Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.5	2011	16 Days	CHF 2400
C carbon	2.9	3.4	2015	22.5 Days	CHF 1600
Electronic Materials electronicmat	-	3.9	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1200
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	4.3	9.2	2010	14 Days	CHF 2400
Polymers polymers	4.9	9.7	2009	14.4 Days	CHF 2700

15 pages, 1329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Cytotoxic Effects of Graphene Oxide and Its Functionalized Derivatives on Colon 26 Carcinoma Cells: Implications for Cancer Therapeutic Applications

by Solange Amigues, Natalia Krasteva, Kamelia Hristova-Panusheva, Milena Keremidarska-Markova, Giorgio Speranza and Firas Awaja

C 2026, 12(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/c12010003 - 6 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials hold significant potential for targeted cancer therapy owing to their tunable physicochemical properties and surface versatility. In this study, we systematically evaluated the cytotoxicity of pristine GO (graphene oxide) and its surface-functionalized derivatives, GO-CH₄ (methyl), GO-NH₂ (amine), [...] Read more.

Graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials hold significant potential for targeted cancer therapy owing to their tunable physicochemical properties and surface versatility. In this study, we systematically evaluated the cytotoxicity of pristine GO (graphene oxide) and its surface-functionalized derivatives, GO-CH₄ (methyl), GO-NH₂ (amine), and GO-O₂ (carboxyl), against murine Colon 26 carcinoma cells. Cell morphology, adhesion, and proliferation were assessed after three days of exposure using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) live/dead staining and the WST-1 mitochondrial activity assay. Distinct material-dependent biological responses were observed: GO-CH₄ (methyl) and GO-O₂ (carboxyl) exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity, reducing cell adhesion and proliferation by more than 50% relative to controls, whereas GO-NH₂ (amine) induced only moderate effects. Pristine GO (graphene oxide) showed minimal impact on cell viability and morphology, consistent with its limited cellular internalization. These results demonstrate that surface functionalization critically governs GO (graphene oxide) biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, underscoring its potential as a tunable platform for developing graphene-based cancer therapeutics, implant coatings, and biointerfaces with controlled cellular responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 3986 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Cellulose to Functional Electrode SCNF:rGO Hybrid Films for Electrochemical Applications

by Josefa Silva, José Raúl Sosa-Acosta, Galo Ramírez, Katherina Fernández and Rodrigo del Rio

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233225 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Sulfated nanocellulose (SCNF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films were fabricated through environmentally friendly methods to develop an effective platform for electrochemical applications. The hybrid materials were extensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Sulfated nanocellulose (SCNF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films were fabricated through environmentally friendly methods to develop an effective platform for electrochemical applications. The hybrid materials were extensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that incorporating rGO into the SCNF matrix significantly improved the electrical conductivity and structural robustness of the films. FTIR confirmed interactions between sulfate groups on cellulose and residual oxygen-containing groups on rGO, while XRD and Raman analyses indicated reduced crystallinity and increased structural disorder, supporting the successful integration of both phases. XPS further demonstrated that SCNF and rGO form chemical bonds rather than simply mixing, with both components remaining active at the surface—evidence of strong interfacial interactions that contribute to enhanced stability and efficient charge transfer. The 1:5 (rGO:SCNF) composition showed the best electrochemical performance, exhibiting minimal charge-transfer resistance and improved hydrazine oxidation, as reflected by a shift of the anodic peak potential toward lower values. Additionally, functionalization with cobalt porphyrin significantly boosted catalytic activity. Overall, the SCNF:rGO films offer a sustainable and scalable platform for electrochemical sensing and energy-conversion applications, demonstrating excellent adaptability and functional performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 3981 KB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Preparation of Graphene Oxide-Enhanced Highly Crystalline Polyglycolic Acid Under Low-Temperature Crystallization Using Tin(II) 2-Ethylhexanoate and Its Application in Biomaterials

by Ho-Fu Chen, Jia-Wun Li, Kuo-Jen Ou, Shu-Yuan Yu, Jui-Hsin Wang, Chih-Chia Cheng, Yao-Hsuan Tseng, Yu-Hsun Nien, Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo and Chih-Wei Chiu

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3181; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233181 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Polyglycolic acid (PGA), a biodegradable polymer with many potential applications, is primarily synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of glycolide monomers. Here, the temperature sensitivity of the PGA crystallization kinetics is systematically analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray [...] Read more.

Polyglycolic acid (PGA), a biodegradable polymer with many potential applications, is primarily synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of glycolide monomers. Here, the temperature sensitivity of the PGA crystallization kinetics is systematically analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Regression analysis yields Avrami exponents (n) within the range 1.41–1.51, indicating that PGA forms lamellar crystals during crystallization from heterogeneous nucleation. The FTIR indicates that the PGA molecular chains alter their conformation during crystallization. XRD reveals that the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PGA closely correlate with the processing temperature. The heterogeneous nucleation of PGA can be optimized by incorporating suitable nucleating agents or regulating the surface roughness to improve the crystallization rate and quality. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) indicates that elevated temperatures increase the polymer chain mobility and free growth of crystallization nuclei, whereas lower temperatures promote the rapid formation of crystallization nuclei but impede growth. Graphene oxide (GO) has abundant surface functional groups, is an efficient heterogeneous nucleating agent, and promotes molecular chain alignment to increase both the crystallization rate and crystallinity. This GO-induced enhancement demonstrates a promising strategy for tailoring the thermal and mechanical properties of PGA for advanced biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 21513 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Properties and Wear Mechanisms of Carbide-Bonded Graphene Coating on Silicon Substrate

by Xiaomeng Zhu, Xiaojun Liu, Lihua Li, Kun Liu and Jian Zhou

C 2025, 11(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11030072 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

Carbide-bonded graphene (CBG) coating, with its unique 3D cross-linked network structure, shows significant potential for protecting silicon substrates. However, a comprehensive understanding of its macroscale tribological properties remains lacking. This study investigated the macroscale friction and wear behaviors of CBG-coated silicon wafers using [...] Read more.

Carbide-bonded graphene (CBG) coating, with its unique 3D cross-linked network structure, shows significant potential for protecting silicon substrates. However, a comprehensive understanding of its macroscale tribological properties remains lacking. This study investigated the macroscale friction and wear behaviors of CBG-coated silicon wafers using reciprocating sliding tests against steel balls under various loads and sliding cycles. The CBG coating exhibited excellent friction-reduction and anti-wear performance, reducing the steady friction coefficient from 0.80 to 0.17 and wear rate by an order of magnitude compared to those of bare silicon. Higher loads slightly decreased both friction coefficients and wear rates, primarily due to the formation of denser tribofilms and transfer layers. Re-running experiments revealed three distinct wear stages—adhesive, abrasive, and accelerated substrate wear—driven by the evolution of tribofilms, transfer layers, and unabraded flat areas. Furthermore, comparative experiments confirmed that these “unabraded flat areas” on the wear track play a critical role in sustaining low friction and prolonging coating life. The findings identify CBG as a robust solid lubricant for high-contact-pressure applications and emphasize the influence of tribo-layer dynamics and wear debris behavior on coating performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 51050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Environmentally Friendly Buildings: An Assessment of the Mechanical Properties of Soil Mixtures with Graphene

by Federico Iorio Esposito, Paola Gallo Stampino, Letizia Ceccarelli, Marco Caruso, Giovanni Dotelli and Sergio Sabbadini

C 2025, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/c11010016 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1341

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of graphene-based additives to improve the mechanical properties of compacted soil mixtures in rammed-earth construction, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly building materials. Two distinct soils were selected, combined with sand at optimized ratios, and treated with [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of graphene-based additives to improve the mechanical properties of compacted soil mixtures in rammed-earth construction, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly building materials. Two distinct soils were selected, combined with sand at optimized ratios, and treated with varying concentrations of a graphene liquid solution and a graphene-based paste (0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 wt.% relative to the soil-sand proportion). The effects of these additives were analyzed using the modified Proctor compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, focusing on parameters such as optimum water content (OWC), maximum dry density (MDD), maximum strength (q_u), and stiffness modulus (E). The results demonstrated that graphene’s influence on compaction behavior and mechanical performance depends strongly on the soil composition, with minimal variation between additive types. In finer soil mixtures, graphene disrupted particle packing, increased water demand, and reduced strength. In silt–sandy mixtures, graphene’s hydrophobicity and limited interaction with fines decreased water absorption and preserved density but likewise led to diminished strength. Conclusions from the experiments suggest a possible interaction between graphene, soil’s finer fraction, and potentially the swelling and non-swelling clay minerals, providing insights into the complex interplay between soil properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 2009 KB

Open AccessReview

Graphene-Based Nanostructured Cathodes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Increased Resource

by Adriana Marinoiu, Mihaela Iordache, Elena Simona Borta and Anisoara Oubraham

C 2024, 10(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10040105 - 14 Dec 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

Pt on carbon black (Pt/C) has been widely used as a catalyst for both ORR and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), but its stability is compromised due to carbon corrosion and catalyst poisoning, leading to low Pt utilization. To address this issue, this study [...] Read more.

Pt on carbon black (Pt/C) has been widely used as a catalyst for both ORR and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), but its stability is compromised due to carbon corrosion and catalyst poisoning, leading to low Pt utilization. To address this issue, this study suggests replacing carbon black with graphene in the catalyst layer. The importance of this work lies in the detailed examination of novel electrocatalysts with high electrocatalytic activity for large-scale power generation. In this paper, we discuss the use of regulatory techniques like structure tuning and composition optimization to construct nanocatalysts impregnated with noble and non-noble metals on graphene supports. Finally, it highlights the limitations and advantages of these nanocatalysts along with some future perspectives. Our objective is that this summary will help in the research and rational design of graphene-based nanostructures for efficient ORR electrocatalysis. The results of this study showed that the performances of graphene-based catalysts show high electrochemical active surface areas for Pt-Fe/GNPs and Pt-Ni/GNPs catalysts (132 and 136 m² g⁻¹, respectively) at 100 operating cycles. Also, high current densities and power densities were observed for Pt₃-Ni/G and Pt-Co/G catalysts used at the cathode. The values for current density were 1.590 and 1.779 A cm⁻², respectively, while the corresponding values for power density were 0.57 and 0.785 W cm⁻². Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 18084 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Highly Porous Graphene Oxide–PEI Foams for Enhanced Sound Absorption in High-Frequency Regime

by Seung-Chan Jung, Wonjun Jang, Byeongji Beom, Jong-Keon Won, Jihoon Jeong, Yu-Jeong Choi, Man-Ki Moon, Eou-Sik Cho, Keun-A Chang and Jae-Hee Han

Polymers 2024, 16(21), 2983; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16212983 - 24 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

High-frequency noise exceeding 1 kHz has emerged as a pressing public health issue in industrial and occupational settings. In response to this challenge, the present study explores the development of a graphene oxide–polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI) foam (GPF) featuring a hierarchically porous structure. The synthesis [...] Read more.

High-frequency noise exceeding 1 kHz has emerged as a pressing public health issue in industrial and occupational settings. In response to this challenge, the present study explores the development of a graphene oxide–polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI) foam (GPF) featuring a hierarchically porous structure. The synthesis and optimization of GPF were carried out using a range of analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Braunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). To evaluate its acoustic properties, GPF was subjected to sound absorption tests over the 1000–6400 Hz frequency range, where it was benchmarked against conventional melamine foam. The findings demonstrated that GPF with a GO-to-PEI composition ratio of 1:3 exhibited enhanced sound absorption performance, with improvements ranging from 15.0% to 118%, and achieved a peak absorption coefficient of 0.97. Additionally, we applied the Johnson–Champoux–Allard (JCA) model to further characterize the foam’s acoustic behavior, capturing key parameters such as porosity, flow resistivity, and viscous/thermal losses. The JCA model exhibited a superior fit to the experimental data compared to traditional models, providing a more accurate prediction of the foam’s complex microstructure and sound absorption properties. These findings underscore GPF’s promise as an efficient solution for mitigating high-frequency noise in industrial and environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1212 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Graphene Oxide Film Quality: The Role of Solvent and Deposition Technique

by Grazia Giuseppina Politano

C 2024, 10(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10040090 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2611

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material due to its high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency, making it suitable for applications like optoelectronics and energy storage. This study focuses on a simplified method of depositing and characterizing GO films via drop [...] Read more.

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material due to its high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency, making it suitable for applications like optoelectronics and energy storage. This study focuses on a simplified method of depositing and characterizing GO films via drop casting, particularly using isopropanol and water as solvents, and compares the results with reference samples of graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO films deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The optical properties of these films were analyzed using Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE). The study revealed that GO films prepared with isopropanol exhibited a lower refractive index compared to those using water. Therefore, the research highlighted the significance of solvent choice and deposition method on the overall film quality. This work provides insights into optimizing GO film properties through careful solvent selection, contributing to the broader understanding and application of GO in advanced technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 12596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics-Based Study of Graphene/Asphalt Mechanism of Interaction

by Yinghua Fan, Lijun Sun, Chenqi Zhang, Jinzhi Xu, Jingwen Liu and Chun Wang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6168; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146168 - 15 Jul 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2959

Abstract

This study employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the mechanism of action of graphene-modified asphalt. A series of molecular models of graphene-modified asphalt were constructed and validated using thermodynamic parameters. The impact of the graphene (PGR) size and number of layers on its [...] Read more.

This study employed molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the mechanism of action of graphene-modified asphalt. A series of molecular models of graphene-modified asphalt were constructed and validated using thermodynamic parameters. The impact of the graphene (PGR) size and number of layers on its interaction with asphalt components were examined, and the self-healing process and mechanism of action of PGR-modified asphalt were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the size and number of layers of PGR significantly influenced its interaction with asphalt components, with polar components demonstrating a stronger affinity for PGR. When the size and number of layers of PGR were held constant, the interfacial binding energy between it and ACR-modified asphalt was the highest, followed by SBS-modified asphalt, and 70# matrix asphalt exhibited the lowest interfacial binding strength. This interfacial binding strength is primarily attributed to intermolecular van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, the incorporation of multi-layer PGR can markedly enhance the mechanical properties of matrix asphalt, whereas small-sized PGR is more efficacious in improving the low-temperature performance of polymer-modified asphalt. PGR can act as a bridge between asphalt molecules through rapid heat transfer and π-π stacking with aromatic ring-containing substances, which markedly increases the free diffusion ability of asphalt molecules, shortens the healing time of asphalt, and enhances the collective self-healing performance of asphalt. This study provides an essential theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism and application of PGR in asphalt modification. Full article

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17 pages, 5458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on a Graphene-CNT Composite Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Study Based on Electrochemical Experiments

by Taeyoung Yoon, Wooboum Park, Juneseok You and Sungsoo Na

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(13), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14131073 - 24 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2871

Abstract

Graphene and its variants exhibit excellent electrical properties for the construction of enzymatic interfaces. In particular, the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on the electrode surface is a very important issue in the development of enzyme-based bioelectrodes. However, the number of studies [...] Read more.

Graphene and its variants exhibit excellent electrical properties for the construction of enzymatic interfaces. In particular, the direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase on the electrode surface is a very important issue in the development of enzyme-based bioelectrodes. However, the number of studies conducted to assess how pristine graphene forms different interfaces with other carbon materials is insufficient. Enzyme-based electrodes (formed using carbon materials) have been extensively applied because of their low manufacturing costs and easy production techniques. In this study, the characteristics of a single-walled carbon nanotube/graphene-combined enzyme interface are analyzed at the atomic level using molecular dynamics simulations. The morphology of the enzyme was visualized using an elastic network model by performing normal-mode analysis based on electrochemical and microscopic experiments. Single-carbon electrodes exhibited poorer electrical characteristics than those prepared as composites with enzymes. Furthermore, the composite interface exhibited 4.61- and 2.45-fold higher direct electron efficiencies than GOx synthesized with single-carbon nanotubes and graphene, respectively. Based on this study, we propose that pristine graphene has the potential to develop glucose oxidase interfaces and carbon-nanotube–graphene composites for easy fabrication, low cost, and efficient electrode structures for enzyme-based biofuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 7913 KB

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A Study on the Field Emission Characteristics of High-Quality Wrinkled Multilayer Graphene Cathodes

by Wenmei Lv, Lian Wang, Yiwei Lu, Dong Wang, Hui Wang, Yuxin Hao, Yuanpeng Zhang, Zeqi Sun and Yongliang Tang

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070613 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1902

Abstract

Field emission (FE) necessitates cathode materials with low work function and high thermal and electrical conductivity and stability. To meet these requirements, we developed FE cathodes based on high-quality wrinkled multilayer graphene (MLG) prepared using the bubble-assisted chemical vapor deposition (B-CVD) method and [...] Read more.

Field emission (FE) necessitates cathode materials with low work function and high thermal and electrical conductivity and stability. To meet these requirements, we developed FE cathodes based on high-quality wrinkled multilayer graphene (MLG) prepared using the bubble-assisted chemical vapor deposition (B-CVD) method and investigated their emission characteristics. The result showed that MLG cathodes prepared using the spin-coating method exhibited a high field emission current density (~7.9 mA/cm²), indicating the excellent intrinsic emission performance of the MLG. However, the weak adhesion between the MLG and the substrate led to the poor stability of the cathode. Screen printing was employed to prepare the cathode to improve stability, and the influence of a silver buffer layer was explored on the cathode’s performance. The results demonstrated that these cathodes exhibited better emission stability, and the silver buffer layer further enhanced the comprehensive field emission performance. The optimized cathode possesses low turn-on field strength (~1.5 V/μm), low threshold field strength (~2.65 V/μm), high current density (~10.5 mA/cm²), and good emission uniformity. Moreover, the cathode also exhibits excellent emission stability, with a current fluctuation of only 6.28% during a 4-h test at 1530 V. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 2547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Assisted Identification of Single-Layer Graphene via Color Variation Analysis

by Eunseo Yang, Miri Seo, Hanee Rhee, Yugyeong Je, Hyunjeong Jeong and Sang Wook Lee

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020183 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3117

Abstract

Techniques such as using an optical microscope and Raman spectroscopy are common methods for detecting single-layer graphene. Instead of relying on these laborious and expensive methods, we suggest a novel approach inspired by skilled human researchers who can detect single-layer graphene by simply [...] Read more.

Techniques such as using an optical microscope and Raman spectroscopy are common methods for detecting single-layer graphene. Instead of relying on these laborious and expensive methods, we suggest a novel approach inspired by skilled human researchers who can detect single-layer graphene by simply observing color differences between graphene flakes and the background substrate in optical microscope images. This approach implemented the human cognitive process by emulating it through our data extraction process and machine learning algorithm. We obtained approximately 300,000 pixel-level color difference data from 140 graphene flakes from 45 optical microscope images. We utilized the average and standard deviation of the color difference data for each flake for machine learning. As a result, we achieved F1-Scores of over 0.90 and 0.92 in identifying 60 and 50 flakes from green and pink substrate images, respectively. Our machine learning-assisted computing system offers a cost-effective and universal solution for detecting the number of graphene layers in diverse experimental environments, saving both time and resources. We anticipate that this approach can be extended to classify the properties of other 2D materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Edition)

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