H. Prior, Justine M. Whitaker and Alexis M. Janosik
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 234-249; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020014 - 8 Apr 2024
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Primary consumers of microplastics are often zooplankton species such as the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia. Ingesting and interacting with these plastics can cause stress and lead to death. In the presence of some environmental stressors, gene expression may be altered without changing
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Primary consumers of microplastics are often zooplankton species such as the mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia. Ingesting and interacting with these plastics can cause stress and lead to death. In the presence of some environmental stressors, gene expression may be altered without changing DNA sequences via the epigenetic methylation of the DNA. Mysid shrimp were exposed to 5-micrometer fluorescent polystyrene microbeads at different concentrations and different lengths of time. No significant effects were observed on mortality within 72 h, but mortality increased significantly thereafter. Microplastics were consumed by mysids and adhered to the mysid carapace and appendages. An ELISA-like (Enzyme-Linked Imuunosorbent Assay) colorimetric assay was employed to assess mysid DNA for differences in global percent methylation. No significant difference in the average percent methylated DNA nor difference in the number of methylation detections between treatments was found. This is one of few studies that has investigated DNA methylation effects due to microplastics-induced stress and the first study to detect DNA methylation in any member of the order Mysida.
Full article
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Open AccessReview
Recent Progress in Intestinal Toxicity of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence
by
Madjid Djouina, Suzie Loison and Mathilde Body-Malapel
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 217-233; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020013 - 8 Apr 2024
Cited by 1
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The tremendous plastic production and poor post-use management are current and future sources of environmental and human contamination due to their degradation products: microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs). Methodological developments have allowed MNPLs to be detected in an increasing variety of human foods, as
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The tremendous plastic production and poor post-use management are current and future sources of environmental and human contamination due to their degradation products: microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs). Methodological developments have allowed MNPLs to be detected in an increasing variety of human foods, as well as in stool and colonic mucosa. It was suggested early that the direct contact between MNPLs and intestinal tissues could represent a potential risk for human health. In order to assess this, over the last 3 years, numerous studies have evaluated the impact of MNPL ingestion on intestinal homeostasis in rodents. This comprehensive review reports the preclinical studies published between January 2021 and January 2024, and analyzes their contributions as well as their shortcomings. It shows that evidence is accumulating of the intestinal toxicity of spherical MNPLs, which lead to pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, barrier-disruptive and dysbiotic effects. However, the available literature has addressed only a minor part of the potential health issues of MNPLs. Many parameters contributing to MNPL toxicity need to be better taken into account in future studies. Particular attention should be paid to improve the representativeness of MNPLs, as well as to better consider the susceptibility factors of MNPL toxicity, generated especially by an underlying pathology or pathological imprinting.
Full article
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Uptake and Cellular Effects of Polymethylmethacrylate on Human Cell Lines
by
Arthur Braun and Harald Seitz
Microplastics 2024, 3(2), 205-216; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3020012 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
The usage of plastic and its decomposition products leads to their ubiquitous distribution, resulting in their uptake by all living beings, including humans. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is known as a biocompatible polymer and is used widely in medicine and dentistry, although recent findings have
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The usage of plastic and its decomposition products leads to their ubiquitous distribution, resulting in their uptake by all living beings, including humans. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is known as a biocompatible polymer and is used widely in medicine and dentistry, although recent findings have shown its induction of oxidative stress within cells. Worryingly, hardly any data exist investigating the uptake of PMMA particles by cells, the potential effects of these particles on cells and cell signaling pathways and their contributing factors. We assessed the uptake of PMMA beads via confocal microscopy after their incubation with HEK293, A549 and MRC5 cells. Through cell staining, we localized multiple PMMA beads within the cytosol of cells. No alterations regarding cell growth, cell morphology or cell division were found, implying no short-term toxicity towards human cells. Using a cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated reporter assay, we assessed whether internalized PMMA nanobeads alter cell signaling pathways after stimulation of the cells. CREB was chosen as a well-described transcription factor involved in various cellular processes. Our data led to the assumption that PMMA nano- and microbeads are internalized via endocytosis and end up in lysosomes within the cell cytosol. We concluded that differences regarding the surface composition of the PMMA nanobeads affect their potential to alter cell signaling. These findings emphasize the key role the surface composition plays regarding microplastics and their risks for human health, whereas the usage of medical-grade PMMA remains safe.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Microplastics)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparison of Methodologies for Microplastic Isolation through Multicriteria Analysis (AHP)
by
Valentina Phinikettou, Iliana Papamichael, Irene Voukkali and Antonis A. Zorpas
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 184-204; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010011 - 10 Mar 2024
Cited by 2
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by microplastics has evolved into a global concern; however, limited knowledge exists about microplastics in soils due to the absence of standardized extraction methods. This research aimed to develop an inexpensive, rapid method with user-friendly and environmentally sustainable outcomes for
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Environmental pollution caused by microplastics has evolved into a global concern; however, limited knowledge exists about microplastics in soils due to the absence of standardized extraction methods. This research aimed to develop an inexpensive, rapid method with user-friendly and environmentally sustainable outcomes for microplastics retrieval. Three salt solutions (Sodium Chloride, Magnesium Sulfate, Sodium Hexametaphosphate) and an oil solution (canola oil) underwent evaluation for microplastics extraction through the flotation process due to the density and oleophilic properties of plastics. Four widely used plastic types, obtained through fragmentation using a grinding mill from clean new plastic containers or membranes, were subjected to analysis. The experimental procedures for microplastics retrieval varied among the evaluated solutions. Through a comprehensive multicriteria analysis, the saturated Sodium Chloride solution emerged as the optimal scenario for microplastics extraction, followed closely by the canola oil scenario. The recovery method utilizing Sodium Chloride demonstrated economic feasibility, safety, and reliability. This study provides valuable insights into an effective and sustainable approach for mitigating microplastic pollution in soil, offering a promising avenue for future environmental conservation efforts.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Microplastics Pollution)
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Open AccessArticle
Crafting a Scientific Framework to Mitigate Microplastic Impact on Ecosystems
by
Mitra Nikpay and Sayna Toorchi Roodsari
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 165-183; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010010 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
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Microplastics (MPs), microscopic particles originating from plastic products, have emerged as a persistent environmental challenge, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. Their omnipresence, extending from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans and infiltrating the bodies of humans and animals, requires
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Microplastics (MPs), microscopic particles originating from plastic products, have emerged as a persistent environmental challenge, posing threats to both ecosystems and human health. Their omnipresence, extending from the highest mountains to the deepest oceans and infiltrating the bodies of humans and animals, requires urgent attention. In the face of escalating annual plastic production and inefficient waste management, where 79% of plastic production ends up in landfill sites or enters the environment, MPs multiply as its consequence. This emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive global framework that transcends borders to systematically address and control the growth of MPs. In response, our research conducts an in-depth investigation and proposes a seven-step strategy, providing a global perspective for mitigating microplastic pollution. The proposed approach begins with initial research steps and closes in predicting the remediation of areas impacted by microplastic pollution.
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Microplastics in Atlantic Ribbed Mussels (Geukensia demissa) from the Delaware Inland Bays, USA
by
Jeffrey Ashley, Amanda Pilat, Ariana Ohlweiler, Connor Ogden, Owen Bradley, Priya Modi, Spencer Talbot, Caya Smith, Justin O’Pella and Gulnihal Ozbay
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 147-164; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010009 - 1 Mar 2024
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of plastic pollution in coastal ecosystems, aquatic organisms are at high risk for accumulating microplastics (MPs). Filter-feeding bivalves, such as mussels and oysters, may be exposed to, and subsequently accumulate, MPs due to the high volume of water they
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Due to the prevalence of plastic pollution in coastal ecosystems, aquatic organisms are at high risk for accumulating microplastics (MPs). Filter-feeding bivalves, such as mussels and oysters, may be exposed to, and subsequently accumulate, MPs due to the high volume of water they pass through their bodies. This study assessed the levels of MPs within Atlantic ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa), a common filter feeder found along the United States Atlantic Coast, from 12 sites within Rehoboth Bay, Indian River Bay, and Little Assawoman Bay, collectively known as the Delaware Inland Bays. Composited mussels from each site were digested using potassium hydroxide and filtered. Microplastics were physically identified, sorted based on color, and counted using a digital microscope. Microplastics, almost entirely dominated by synthetic microfibers, were found in all mussels well above laboratory blanks. Across all sites, 40% of microfibers were black, and 27% of fibers were clear. The composite concentrations of MPs ranged from 0.25 to 2.06 particles/g wet tissue, with a mean of 0.08 ± 0.06. In general, higher concentrations were found in mussels collected at sites that were adjacent to more urbanized land use versus those from rural sites. At two sites, individual mussels, in addition to composites, were analyzed and had MP concentrations ranging from 11 to 69 particles/mussel. This study represents the first evaluation of MPs in this ecologically important coastal species and suggests its viability as a biomonitoring species for microplastic pollution.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastics in Aquatic Enviroments)
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Open AccessArticle
An Image-Processing Tool for Size and Shape Analysis of Manufactured Irregular Polyethylene Microparticles
by
Melanie Fritz, Lukas F. Deutsch, Karunia Putra Wijaya, Thomas Götz and Christian B. Fischer
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 124-146; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010008 - 9 Feb 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant risk to humans and animals due to their ability to absorb, adsorb, and desorb organic pollutants. MPs catchment from either sediments or water bodies is crucial for risk assessment, but fast and effective particle quantification of irregularly shaped
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Microplastics (MPs) pose a significant risk to humans and animals due to their ability to absorb, adsorb, and desorb organic pollutants. MPs catchment from either sediments or water bodies is crucial for risk assessment, but fast and effective particle quantification of irregularly shaped particles is only marginally addressed. Many studies used microscopy methods to count MP particles, which are tedious for large sample sizes. Alternatively, this work presents an algorithm developed in the free software GNU Octave to analyze microscope images of MP particles with variable sizes and shapes. The algorithm can detect and distinguish different particles, compensate for uneven illumination and low image contrast, find high-contrast areas, unify edge regions, and fill the remaining pixels of stacked particles. The fully automatic algorithm calculates shape parameters such as convexity, solidity, reciprocal aspect ratio, rectangularity, and the Feret major axis ratio and generates the particle size distribution. The study tested low-density polyethylene particles with sizes of 50–100 µm and 200–300 µm. A scanning electron microscope image series analyzed with Octave was compared to a manual evaluation using ImageJ. Although the fully automatic algorithm did not identify all particles, the comprehensive tests demonstrate a qualitatively accurate particle size and shape monitoring applicable to any MPs, which processes larger data sets in a short time and is compatible with MATLAB-based codes.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Microplastics)
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Advancements and Regulatory Situation in Microplastics Removal from Wastewater and Drinking Water: A Comprehensive Review
by
Vyoma Jani, Shenghua Wu and Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
Microplastics 2024, 3(1), 98-123; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics3010007 - 8 Feb 2024
Cited by 3
Abstract
In recent years, the ubiquitous occurrence of plastic debris has become a significant environmental concern, posing considerable harm to our ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (<1 μm) are noticeable in diverse forms, spreading throughout the environment. Notably, wastewater treatment
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In recent years, the ubiquitous occurrence of plastic debris has become a significant environmental concern, posing considerable harm to our ecosystems. Microplastics (MPs) (1 μm–5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (<1 μm) are noticeable in diverse forms, spreading throughout the environment. Notably, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) emerge as major contributors to the generation of MP and NP. Within these treatment plants, water influx from domestic and commercial sources carries a considerable load of MPs derived from items like fiber clothing, personal care products, and toothpaste. Lacking dedicated removal mechanisms, these MPs persist through the wastewater treatment process, ultimately entering natural water bodies and the soil environment. The novelty of this review lies in its detailed examination of contemporary methodologies for sampling, detecting, and eliminating MPs specifically from WWTPs. By critically assessing the efficacy of current removal techniques at various treatment stages, the review offers targeted insights into practical aspects of MP management in these facilities. As the study of micro/nano plastics is still in its early stages, this article aims to contribute by offering a comprehensive review of the methods utilized for plastic debris removal in both WWTPs and drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Furthermore, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the existing rules, regulations, and policies concerning MPs in the United States. This inclusion not only broadens the scope of the review but also establishes it as a valuable reference for understanding the regulatory framework related to MPs. This review uniquely combines a focused evaluation of WWTPs/DWTPs, an exploration of removal methods, and an examination of regulatory framework, making a different contribution to the review article. Through this review, we aim to enhance understanding and awareness of the multi-layered challenges posed by MPs, offering insights that can inform future research directions and policy initiatives.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Microplastics)
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