Nanomaterials

23 pages, 7670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Scabiosa palaestina Extract: Characterization, Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities

by Heba Hellany, Adnan Badran, Ghosoon Albahri, Nadine Kafrouny, Riham El Kurdi, Marc Maresca, Digambara Patra and Elias Baydoun

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171368 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising materials for the development of novel anticancer agents, and their green synthesis has become essential because of their numerous advantages. This study aimed to synthesize AuNPs using an ethanolic extract of Scabiosa palaestina, characterize their physicochemical properties, [...] Read more.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising materials for the development of novel anticancer agents, and their green synthesis has become essential because of their numerous advantages. This study aimed to synthesize AuNPs using an ethanolic extract of Scabiosa palaestina, characterize their physicochemical properties, and evaluate their anticancer properties and antioxidant potential. AuNPs were successfully synthesized and characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The results indicated that the biosynthesized AuNPs were spherical and well-dispersed, exhibiting an absorption peak at 560 nm and an average size of 9.9 nm. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on MDA-MB-231, Capan-2, HCT116, and 22Rv1 cancer cell lines, with 22Rv1 and MDA-MB-231 cells showing the most potent responses. At the highest concentration tested (100 µg/mL), after 72 h, cell viability was reduced to 16.04 ± 1.8% for 22Rv1 and 17.48 ± 8.3% for MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, the AuNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging assays. In summary, the synthesized AuNPs demonstrated multifunctional properties that make them suitable for a wide range of biomedical and biotechnological applications. Full article

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13 pages, 2265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Spin Transport Properties in Angled-Channel Graphene Spin Valves via Hybrid Spin Drift-Diffusion

by Samuel Olson, Kaleb Hood, Otto Zietz and Jun Jiao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171367 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Graphene has promise as a channel connecting separate units of large-scale spintronic circuits owing to its outstanding theoretical spin transport properties. However, spin transport properties of experimental devices consistently fall short of theoretical estimates due to impacts from the substrate, electrodes, or defects [...] Read more.

Graphene has promise as a channel connecting separate units of large-scale spintronic circuits owing to its outstanding theoretical spin transport properties. However, spin transport properties of experimental devices consistently fall short of theoretical estimates due to impacts from the substrate, electrodes, or defects in the graphene itself. In this study, we fabricate both traditional non-local spin valves (NLSVs) and novel hybrid drift-diffusion spin valves (HDDSVs) to explore the impact of charge current and AC spin injection efficiency on spin transport. HDDSVs feature channel branches that allow investigation of charge-based spin drift enhancement compared to diffusion-only configurations. We investigate the modulation of spin transport through hybrid drift-diffusion, observing a decrease in spin signal by 11% for channels with a 45° branch angle, and a 21% increase in spin signal for 135° branch angle channels. We then fabricate symmetrical 90° channel branch angle devices, which do not produce consistent spin transport modulation in drift diffusion mode. These findings highlight the role of carrier drift in enhancing or suppressing spin transport, depending on channel geometry and injection configuration. Overall, our work demonstrates a promising approach to optimizing spin transport in graphene devices by leveraging hybrid drift-diffusion effects without requiring additional DC current sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)

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28 pages, 3124 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Nano-Abrasives Key Parameters Influencing the Performance in Chemical Mechanical Polishing

by Houda Bellahsene, Saad Sene, Gautier Félix, Joulia Larionova, Marc Ferrari and Yannick Guari

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171366 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is a critical process in many industries where achieving superior surface quality through controlled material removal rates by using nano-abrasives is essential. This review examines key parameters of abrasives at the nanoscale, such as size, shape, aspect ratio, hardness, [...] Read more.

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is a critical process in many industries where achieving superior surface quality through controlled material removal rates by using nano-abrasives is essential. This review examines key parameters of abrasives at the nanoscale, such as size, shape, aspect ratio, hardness, and surface modifications, through inorganic doping or organic molecule grafting and their influence on CMP performance. By analyzing recent studies, we explore how these parameters affect the tribological and chemical interactions during CMP and link these effects to the fundamental polishing mechanisms. Highlighting emerging trends, this work offers a roadmap for designing next-generation nano-abrasives that boost removal efficiency, enhance surface finish, and ensure process stability. Ultimately, controlling abrasive properties at the nanoscale is vital for advancing CMP technology toward more efficient, consistent, and high-quality results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)

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17 pages, 2223 KB

Open AccessReview

Gallium Oxide Memristors: A Review of Resistive Switching Devices and Emerging Applications

by Alfred Moore, Yaonan Hou and Lijie Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171365 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃)-based memristors are gaining traction as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices toward in-memory computing, leveraging the unique properties of Ga₂O₃, such as its wide bandgap, high thermodynamic stability, and chemical stability. This [...] Read more.

Gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃)-based memristors are gaining traction as promising candidates for next-generation electronic devices toward in-memory computing, leveraging the unique properties of Ga₂O₃, such as its wide bandgap, high thermodynamic stability, and chemical stability. This review explores the evolution of memristor theory for Ga₂O₃-based materials, emphasising capacitive memristors and their ability to integrate resistive and capacitive switching mechanisms for multifunctional performance. We discussed the state-of-the-art fabrication methods, material engineering strategies, and the current challenges of Ga₂O₃-based memristors. The review also highlights the applications of these memristors in memory technologies, neuromorphic computing, and sensors, showcasing their potential to revolutionise emerging electronics. Special focus has been placed on the use of Ga₂O₃ in capacitive memristors, where their properties enable improved switching speed, endurance, and stability. In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements in Ga₂O₃-based memristors and outline pathways for future research in this rapidly evolving field. Full article

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23 pages, 2840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Lung Inflammatory and Transcriptional Responses in Mice and Rats Following Pulmonary Exposure to a Fiber Paradigm-Compatible and Non-Compatible MWCNT

by Laura Aliisa Saarimäki, Pernille Høgh Danielsen, Kristina Bram Knudsen, Sarah Søs Poulsen, Sabina Halappanavar, Henrik Wolff, Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret, Dario Greco and Ulla Vogel

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171364 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Inhalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) poses potential health risks due to their structural similarity to asbestos and their ability to induce chronic lung inflammation, fibrosis, and lung cancer in animal models. This study investigated the pulmonary inflammatory and transcriptomic responses of two [...] Read more.

Inhalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) poses potential health risks due to their structural similarity to asbestos and their ability to induce chronic lung inflammation, fibrosis, and lung cancer in animal models. This study investigated the pulmonary inflammatory and transcriptomic responses of two distinct MWCNTs—NM-401 (long, rigid) and NM-403 (short, thin)—in rats and mice using intratracheal instillation at matched dose levels at two post-exposure time points. Both MWCNTs induced acute neutrophilic inflammation and dose-dependent transcriptomic alterations in both species, with NM-403 eliciting a stronger response. Transcriptomic profiling revealed a substantial overlap in differentially expressed genes across materials and species, particularly at the early time point. Fibrosis-associated genes were upregulated in both species, with more persistent expression observed in rats. Acute phase response genes, including Orosomucoid 1 and Lipocalin 2 were commonly induced, while Serum Amyloid A3 and Orosomucoid 2 were selectively upregulated in mice. Functional enrichment analyses showed conserved activation of immune and inflammatory pathways. Our findings show that even short, non-fiber-like MWCNTs can provoke potent and persistent pulmonary effects, challenging assumptions based solely on MWCNT properties. Despite differences in long-term responses, the overall inflammatory and transcriptional profiles showed strong interspecies concordance, suggesting that both rats and mice are relevant models for assessing MWCNT-induced pulmonary toxicity. Full article

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15 pages, 6260 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of EG/Au Composites via Thermal Exfoliation of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with Tetrachloroauric Acid

by Aleksandr D. Muravev, Andrei V. Ivanov, Vladimir A. Mukhanov, Boris A. Kulnitskiy, Natalia V. Maksimova and Victor V. Avdeev

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171363 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study demonstrates a novel route to synthesize gold-decorated exfoliated graphite (EG) through graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) with tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl₄). We aimed to develop a scalable method for producing EG/Au composites with controlled nanoparticle morphology by investigating the effects of [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates a novel route to synthesize gold-decorated exfoliated graphite (EG) through graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) with tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl₄). We aimed to develop a scalable method for producing EG/Au composites with controlled nanoparticle morphology by investigating the effects of precursor chemistry and thermal expansion conditions. II-stage GIC–HAuCl₄ (average gross-composition: C₂₃HAuCl₄; intercalate layer thickness d_i = 6.85 Å) was prepared via an exchange reaction of HAuCl₄ with graphite nitrate. Interaction of this GIC with liquid methylamine yielded an occlusive complex, where methylamine-bound HAuCl₄ occupies both interlayer and intercrystalline spaces in the graphite matrix. Methylamine treatment of GIC reduces the onset temperature of exfoliation by ≈100 °C and enhances the expansion efficiency, yielding EG with a low bulk density range of 4–6 g/L when processed at 900 °C in air or nitrogen. Thermal exfoliation of these GICs yielded EG decorated with gold nanoparticles, exhibiting a broad size distribution from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers, as confirmed by electron microscopy. An X-ray diffraction analysis identified the coexistence of crystalline gold and hexagonal graphite phases, with no detectable impurity phases. Full article

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21 pages, 5984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chrysin-Loaded Micelles Regulate Cell Cycle and Induce Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells

by Serife Cakir, Ummugulsum Yildiz, Turgay Yildirim and Omer Aydin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171362 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Effective intracellular delivery for ovarian cancer therapy remains a significant challenge. We present chrysin-loaded p(MMA-co-DMAEMA)-b-(OEGMA-co-DMA), PMOD-Chr, a nanoparticle platform precisely engineered via RAFT polymerization for advanced therapeutic delivery. This multi-functional platform features a hydrophobic p(MMA) core encapsulating chrysin (Chr), a pH-responsive p(DMAEMA) segment [...] Read more.

Effective intracellular delivery for ovarian cancer therapy remains a significant challenge. We present chrysin-loaded p(MMA-co-DMAEMA)-b-(OEGMA-co-DMA), PMOD-Chr, a nanoparticle platform precisely engineered via RAFT polymerization for advanced therapeutic delivery. This multi-functional platform features a hydrophobic p(MMA) core encapsulating chrysin (Chr), a pH-responsive p(DMAEMA) segment for endosomal escape, and a hydrophilic OEGMA (Oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) shell functionalized for enhanced cellular affinity and systemic stability. The combination of OEGMA and DMA (Dopamine methacrylamide) block facilitates passive targeting of ovarian cancer cells, enhancing internalization. Nanoparticles prepared via the nanoprecipitation method exhibited ~220 nm, demonstrating effective size modulation along with high homogeneity and spherical morphology. In A2780 and OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells, PMOD-Chr demonstrated significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, substantially lowering the effective IC₅₀ dose of Chr. Mechanistically, PMOD-Chr induced a potent G2/M cell cycle arrest, driven by the upregulation of the CDK1/Cyclin B1 complex. Furthermore, the formulation potently triggered programmed cell death by concurrently activating both the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, evidenced by the modulation of Bax, Bcl2, and caspase 9, and the extrinsic pathway involving caspase 8. These findings emphasize that precision engineering via RAFT polymerization enables the creation of sophisticated, multi-stage nanomedicines that effectively overcome key delivery barriers, offering a highly promising targeted strategy for ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 3rd Edition)

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24 pages, 20312 KB

Open AccessReview

Nano- and Microplastics in the Brain: An Emerging Threat to Neural Health

by Anna Baroni, Chantalle Moulton, Mario Cristina, Luigi Sansone, Manuel Belli and Ennio Tasciotti

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171361 - 4 Sep 2025

Abstract

Nano- and microplastics (NMPs), with nanoplastics posing higher risks due to their smaller size and greater capacity for cellular and subcellular penetration, are being referred to as ubiquitous environmental neurotoxicants, due to their ability to pass through biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier [...] Read more.

Nano- and microplastics (NMPs), with nanoplastics posing higher risks due to their smaller size and greater capacity for cellular and subcellular penetration, are being referred to as ubiquitous environmental neurotoxicants, due to their ability to pass through biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and nasal olfactory epithelium, and to remain lodged in neural tissue. Upon uptake, such particles disturb neuronal homeostasis by multiple converging pathways, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, pathological protein aggregation, and chronic neuroinflammation, all closely involved with the molecular signatures of neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis—ALS). In addition to their neurotoxicity, recent findings suggest that NMPs could disturb synaptic communication and neuroplasticity, thereby compromising the brain’s capacity to recover from an injury, a trauma, or neurodegeneration, thus impacting the progression of the disease, our ability to treat it and eventually the efficacy of rehabilitation approaches. Despite these findings, our understanding remains hampered by analytical issues, the scarcity of standard detection methods, and a total lack of longitudinal studies in humans. This review combines multidisciplinary evidence on brain–plastic interactions and calls for accelerated advances in our ability to monitor bioaccumulation in humans, and to integrate neurotoxicology paradigms in the assessment of this underappreciated but growing threat to brain health. Full article

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17 pages, 3956 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic LPCVD and PECVD Growth of β-Ga₂O₃ Thin Films for High-Sensitivity and Low-Dose Direct X-Ray Detection

by Lan Yang, Dingyuan Niu, Yong Zhang, Xueping Zhao, Xinxin Li, Jun Zhu and Hai Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171360 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Ultra-wide bandgap β-Ga₂O₃ is a promising low-cost alternative to conventional direct X-ray detector materials that are limited by fabrication complexity, instability, or slow temporal response. Here, we comparatively investigate β-Ga₂O₃ thin films grown on c-sapphire by low-pressure [...] Read more.

Ultra-wide bandgap β-Ga₂O₃ is a promising low-cost alternative to conventional direct X-ray detector materials that are limited by fabrication complexity, instability, or slow temporal response. Here, we comparatively investigate β-Ga₂O₃ thin films grown on c-sapphire by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), establishing a quantitative linkage between growth kinetics, microstructure, defect landscape, and X-ray detection figures of merit. The LPCVD-grown film (thickness ≈ 0.289 μm) exhibits layered coalesced grains, a narrower rocking curve (FWHM = 1.840°), and deep-level oxygen-vacancy-assisted high photoconductive gain, yielding a high sensitivity of 1.02 × 10⁵ μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² at 20 V and a thickness-normalized sensitivity of 3.539 × 10⁵ μCGy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² μm⁻¹. In contrast, the PECVD-grown film (≈1.57 μm) shows dense columnar growth, higher O/Ga stoichiometric proximity, and shallow-trap dominance, enabling a lower dark current, superior dose detection limit (30.13 vs. 57.07 nGy_air s⁻¹), faster recovery, and monotonic SNR improvement with bias. XPS and dual exponential transient analysis corroborate a deep-trap persistent photoconductivity mechanism in LPCVD versus moderated shallow trapping in PECVD. The resulting high-gain vs. low-noise complementary paradigm clarifies defect–gain trade spaces and provides a route to engineer β-Ga₂O₃ thin-film X-ray detectors that simultaneously target high sensitivity, low dose limit, and temporal stability through trap and electric field management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanostructured Semiconductors: Design, Synthesis, Optoelectronic and Electronic Device Applications)

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13 pages, 460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Negative Differential Conductance Induced by Majorana Bound States Side-Coupled to T-Shaped Double Quantum Dots

by Yu-Mei Gao, Yi-Fei Huang, Feng Chi, Zi-Chuan Yi and Li-Ming Liu

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171359 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Electronic transport through T-shaped double quantum dots (TDQDs) connected to normal metallic leads is studied theoretically by using a nonequilibrium Green’s function method. It is assumed that the Coulomb interaction exists only in the central QD (QD-1) sandwiched between the leads, and it [...] Read more.

Electronic transport through T-shaped double quantum dots (TDQDs) connected to normal metallic leads is studied theoretically by using a nonequilibrium Green’s function method. It is assumed that the Coulomb interaction exists only in the central QD (QD-1) sandwiched between the leads, and it is absent in the other reference QD (QD-2) side-coupled to QD-1. We also consider the impacts of Majorana bound states (MBSs), which are prepared at the opposite ends of a topological superconductor nanowire (hereafter called a Majorana nanowire) connected to QD-2, on the electrical current and differential conductance. Our results show that by the combined effects of the Coulomb interaction in QD-1 and the MBSs, a negative differential conductance (NDC) effect emerges near the zero-bias point, where MBSs play significant roles. Now, the electrical current decreases despite the increasing bias voltage. The NDC is prone to occur under conditions of low temperature, and both of the two QDs’ energy levels are resonant to the leads’ zero Fermi energy. Its magnitude, which is characterized by a peak-to-valley ratio, can be enhanced up to 3 by increasing the interdot coupling strength, and it depends on the dot-MBS hybridization strength nonlinearly. This prominent NDC combined with the previously found zero-bias anomaly (ZBA) of the differential conductance is useful in designing novel quantum electric devices, and it may also serve as an effective detection means for the existence of MBSs, which is still a challenge in solid-state physics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of Electron Phenomena on the Mesoscopic Scale)

20 pages, 2145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Design of High-Coercivity Nd-Ce-Fe-B Magnets with Easy Axis Perpendicular Orientation and High-Abundance Ce Content Based on Micromagnetic Simulations

by Qian Zhao, Ying Yu, Chenlin Tang, Qingkang Hu, Suo Bai, Puyu Wang, Zhubai Li and Guoping Zhao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171358 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

In recent years, replacing the scarce and expensive rare earth element Nd with the more abundant and lower cost Ce in the production of Nd-Ce-Fe-B permanent magnets has become a focus of both industrial and academic research. A critical challenge is how to [...] Read more.

In recent years, replacing the scarce and expensive rare earth element Nd with the more abundant and lower cost Ce in the production of Nd-Ce-Fe-B permanent magnets has become a focus of both industrial and academic research. A critical challenge is how to design the crystal structure of Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets to compensate for the decline in magnetic performance caused by the Ce substitution. In this study, based on micromagnetic theory, Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets with perpendicularly oriented easy axes—in which the two main phases, Nd₂Fe₁₄B and Ce₂Fe₁₄B, have a volume ratio of 1:1 but different spatial arrangements—are modeled and simulated using the MuMax3.11 software. The model is either cubic or spherical. The results from the demagnetization curve analysis indicate that the coercivity mechanism of all magnets is pinning. When the magnet volume is constant but the phase distribution differs, the Nd₂Fe₁₄B/Ce₂Fe₁₄B structure exhibits a higher coercivity and maximum energy product than the Ce₂Fe₁₄B/Nd₂Fe₁₄B structure. Furthermore, for both structural models with the same phase distribution, the coercivity and the maximum energy product decrease with the increasing volume of the main phase. Notably, the coercivity is similar when the magnet volume is very small and stabilizes after reaching a certain threshold. This qualitative conclusion was also observed in Nd-Dy-Fe-B magnets with the same structure and equal volume ratio of the two main phases. This general finding indicates that, in biphasic magnets with equal phase volumes, the phase with the larger anisotropy field located at the grain periphery can achieve a higher coercivity and maximum magnetic energy product. The analysis of the angular distribution reveals that the number of magnetic domains remains fixed at six in the Nd₂Fe₁₄B/Ce₂Fe₁₄B structure and two in the Ce₂Fe₁₄B/Nd₂Fe₁₄B structure. The in-plane magnetic moment analysis of the Ce₂Fe₁₄B/Nd₂Fe₁₄B magnet shows that the magnetic moments at the edges of the Ce₂Fe₁₄B begin to deflect first. Even at the pinning stage, the magnetic moments within the Nd₂Fe₁₄B remain unrotated. Nevertheless, the surface magnetic moments of Ce₂Fe₁₄B, through exchange coupling, drive the deflection of the interfacial and interior moments, completing the entire demagnetization process. These computational results provide theoretical guidance for related experimental studies and industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials)

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13 pages, 3233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Solanaceous Crops-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Biomass Carbon Material as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery

by Hong Shang, Yougui Zhou, Huipeng Li, Jia Peng, Xinmeng Hao, Lihua Guo and Bing Sun

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171357 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Biomass resources are excellent candidates for carbon electrode materials due to their abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. Herein, the solanaceous crop Tobacco Straw, a rich agricultural by-product, was utilized to prepare biomass-derived carbon material (TsC) and applied as an anode in lithium-ion batteries [...] Read more.

Biomass resources are excellent candidates for carbon electrode materials due to their abundance, renewability, and biodegradability. Herein, the solanaceous crop Tobacco Straw, a rich agricultural by-product, was utilized to prepare biomass-derived carbon material (TsC) and applied as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Doping or composite formation is considered to enhance the electrochemical performance. Doping extra nitrogen (N) atoms into the TsC (denoted as TsNC) demonstrated exceptional reversible specific capacity (475.9 mA h g⁻¹ at the current density of 60 mA g⁻¹ after 500 cycles) and remarkable long-term cycling stability (142.9 mA h g⁻¹ even at a high current density of 1.5 A g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles, much larger than that of TsC), attributed to the increased lithium-ion (Li-ion) adsorption sites including graphitic-N, pyrrolic-N, and pyridinic-N. Furthermore, kinetic analysis revealed that a prominent predominant surface capacitive-controlled behavior was responsible for the superior rate performance of TsNC, which could facilitate rapid charging and discharging at high rates. This work offers valuable insights into the application and modification of nitrogen-doped biomass-derived carbons with outstanding electrochemical properties for LIBs. The strategy also sheds light on enabling waste recycling and generating economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: Preparation and Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion)

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16 pages, 6160 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of RuO₂-Co₃O₄ Composite for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Jingchao Zhang, Yingping Bu, Jia Hao, Wenjun Zhang, Yao Xiao, Naihui Zhao, Renchun Zhang and Daojun Zhang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171356 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Among various H₂ production methods, splitting water using renewable electricity for H₂ production is regarded as a promising approach due to its high efficiency and zero carbon emissions. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an important part of splitting water, but [...] Read more.

Among various H₂ production methods, splitting water using renewable electricity for H₂ production is regarded as a promising approach due to its high efficiency and zero carbon emissions. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an important part of splitting water, but also the main bottleneck. The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for water electrolysis technology involves multi-electron/proton transfer and has sluggish reaction kinetics, which is the key obstacle to the overall efficiency of electrolyzing water. Therefore, it is necessary to develop highly efficient and cheap OER electrocatalysts to drive overall water splitting. Herein, a series of efficient RuO₂-Co₃O₄ composites were synthesized via a straightforward three-step process comprising solvothermal synthesis, ion exchange, and calcination. The results indicate that using 10 mg of RuCl₃·xH₂O and 15 mg of Co-MOF precursor in the second ion exchange step is the most effective way to acquire the Co₃O₄-RuO₂-10 (RCO-10) composite with the largest specific area and the best electrocatalytic performance after the calcination process. The optimal Co₃O₄-RuO₂-10 composite powder catalyst displays low overpotential (η₁₀ = 272 mV), a small Tafel slope (64.64 mV dec⁻¹), and good electrochemical stability in alkaline electrolyte; the overall performance of Co₃O₄-RuO₂-10 surpasses that of many related cobalt-based oxide catalysts. Furthermore, through integration with a carbon cloth substrate, Co₃O₄-RuO₂-10/CC can be directly used as a self-supporting electrode with high stability. This work presents a straightforward method to design Co₃O₄-RuO₂ composite array catalysts for high-performance electrocatalytic OER performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Sustainable Green Energy)

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11 pages, 2257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid-Exfoliated Antimony Nanosheets Hybridized with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Photoelectrochemical Photodetectors

by Gengcheng Liao, Sichao Yu, Jiebo Zeng, Zongyu Huang, Xiang Qi, Jianxin Zhong and Long Ren

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171355 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we design a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector based on a hybridization of two-dimensional (2D) few-layer antimony (Sb) nanosheets (NSs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The few-layer Sb NSs obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation can be anchored on the surface of rGO [...] Read more.

In this paper, we design a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type photodetector based on a hybridization of two-dimensional (2D) few-layer antimony (Sb) nanosheets (NSs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The few-layer Sb NSs obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation can be anchored on the surface of rGO through hydrothermal treatment. Specifically, during photoexcitation, the electron–hole pairs photogenerated on the surface of Sb NSs can be well stimulated and transferred by rGO, reducing the photogenerated carriers recombine on Sb NSs. The excellent electrochemical performance is confirmed by PEC tests. The photobehavior performance of the Sb NSs-rGO composite is significantly improved; its photocurrent density reaches 48.830 nA/cm² at zero potential, approximately twice that of pure Sb NSs. The hybrid exhibits a faster photoresponse speed, with the response time and recovery time being 0.140 s and 0.163 s, respectively. This enhancement arises from the conductive role of rGO as a conductive channel, and as a result, the efficient separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs is facilitated. This study is a further exploration of hybrid engineering of 2D materials in photochemical photodetectors and demonstrates significant progress in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Nanomaterials: 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 2242 KB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Computational Approaches to Design Nanodelivery Systems

by Abedalrahman Abughalia, Mairead Flynn, Paul F. A. Clarke, Darren Fayne and Oliviero L. Gobbo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171354 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Nano-based drug delivery systems present a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of therapeutics by enabling targeted drug transport and controlled release. In parallel, computational approaches—particularly Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Artificial Intelligence (AI)—have emerged as transformative tools to accelerate nanocarrier [...] Read more.

Nano-based drug delivery systems present a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of therapeutics by enabling targeted drug transport and controlled release. In parallel, computational approaches—particularly Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Artificial Intelligence (AI)—have emerged as transformative tools to accelerate nanocarrier design and optimise their properties. MD simulations provide atomic-to-mesoscale insights into nanoparticle interactions with biological membranes, elucidating how factors such as surface charge density, ligand functionalisation and nanoparticle size affect cellular uptake and stability. Complementing MD simulations, AI-driven models accelerate the discovery of lipid-based nanoparticle formulations by analysing vast chemical datasets and predicting optimal structures for gene delivery and vaccine development. By harnessing these computational approaches, researchers can rapidly refine nanoparticle composition to improve biocompatibility, reduce toxicity and achieve more precise drug targeting. This review synthesises key advances in MD simulations and AI for two leading nanoparticle platforms (gold and lipid nanoparticles) and highlights their role in enhancing therapeutic performance. We evaluate how in silico models guide experimental validation, inform rational design strategies and ultimately streamline the transition from bench to bedside. Finally, we address key challenges such as data scarcity and complex in vivo dynamics and propose future directions for integrating computational insights into next generation nanodelivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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17 pages, 4214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resistive Switching Behavior of Sol–Gel-Processed ZnMgO/ZnO Bilayer in Optoelectronic Devices

by Hee Sung Shin, Dong Hyun Kim, Donggu Lee and Jaehoon Kim

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171353 - 3 Sep 2025

Abstract

Sol–gel-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium-doped zinc oxide (ZnMgO) are widely used in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) due to their excellent charge transport properties, ease of fabrication, and tunable film characteristics. In particular, the ZnMgO/ZnO bilayer structure has attracted considerable attention for [...] Read more.

Sol–gel-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium-doped zinc oxide (ZnMgO) are widely used in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) due to their excellent charge transport properties, ease of fabrication, and tunable film characteristics. In particular, the ZnMgO/ZnO bilayer structure has attracted considerable attention for its dual functionality: defect passivation by ZnMgO and efficient charge transport by ZnO. However, while the effects of resistive switching (RS) in individual ZnO and ZnMgO layers on the aging behavior of QLEDs have been studied, the RS characteristics of sol–gel-processed ZnMgO/ZnO bilayers remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically analyzed RS properties of an indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnMgO/ZnO/aluminum (Al) device, demonstrating superior performance compared to devices with single layers of either ZnMgO or ZnO. We also investigated the shelf-aging characteristics of RS devices with single and bilayer structures, finding that the bilayer structure exhibited the least variation over time, thereby confirming its enhanced uniformity and reliability. Furthermore, based on basic current–voltage measurements, we estimated accuracy variations in MNIST pattern recognition using a two-layer perceptron model. These results not only identify a promising RS device architecture based on the sol–gel process but also offer valuable insights into the aging behavior of QLEDs incorporating ZnMgO/ZnO bilayers, ITO, and Al electrodes. Full article

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20 pages, 1042 KB

Open AccessReview

Architecting Durability: Synergies in Assembly, Self-Repair, and Advanced Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Materials

by Monika R. Snowdon, Shasvat Rathod, Robert F. L. Liang and Marina Freire-Gormaly

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171352 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, making them highly attractive as foundational elements for advanced materials. However, translating their nanoscale potential into macroscale reliability and longevity requires a holistic design approach that integrates precise architectural control with robust damage [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, making them highly attractive as foundational elements for advanced materials. However, translating their nanoscale potential into macroscale reliability and longevity requires a holistic design approach that integrates precise architectural control with robust damage mitigation strategies. This review presents a synergistic perspective on enhancing the durability of CNT-based systems by critically examining the interplay between molecular assembly, self-repair mechanisms, and the advanced characterization techniques required for their validation. We first establish how foundational architectural control—achieved through strategies like chemical functionalization, field-directed alignment, and dispersion—governs the ultimate performance of CNT materials. A significant focus is placed on advanced functionalization, such as fluorination, and its verification using high-powered spectroscopic tools, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Subsequently, this manuscript delves into the mechanisms of self-repair, systematically analyzing both the intrinsic capacity of the carbon lattice to heal atomic-level defects and the extrinsic strategies that incorporate engineered healing agents into composites. This discussion is uniquely supplemented by an exploration of the experimental techniques, such as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), that provide crucial evidence for irradiation-induced healing dynamics. Finally, we argue that a “characterization gap” has limited the field’s progress and highlight the critical role of techniques like in situ Raman spectroscopy for quantitatively monitoring healing efficiency at the molecular level. By identifying current challenges and future research frontiers, this review underscores that the creation of truly durable materials depends on an integrated understanding of how to build, repair, and precisely measure CNT-based systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Cutting-Edge Applications)

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2 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Vorobjova et al. A Study of Ta₂O₅ Nanopillars with Ni Tips Prepared by Porous Anodic Alumina Through-Mask Anodization. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 1344

by Alla I. Vorobjova, Daria I. Tishkevich, Elena A. Outkina, Dmitry L. Shimanovich, Ihar U. Razanau, Tatiana I. Zubar, Anastasia A. Bondaruk, Ekaterina K. Zheleznova, Mengge Dong, Dalal A. Aloraini, M. I. Sayyed, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, Maxim V. Silibin, Sergey V. Trukhanov and Alex V. Trukhanov

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171351 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

14 pages, 3061 KB

Open AccessArticle

High–Energy–Density Fiber Supercapacitor Based on Graphene-Enhanced Hierarchically Nanostructured Conductive Polymer Composite Electrodes

by Chuangen Ye, Qingfeng Yang, Mingxian Xu, Haitang Qiu, Xiaozhen Zhang, Jianping Ma, Haiyang Gao, Xuansheng Feng and Yong Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(17), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15171350 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

The development of portable and wearable electronics has promoted the advancement of fiber supercapacitors (FSCs), but their low energy density still limits their application in flexible devices. Herein, we incorporated micron-sized graphene dispersions at varying concentrations into the polyaniline (PANI) precursor solution prepared [...] Read more.

The development of portable and wearable electronics has promoted the advancement of fiber supercapacitors (FSCs), but their low energy density still limits their application in flexible devices. Herein, we incorporated micron-sized graphene dispersions at varying concentrations into the polyaniline (PANI) precursor solution prepared via electrochemical polymerization and subsequently electrodeposited PANI/graphene composites onto the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers, ultimately obtaining fibrous PANI/graphene@CNT composite electrodes. This electrode material not only exhibits the superior electrochemical activity characteristic of conducting polymers synthesized by electrochemical polymerization but also possesses a relatively high specific surface area. Furthermore, we fabricated coaxial fiber supercapacitors using PANI/graphene@CNT composite fibers and CNT films as the positive and negative electrode materials, respectively. The maximum energy density and power density could reach 160.5 µWh cm⁻² and 13 mW cm⁻² respectively, proving its excellent energy storage and output capabilities. More importantly, the prepared CFASC device showed remarkable mechanical and electrochemical durability. Even after 3000 bending cycles, it retained 89.77% of its original capacitance, highlighting its promising applicability in the realm of flexible electronics. The resulting devices demonstrate excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanostructures in Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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