Journal of Fungi

14 pages, 292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Characteristics and Mortality Predictors of Candidemia Due to Candida albicans: A Single-Center Experience from Türkiye

by Nevzat Ünal, Ayşe Sultan Karakoyun, İlker Ünal, Tuba Turunç, Cornelia Lass-Flörl and Macit Ilkit

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110788 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

Candidemia is a major global health challenge, with Candida albicans being the most common causative agent. Since antifungal drugs may promote resistance, regular epidemiological studies are required. Nonetheless, microbiological and clinical data on C. albicans in Türkiye are limited. Therefore, we assessed data [...] Read more.

Candidemia is a major global health challenge, with Candida albicans being the most common causative agent. Since antifungal drugs may promote resistance, regular epidemiological studies are required. Nonetheless, microbiological and clinical data on C. albicans in Türkiye are limited. Therefore, we assessed data from C. albicans cases in a tertiary care hospital in Türkiye. Among 171 enrolled patients, the overall mortality rate was 66.7%. Univariate analysis showed that age, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, central venous catheterization, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, diabetes mellitus, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, steroid use, and hyperalimentation were associated with mortality. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, ICU admission, steroid use and hyperalimentation were independently associated with mortality. In Cox regression, age, ICU admission, prior antifungal use, and absence of antifungal treatment after candidemia were independently associated with decreased survival. Fluconazole (FLC) was the most frequently used antifungal, and patients treated with FLC + amphotericin B or FLC + echinocandin had the best survival rates. All 171 isolates were susceptible to all tested antifungals. Our findings show high mortality rates and reveal mortality-associated factors. Candida albicans remains susceptible to all antifungals; therefore, timely diagnosis and appropriate antifungal treatment can enhance survival and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Invasive Candidiasis)

19 pages, 1714 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Nitrogen on Culturable Phyllosphere Microorganisms and the Incidence of Botrytis cinerea in Postharvest Leafy Vegetables

by Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė, Darius Jermala, Alma Valiuškaitė, Kristina Bunevičienė, Armina Morkeliūnė and Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110787 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pak choi (Brassica rapa), and basil (Ocimum basilicum) were grown in hydroponic NFT systems under four nitrate levels (80–180 mg L⁻¹ N). We measured natural microbial contamination by plating nutrient-solution samples and leaf [...] Read more.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pak choi (Brassica rapa), and basil (Ocimum basilicum) were grown in hydroponic NFT systems under four nitrate levels (80–180 mg L⁻¹ N). We measured natural microbial contamination by plating nutrient-solution samples and leaf washes to obtain colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of bacteria and fungi. Separately, postharvest leaves were artificially inoculated with Botrytis cinerea and stored at 22 °C or 4 °C for 7 days to assess gray mold. In lettuce, high N (180 mg L⁻¹) markedly increased culturable microbial loads in both solution and leaves, whereas pak choi microbial counts remained low at all N levels. Basil showed a non-linear response: CFU counts peaked at moderate N (120 mg L⁻¹) and were lower at both deficit and excess N. At 22 °C, gray mold severity in pak choi increased with N; leaves fertilized at N150–180 suffered about 1.5–2 times greater lesion area than those at N80. By contrast, lettuce exhibited the worst decay under N deficiency: N80 leaves developed the largest lesions by 4–7 DPI, while moderate N (120–150 mg L⁻¹) minimized disease progression. Basil was highly susceptible under warm storage: all N levels reached near-total decay by 7 days, though N120 delayed early infection slightly. Refrigeration (4 °C) greatly suppressed lesion development in lettuce and pak choi, although high-N pak choi still showed ~20–30% more infected area than low-N after 7 days. Basil, however, suffered chilling injury at 4 °C, and all refrigerated basil leaves decayed severely (regardless of N). These results indicate crop-specific nutrient and storage strategies: avoid excessive N in pak choi, maintain balanced N in lettuce, and handle basil with non-chilling methods to reduce postharvest gray mold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Fungi: Control of Fungal Diseases in Fruit and Vegetables)

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18 pages, 13490 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Velvet Complex Is Essential for Sclerotia Formation and Virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

by Weijie Huang, Zhuo Chen, Ning Cui, Jessica Wijaya, Yan Xu, Mingsong Wu, Yuelin Zhang and Xin Li

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110786 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot in many economically important crops. It forms sclerotia, resilient dormant structures that can persist in soil for years. Understanding the molecular mechanism of sclerotia formation is crucial for developing effective [...] Read more.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot in many economically important crops. It forms sclerotia, resilient dormant structures that can persist in soil for years. Understanding the molecular mechanism of sclerotia formation is crucial for developing effective control strategies, but only a limited number of signaling components have been uncovered in this process. Through independent forward genetic screens, we identified SsLae1 and SsVel1, two core components of the conserved fungal velvet complex, as essential regulators of sclerotia formation and virulence in S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of either gene abolished sclerotia formation, impaired compound appressorium development, and significantly reduced virulence. Further RNA-seq analysis using the Ssvel1 mutant revealed widespread downregulation of known developmental and virulence regulators. Collectively, these findings establish the velvet complex as a master regulator for both sclerotia development and virulence in S. sclerotiorum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Sclerotiniaceae)

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21 pages, 1936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Domestication Cultivation and Nutritional Analysis of Hericium coralloides

by Yun Li, Jiarong Cai, Xiaomin Li, Xin Hu, Junli Zhang, Xiaoping Wu and Junsheng Fu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110785 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Hericium coralloides is a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom renowned for its unique bioactive compounds. This study focuses on the isolation of a wild strain (SH001) exhibiting promising cultivation potential and health promoting properties. A wild fungal strain from the Tibetan Plateau was [...] Read more.

Hericium coralloides is a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom renowned for its unique bioactive compounds. This study focuses on the isolation of a wild strain (SH001) exhibiting promising cultivation potential and health promoting properties. A wild fungal strain from the Tibetan Plateau was isolated and identified as a novel H. coralloides based on its morphological and molecular characteristics. The optimal growth conditions were found to be 30 °C, pH 7.0, fructose as the preferred carbon source, and yeast extract as the optimal nitrogen source. Nutritional analysis revealed that the fruiting bodies were rich in protein (15.4 g/100 g dry weight), dietary fiber (34.7 g/100 g dry weight), and minerals, while being low in fat (3.5 g/100 g dry weight). The most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid. The polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with ABTS⁺ scavenging comparable to that of Vitamin C (Vc), achieving a clearance rate of 96.95% at concentrations between 0.25–5.00 mg/mL. At a concentration of 5 mg/mL, the DPPH and OH radical scavenging activities reached their peak (83.77% and 67.31%, respectively), along with the highest iron ion reducing capacity (FRAP value: 4.43 mmol/L. Polysaccharides also exhibited notable anticancer activity, inhibiting HepG2 liver cancer cells and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, with IC₅₀ values of 3.896 mg/mL and 2.561 mg/mL, respectively. This study demonstrates that wild H. coralloides can be successfully cultivated in vitro. In conclusion, the fruiting bodies possess substantial nutritional value, and the polysaccharides extracted from them show promising antioxidant and anticancer activities, particularly against HepG2 liver cancer cells and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Edible Fungi)

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13 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Pragmatic Strategy for Improving Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis in UK and Ireland ICUs

by Anjaneya Bapat, Timothy W. Felton, Sarah Khorshid and Ignacio Martin-Loeches

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110784 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a life-threatening fungal infection predominantly affecting critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite advances in antifungal therapies, IC remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with a mortality rate exceeding 40%. The current reliance on blood cultures as [...] Read more.

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a life-threatening fungal infection predominantly affecting critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Despite advances in antifungal therapies, IC remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, with a mortality rate exceeding 40%. The current reliance on blood cultures as the diagnostic gold standard is limited by low sensitivity and prolonged turnaround times, often delaying effective treatment. This often leads to the overuse of empirical antifungal therapies, increasing resistance, healthcare costs, and inconsistent outcomes. To address these issues, this paper introduces a five-step diagnostic strategy developed by an expert panel to optimise IC diagnosis and management. The strategy integrates predictive risk scores, biomarkers, and antifungal susceptibility testing to streamline diagnosis, identify high-risk patients, and promote antifungal stewardship. It also addresses barriers such as resource disparities and variability in clinical practices, offering a practical, standardised strategy for ICUs in the UK and Ireland. The clinical utility of this approach is highlighted through two patient cases. One describes the safe discontinuation of antifungal therapy after a negative (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) assay ruled out IC, reducing unnecessary treatment and adverse effects. The other showcases the use of rapid in-house antifungal susceptibility testing to precisely tailor therapy for a patient with Nakaseomyces glabratus, ensuring effective treatment and preventing resistance. This pragmatic five-step guide simplifies and standardises IC diagnosis, aiming to lower mortality, optimise therapies, and promote judicious antifungal use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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24 pages, 1579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Pleurotus Mushrooms Cultivated on ‘Nero di Troia’ Grape Pomace and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities

by Gaetano Balenzano, Anna Spagnoletta, Giovanni Lentini, Gennaro Brunetti, Francesco De Mastro, Mariagrazia Rullo, Leonardo Pisani, Fortunato Cirlincione, Maria Letizia Gargano and Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110783 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

The sustainable management of winery residues could represent a cornerstone for promoting environmental and economic sustainability from a circular economy perspective. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate Vitis vinifera L. ‘Nero di Troia’ cultivar grape pomace as a valuable waste product [...] Read more.

The sustainable management of winery residues could represent a cornerstone for promoting environmental and economic sustainability from a circular economy perspective. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate Vitis vinifera L. ‘Nero di Troia’ cultivar grape pomace as a valuable waste product for the cultivation of Pleurotus mushroom, in comparison with traditional wheat straw-based cultivation. Mushroom extracts were prepared through the eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction technique, using green solvents with different polarity degrees. Total protein content, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH assays) were assessed for the water and EtOH hydrophilic extracts. Grape pomace often gave higher values than wheat straw, especially for the P. eryngii var. eryngii water extract protein content, which was 3.5-fold higher (0.68 ± 0.14 mg BSA/mL and 0.192 ± 0.025 mg BSA/mL, respectively). The ethyl acetate extracts of both mushroom species gave biologically relevant results in terms of inhibiting activity against acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (50% inhibitory activity at concentrations ≤ 1.5 mg/mL), thus paving the way for more in-depth investigation. The extract’s metabolic profile was investigated through GC-MS analysis. The results show that incorporating grape pomace into mushroom production represents a concrete step toward more sustainable biotechnological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Wonders: Investigating the Diverse Biological Activities of Fungal-Derived Compounds)

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2 pages, 164 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Filippou et al. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Mycovirus-Mediated Hypervirulence in Beauveria bassiana Infecting Tenebrio molitor. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 63

by Charalampos Filippou, Robert H. A. Coutts, Ioly Kotta-Loizou, Sam El-Kamand and Alexie Papanicolaou

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110782 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

28 pages, 9902 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Distribution of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in China

by Weishan Zhang and Xinlei Fan

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110781 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study conducted a systematic investigation and identification of pathogenic fungi associated with anthracnose symptoms on economically important plants across multiple provinces in China (Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Shaanxi). Through multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, gapdh, chs-1, act, tub2, [...] Read more.

This study conducted a systematic investigation and identification of pathogenic fungi associated with anthracnose symptoms on economically important plants across multiple provinces in China (Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, and Shaanxi). Through multi-locus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, gapdh, chs-1, act, tub2, his3, and cal) and morphological characterization of 67 strains, a total of 16 Colletotrichum species were identified, belonging to six species complexes (C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. destructivum, C. gloeosporioides, C. orchidearum, and C. spaethianum). Among these, four novel species were described: Colletotrichum aquilariae, C. crataegi, C. dongguanense, and C. flavosporum. The study also confirmed 12 known species: C. boninense, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. godetiae (with C. americanum proposed as its synonym), C. gloeosporioides (with C. juglandicola, C. juglandium, and C. peakense proposed as its synonyms), C. karsti, C. nymphaeae, C. orchidearum (with C. subplurivorum proposed as its synonym), C. plurivorum, C. siamense, C. sojae, and C. spaethianum. The research revealed significant pathogen species diversity, distinct geographical distribution patterns (greatest diversity in Beijing, novel species primarily from Guangdong), and host preferences (e.g., C. gloeosporioides was the most widely distributed and dominant species on walnut). Furthermore, ten new host records were reported. The study explored correlations between pathogens and their hosts, particularly walnut, providing a crucial foundation for understanding the pathogen composition and ecology of anthracnose diseases affecting plants in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Systematics and Evolution of Forestry Fungi, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 2625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Penetration and Preliminary Efficacy of a Novel Nitric Oxide-Releasing Gel for Onychomycosis

by Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Harmanpreet Kaur, James Martins, Simon J. L. Teskey and Chris C. Miller

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110780 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Onychomycosis is a therapeutically challenging fungal infection. Systemic antifungals are limited by adverse effects and drug interactions, while topical therapies may fail to achieve therapeutic nail bed concentrations. Nitric oxide (NO), a small, diffusible free radical with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, offers a novel [...] Read more.

Onychomycosis is a therapeutically challenging fungal infection. Systemic antifungals are limited by adverse effects and drug interactions, while topical therapies may fail to achieve therapeutic nail bed concentrations. Nitric oxide (NO), a small, diffusible free radical with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, offers a novel approach to overcoming these barriers. We assessed the penetration and subsequent efficacy of a nitric oxide–releasing gel (NORG) in the treatment of onychomycosis. Ex vivo human nail models assessed NORG’s transungual penetration and antifungal activity via colorimetric, immunohistochemical, and microbiological assays. NORG eradicated Trichophyton mentagrophytes completely (0 CFU/g), outperforming terbinafine (3.58 ± 0.2 log₁₀ CFU/g). In an ex vivo infection model, NORG achieved fungal clearance within 14 days, continuing to Day 30 treatment end, with no regrowth during 21 days of incubation post-treatment. Clinical data from patients with onychomycosis who received topical NORG therapy show that NORG penetrated the nail plate and nail bed, as evidenced by s-nitrosothiol accumulation and progressive discoloration. The NORG formulation demonstrates in vitro efficacy; controlled trials are warranted to fully assess clinical efficacy and safety of this NORG formulation in humans, and establish optimal treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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30 pages, 817 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Probiotics to Combat Candidiasis: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions

by Emma Wright, Nisha Valand and Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110779 - 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

Candida species are common commensals within the human microbiome but can transition opportunistically to pathogenic states when host–microbe homeostasis is disrupted. Their ability to adhere to mucosa and implanted medical devices, form thick biofilms, and invade epithelial tissues makes candidiasis particularly harmful in [...] Read more.

Candida species are common commensals within the human microbiome but can transition opportunistically to pathogenic states when host–microbe homeostasis is disrupted. Their ability to adhere to mucosa and implanted medical devices, form thick biofilms, and invade epithelial tissues makes candidiasis particularly harmful in immunocompromised and elderly populations. This review examines the reported antifungal activity of common probiotic genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces across the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. The probiotic mechanisms of action, such as competitive exclusion, secretion of antifungal metabolites, and immunomodulation, are explored in detail, and research methodologies are scrutinised to assess the robustness of current evidence. This review compiles evidence from a variety of studies and clinical trials showing certain probiotic strains and formulations have the ability to significantly decrease Candida colonisation and reduce candidiasis symptom prevalence. Although outcomes vary greatly between probiotic strains tested, species of Candida targeted, and specific site of infection, it is clear that selected probiotic species and their secreted substances can have prominent anti-Candida effects and promote tangible clinical improvements. Future directions for the field of probiotic study are suggested, including the roles of prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotic formulations to enhance probiotic efficacy against candidiasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Invasive Candidiasis)

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10 pages, 1954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alternaria Brown Spot Alters the Bacteriome with Alternaria–Bacteria Interactions in Mature Citrus Fruits

by Quan Chen, Wenbin Kong, Jinhui He, Xianwen Zhou, Yuan Huang, Zhongxian Liu and Feng Huang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110778 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alternaria brown spot is an important fungal disease in citrus. The infection of young citrus organs usually coincides with strong rainfall, which causes low efficiency of fungicides and the outbreak of this disease. Here, the microbiomes of the asymptomatic peels, the spot edge, [...] Read more.

Alternaria brown spot is an important fungal disease in citrus. The infection of young citrus organs usually coincides with strong rainfall, which causes low efficiency of fungicides and the outbreak of this disease. Here, the microbiomes of the asymptomatic peels, the spot edge, and the center of citrus fruits were compared to reveal the commensal microbes as alternative control methods for the Alternaria pathogen. As the disease severity increased from the asymptomatic peels to the spot edge and the center, the bacterial communities were more severely changed than the fungal communities. Both the bacterial diversity, represented by the Shannon diversity index, and the bacterial composition and structure significantly decreased and altered, respectively. Increased Alternaria, in relative abundance, correlated positively with bacterial genera like Massilia and Sphingomonas, while negatively correlating with bacterial genera like Delftia and Pantoea. In addition, Alternaria fASV1 positively correlated with several top ASVs of 1174_901_12 and Sphingomonas. These results suggest that the bacterial communities respond to Alternaria brown spot by Alternaria–bacteria cross-kingdom interactions; these responsive bacteria are worth testing experimentally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium, Alternaria, and Rhizoctonia: A Spotlight on Fungal Pathogens—3rd Edition)

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24 pages, 34018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification and Prevention of Bacterial Spot Disease on Grifola frondosa

by Jun-Tao Ge, Na Rong, Jia-Zhe Li, Yao-Yao Lu, Shi-Yi Tao, Xin-Ru Ye, Jun-Xia Cheng, Jia-Qi Wang, Bo Zhang, Yu Li and Jia-Jun Hu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110777 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

Grifola frondosa is a rare fungus valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties; however, its bacterial spot disease has been largely overlooked. Thus, this study systematically investigated, isolated, and identified the pathogen and evaluated control strategies for bacterial spot disease affecting G. frondosa [...] Read more.

Grifola frondosa is a rare fungus valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties; however, its bacterial spot disease has been largely overlooked. Thus, this study systematically investigated, isolated, and identified the pathogen and evaluated control strategies for bacterial spot disease affecting G. frondosa cultivation in Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Through integrated morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis, and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (16S rRNA, gyrB), Priestia aryabhattai was identified as the causal pathogen. This pathogen exhibited host specificity, infecting only G. frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus, inducing primordial growth arrest and causing spots on the stipe of mature fruiting bodies. Control assessments revealed significant antimicrobial efficacy for four chemical agents, benziothiazolinone, copper sulfate, ethylicin and tetramycin, three plant extracts, garlic, leek and onion, and two biocontrol strains, Chlorophyllum molybdites and Aspergillus fumigatus. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that these treatments caused ultrastructural damage to the pathogen’s cells, including membrane shrinkage, depression, and perforation. These findings establish key pathogenic characteristics and provide a scientific foundation for integrated disease management, supporting sustainable G. frondosa cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)

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14 pages, 6811 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Relationships with the Soil Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Ancient Trees in Blue-Crowned Laughingthrush Habitats

by Hui Li, Pei Wei, Kongzhong Xiao, Wei Liu and Weiwei Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110776 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

The fragile ancient ‘Shuikoulin’ forests, which provide critical habitats for the critically endangered Blue-crowned Laughingthrush, are increasingly degraded by soil contamination and heavy metal pollution. This study examines the rhizosphere environment of four key ancient tree species in the bird’s core habitat, focusing [...] Read more.

The fragile ancient ‘Shuikoulin’ forests, which provide critical habitats for the critically endangered Blue-crowned Laughingthrush, are increasingly degraded by soil contamination and heavy metal pollution. This study examines the rhizosphere environment of four key ancient tree species in the bird’s core habitat, focusing on soil properties, heavy metal accumulation, and the structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities. The results revealed that Liquidambar formosana showed the highest total nitrogen (TN) and available phosphorus (AP), whereas Quercus chenii had the lowest soil organic matter (SOM). The primary heavy metal contaminant across all tree species was Cd (Igeo > 2), followed by the metalloid As. We detected 41 AM fungal species spanning 7 genera, with Glomus dominating (84.19% relative abundance). OTU richness was highest in Cinnamomum camphora and L. formosana (110 each), followed by Q. chenii (88) and Castanopsis sclerophylla (75). Structural equation modeling indicated that soil nutrients (TN, TP, AP, SOM) suppressed the accumulation of V, Cr, Ni, and Cu, thereby indirectly favoring Glomus and Paraglomus. In contrast, higher pH and total potassium (TK) levels promoted Co and Zn bioavailability and negatively affected Acaulospora and other minor genera. Tree species identity directly modulated these interactions. Our findings demonstrate that ancient tree species shape AM fungal assembly through distinct rhizosphere geochemical niches, providing a mechanistic basis for restoring degraded habitats critical to endangered species conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Under Stress, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 5608 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Pseudomonas putida on the Microbial Community in Casing Soil for the Cultivation of Morchella sextelata

by Ruifan Zou, Yuping Zhang, Lili Zhang, Ming Chen, Ling Xin and Lei Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110775 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Morels are a rare edible and medicinal fungus. A major factor contributing to difficulties with their continuous cropping is alteration in soil microbial communities. Pseudomonas putida is a key microorganism in morel cultivation soils; it has garnered significant attention due to its ability [...] Read more.

Morels are a rare edible and medicinal fungus. A major factor contributing to difficulties with their continuous cropping is alteration in soil microbial communities. Pseudomonas putida is a key microorganism in morel cultivation soils; it has garnered significant attention due to its ability to degrade 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ethylene. However, the interaction between Pseudomonas putida and morels remains unclear. This study evaluated the growth-promoting potential of P. putida KT2440 by measuring the casing soil ACC content and assessing its ACC utilization capacity. Metagenomic sequencing was performed to assess the changes in soil microbial composition and function. The results indicated that ACC accumulated in the soil following morel cultivation and that P. putida KT2440 was capable of utilizing ACC as its sole nitrogen source for growth on plates. Inoculation enhanced the depletion of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; increased bacterial diversity; improved the stability of the soil microbial community; and caused the mycelium of morels to grow earlier. These processes occurred along with a decline in the abundance of the Streptomyces genus. Furthermore, a positive correlation was identified between the abundance of P. putida and ACC deaminase activity in the soil. Overall, this study examined the role of Pseudomonas putida inoculation in modulating the soil microbial community and metabolic processes within casing soil during Morchella sextelata cultivation. The findings indicate that P. putida inoculation promotes Morchella growth through ACC decomposition and microbial restructuring, offering a potential strategy for mitigating ethylene-related suppression in continuous cropping systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 2617 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding the Bioluminescent and Non-Bioluminescent Traits of Panellus stipticus: A Genomic and Phenotypic Perspective

by Roel C. Rabara and Xianfa Xie

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110774 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The species Panellus stipticus presents a unique situation whereby some geographic strains are bioluminescent while others are not. This study investigates the factors affecting the bioluminescence of P. stipticus, focusing on culture media optimization, oxygen dependency, and genetic variation between luminescent and [...] Read more.

The species Panellus stipticus presents a unique situation whereby some geographic strains are bioluminescent while others are not. This study investigates the factors affecting the bioluminescence of P. stipticus, focusing on culture media optimization, oxygen dependency, and genetic variation between luminescent and non-luminescent strains. Experiments revealed that 10% breadcrumb agar (BCA) significantly enhanced bioluminescence and colony size while supplementation with activated charcoal reduced luminescence. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate-based media showed that BCA outperformed malt extract and molasses in promoting luminescence. Oxygen was confirmed as essential for bioluminescence, with light emission ceasing rapidly under anaerobic conditions and recovering within minutes upon re-exposure to air. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequences distinguished luminescent and non-luminescent strains, aligning with biogeographical patterns. Dot plot synteny analysis of draft genomes of a bioluminescent (Panst LUM) and a non-bioluminescent strain (KUC8834) revealed high genomic conservation. However, absence of key bioluminescence genes in non-luminescent strains explains their lack of light emission. Protein sequence comparisons of core enzymes—LUZ, HISP, and H3H—showed functional similarity with Mycenoid lineage species. These findings deepen our understanding of fungal bioluminescence and its genetic and environmental determinants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Mushroom)

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17 pages, 4058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene VvALDH in the IAA Synthesis Pathway of Volvariella volvacea

by Mingjuan Mao, Lijuan Hou, Lin Ma, Ning Jiang, Jinsheng Lin, Shaoxuan Qu, Huiping Li, Ping Xu, Di Liu and Wei Ji

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110773 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Volvariella volvacea, the Chinese mushroom, is a high-temperature grass-rot fungus with great production potential, yet its low yield limits industrial development. Exogenous sodium acetate (NaAc) has been shown to increase yield by promoting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis during the primordium stage, but [...] Read more.

Volvariella volvacea, the Chinese mushroom, is a high-temperature grass-rot fungus with great production potential, yet its low yield limits industrial development. Exogenous sodium acetate (NaAc) has been shown to increase yield by promoting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis during the primordium stage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene VvALDH, highly expressed at the primordium stage, was cloned and functionally characterized. VvALDH encodes a 1509 bp cDNA with a conserved aldehyde dehydrogenase domain. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, overexpression lines showed a 4.76-fold increase in VvALDH expression, accompanied by higher biomass (38%), yield (83%), and IAA content (34%), while RNAi lines showed opposite trends. These results demonstrate that VvALDH promotes IAA biosynthesis, enhances primordium differentiation, and increases yield. Further analysis revealed its involvement in multiple IAA biosynthetic pathways, including indolepyruvate, tryptamine, and tryptophan side-chain oxidase pathways. This work clarifies the molecular basis of NaAc-mediated yield improvement and provides a theoretical foundation for genetic and cultivation strategies in V. volvacea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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17 pages, 9240 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Fire Drives the Reorganization of Taiga Soil Fungal Communities with Ascomycota as the Dominant Phylum After Long-Term Recovery

by Siyu Jiang, Zhichao Cheng, Hong Pan, Siyuan Liu, Huijiao Qu, Mingliang Gao, Libin Yang and Jia Zhou

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110772 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Forest fires are key disturbance factors in forest ecosystems, and soil fungi play an irreplaceable role in post-fire recovery. This study focused on forest areas burned in 2000 in the Daxing’anling region of China, targeting long-term recovery sites with different fire intensities. Illumina [...] Read more.

Forest fires are key disturbance factors in forest ecosystems, and soil fungi play an irreplaceable role in post-fire recovery. This study focused on forest areas burned in 2000 in the Daxing’anling region of China, targeting long-term recovery sites with different fire intensities. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to analyze the structural characteristics of fungal communities and their environmental drivers. Results showed that compared with the control check (CK), the Shannon index of the low fire group (L) increased significantly (p < 0.05), while moderate (M) and high (H) fire groups reduced fungal diversity significantly. PCoA indicated significant differences in community structure (R² = 0.97, p = 0.001). In highly burned areas, the relative abundance of Ascomycota reached 94.17%, and Basidiomycota lost its dominance. Spearman analysis showed that pH, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, soil dehydrogenase, and soil urease were significantly positively correlated with fungal alpha diversity. RDA revealed that total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil water content, alkaline nitrogen, active potassium, and dissolved organic carbon had extremely significant effects on soil fungal community composition (p < 0.01). Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that symbiotic relationships dominated all groups. Networks in L and M groups were more complex, while that in H group was simplified and severely damaged. This study indicated that after long-term recovery, soil fungal communities in low fire areas returned to pre-fire levels; those in moderate and high fire areas did not recover, with high fire burns causing severe damage and community structure reorganization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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8 pages, 222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pediatric vs. Adult Invasive Aspergillosis in Cancer and Hematopoietic Transplant Patients: Insights from a Matched Cohort at a Tertiary Cancer Center

by Saliba Wehbe, Ramia Zakhour, Ray Hachem, Ying Jiang, Hiba Dagher, Roseen Salman, Anne-Marie Chaftari and Issam I. Raad

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110771 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients, including those with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. While adult IA has been well characterized, data on pediatric populations remain limited, and potential age-related differences are often overlooked in current [...] Read more.

Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients, including those with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplants. While adult IA has been well characterized, data on pediatric populations remain limited, and potential age-related differences are often overlooked in current management guidelines. Methods: We conducted a retrospective matched cohort study at a tertiary cancer center, evaluating IA cases diagnosed over a 31-year period. Pediatric patients (≤18 years) with proven or probable IA were matched 1:3 with adult IA cases based on year of diagnosis, underlying disease, and history of hematopoietic cell transplantation. We compared demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, microbiology, antifungal prophylaxis, and treatment approaches between the two groups. Results: The study included 34 pediatric and 102 matched adult IA cases. Pediatric patients were significantly more likely to present with neutropenia (p = 0.04) and sinus involvement (p = 0.048). Serum galactomannan testing was more often positive in pediatric patients (p = 0.027), whereas bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan was more frequently positive in adults (p = 0.003). Differences in antifungal prophylactic regimens were also observed. Conclusions: Our findings underscore significant age-related variations in IA epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. These results support the development of age-specific diagnostic algorithms and antifungal strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Fungal Infections: Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment)

13 pages, 3845 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Identification, Characterization, and In Vitro Fungicide Sensitivity of Paraphoma radicina, the First Reported Cause of Root Rot in Polygonatum sibiricum

by Wenchao Li, Qingyi Zhao, Jin Zhang, Shuyuan Mu, Yangyang Sun, Shuangjiao Ma, Chengming Yu, Yehan Tian and Huixiang Liu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(11), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11110770 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Polygonatum sibiricum, a perennial medicinal and edible herb, has recently suffered severe root rot outbreaks in China, threatening its yield and quality. From 2023 to 2024, plants showing rhizome darkening and necrosis were observed in Tai’an, Shandong Province. A fungal isolate (HJ2B3) [...] Read more.

Polygonatum sibiricum, a perennial medicinal and edible herb, has recently suffered severe root rot outbreaks in China, threatening its yield and quality. From 2023 to 2024, plants showing rhizome darkening and necrosis were observed in Tai’an, Shandong Province. A fungal isolate (HJ2B3) was consistently recovered from symptomatic tissues and confirmed as pathogenic through in vitro detached rhizome and potted plant inoculations. The isolate produced globose to subglobose, setose pycnidia and hyaline, aseptate conidia. Morphological characteristics, combined with ITS, EF1-α, and β-tubulin sequence analyses and phylogenetic evidence, identified the pathogen as Paraphoma radicina. In vitro fungicide assays using the mycelial growth rate method showed that difenoconazole, prochloraz, and pyraclostrobin were the most effective, with EC₅₀ values of 0.06, 0.32, and 0.36 mg/L, respectively, whereas tetramycin and azoxystrobin exhibited lower inhibitory activity. This study reports P. radicina as the causal agent of P. sibiricum root rot for the first time, expands the known host range of this pathogen, and provides the first baseline data on its in vitro sensitivity to five fungicides. These results offer practical guidance for chemical control and further evaluation under greenhouse or field conditions in P. sibiricum cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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