Journal of Fungi

11 pages, 654 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Candida krusei Empyema: A Lung Transplant Case and Systematic Review of the Literature

by Shifa Karatela, Sangeeta Nair-Collins, Gabriel Godart, Mary Ann Peacock, Kelly Larimore, Kristin Cuthbert, Bala Munipalli, Rohit Chitale, Ravi Durvasula and Justin Oring

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100735 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Candida krusei empyema is a rare but serious manifestation of invasive candidiasis, characterized by intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, biofilm formation, and high mortality, with limited case-level data to inform management. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesize all reported English-language cases of [...] Read more.

Candida krusei empyema is a rare but serious manifestation of invasive candidiasis, characterized by intrinsic resistance to fluconazole, biofilm formation, and high mortality, with limited case-level data to inform management. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesize all reported English-language cases of Candida krusei empyema from January 2005 to June 2025 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, OVID MEDLINE, and Gale OneFile and perform descriptive analysis on them. Screening, data extraction, and eligibility assessment were performed, and those articles not clearly meeting eligibility criteria were reviewed by additional reviewers with consensus resolution. Seven publications (six individual cases and two cohorts) were included. We additionally describe the clinical course, management, and outcome of a 70-year-old bilateral lung transplant patient who developed persistent C. krusei empyema despite optimized antifungal therapy. Patients ranged from 11 to 74 years of age (median 62.5 years). Predisposing factors included esophageal perforation (n = 4), post-transplant hemorrhage (n = 1), community-acquired empyema (n = 1), and thoracic surgery (n = 1). Empiric fluconazole was switched to caspofungin (3/4), with others receiving amphotericin B, voriconazole, or combination therapy. Source control varied: chest tube drainage (n = 3), percutaneous catheter (n = 3), and surgical decortication (n = 2). Mortality was 14.3% (1/7). In the absence of clear guidelines and robust literature, the management approach remains heterogeneous. Optimal care requires early recognition, aggressive multimodal antifungal therapy, and effective source control tailored to patient risk. Standardized antifungal protocols and larger case series are needed to guide clinicians in managing this challenging infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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9 pages, 281 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Baseline Sensitivity and Resistance Detection of Stemphylium lycopersici to Pydiflumetofen

by Xiangyu Liu, Kexin Yang, Jie Wu, Qiuyan Bi, Fen Lu, Jiqiang Wang and Jianjiang Zhao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100734 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tomato gray leaf spot (TGLS), caused by Stemphylium spp., is a common disease leading to significant economic losses in tomato production. Pydiflumetofen is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide that has been registered for TGLS management. To evaluate the susceptibility of S. [...] Read more.

Tomato gray leaf spot (TGLS), caused by Stemphylium spp., is a common disease leading to significant economic losses in tomato production. Pydiflumetofen is a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide that has been registered for TGLS management. To evaluate the susceptibility of S. lycopersici to pydiflumetofen in tomato-producing regions of Hebei Province, we determined the sensitivity of 212 S. lycopersici isolates using mycelial growth inhibition. The sensitivity distribution exhibited a multimodal pattern. Resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed in some field isolates, with highly resistant isolates being identified in Chengde, Hengshui, and Tangshan. After removing outliers, the baseline sensitivity of S. lycopersici to pydiflumetofen was established, with a mean EC₅₀ value of 1.0400 ± 0.0515 μg/mL. Sequence analysis revealed point mutations only in SdhC (SdhC^S73P, SdhC^G79R, SdhC^H134R, SdhC^S135R) among the resistant isolates. No significant differences were observed between certain resistant isolates (FQSL1-10 and FQSL1-14) and the sensitive isolates in temperature adaptability, mycelial growth rate, or pathogenicity. These results suggest that pydiflumetofen has high activity against TGLS, but integrated fungicide application is necessary for delaying resistance evolution in TGLS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Diseases and Crop Protection, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1627 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Development and Optimization of Multi-Well Colorimetric Assays for Growth of Coccidioides posadasii Spherules and Their Application in Large-Scale Screening

by Augusto Vazquez-Rodriguez, Jieh-Juen Yu, Chiung-Yu Hung and Jose L. Lopez-Ribot

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100733 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, represent a major public health concern in endemic regions of North and South America. The disease spectrum ranges from mild respiratory illness to severe disseminated infections, with thousands of cases reported annually [...] Read more.

Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis, represent a major public health concern in endemic regions of North and South America. The disease spectrum ranges from mild respiratory illness to severe disseminated infections, with thousands of cases reported annually in the United States and an increasing recognition of its global impact. Despite existing antifungal therapies, treatment remains challenging due to toxicity, drug resistance, and limited therapeutic options. High-throughput screening platforms have revolutionized drug discovery for infectious diseases; however, progress in antifungal screening for Coccidioides spp. has been hampered by the requirement for Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) containment. To overcome these barriers, we leveraged an attenuated C. posadasii strain that can be safely handled under BSL-2 conditions. Here, we describe the development and optimization of 96-well and 384-well plate screening methodologies, providing a safer and more efficient platform for antifungal discovery. This approach enhances the feasibility of large-scale screening efforts and may facilitate the identification of novel therapeutics for coccidioidomycosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Basic Science and Clinical Research of Coccidioides and Coccidioidomycosis)

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14 pages, 13425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Wood Decay and Identification of Fungi Found in the USS Cairo, a Historic American Civil War Ironclad Gunboat

by Robert A. Blanchette, Benjamin W. Held, Claudia Chemello and Paul Mardikian

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100732 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Studies of microbial degradation of historic woods are essential to help protect and preserve these important cultural properties. The USS Cairo is a historic Civil War gunboat and one of the first steam-powered and ironclad ships used in the American Civil War. Built [...] Read more.

Studies of microbial degradation of historic woods are essential to help protect and preserve these important cultural properties. The USS Cairo is a historic Civil War gunboat and one of the first steam-powered and ironclad ships used in the American Civil War. Built in 1861, the ship sank in the Yazoo River of Mississippi in 1862 after a mine detonated and tore a hole in the port bow. The ship remained on the river bottom and was gradually buried with sediments for over 98 years. After recovery of the ship, it remained exposed to the environment before the first roofed structure was completed in 1980, and it has been displayed under a tensile fabric canopy with open sides at the Vicksburg National Military Park in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Concerns over the long-term preservation of the ship initiated this investigation to document the current condition of the wooden timbers, identify the fungi that may be present, and determine the elemental composition resulting from past wood-preservative treatments. Micromorphological characteristics observed using scanning electron microscopy showed that many of the timbers were in advanced stages of degradation. Eroded secondary cell walls leaving a weak framework of middle lamella were commonly observed. Soft rot attack was prevalent, and evidence of white and brown rot degradation was found in some wood. DNA extraction and sequencing of the ITS region led to the identification of a large group of diverse fungi that were isolated from ship timbers. Soft rot fungi, including Alternaria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Xylaria and others, and white rot fungi, including Bjerkandera, Odontoefibula, Phanerodontia, Phlebiopsis, Trametes and others, were found. No brown rot fungi were isolated. Elemental analyses using induced coupled plasma spectroscopy revealed elevated levels of all elements as compared to sound modern types of wood. High concentrations of boron, copper, iron, lead, zinc and other elements were found, and viable fungi were isolated from this wood. Biodegradation issues are discussed to help long-term conservation efforts to preserve the historic ship for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycological Research in Cultural Heritage Protection)

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22 pages, 471 KB

Open AccessReview

Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Considerations

by Anna Zubovskaia

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100731 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Invasive aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the Aspergillus species. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, including recipients of bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Azole antifungals have remained the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis for [...] Read more.

Invasive aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the Aspergillus species. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, including recipients of bone marrow and solid organ transplants. Azole antifungals have remained the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis for a long time; however, the advance of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, driven predominantly by extensive commercial and agricultural use of azole fungicides and environmental exposure of susceptible populations to the resistant strains, renders the traditional therapeutic approaches less effective and results in further increase in mortality. The epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of azole resistance, diagnostic approaches, and clinical implications of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto will be discussed in this article (for ease of comprehension, the rest of this article will refer to A. fumigatus sensu stricto as A. fumigatus). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Mycology: Antifungal Resistance, Diagnosis, and Infection Control)

13 pages, 10246 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Model of the Current Geographic Distribution and Predictions of Future Range Shifts of Lentinula edodes in China Under Multiple Climate Change Scenarios

by Wei-Jun Li, Rui-Heng Yang, Ting Guo, Sheng-Jin Wu, Yu Li and Da-Peng Bao

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100730 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Due to its ecological functions, huge economic benefits, and excellent nutritional and physiological activities, Lentinula edodes is a very popular edible fungus in Asia, especially in China. Changes in the distribution and population of wild L. edodes play an important role in conservation, [...] Read more.

Due to its ecological functions, huge economic benefits, and excellent nutritional and physiological activities, Lentinula edodes is a very popular edible fungus in Asia, especially in China. Changes in the distribution and population of wild L. edodes play an important role in conservation, variety improvements, and breeding. This investigation detected wild L. edodes in 28 provinces and municipalities in China, encompassing approximately 300 regions and natural reserves. MaxEnt analysis of 53 effective distribution locations indicated that host plants, Bio19 (precipitation in the coldest quarter), Bio10 (mean temperature of the warmest quarter), and Bio17 (precipitation in the driest quarter) made the most critical contributions to this model. The areas of suitable and highly suitable habitats were 55.386 × 10⁴ km² and 88.493 × 10⁴ km², respectively. Under four climate change scenarios, the L. edodes distribution was predicted to decrease and the suitable habitat area shifted to the north and west of China. The decrease in highly suitable habitat area ranged from 21.155% in the 2070s under the ssp1-2.6 scenario to 90.522% in the 2050s under the ssp3-7.5 scenario. This sharp reduction in habitat areas suggests that we should take measures to prevent the deterioration of the environment and climate and thus to ensure the survival of L. edodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)

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14 pages, 4062 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Cytochrome P450 Enzyme SsCyp64 Mediates γ-linolenyl Alcohol in Regulating Sexual Mating/Filamentation and Pathogenicity of Sporisorium scitamineum

by Enping Cai, Bo Xiong, Qiuping Ling, Xueting Li, Xinglong Chen, Changqing Chang, Jiayun Wu and Nannan Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100729 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is a devastating fungal disease of sugarcane. Sexual mating/filamentation of opposite mating types is a key step in the infection and pathogenicity of S. scitamineum, yet its regulation remains unclear. In this study, we identified [...] Read more.

Sugarcane smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is a devastating fungal disease of sugarcane. Sexual mating/filamentation of opposite mating types is a key step in the infection and pathogenicity of S. scitamineum, yet its regulation remains unclear. In this study, we identified a cytochrome P450 enzyme-encoding gene, SsCYP64, which plays an important role in oxidative stress and maintaining cell membrane stability in S. scitamineum. Further investigations revealed that deletion of SsCYP64 leads to a decrease in the transcriptional level of SsPRF1, a key transcription factor regulating the sexual mating of S. scitamineum. Subsequently, the constitutive expression of SsPRF1 restored the defect in sexual mating/filamentation of the SsCYP64 deletion mutant, indicating that SsCyp64 regulates the sexual reproduction of S. scitamineum by mediating the transcriptional level of SsPRF1. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed that the fatty alcohol metabolite γ-linolenyl alcohol significantly decreased in the SsCYP64 deletion mutant, whereas exogenous supplementation with γ-linolenyl alcohol increased the transcriptional level of SsPRF1 and partially restored the sexual mating/filamentation of the SsCYP64 deletion mutant. In conclusion, our results indicated that SsCyp64 mediated the transcription of SsPRF1 by modulating γ-linolenyl alcohol levels, thereby regulating the formation of dikaryotic hyphae in S. scitamineum. These findings provide new insights into the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the pathogenic process of plant pathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi: Morphogenesis, Pathogenicity and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites—Second Edition)

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20 pages, 3748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Antagonistic Fungus Diaporthe phoenicicola Against Rhododendron Brown Spot Disease and Its Disease Control and Plant Growth-Promoting Efficacy

by Yajiao Sun, Jian Liu, Huali Li, Guangyao Zhu, Chengfen Zhu, Junjia Lu and Yunqiang Ma

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100728 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

To explore superior biocontrol resources for Rhododendron brown spot disease, five antagonistic fungal strains exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against the pathogen responsible for RBS were isolated from healthy Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl leaves. Among them, strain DJW5-2-1 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate, reaching [...] Read more.

To explore superior biocontrol resources for Rhododendron brown spot disease, five antagonistic fungal strains exhibiting significant inhibitory activity against the pathogen responsible for RBS were isolated from healthy Rhododendron hybridum Ker Gawl leaves. Among them, strain DJW5-2-1 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate, reaching 63.88% against the pathogenic fungus. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analysis (ITS, β-tubulin, and tef1-α), DJW5-2-1 was identified as Diaporthe phoenicicola (Traverso & Spessa) Udayanga, Crous & K.D. Hyde. Dual culture assays further confirmed its broad-spectrum antifungal activity, with inhibition rates ranging from 39.15% to 72.54% against various phytopathogenic fungi. Biochemical analyses revealed that DJW5-2-1 secretes multiple extracellular enzymes and exhibits plant growth-promoting traits. In both in vitro and potted plant efficacy assays, the biocontrol efficacy of strain DJW5-2-1 against RBS was 49.67% and 50.61%, respectively, indicating that strain DJW5-2-1 exhibits a certain level of control efficacy against RBS. Through pot experiments, we found that strain DJW5-2-1 could promote the growth of rhododendron seedlings and significantly increase growth indicators. Among these indicators, the growth-promoting rates of plant height and stem diameter were 15.27% and 41.27%, respectively. Moreover, DJW5-2-1 contributed to improved host resistance by elevating the activities of key defense-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Taken together, these findings suggest that strain DJW5-2-1 represents a promising microbial agent for the integrated control of RBS and the development of fungal-based biofertilizers. Further investigation is warranted to assess its performance under field conditions and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 1973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification, Mycelial Growth Kinetics, and Antimicrobial Potential of Newly Isolated Medicinal Mushroom Fomitopsis pinicola from Bulgaria

by Petya Stefanova, Anateya Georgieva, Mariya Brazkova, Radka Baldzhieva, Bogdan Goranov, Denica Blazheva, Anton Slavov and Galena Angelova

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100727 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The present study is focused on a newly isolated Fomitopsis strain obtained from black pine (Pinus nigra) from the Sredna Gora Mountains, Bulgaria. Molecular identification, based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequencing, confirmed the strain as Fomitopsis pinicola with 99.84 BLAST percent identity. [...] Read more.

The present study is focused on a newly isolated Fomitopsis strain obtained from black pine (Pinus nigra) from the Sredna Gora Mountains, Bulgaria. Molecular identification, based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequencing, confirmed the strain as Fomitopsis pinicola with 99.84 BLAST percent identity. Phylogenetic analysis verified that the new fungal isolate belongs to the European F. pinicola clade. The morphological analysis of the strain revealed several distinctive structures that further support its identification. The influence of culture media composition on fungal development was evaluated by analyzing the mycelial growth kinetics using both the logistic growth model and the reversible autocatalytic model. Submerged cultivation was employed to produce fungal biomass, which was subsequently lyophilized and used for the assessment of the antimicrobial potential of the fungal strain. The results demonstrated notable antimicrobial effects against all tested bacterial strains. The most significant activity was observed for the aqueous extract against Escherichia coli and the hexane extract against Salmonella enteritidis, both with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 312.5 µg/mL. These findings highlight the promising potential of the newly isolated F. pinicola strain for future applications in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, particularly in developing drugs to combat multidrug resistance, based on the promising results of its water extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Various Environments, 4th Edition)

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14 pages, 2520 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Airborne Fungi in Vehicles and Its Association with Usage Patterns

by Raúl Asael Rodríguez-Villarreal, Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche, Nydia Orué-Arreola, Juan Adame-Rodríguez, Larissa E. Gordillo-Mata, Miguel González-Enríquez, Brandon Ortega-Castillo, Patricio Adrián Zapata-Morín and Efrén Robledo-Leal

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100725 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Airborne fungal exposure in confined indoor environments is a growing public health concern, however the microbial composition of air inside private vehicles remains underexplored. This study aimed to characterize culturable airborne fungi in vehicle cabins and evaluate their association with environmental and behavioral [...] Read more.

Airborne fungal exposure in confined indoor environments is a growing public health concern, however the microbial composition of air inside private vehicles remains underexplored. This study aimed to characterize culturable airborne fungi in vehicle cabins and evaluate their association with environmental and behavioral variables. Air samples (100 L) were collected from 69 vehicles using a standardized culture-based method. Simultaneously, a detailed survey was administered to vehicle owners to document usage patterns, maintenance habits, and odor perception. Results revealed a total culturable fungal load of 31,901 CFU/m³, with Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium as the most frequently isolated genera. Statistical analysis showed that fungal abundance and community composition were significantly associated with vehicle usage factors such as air disturbance, parking environment, air filter maintenance, and perception of musty odors. Vehicles parked outdoors had significantly higher Bipolaris levels, while lack of regular filter replacement was strongly associated with elevated Alternaria abundance. The presence of musty or moldy odors correlated with a 2.5-fold increase in Aspergillus levels. Redundancy analysis confirmed that odor perception and parking behavior were the strongest predictors of fungal community structure, with specific genera displaying distinct ecological preferences across usage conditions. Usage patterns and maintenance habits significantly influence in-cabin fungal communities, with implications for respiratory health, particularly due to the presence of allergenic and opportunistic genera like Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Bipolaris. Regular air filter maintenance and attention to odor cues may help reduce fungal load and associated health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycological Research in Mexico)

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26 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Fungal Communication Mechanisms in the Rhizosphere Microbiome for a Sustainable Green Agriculture

by Jing Gao, Anqi Dong, Jiayi Li, Jiayu Xu, Zhihong Liang and Antonio Francesco Logrieco

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100726 - 9 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the long-term evolutionary process, species maintain a natural balance within certain limits through communication. As plants grow and function as producers, root enrichment fosters a dynamic rhizosphere microbiome, which serves not only as a disintegrator within the ecological niche but also as [...] Read more.

In the long-term evolutionary process, species maintain a natural balance within certain limits through communication. As plants grow and function as producers, root enrichment fosters a dynamic rhizosphere microbiome, which serves not only as a disintegrator within the ecological niche but also as a medium for interaction between the host and the soil environment. The life cycle of fungi within the microbiome alternates between single-cell resting spores and multicellular trophic mycelia. This cycle not only establishes a stable rhizosphere environment but also plays a crucial role in regulating both intra- and interspecific information transmission, significantly impacting the environment and plant health. The rhizosphere microbiome, particularly the fungi it contains, can be harnessed to repair environmental damage and either promote the growth of the plant host or inhibit pathogens. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions remain inadequately understood, hindering the advancement of artificial regulation. Additionally, the variability of influencing factors, along with unstable genes and traits, poses challenges to industrial development. In conclusion, this paper focuses on the fungal components of the rhizosphere microbiome, introduces the mechanisms of communication and current applications, and further analyzes existing bottlenecks and potential solutions. The aim is to provide theoretical support for achieving green, sustainable agriculture through biological means. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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17 pages, 3620 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum

by Shuang Zhang, Ruizhi Zhang, Rui Xia, Xinyan Chen, Jiarui Chen, Yuchun Yang, Majid Mujtaba, Danlei Li and Feng Wang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

Larch shoot blight, caused by Neofusicoccum laricinum, threatens global larch resources, while conventional chemical control is constrained by pollution and resistance. To address this gap, we integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and antifungal efficacy assays to identify Fraxetin, a disease-induced phytoalexin, and to elucidate [...] Read more.

Larch shoot blight, caused by Neofusicoccum laricinum, threatens global larch resources, while conventional chemical control is constrained by pollution and resistance. To address this gap, we integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and antifungal efficacy assays to identify Fraxetin, a disease-induced phytoalexin, and to elucidate its antifungal activity and mechanism. Metabolomics showed infection-triggered accumulation of Fraxetin in resistant Larix olgensis shoots. Antifungal experiments showed that within the range of 68–1088 μg/mL, the optimal antifungal concentration was 1088 μg/mL. When inoculated larches were treated with 1088 μg/mL Fraxetin, the maximum inhibition rate of pathogen growth reached 66.67% within 12 days, and the symptoms of the treated plants were alleviated. Transcriptomics revealed activation of damage responses, disruption of oxidative homeostasis, and compromised membrane integrity in the pathogen under Fraxetin treatment. Physiological measurements confirmed increased lipid peroxidation, redox collapse, membrane leakage, and reduced fungal viability. These findings indicate a lipid peroxidation–mediated oxidative–membrane mode of action and support the potential of plant-derived Fraxetin for more sustainable management of larch shoot blight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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8 pages, 426 KB

Open AccessCase Report

When Fungal Prophylaxis Fails: A Rare Case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Fungemia with Suspected Abdominal Origin

by Elia Asensi-Díaz, Laura Barbero del Olmo, Patricia Urrutia, Ana Lario, Elia Gómez-G. de la Pedrosa, Alejandro G. García-Ruiz de Morales, Pilar Martín-Dávila and Jesús Fortún

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100723 - 8 Oct 2025

Abstract

We report a rare case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia with a suspected abdominal origin in a 73-year-old man with advanced haematological disease on fluconazole prophylaxis. The patient presented with febrile neutropenia caused by a jejunal microperforation. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, the fever persisted, and [...] Read more.

We report a rare case of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa fungemia with a suspected abdominal origin in a 73-year-old man with advanced haematological disease on fluconazole prophylaxis. The patient presented with febrile neutropenia caused by a jejunal microperforation. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics, the fever persisted, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was isolated from blood cultures. High-dose liposomal amphotericin B achieved microbiological clearance and clinical improvement. The case was further complicated by coinfection with Aspergillus fumigatus and Klebsiella oxytoca. To our knowledge, this is one of the few reported cases of abdominal Rhodotorula fungemia, and the first described in the context of fluconazole prophylaxis. This report emphasises the importance of recognising Rhodotorula as a true pathogen and highlights the challenges of managing rare fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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17 pages, 1152 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Isolation to Genomics: Characterization of Aspergillus uvarum HT4 as a Novel Producer of Extracellular Tannase

by Erika Arbildi, Karen Ovsejevi, Diego Roldán, Rosario Durán, Magdalena Portela, Gabriela Garmendia and Silvana Vero

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100722 - 7 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tannases (tannin acyl hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.20) are enzymes of industrial interest due to their ability to hydrolyze hydrolyzable tannins into bioactive compounds like gallic acid. In this study fungal strains capable of producing extracellular tannase were isolated and identified. From tannin-rich substrates, 24 [...] Read more.

Tannases (tannin acyl hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.20) are enzymes of industrial interest due to their ability to hydrolyze hydrolyzable tannins into bioactive compounds like gallic acid. In this study fungal strains capable of producing extracellular tannase were isolated and identified. From tannin-rich substrates, 24 fungal isolates were obtained, of which 17 showed tannase activity. Molecular identification based on calmodulin gene sequencing identified three species of tannase-producing black aspergilli: Aspergillus luchuensis, A. niger (formerly A. welwitschiae), and A. uvarum. The isolate A. uvarum HT4 exhibited the highest extracellular tannase activity (182 U/mL) and was selected for further study. Whole-genome sequencing of HT4 revealed 15 putative tannase genes, most sharing high identity with A. uvarum CBS 121591. Two divergent genes appeared to be acquired via horizontal gene transfer from Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus and Penicillium angulare. Proteomic analysis of the secretome confirmed the expression of two extracellular tannases. The enzyme showed optimal activity at pH 5.0–6.0 and 40–50 °C. Secretome analysis revealed hydrolytic enzymes typical of saprophytic fungi in lignocellulose-rich environments. Importantly, no biosynthetic gene clusters of major mycotoxins were detected, supporting the biosafety of HT4 for industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 1294 KB

Open AccessReview

Fungal Innovations—Advancing Sustainable Materials, Genetics, and Applications for Industry

by Hannes Hinneburg, Shanna Gu and Gita Naseri

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100721 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fungi play a crucial yet often unnoticed role in our lives and the health of our planet by breaking down organic matter through their diverse enzymes or eliminating environmental contamination, enhancing biomass pretreatment, and facilitating biofuel production. They offer transformative possibilities not only [...] Read more.

Fungi play a crucial yet often unnoticed role in our lives and the health of our planet by breaking down organic matter through their diverse enzymes or eliminating environmental contamination, enhancing biomass pretreatment, and facilitating biofuel production. They offer transformative possibilities not only for improving the production of materials they naturally produce, but also for the production of non-native and even new-to-nature materials. However, despite these promising applications, the full potential of fungi remains untapped mainly due to limitations in our ability to control and optimize their complex biological systems. This review focuses on developments that address these challenges, with specific emphasis on fungal-derived rigid and flexible materials. To achieve this goal, the application of synthetic biology tools—such as programmable regulators, CRISPR-based genome editing, and combinatorial pathway optimization—in engineering fungal strains is highlighted, and how external environmental parameters can be tuned to influence material properties is discussed. This review positions filamentous fungi as promising platforms for sustainable bio-based technologies, contributing to a more sustainable future across various sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilizing Fungal Diversity for Sustainable Biotechnology)

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21 pages, 718 KB

Open AccessReview

HTS and PCR Methods Are the Most Used in the Diagnosis of Aspergillosis: Advantages over Other Molecular Methods

by Carlos Alberto Castro-Fuentes, Esperanza Duarte-Escalante, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, María del Carmen Auxilio González-Villaseñor and María del Rocío Reyes-Montes

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100720 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Aspergillosis includes a variety of diseases caused by species of the genus Aspergillus, ranging from non-invasive allergic diseases to chronic, invasive pulmonary infections, which are potentially fatal in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new diagnostic tools and the [...] Read more.

Aspergillosis includes a variety of diseases caused by species of the genus Aspergillus, ranging from non-invasive allergic diseases to chronic, invasive pulmonary infections, which are potentially fatal in immunocompromised hosts. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new diagnostic tools and the optimization of existing tests to improve patient care. This work reviews the most commonly used molecular methods for the diagnosis of aspergillosis from clinical samples, emphasizing their advantages. These methods included HTS, NTS, ISH, microarrays, PCR-RFLP, LAMP, and PCR in various modalities (qPCR, multiplex PCR, nested PCR, RT-PCR, endpoint PCR, U-dHRM, and ddPCR). The review showed that the most commonly used methods for diagnosing aspergillosis are NGS and PCR in their different modalities; however, each method has advantages and disadvantages. qPCR is the method that has demonstrated the greatest sensitivity and specificity on clinical samples (such as blood, serum, bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL], tissue, or sputum), since it detects specific sequences, and the validation of this method shows greater progress in achieving this objective. Likewise, NGS showed that BAL is the most suitable sample, with a higher fungal load than sputum or blood. On the other hand, NGS is not a targeted technique, since it sequences all the genetic material present. Additionally, the sensitivity for detecting pathogens decreases when clinical samples are used due to the high background of nucleic acids present in the human host. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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17 pages, 8447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Fungal Sensitivity to Biosynthesized Copper-Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) in Grapevine Tissues and Fruits

by Domingo Martínez-Soto, Erisneida Campos-Jiménez, Alejandro Cabello-Pasini, Luis Enrique Garcia-Marin, Anaid Meza-Villezcas and Ernestina Castro-Longoria

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100719 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

Grape production is one of the most agronomically important activities worldwide. However, it is threatened by diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms, which cause severe economic losses. The primary strategy to control phytopathogenic fungi is the application of fungicides; however, they affect the environment [...] Read more.

Grape production is one of the most agronomically important activities worldwide. However, it is threatened by diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms, which cause severe economic losses. The primary strategy to control phytopathogenic fungi is the application of fungicides; however, they affect the environment and induce resistance in fungi. Nanomaterials, especially those green-synthesized, emerge as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to control fungal pathogens. The objective of this work is to evaluate the sensitivity of fungal phytopathogens to biosynthesized copper-oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Nanoparticles were evaluated as preventive and corrective treatments in grapevine green tissues and fruits under field conditions, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches. Interestingly, corrective treatment was highly effective and showed little accumulation of Cu on the fruits, even less than a commercial copper-based fungicide. Moreover, we report that Aspergillus niger causes lesions in photosynthetic tissues and severe disease symptoms in grapes. We also describe for the first time the presence of Alternaria alternata causing lesions, mainly on the stems and young leaves of grapevine plants in Mexico. These pathogens were inhibited by the biosynthesized CuONPs. All these findings show the effectiveness of using CuONPs to control phytopathogenic fungi, even under field conditions, shedding light on their potential use in agriculture with a less environmental impact than the commercial fungicides and agrochemicals currently used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Development and Interactions Under Hostile Environments)

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18 pages, 1057 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of microRNAs and Cell-Free DNAs in Fungal Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

by Ayse Kalkanci, Fatma Bozdag, Isil Fidan, Ozlem Guzel Tunccan, Sultan Pinar Cetintepe and Mustafa Necmi Ilhan

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100718 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients, despite advances in antifungal therapy. Conventional diagnostics are limited, highlighting the need for novel biomarkers. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) have emerged as promising tools [...] Read more.

Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients, despite advances in antifungal therapy. Conventional diagnostics are limited, highlighting the need for novel biomarkers. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) have emerged as promising tools due to their roles in immune regulation, pathogen–host interactions, and disease monitoring. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential in fungal infections. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and EMBASE was conducted up to May 2025 in line with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO protocol CRD42021287150). Eligible studies included clinical research on confirmed fungal infections assessing cfDNA or miRNAs. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for cfDNA, and miRNA findings were synthesized descriptively. Results: In total, 526 studies were included. cfDNA positivity was observed in 12% of all tested samples (95% CI: 0.06–0.22) and in 79% of patients with proven fungal infections (95% CI: 0.62–0.90), supporting its value as a minimally invasive, culture-independent diagnostic marker. Six studies on miRNAs identified disease-specific signatures, including miR-132 and miRNA panels for aspergillosis, with high diagnostic accuracy (AUC ≥ 0.98). miR-146a, miR-223, and miR-545 further correlated with prognosis and mortality. Conclusions: cfDNA and miRNAs show strong potential for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring in IFIs. Standardized methodologies and large-scale validation are essential for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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15 pages, 1766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serendipita indica Enhances Drought Tolerance in Phoebe sheareri Seedlings by Improving Photosynthetic Efficiency, Stimulating the Antioxidant Defense System, and Modulating Hormone Synthesis

by Xiaohu Chen, Rui Sun, Die Hu, Yujie Yang, Zihan Cheng, Ping Hu and Yongjun Fei

J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100717 - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the context of contemporary climate change, drought is widely recognized as a major stressor affecting plant growth. While numerous studies have demonstrated that Serendipita indica enhances stress resistance in host plants and is widely used in agriculture, research on its symbiotic interactions [...] Read more.

In the context of contemporary climate change, drought is widely recognized as a major stressor affecting plant growth. While numerous studies have demonstrated that Serendipita indica enhances stress resistance in host plants and is widely used in agriculture, research on its symbiotic interactions with woody plants for improving drought tolerance remains limited. This study investigated the effects of S. indica inoculation on the growth of Phoebe sheareri seedlings under varying drought conditions—well-watered (WW), moderate drought (MD), and severe drought (SD)—and explored the physiological mechanisms underlying improved drought resistance. The results showed that under WW conditions, S. indica inoculation promoted seedling growth and development. Under MD and SD conditions, although drought stress inhibited growth, inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, root parameters, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, it alleviated drought-induced damage by reducing REC, MDA, H₂O₂, and O₂⁻ levels, while enhancing SOD, POD, and CAT activities, and increasing root ABA, GA, IAA, and CTK content. Under MD stress, adaptive changes in root architecture and hormone levels were observed, including increases in total root length, surface area, volume, average diameter, and elevated IAA and CTK levels—all of which were further enhanced by S. indica inoculation. In conclusion, symbiosis with S. indica improved drought tolerance in P. sheareri seedlings likely through enhanced photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and hormone regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Diseases and Crop Protection, 2nd Edition)

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