Plants

Research

Jump to: Review

25 pages, 2665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profiling of Polyphenolic Fraction of Cannabis sativa L. vr. Kompolti Industrial Inflorescences: Insights into Cannabidiol Neuroprotective Effects in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease

by Francesca Fantasma, Gilda D’Urso, Noemi Martella, Alessandra Capuano, Eleonora Boccia, Vadym Samukha, Vincenzo De Felice, Gabriella Saviano, Federico Trombetta, Gianluigi Lauro, Marco Segatto, Maria Giovanna Chini, Giuseppe Bifulco, Agostino Casapullo and Maria Iorizzi

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101473 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HR-MS/MS) technique was used to characterize the polyphenolic fraction of the hot water infusion (WI) of inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. Kompolti variety, commercially used for food preparations or cosmetic purposes. On water infusion extract, we [...] Read more.

The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HR-MS/MS) technique was used to characterize the polyphenolic fraction of the hot water infusion (WI) of inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. Kompolti variety, commercially used for food preparations or cosmetic purposes. On water infusion extract, we applied a multidisciplinary approach, where NMR, MS, in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays coupled with in silico studies, were used to rationalize at the molecular level the effects of the major component Cannabidiol (CBD), in a model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The phytochemical analysis by LC-MS/MS led to the tentative identification of many components belonging to different classes of polyphenols, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their glycosides. CBD and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) were also detected in good amounts in the infusion, together with several minor cannabinoids. In addition, the water infusion WI was evaluated for mineral content, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity by DPPH and FRAP methods. Notably, our results in a cellular model of PD highlight that CBD protects against rotenone-induced cell death without recovering neuronal morphology. These biological outcomes were rationalized by an in silico approach, where we hypothesize that CBD could influence the cellular response to oxidative stress via its interaction with the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. In summary, these results enriched the nutraceutical profile of the water infusion of the inflorescences of the Kompolti cultivar, which demonstrated a high CBD content. This study could lead to the development of dietary supplements that could help in the management of clinical symptoms related to the antioxidant activity of CBD in the pathophysiology of PD, which remains poorly characterized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Piplartine from Piper purusanum Yunck (Piperaceae) and Evaluation of Its Toxicity Against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762, Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926 (Culicidae), and Non-Target Animals

by André Correa de Oliveira, Felipe Moura Araujo da Silva, Ingrity Suelen de Sá, Brenda Reis Coelho Leocadio, Suelen Costa Lima, Maria Luiza Lima da Costa, Rosemary Aparecida Roque and Rita de Cássia Saraiva Nunomura

Plants 2025, 14(5), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050774 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 800

Abstract

Aedes aegypti and Anopheles darlingi are the primary vectors of dengue and malaria in Brazil. Natural products are currently regarded as promising alternatives for their control, offering environmentally friendly solutions for larval management due to their low toxicity to non-target organisms. Thus, Piplartine, [...] Read more.

Aedes aegypti and Anopheles darlingi are the primary vectors of dengue and malaria in Brazil. Natural products are currently regarded as promising alternatives for their control, offering environmentally friendly solutions for larval management due to their low toxicity to non-target organisms. Thus, Piplartine, isolated for the first time from Piper purusanum, exhibited larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and An. darlingi (LC₅₀ of 14.56 and 26.44 μg/mL), occasioned by the overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (66.67 ± 7% and 86.33 ± 6%). Furthermore, piplartine enhanced the activity of key detoxifying enzymes, including catalase (87.00 ± 9 and 94.67 ± 9 μmol of H₂O₂ consumed per minute per mg of protein), glutathione S-transferase (76.00 ± 1 and 134.00 ± 1 μmol/min/mg), mixed-function oxidase (26.67 ± 5 and 55.00 ± 1 nmol cti mg⁻¹ protein), α-esterase, and β-esterase (27.67 ± 7 to 46.33 ± 1 nmol cti mg⁻¹ protein). In contrast, piplartine inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (43.33 ± 7 and 48.00 ± 2 μmol/min/mg) compared to the negative control DMSO (87.33 ± 1 and 146.30 ± 3 μmol/min/mg). It is important to highlight that piplartine showed no lethal effects on non-target aquatic insects, with 100% survival observed at a concentration of 264.4 μg/mL. In contrast, α-cypermethrin demonstrated acute and rapid toxicity to non-target organisms, with only 9.1% survival. These findings highlight piplartine as a promising larvicide with selective toxicity and low environmental impact, suitable for integrated larval management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isoespintanol Isolated from Oxandra cf. xylopioides (Annonaceae) Leaves Ameliorates Pancreatic Dysfunction and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Murine Model of Fructose-Induced Prediabetes

by Sherley Catherine Farromeque Vásquez, Luisa González Arbeláez, Benjamín Rojano, Guillermo Schinella, Bárbara Maiztegui and Flavio Francini

Plants 2025, 14(5), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050745 - 1 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 540

Abstract

In rats, a fructose-rich diet triggers endocrine-metabolic disturbances similar to those present in human prediabetes. We evaluated the protective effect of isoespintanol, a monoterpene isolated from Oxandra cf. xylopioides (Annonaceae), on pancreatic islet. Rats were kept for three weeks with a standard commercial [...] Read more.

In rats, a fructose-rich diet triggers endocrine-metabolic disturbances similar to those present in human prediabetes. We evaluated the protective effect of isoespintanol, a monoterpene isolated from Oxandra cf. xylopioides (Annonaceae), on pancreatic islet. Rats were kept for three weeks with a standard commercial diet and tap water (C), plus 10% fructose (F), or F plus isoespintanol (I; 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Glycemia, triglyceridemia, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, insulin resistance index (IRX), and glucose tolerance tests were determined. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and gene expression of insulin signalling mediators (insulin receptor -IR-, IRS1/2, PI3K), oxidative stress (SOD-2, GPx, GSR, 3’-nitrotyrosine), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, PAI-1), mitochondrial function (Bcl-2, mtTFA, PGC-1α), and apoptosis markers were evaluated in pancreatic islets. The F group increased triglyceridemia, non-HDL-cholesterol, and IRX, and decreased HDL-cholesterol and impaired glucose tolerance, with alterations reversed by isoespintanol administration (p < 0.05). Isoespintanol normalized higher GSIS recorded in the F group. F decreased mRNA levels of insulin signalling mediators and mitochondrial function markers, and increased the expression of inflammatory, apoptotic, and oxidative stress markers, alterations that were significantly reversed by isoespintanol. Current results suggest that isoespintanol improved insular oxidative stress and inflammation by affecting the IR-PI3K pathway, which plays a pivotal role in insulin resistance development, underlying its therapeutic potential for the prevention of type 2 diabetes before its onset (prediabetes). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Profiles, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Knautia integrifolia (L.) Bertol. subsp. integrifolia

by Hilal Kılınc

Plants 2025, 14(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030466 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 718

Abstract

The genus Knautia (L.) (Caprifoliaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and is represented by 11 species of flora in Turkey. This study conducted a detailed phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the whole plant of K. integrifolia using a combination [...] Read more.

The genus Knautia (L.) (Caprifoliaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and is represented by 11 species of flora in Turkey. This study conducted a detailed phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the whole plant of K. integrifolia using a combination of LC-ESI-FT-MS and NMR analyses. According to the results of this analysis, 25 compounds were identified in the methanol extract of K. integrifolia. The extract is particularly rich in phenolic secondary metabolites, including phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoid glycosides, and flavones, along with the presence of triterpenoid compounds. Additionally, the total phenolic content of the K. integrifolia methanol extract was evaluated. Considering the pharmacological activities reported for Knautia species, the antioxidant potential of the methanol extract was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, resulting in a value of 77.5% when compared to the ascorbic acid standard. In this study, antimicrobial activity tests were performed on K. integrifolia methanol extract for the first time. The results indicated that the extract demonstrated greater susceptibility to Staphylococcus epidermidis compared to the control group. At the same time, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration value, indicating high sensitivity to the methanol extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Tryptamines in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)

by Martin J. Spiering, James F. Parsons and Edward Eisenstein

Plants 2025, 14(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020292 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 962

Abstract

Botanical dietary supplements are widely used, but issues of authenticity, consistency, safety, and efficacy that complicate their poorly understood mechanism of action have prompted questions and concerns in the popular and scientific literature. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa, [...] Read more.

Botanical dietary supplements are widely used, but issues of authenticity, consistency, safety, and efficacy that complicate their poorly understood mechanism of action have prompted questions and concerns in the popular and scientific literature. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt., Ranunculaceae) is a multicomponent botanical therapeutic used as a popular remedy for menopause and dysmenorrhea and explored as a treatment in breast and prostate cancer. However, its use and safety are controversial. A. racemosa tissues contain the bioactive serotonin analog N-methylserotonin, which is thought to contribute to the serotonergic activities of black cohosh–containing preparations. A. racemosa has several TDC-like genes hypothesized to encode tryptophan decarboxylases (TDCs) converting L-tryptophan to tryptamine, a direct serotonin precursor in plants. Expression of black cohosh TDC1, TDC2, and TDC3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the production of tryptamine. TDC1 and TDC3 had approximately fourfold higher activity than TDC2, which was attributable to a variable Cys/Ser active site residue identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Co-expression in yeast of the high-activity black cohosh TDCs with the next enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), from rice (Oryza sativa) resulted in the production of serotonin, whereas co-expression with low-activity TDCs did not, suggesting that TDC activity is a rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. Two T5H-like sequences were identified in A. racemose, but their co-expression with the high-activity TDCs in yeast did not result in serotonin production. TDC expression was detected in several black cohosh tissues, and phytochemical analysis using LC-MS revealed several new tryptamines, including tryptamine and serotonin, along with N-methylserotonin and, interestingly, N-N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine), which may contribute to hepatotoxicity. Incubation of A. racemosa leaves with tryptamine and N-methyltryptamine resulted in increased concentrations of serotonin and N-methylserotonin, respectively, suggesting that methylation of tryptamine precedes hydroxylation in the biosynthesis of N-methylserotonin. This work indicates a significantly greater variety of serotonin derivatives in A. racemosa than previously reported. Moreover, the activities of the TDCs underscore their key role in the production of serotonergic compounds in A. racemosa. Finally, it is proposed that tryptamine is first methylated and then hydroxylated to form the black cohosh signature compound N-methylserotonin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

53 pages, 6648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants from Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India, along with Phytochemistry and Toxicity Study of Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don bark

by Yasodha Subba, Samik Hazra and Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3505; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243505 - 16 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1631

Abstract

This study offers considerable information on plant wealth of therapeutic importance used traditionally by the residents of 11 villages under three subdivisions of Kurseong, Darjeeling Sadar, and Mirik in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal. For the acquisition of ethnomedicinal information, semi-structured interviews were [...] Read more.

This study offers considerable information on plant wealth of therapeutic importance used traditionally by the residents of 11 villages under three subdivisions of Kurseong, Darjeeling Sadar, and Mirik in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal. For the acquisition of ethnomedicinal information, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 47 informants, of whom 11 persons were herbalists and 36 were knowledgeable persons. Free prior informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the collection of field data. A total of 115 species were documented, which spread over 65 families and 104 genera. From the informants, a total of 101 monoherbal and 21 polyherbal formulations were recorded for treating 50 types of health conditions. The collected ethnobotanical data have been evaluated to measure the utilitarian significance of remedies using three quantitative tools, informant consensus factor (F_ic), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL%). A statistical analysis revealed that among 11 disease categories, the highest F_ic value was estimated for the category of digestive diseases. The plant Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta scored the highest use value among all the recorded plant species. In the case of the FL% analysis, the highest score (97%) was observed in Betula alnoides Buch-Ham. ex D.Don, which is used for snake bites, among the recorded 115 plant species. In addition, the present study embodies the quantitative estimation of phenolics and flavonoids, along with an HPLC analysis of the B. alnoides bark to endorse this most important and underexplored plant as a potential source of therapeutically important chemical compounds. The bark extract contains significant amounts of phenolics (87.8 mg GAE/g dry tissue) and flavonoids (30.1 mg CE/g dry tissue). An HPLC analysis unveiled a captivating ensemble of six phenolic compounds, namely, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, coumarin, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid. Among the identified phenolics, chlorogenic acid scored the highest amount of 117.5 mg/g of dry tissue. The present study also explored the moderate cytotoxic nature of the bark extract through an in vitro cytotoxicity assay on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Our study not only documents the statistically analyzed information about ethnomedicinal practices that prevailed in the rural communities of the Darjeeling District but also highlights the profound therapeutic capabilities and non-toxic nature of B. alnoides bark. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Essential Oil Composition and Anti-Cholinesterase Properties of Cryptomeria japonica Foliage Harvested in São Miguel Island (Azores) in Two Different Seasons

by Tânia Rodrigues, Ana Lima, Tanner Wortham, Filipe Arruda, Alexandre Janeiro, José Baptista and Elisabete Lima

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3277; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233277 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 838

Abstract

The Azorean Cryptomeria japonica forest operations and wood industry generate considerable foliage biomass residues that are used for local essential oil (EO) production. However, research on seasonal variation of C. japonica EO remains scarce. In this study, the EOs from fresh Azorean C. [...] Read more.

The Azorean Cryptomeria japonica forest operations and wood industry generate considerable foliage biomass residues that are used for local essential oil (EO) production. However, research on seasonal variation of C. japonica EO remains scarce. In this study, the EOs from fresh Azorean C. japonica foliage (Az–CJF) collected in autumn (Aut) and spring (Spr) were obtained via hydrodistillation and investigated for their physical properties, yield, chemical composition, and bioactivities. Both EOs presented a strong odor, a yellowish color, a density around 0.9 g·mL⁻¹, and similar yields (approximately 1% v/w, dry matter). Nevertheless, the GC–MS analyses showed a decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH) and an increase in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS) contents in Spr–EO compared with Aut–EO (16% vs. 35% for MH and 45% vs. 31% for OS, respectively). In addition, the predominant components were kaur-16-ene (23%) for Spr–EO and phyllocladene (19%) for Aut–EO, revealing that both EOs were rich in diterpene hydrocarbons (29% vs. 26%). Concerning its toxicity against brine shrimp, a low mortality (0–38%) was observed at a concentration range of 100–180 μg·mL⁻¹. Regarding the anti-cholinesterase properties, both EOs were inactive against acetylcholinesterase but showed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity superior to (–)-α-pinene, a major compound of Az–CJF EO (IC₅₀ values: 84, 148, and 648 μg·mL⁻¹ for Spr–EO, Aut–EO, and α-pinene, respectively). Overall, the results indicate the potential benefit of both seasonal EOs in Alzheimer’s disease treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that season strongly influences the Az–CJF EO quantitative composition and thus its bioactivity, aiding in the selection of the most high-quality raw materials for use in Azorean C. japonica EO aromatherapy industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 19658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, In Silico Investigations and Evaluation of Antifungal, Antibacterial, Insecticidal and Repellent Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Leaf Essential Oil from ALGERIA

by Ghozlane Barboucha, Noureddine Rahim, Houssem Boulebd, Amina Bramki, Anna Andolfi, Maria Michela Salvatore and Marco Masi

Plants 2024, 13(22), 3229; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223229 - 17 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

This study investigated the phytochemical profile and evaluated the antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. essential oil (EC-EO) from Algeria, using in vitro and in silico approaches. The yield of EC-EO was 0.27%, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealing spathulenol (58.24%), [...] Read more.

This study investigated the phytochemical profile and evaluated the antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. essential oil (EC-EO) from Algeria, using in vitro and in silico approaches. The yield of EC-EO was 0.27%, with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealing spathulenol (58.24%), cryptone (17.22%), and o-cymene (15.53%) as the major compounds. EC-EO exhibited notable antibacterial activity, particularly against Salmonella typhimurium (14 ± 1.00 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (14.5 ± 0.50 mm). It also showed effective antifungal activity against Penicillium sp. (11.5 ± 0.49 mm), Candida albicans (11.2 ± 0.29 mm), and Aspergillus fumigatus (9.8 ± 0.27 mm). Insecticidal assays against Tribolium castaneum were conducted using contact toxicity, fumigation toxicity, and repellent activity methods. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for contact toxicity was 0.011 μL/insect after 72 h, while the fumigation test had an LC50 of 122.29 μL/L air. Repellent activity tests showed percentage repellency (PR) values exceeding 80% after 6 h. The molecular geometry and electronic properties of the main compounds were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the interaction mode and binding affinity of these molecules with three key enzymes involved in antimicrobial activity, DNA gyrase, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS), were explored by molecular docking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality Characteristics and Essential Oil Properties of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria Dried under Different Conditions

by Panayiota Xylia, Antonios Chrysargyris, Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou, Christos Goumenos, Helen Skaltsa and Nikolaos Tzortzakis

Plants 2024, 13(22), 3150; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223150 - 9 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1067

Abstract

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven [...] Read more.

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven drying at 42 °C) on the quality characteristics of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria; their essential oil (EO) yield; and their biological properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). According to the results of the current study, oven drying resulted in faster moisture loss for all investigated species and slightly darker products. For T. capitatus, sun drying resulted in higher EO carvacrol content, whereas EOs obtained from shade and oven drying (at 42 °C) presented high total phenolic content and great antimicrobial activity. For M. piperita, shade drying resulted in a higher EO yield and higher iso-menthone content, whilst the EO obtained from oven-dried mint plants presented great antibacterial activity against the investigated foodborne pathogens. S. cypria plants dried in an air-ventilated oven produced an EO rich in β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, which also presented great antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The findings of the current study indicate that traditional drying methods, such as sun and shade, can result in good-quality dried MAPs that can yield EOs with significant biological activities, along with minimum energy consumption and lower carbon dioxide production (lower environmental carbon footprint), as opposed to oven drying. However, the drying-process duration could be a limitation at the industrial scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chokeberry Products and By-Products as the Potential Pharmaceuticals for Kidney Protection—An Experimental Study in Rats

by Milica Milutinović, Nada Ćujić Nikolić, Tatjana Cvetković, Katarina Šavikin, Ivana Djordjević, Ljubinka Janković Veličković, Milica Randjelović, Bojana Miladinović, Suzana Branković and Dušanka Kitić

Plants 2024, 13(22), 3136; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13223136 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the protective effects of chokeberry fruit products and by-products against cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Potential mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were examined through biochemical and histopathological analyses of kidney tissue. Chokeberry waste, along with the [...] Read more.

The study aimed to investigate the protective effects of chokeberry fruit products and by-products against cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Potential mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were examined through biochemical and histopathological analyses of kidney tissue. Chokeberry waste, along with the whole fruit extract and juice, was evaluated as a potential raw material for pharmaceutical use. The chemical composition of chokeberry juice and extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Rats were treated with chokeberry preparations via intragastric tube for ten days, with a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (8 mg/kg BW) administered on the third day. Post-sacrifice, plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical nephrotoxicity markers, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Kidneys were removed for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity was confirmed by elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Additionally, lipid peroxidation was significantly elevated, while reduced glutathione and catalase activity were significantly reduced. Pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the cisplatin group. Treatment with chokeberry extracts and juice significantly mitigated these nephrotoxic effects, as confirmed by histopathological examination and biochemical marker analysis. Notably, the waste extract demonstrated greater efficacy than the whole fruit extract, likely due to its higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins. These results highlight the potential of chokeberry as a therapeutic and preventive agent for kidney protection, emphasizing the value of by-products rich in biologically active compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Greek Oregano Accessions Subjected to Advanced Extraction Techniques

by Christina Panagiotidou, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Maria Irakli and Paschalina Chatzopoulou

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213087 - 2 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent [...] Read more.

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The phytochemical profile of the oregano extracts, as determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), was used to compare the three extraction approaches. The results showed that oregano phenolic extracts obtained by MAE held the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and carvacrol, as determined by LC-MS analysis, followed by those extracted by UAE and ASE. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities, especially the MAE extracts. Oregano extracts produced by various extraction techniques were subjected to a multivariate data analysis to highlight differences in phytochemical profiles, and their correlation to antioxidant activity. According to our findings, it was evident that MAE offers more efficient and effective extraction of bioactive compounds in terms of obtaining phytochemical-rich oregano extracts, with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 9484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Profiles and Cytotoxic Activity of Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl. Leaves and Its Callus Culture

by Nancy Pérez-Mejía, María Luisa Villarreal, Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza, Leticia González-Maya, Manasés González-Cortazar, Anabel Ortíz-Caltempa and Laura Alvarez

Plants 2024, 13(12), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13121622 - 12 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

Bursera fagaroides, popularly used in México, possesses bioactive lignans. These compounds are low in the bark, and its extraction endangers the life of the trees. The aim of the present investigation was to search for alternative sources of cytotoxic compounds in B [...] Read more.

Bursera fagaroides, popularly used in México, possesses bioactive lignans. These compounds are low in the bark, and its extraction endangers the life of the trees. The aim of the present investigation was to search for alternative sources of cytotoxic compounds in B. fagaroides prepared as leaves and in vitro callus cultures. The friable callus of B. fagaroides was established using a combination of plant growth regulators: 4 mgL⁻¹ of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1 mgL⁻¹ Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) and 1 mgL⁻¹ Zeatin. The maximum cell growth was at day 28 with a specific growth rate of μ = 0.059 days⁻¹ and duplication time td = 11.8 days. HPLC quantification of the dichloromethane callus biomass extract showed that Scopoletin, with a concentration of 10.7 µg g⁻¹ dry weight, was the main compound inducible as a phytoalexin by the addition of high concentrations of 2,4-D, as well as by the absence of nutrients in the culture medium. In this same extract, the compounds γ-sitosterol and stigmasterol were also identified by GC-MS analysis. Open column chromatography was used to separate and identify yatein, acetyl podophyllotoxin and 7′,8′-dehydropodophyllotoxin in the leaves of the wild plant. Cytotoxic activity on four cancer cell lines was tested, with PC-3 prostate carcinoma (IC₅₀ of 12.6 ± 4.6 µgmL⁻¹) being the most sensitive to the wild-type plant extract and HeLa cervical carcinoma (IC₅₀ of 72 ± 5 µgmL⁻¹) being the most sensitive to the callus culture extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosmarinic Acid Present in Lepechinia floribunda and Lepechinia meyenii as a Potent Inhibitor of the Adenylyl Cyclase gNC1 from Giardia lamblia

by Adolfo Zurita, Esteban Vega Hissi, Agostina Cianci Romero, Adela María Luján, Sofía Salido, Agustín Yaneff, Carlos Davio, Justo Cobo, María Cecilia Carpinella and Ricardo Daniel Enriz

Plants 2024, 13(5), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050646 - 26 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1454

Abstract

Giardiasis is a parasitosis caused by Giardia lamblia with significant epidemiological and clinical importance due to its high prevalence and pathogenicity. The lack of optimal therapies for treating this parasite makes the development of new effective chemical entities an urgent need. In the [...] Read more.

Giardiasis is a parasitosis caused by Giardia lamblia with significant epidemiological and clinical importance due to its high prevalence and pathogenicity. The lack of optimal therapies for treating this parasite makes the development of new effective chemical entities an urgent need. In the search for new inhibitors of the adenylyl cyclase gNC1 obtained from G. lamblia, 14 extracts from Argentinian native plants were screened. Lepechinia floribunda and L. meyenii extracts exhibited the highest gNC1 inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 9 and 31 µg/mL, respectively. In silico studies showed rosmarinic acid, a hydroxycinnamic acid present in both mentioned species, to be a promising anti-gNC1 compound. This result was confirmed experimentally, with rosmarinic acid showing an IC₅₀ value of 10.1 µM. Theoretical and experimental findings elucidate the molecular-level mechanism of rosmarinic acid, pinpointing the key interactions stabilizing the compound–enzyme complex and the binding site. These results strongly support that rosmarinic acid is a promising scaffold for developing novel compounds with inhibitory activity against gNC1, which could serve as potential therapeutic agents to treat giardiasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 8315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural 2′,4-Dihydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy Chalcone Isolated from Chromolaena tacotana Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth through Autophagy and Mitochondrial Apoptosis

by Gina Mendez-Callejas, Marco Piñeros-Avila, Crispin A. Celis, Ruben Torrenegra, Anderson Espinosa-Benitez, Roberto Pestana-Nobles and Juvenal Yosa-Reyes

Plants 2024, 13(5), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050570 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2262

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women. Effective treatment requires precise tailoring to the genetic makeup of the cancer for improved efficacy. Numerous research studies have concentrated on natural compounds and their anti-breast cancer properties to improve the [...] Read more.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women. Effective treatment requires precise tailoring to the genetic makeup of the cancer for improved efficacy. Numerous research studies have concentrated on natural compounds and their anti-breast cancer properties to improve the existing treatment options. Chromolaena tacotana (Klatt) R.M. King and H. Rob (Ch. tacotana) is a notable source of bioactive hydroxy-methylated flavonoids. However, the specific anti-BC mechanisms of these flavonoids, particularly those present in the plant’s inflorescences, remain partly undefined. This study focuses on assessing a chalcone derivative extracted from Ch. tacotana inflorescences for its potential to concurrently activate regulated autophagy and intrinsic apoptosis in luminal A and triple-negative BC cells. We determined the chemical composition of the chalcone using ultraviolet (UV) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Its selective cytotoxicity against BC cell lines was assessed using the MTT assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis were employed to examine the modulation of proteins governing autophagy and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Additionally, in silico simulations were conducted to predict interactions between chalcone and various anti-apoptotic proteins, including the mTOR protein. Chalcone was identified as 2′,4-dihydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy-chalcone (DDC). This compound demonstrated a selective inhibition of BC cell proliferation and triggered autophagy and intrinsic apoptosis. It induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and altered mitochondrial outer membrane potential (∆ψm). The study detected the activation of autophagic LC3-II and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins in both BC cell lines. The regulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 proteins varied according to the BC subtype, yet they showed promising molecular interactions with DDC. Among the examined pro-survival proteins, mTOR and Mcl-1 exhibited the most favorable binding energies and were downregulated in BC cell lines. Further research is needed to fully understand the molecular dynamics involved in the activation and interaction of autophagy and apoptosis pathways in cancer cells in response to potential anticancer agents, like the hydroxy-methylated flavonoids from Ch. tacotana. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

32 pages, 9739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Ocimum basilicum’s Secondary Metabolites: Inhibition and Molecular Docking against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus for Optimal Action

by Hossam Moustafa Darrag, Hesham S. Ghazzawy, Mashail Nasser Alzain, Emadaldeen Hamad Hakami, Hani Taher Almuhanna and Nashi K. Alqahtani

Plants 2024, 13(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040491 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1879

Abstract

The objective of our work is to create a practical procedure to produce in vitro cell suspensions of O. basilicum and to ascertain the factors that encourage enhanced secondary metabolite production. We investigated the impact of these metabolites on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus’s adult [...] Read more.

The objective of our work is to create a practical procedure to produce in vitro cell suspensions of O. basilicum and to ascertain the factors that encourage enhanced secondary metabolite production. We investigated the impact of these metabolites on Rhynchophorus ferrugineus’s adult and larval target enzymes. The explants were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 0.1 to 1 mg/L plant growth regulators (PGRs) to create calluses. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin, 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) at 0.5, 0.5, 0.1, and 1 mg/L, respectively, with 3% sucrose led to the highest biomass accumulation. In cell suspensions, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were 39.68 and 5.49 mg/g DW, respectively, with abiotic Verticillium dahliae as an activator. Rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, nepetoidin A and B, salvigenin, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside as flavonoids and phenolics were analyzed using UPLC-I TQD MS, with the highest concentrations reached after 40 days. The extract demonstrates insecticidal activity against the fourth-instar larvae of R. ferrugineus, with adults at 1197 µg/mL and 12.5 µg/larvae as LC₅₀ and LD₅₀ values. The extract inhibited acetylcholine esterase (AChE), acid phosphatases (ACPs), alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), and gamma-aminobutyric acid-transaminase (GABA-T) in larval tissue in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 124.2, 149.3, 157.8, and 204.8 µg/mL, and in vivo, with IC₅₀ values of 157.2, 179.4, 185.3, and 241.6 µg/mL, after 24 h. Pure compounds identified the activity of the extract, showing the inhibition of AChE, ACPs, ALPs, and GABA-T with IC₅₀ values ˂ 200 µg/mL (in vitro). The ABMET examination revealed good oral permeability, and docking tests showed that the compounds bind AChE, ACPs, ALPs, and GABA-T. These findings show that a green bioprocessing method such as an O. basilicum cell suspension is a quick and straightforward technique for producing phenolic compounds, and it may be used to develop sustainable bio-insecticides and new green procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spasmolytic Activity of Gentiana lutea L. Root Extracts on the Rat Ileum: Underlying Mechanisms of Action

by Nemanja Kitić, Jelena Živković, Katarina Šavikin, Milica Randjelović, Miloš Jovanović, Dušanka Kitić, Bojana Miladinović, Milica Milutinović, Nenad Stojiljković and Suzana Branković

Plants 2024, 13(3), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030453 - 4 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

The roots of Gentiana lutea L. are utilized in the preparation of various beverages and herbal remedies, serving as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity that could substantiate the traditional use of G. lutea root had not been investigated. The [...] Read more.

The roots of Gentiana lutea L. are utilized in the preparation of various beverages and herbal remedies, serving as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity that could substantiate the traditional use of G. lutea root had not been investigated. The main objective goal of the study was to determine the validity of its use as a traditional remedy. The extraction of G. lutea root was performed using a 50% hydroethanolic solvent with three different extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), heat-assisted extraction, and percolation. The spasmolytic activity was tested on isolated rat ileum. The mechanism of action was monitored using the models of spontaneous contractions and acetylcholine-, histamine-, CaCl₂-, Bay K8644-, L-NAME-, ODQ-, apamin-, BaCl₂-, charybdotoxin-, glibenclamide-, TRAM-34-, and quinine-modified contractions. UAE, having the best bioactivity, was further subjected to a liquid–liquid extraction fractionation. HPLC phytochemical analysis was performed for all tested extracts and fractions. Gentian root extracts were rich in secoiridoids, xanthones, and flavonoids. The UAE has shown better results on spontaneous contractions in comparison to its fractions, leading to the more detailed testing of its spasmolytic mechanism of activity. The extract’s activity is primarily mediated through intermediate conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels, ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels, voltage-sensitive K⁺ channels, and mechanisms that activate Ca²⁺ channels. Overall, the G. lutea root shows great potential in the treatment of spasmodic gastrointestinal ailments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 6931 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals

by Milica Radan, Nada Ćujić Nikolić, Snežana Kuzmanović Nedeljković, Zorana Mutavski, Nemanja Krgović, Tatjana Stević, Smilja Marković, Aleksandra Jovanović, Jelena Živković and Katarina Šavikin

Plants 2024, 13(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020281 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a [...] Read more.

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a feasible microencapsulation process of PP extract by using pectin and a pectin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) blend as coating materials. Microsized powders obtained by a spray drying technique were examined in terms of technological characteristics, exhibiting high powder yield and desirable moisture content, flowability, and cohesive properties. Assuming that the interactions with the used biopolymers occur on the surface hydrophobic domain, their presence significantly improved the thermal stability of the microencapsulated powders up to 200 °C. The health-promoting effects of PP have been associated with its high content in ellagitannins, particularly punicalagin. The obtained PP powders exhibited strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential, while an antimicrobial assay revealed their potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, an in vitro release study suggested that the used biopolymers can modify the release of target bioactive compounds, thus establishing a basis for developing an oral-controlled release system. Altogether, biowaste valorization from PP by the production of effective multifunctional microsized powders represents a sustainable way to obtain novel nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Furofuranoid-Type Lignans and Related Phenolics from Anisacanthus virgularis (Salisb.) Nees with Promising Anticholinesterase and Anti-Ageing Properties: A Study Supported by Molecular Modelling

by Mohamed A. A. Orabi, Reda A. Abdelhamid, Hanan Elimam, Yaseen A. M. M. Elshaier, Ahmed A. Ali, Nayef Aldabaan, Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah and Mohamed S. Refaey

Plants 2024, 13(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020150 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

Lignan phytomolecules demonstrate promising anti-Alzheimer activity by alleviating dementia and preserving nerve cells. The purpose of this work is to characterize the lignans of Anisacanthus virgularis and explore their potential anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-ageing effects. Phytochemical investigation of A. virgularis aerial parts afforded a [...] Read more.

Lignan phytomolecules demonstrate promising anti-Alzheimer activity by alleviating dementia and preserving nerve cells. The purpose of this work is to characterize the lignans of Anisacanthus virgularis and explore their potential anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-ageing effects. Phytochemical investigation of A. virgularis aerial parts afforded a new furofuranoid-type lignan (1), four known structural analogues, namely pinoresinol (2), epipinoresinol (3), phillyrin (4), and pinoresinol 4-O-β-d-glucoside (5), in addition to p-methoxy-trans-methyl cinnamate (6) and 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde (7). The structures were established from thorough spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with the literature. Assessment of the anticholinesterase activity of the lignans 1–5 displayed noticeable enzyme inhibition of 1 (IC₅₀ = 85.03 ± 4.26 nM) and 5 (64.47 ± 2.75 nM) but lower activity of compounds 2–4 as compared to the reference drug donepezil. These findings were further emphasized by molecular docking of 1 and 5 with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Rapid overlay chemical similarity (ROCS) and structure–activity relationships (SAR) analysis highlighted and rationalized the anti-AD capability of these compounds. Telomerase activation testing of the same isolates revealed 1.64-, 1.66-, and 1.72-fold activations in cells treated with compounds 1, 5, and 4, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Our findings may pave the way for further investigations into the development of anti-Alzheimer and/or anti-ageing drugs from furofuranoid-type lignans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 9023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Quercetin Antiemetic Properties: In Vivo and In Silico Investigations on Receptor Binding Affinity and Synergistic Effects

by Raihan Chowdhury, Md. Shimul Bhuia, Asraful Islam Rakib, Rubel Hasan, Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho, Isaac Moura Araújo, Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes and Muhammad Torequl Islam

Plants 2023, 12(24), 4189; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244189 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

Quercetin (QUA), a flavonoid compound, is ubiquitously found in plants and has demonstrated a diverse range of biological activities. The primary objective of the current study is to assess the potential antiemetic properties of QUA using an in vivo and in silico approach. [...] Read more.

Quercetin (QUA), a flavonoid compound, is ubiquitously found in plants and has demonstrated a diverse range of biological activities. The primary objective of the current study is to assess the potential antiemetic properties of QUA using an in vivo and in silico approach. In this experiment, 4-day-old chicks were purchased to induce emesis by orally administering copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) at a dose of 50 mg/kg (orally). Domperidone (DOM) (6 mg/kg), Hyoscine (HYS) (21 mg/kg), and Ondansetron (OND) (5 mg/kg) were treated as positive controls (PCs), and distilled water and a trace amount of Tween 80 mixture was employed as a negative control (NC). QUA was given orally at two distinct doses (25 and 50 mg/kg). Additionally, QUA (50 mg/kg) and PCs were administered separately or in combination to assess their antagonistic or synergistic effects on the chicks. The binding affinity of QUA and referral ligands towards the serotonin receptor (5HT3), dopamine receptors (D2 and D3), and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1–M5) were estimated, and ligand–receptor interactions were visualized through various computational tools. In vivo findings indicate that QUA (25 and 50 mg/kg) has a significant effect on reducing the number of retches (16.50 ± 4.65 and 10.00 ± 4.19 times) and increasing the chick latency period (59.25 ± 4.75 and 94.25 ± 4.01 s), respectively. Additionally, QUA (50 mg/kg) in combination with Domperidone and Ondansetron exhibited superior antiemetic effects, reducing the number of retches and increasing the onset of emesis-inducing time. Furthermore, it is worth noting that QUA exhibited the strongest binding affinity against the D2 receptor with a value of −9.7 kcal/mol through the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. In summary, the study found that QUA exhibited antiemetic activity in chicks, potentially by interacting with the D2 receptor pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Potential of Organic Oregano and Tarragon Essential Oils: Profiling Composition, FT-IR and Bioactivities

by Dan Vârban, Marius Zăhan, Ioana Crișan, Carmen Rodica Pop, Emese Gál, Răzvan Ștefan, Ancuța Mihaela Rotar, Adriana Sebastiana Muscă, Ștefania Dana Meseșan, Vasile Horga, Ioan Ladoși, Loredana Olar, Andrei Stoie and Rodica Vârban

Plants 2023, 12(23), 4017; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12234017 - 29 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

Oregano and tarragon are widely cultivated culinary herbs used for food seasoning, having familiar characteristic aromas appreciated by the wide public. The aim of this research was to characterize essential oils (EOs) from locally sourced organic oregano and tarragon (Cluj, Romania) and study [...] Read more.

Oregano and tarragon are widely cultivated culinary herbs used for food seasoning, having familiar characteristic aromas appreciated by the wide public. The aim of this research was to characterize essential oils (EOs) from locally sourced organic oregano and tarragon (Cluj, Romania) and study their bioactivity potential. Results showed that oregano EO had a sesquiterpene dominant profile responsible for strong bands between 2800 and 3000 cm⁻¹ on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum and a composition consistent with reports from similar climatic regions. The tarragon EO profile was defined by phenylpropanoids responsible for the strong sharp peaks between 1000 and 1600 cm⁻¹ on the FT-IR spectrum. In oregano EO, 22 compounds were identified with β-caryophyllene as a major constituent. In tarragon EO, 20 compounds were identified with eugenol as a major constituent. Oregano EO had a stronger antibacterial effect against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, while tarragon EO had a slightly stronger cytotoxic effect on three types of cancer cell lines tested (skin melanoma, prostate carcinoma, and colorectal adenocarcinoma). It was concluded that, given the fact that a sufficient supply of high-quality plant material can be available for EO extraction, culinary herbs can become reliable candidates for many industries without the risk of discontinued supply. Therefore, research aiming to widen their potential applications is welcome and worth pursuing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indonesian Euphorbiaceae: Ethnobotanical Survey, In Vitro Antibacterial, Antitumour Screening and Phytochemical Analysis of Euphorbia atoto

by Dyke Gita Wirasisya, Annamária Kincses, Lívia Vidács, Nikoletta Szemerédi, Gabriella Spengler, Anita Barta, I Gde Mertha and Judit Hohmann

Plants 2023, 12(22), 3836; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223836 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

Indonesia is among the countries with the most significant biodiversity globally. Jamu, the traditional medicine of Indonesia, predominantly uses herbal materials and is an integral component of the Indonesian healthcare system. The present study reviewed the ethnobotanical data of seven Indonesian Euphorbiaceae [...] Read more.

Indonesia is among the countries with the most significant biodiversity globally. Jamu, the traditional medicine of Indonesia, predominantly uses herbal materials and is an integral component of the Indonesian healthcare system. The present study reviewed the ethnobotanical data of seven Indonesian Euphorbiaceae species, namely Euphorbia atoto, E. hypericifolia, Homalanthus giganteus, Macaranga tanarius, Mallotus mollissimus, M. rufidulus, and Shirakiopsis indica, based on the RISTOJA database and other literature sources. An antimicrobial screening of the plant extracts was performed in 15 microorganisms using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods, and the antiproliferative effects were examined in drug-sensitive Colo 205 and resistant Colo 320 cells by the MTT assay. The antimicrobial testing showed a high potency of M. tanarius, H. giganteus, M. rufidulus, S. indica, and E. atoto extracts (MIC = 12.5–500 µg/mL) against different bacteria. In the antitumour screening, remarkable activities (IC₅₀ 0.23–2.60 µg/mL) were demonstrated for the extracts of H. giganteus, M. rufidulus, S. indica, and E. atoto against Colo 205 cells. The n-hexane extract of E. atoto, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.24 ± 0.06 µg/mL (Colo 205), was subjected to multistep chromatographic separation, and 24-methylene-cycloartan-3β-ol, jolkinolide E, tetra-tert-butyl-diphenyl ether, α-tocopherol, and β-sitosterol were isolated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vetiver, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash: Biotechnology, Biorefineries, and the Production of Volatile Phytochemicals

by Ian G. C. Barcellos-Silva, Filipe K. F. dos Santos, Harsha Kharkwal, Subhash Chander, Amit C. Kharkwal, Rajendra Awasthi, Neerupma Dhiman, Bhupesh Sharma, Giriraj T. Kulkarni, Harold Larssen, Jôsy M. L. Silva, Márcio A. de Souza, William N. Setzer and Valdir F. Veiga-Junior

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101435 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 782

Abstract

This current review study covers the applications of vetiver essential oil (VEO) in phytoremediation, emphasizing its remedial capabilities in the cleaning of environmental pollutants like pesticides, fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides, heavy metals, dyes, and other industrial wastes such as chemical, mining, pharmaceutical, and other [...] Read more.

This current review study covers the applications of vetiver essential oil (VEO) in phytoremediation, emphasizing its remedial capabilities in the cleaning of environmental pollutants like pesticides, fertilizers, fungicides, herbicides, heavy metals, dyes, and other industrial wastes such as chemical, mining, pharmaceutical, and other radioactive wastes. The review also emphasizes the pharmacological potential of vetiver essential oil for different applications, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, antihyperglycemic, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective uses. The commercial potential of vetiver essential oil in diverse sectors, including global perspectives, is also illustrated along with demand scenarios in different sectors like food, beverage, fragrance, cosmetic and aromatherapy, hygiene, and pharmaceutical sectors. The main constituents of vetiver oil, their relative proportion, and the key findings of pharmacological studies performed using VEOs or their constituents are also summarized in this review article, with special emphasis on activity against phytopathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

46 pages, 9663 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Lesser-Known Bioactive Natural Products of Plant Species of the Genus Cannabis L.: Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, and Their Therapeutic Potential

by Raphaël Boucher, Hugo Germain and Isabel Desgagné-Penix

Plants 2025, 14(9), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091372 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 702

Abstract

Plant species of the genus Cannabis L. are predominantly recognized for their cannabinoids, which have garnered significant attention due to their bioactive properties. However, Cannabis also produces a diverse array of bioactive compounds with promising pharmacological potential that remain underexplored. This review focuses [...] Read more.

Plant species of the genus Cannabis L. are predominantly recognized for their cannabinoids, which have garnered significant attention due to their bioactive properties. However, Cannabis also produces a diverse array of bioactive compounds with promising pharmacological potential that remain underexplored. This review focuses primarily on phytochemicals derived from Cannabis sativa L. subspecies, including both its drug-type and fiber-type varieties, which are the most widely cultivated and studied within the genus. Among these, nitrogen-containing compounds such as spermidine alkaloids exhibit neuroprotective and anti-aging properties, while hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxycinnamic acid amides, including N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine, have demonstrated notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, Cannabis species are a valuable source of unique stilbenes, such as canniprene, and flavonoids, including cannflavin A and B, which demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. Despite this rich phytochemical diversity, research on these compounds remains limited, largely due to historical legal restrictions. This literature review consolidates and updates current knowledge on these lesser-studied phytochemicals of Cannabis, detailing their biosynthetic pathways, metabolic precursors, and emerging therapeutic applications. By expanding the research focus beyond cannabinoids, this work aims to enhance our understanding of Cannabis’s full pharmacological potential and promote further investigation into its diverse chemical constituents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polysaccharides from Medicinal Plants: Bridging Ancestral Knowledge with Contemporary Science

by Lucas de Freitas Pedrosa and João Paulo Fabi

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131721 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2219

Abstract

Plants are a core part of cultural identity, as part of a diet, decorations, ceremonies, or as medicinal agents. Empirical knowledge regarding plants and their healing potential has existed worldwide for centuries. With the advance of science and technology, not only is the [...] Read more.

Plants are a core part of cultural identity, as part of a diet, decorations, ceremonies, or as medicinal agents. Empirical knowledge regarding plants and their healing potential has existed worldwide for centuries. With the advance of science and technology, not only is the refinement of such sources or isolation of specific compounds possible, but these compounds can also be characterized based on their natural occurrence. Besides their importance for plant metabolism and structure, polysaccharides have been demonstrated to have substantial positive human health impacts on inflammation, metabolism, oxidative stress, and others. As an inherent part of plant cell walls, many polysaccharides from medicinal herbs, such as fructans, glucans, and pectins, have been extracted and analyzed for their structure and function. However, a review summarizing a significant portion of these studies was still unavailable. This review helps to fill the knowledge gap between polysaccharide bioactivity, their structure, and their plant matrix sources, focusing on historical medicinal usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7225 KiB

Open AccessReview

Climate-Affected Australian Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Plants: Metabolomic Profiles, Isolated Phytochemicals, and Bioactivities

by Ngawang Gempo, Karma Yeshi, Darren Crayn and Phurpa Wangchuk

Plants 2024, 13(7), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13071024 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2249

Abstract

The Australian Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (WTWHA) in northeast Queensland is home to approximately 18 percent of the nation’s total vascular plant species. Over the past century, human activity and industrial development have caused global climate changes, posing a severe and irreversible [...] Read more.

The Australian Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (WTWHA) in northeast Queensland is home to approximately 18 percent of the nation’s total vascular plant species. Over the past century, human activity and industrial development have caused global climate changes, posing a severe and irreversible danger to the entire land-based ecosystem, and the WTWHA is no exception. The current average annual temperature of WTWHA in northeast Queensland is 24 °C. However, in the coming years (by 2030), the average annual temperature increase is estimated to be between 0.5 and 1.4 °C compared to the climate observed between 1986 and 2005. Looking further ahead to 2070, the anticipated temperature rise is projected to be between 1.0 and 3.2 °C, with the exact range depending on future emissions. We identified 84 plant species, endemic to tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) within the WTWHA, which are already experiencing climate change threats. Some of these plants are used in herbal medicines. This study comprehensively reviewed the metabolomics studies conducted on these 84 plant species until now toward understanding their physiological and metabolomics responses to global climate change. This review also discusses the following: (i) recent developments in plant metabolomics studies that can be applied to study and better understand the interactions of wet tropics plants with climatic stress, (ii) medicinal plants and isolated phytochemicals with structural diversity, and (iii) reported biological activities of crude extracts and isolated compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)―A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Biotechnological Development

by Nabilah Sekar Azizah, Budi Irawan, Joko Kusmoro, Wahyu Safriansyah, Kindi Farabi, Dina Oktavia, Febri Doni and Mia Miranti

Plants 2023, 12(24), 4148; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244148 - 13 Dec 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 11942

Abstract

An urgent demand for natural compound alternatives to conventional medications has arisen due to global health challenges, such as drug resistance and the adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs. Plant extracts are considered an alternative due to their favorable safety profiles and potential [...] Read more.

An urgent demand for natural compound alternatives to conventional medications has arisen due to global health challenges, such as drug resistance and the adverse effects associated with synthetic drugs. Plant extracts are considered an alternative due to their favorable safety profiles and potential for reducing side effects. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a valuable plant resource and a potential candidate for the development of pharmaceutical medications. A single pure compound or a combination of compounds exhibits exceptional medicinal properties, including antiviral activity against both DNA and RNA viruses, antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antifungal properties, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic potential, neuroprotective qualities, and anticancer properties. The plant contains various phytochemical constituents, which mostly consist of linalool, eucalyptol, estragole, and eugenol. For centuries, community and traditional healers across the globe have employed O. basilicum L. to treat a wide range of ailments, including flu, fever, colds, as well as issues pertaining to digestion, reproduction, and respiration. In addition, the current research presented underscores the significant potential of O. basilicum-related nanotechnology applications in addressing diverse challenges and advancing numerous fields. This promising avenue of exploration holds great potential for future scientific and technological advancements, promising improved utilization of medicinal products derived from O. basilicum L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (26 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI