Buildings

22 pages, 12183 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

From Building Information Model to Digital Twin: A Framework for Building Thermal Comfort Monitoring, Visualizing, and Assessment

by Giuseppe Desogus, Caterina Frau, Emanuela Quaquero and Giulia Rubiu

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081971 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2735

Abstract

The existing building stock is globally responsible for 17.5% of greenhouse gas emissions due to their operation to achieve occupant satisfaction, thus requiring a vast intervention. However, reducing building stock emissions and optimizing building energy performance cannot be considered independently by the users’ [...] Read more.

The existing building stock is globally responsible for 17.5% of greenhouse gas emissions due to their operation to achieve occupant satisfaction, thus requiring a vast intervention. However, reducing building stock emissions and optimizing building energy performance cannot be considered independently by the users’ well-being. The thermal comfort conditions and their monitoring represent a central issue that could optimize building energy usage while achieving good indoor environmental conditions. This document describes the first findings of ongoing research focused on the development of a building monitoring system, based on the integration of Building Information Modeling tools and sensor technology through Dynamo Visual Programming. Starting from the development of an Asset Information Model, which represents the virtual replica of a building that currently hosts the administrative offices of the municipality of Cagliari, the first step presented in this contribution shows a thermal comfort monitoring system, scalable and modular, that allows effective gathering and elaboration of data about comfort levels in each of the building’s rooms. The system proves to be a helpful support for facility managers to control building thermal comfort conditions and HVAC systems to assure their best operative status or plan suitable interventions to achieve it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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13 pages, 5275 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utilisation of Ceramic Stoneware Tile Waste as Recycled Aggregate in Concrete

by Marta Roig-Flores, Lucía Reig, Vicente Albero, David Hernández-Figueirido, Antonio Melchor-Eixea, Ángel M. Pitarch and Ana Piquer

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1968; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081968 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact and concrete production is responsible for a large part of CO₂ emissions and energy consumption. This study focused on the reutilisation of a specific type of tiles ceramic waste (TCW), composed only of stoneware [...] Read more.

The construction industry has a significant environmental impact and concrete production is responsible for a large part of CO₂ emissions and energy consumption. This study focused on the reutilisation of a specific type of tiles ceramic waste (TCW), composed only of stoneware and porcelain stoneware tiles, hereafter referred to as ceramic stoneware (CS), as recycled aggregate in concrete. Natural limestone and CS aggregates (sand and gravel) were characterised (particle size distribution, water absorption, resistance to wear, density and X-ray diffraction analyses) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was prepared by replacing 20, 50 and 100 vol.% of sand and gravel, separately. Concrete workability generally improved with CW addition, especially when replacing natural gravel. Although the compressive strengths of the concrete specimens prepared with recycled sand were slightly lower than those of the reference specimens, similar or better results were recorded with the recycled CS gravel. In consonance, the RAC developed with recycled gravel obtained lower water penetration depths than the reference concrete. No significant variation in tensile strength was observed when varying CS content (values within the 2.33–2.65 MPa range). The study contributes to sustainable construction practices and circular economy by promoting the valorisation and reutilisation of industrial waste and reducing the consumption of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete)

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21 pages, 8253 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design for Disassembly of Concrete Slabs with Mortar Joints

by Philip Skov Halding

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081957 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3611

Abstract

A sustainable future is required for precast concrete structures, and the reuse of concrete elements will be an essential part of the solution. Design for disassembly is currently conducted with costly and time-consuming mechanical joints. Now, mortar joints with much weaker mortar types [...] Read more.

A sustainable future is required for precast concrete structures, and the reuse of concrete elements will be an essential part of the solution. Design for disassembly is currently conducted with costly and time-consuming mechanical joints. Now, mortar joints with much weaker mortar types are proposed for new buildings, enabling easier disassembly by new methods: removal by direct pulling and removal by use of a system of flat jacks. Different weak mortar types were tested in the lab to achieve the properties required to check the transfer of wind loads and the level of resistance to separation during disassembly. Using a modelled case study building, the results showed that weak lime cement-based mortars had the required properties to substitute regular cement-based mortar in joints between slabs and a stabilising wall during a critical wind load. Regarding disassembly, pulling concrete slabs out with a mobile crane would be possible if hydro demolition systems could be implemented to remove parts of the mortar joint beforehand. Using a system of flat jacks to push the slab apart showed that the method’s weakness was the punching failure of the thin wall to the hollow cores. Solutions were proposed to overcome the challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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29 pages, 7083 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Building Information Modelling (BIM) Driven Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism

by Zhen Liu, Man Zhang and Mohamed Osmani

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081925 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5214

Abstract

At present, incorrect or aggressive conservation efforts harm not only the building heritage, but also its cultural significance and authenticity. There is an urgent need to investigate existing studies that utilise proper methods and processes of the digital economy and technology to promote [...] Read more.

At present, incorrect or aggressive conservation efforts harm not only the building heritage, but also its cultural significance and authenticity. There is an urgent need to investigate existing studies that utilise proper methods and processes of the digital economy and technology to promote sustainable architecture and building heritage conservation and heritage tourism development and management to achieve the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs). Hence, this paper aims to explore the role of digital economy technology, i.e., building information modelling (BIM), in promoting the harmonious development of cultural architectural and building heritage conservation and sustainable cultural heritage tourism, as well as to reveal the current state of the research and hotspots in BIM-driven cultural heritage conservation for sustainable cultural heritage tourism. A mix of a macro-quantitative bibliometric method and a follow-up micro-qualitative content analysis method has been employed to highlight the significance and promise of the interdisciplinary domains of BIM, cultural heritage conservation, and sustainable cultural heritage tourism to the attainment of SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) focused on three specific goals, i.e., enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanisation (SDG 11.3), strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage (SDG 11.4), and reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities (SDG 11.6); and SDG 17 (partnerships) regarding four issues, i.e., stakeholder relationships, public participation, heritage conservation experts, and management. Additionally, three categories of research themes have been identified: cultural heritage conservation, heritage and tourism management, and support of emerging technology. Furthermore, the relationships between BIM and sustainable cultural heritage tourism from the last 26 years (1997 to 2022) have been revealed with visualisations of future research trends in BIM, cultural heritage conservation, and sustainable cultural heritage tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Information Modeling/Management (BIM) Driven Circular Economy)

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35 pages, 56936 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Spatial Pattern of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Courtyard House Distribution

by Dong Zhang, Zixuan Shi and Mingyang Cheng

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081913 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2242

Abstract

As clan and blood relations are the essential core of rural social attributes, the rise and fall of the main family names in a village not only affects the spatial arrangement of their internal courtyard houses but also influences the overall spatial pattern [...] Read more.

As clan and blood relations are the essential core of rural social attributes, the rise and fall of the main family names in a village not only affects the spatial arrangement of their internal courtyard houses but also influences the overall spatial pattern of the village. Taking Pei Cheng Village as an example, in this study, quantitative analyses, such as those entailing standard deviation ellipse, kernel density, and space syntax, are incorporated to investigate the changes in rural family names’ courtyard houses and the historical context for these changes to reveal the influence of the evolution of courtyard house distribution under a given social structure on the overall spatial structure of the countryside at the micro- and meso-scales. The results in this study show that there is strong aggregation and bonding associated with the main family surname in a village and that such surnames have an important correlation with the village centre and spatial structure formation. Notably, the distribution of the surname-bearing clan courtyard houses has a certain degree of consistency with the spatial pattern of the village, with the main space corresponding to the main family surname, the secondary space corresponding to the secondary family, and the underdeveloped space corresponding to mixed family surnames. On this basis, the spatial system grading of Pei Cheng Village is summarized, providing a fundamental basis for future planning of Pei Cheng Village facilities and other aspects of planning, such as the selection of locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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31 pages, 10476 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

About the Use of Concrete Damage Plasticity for Modeling Masonry Post-Elastic Behavior

by Luigi Salvatore Rainone, Vito Tateo, Siro Casolo and Giuseppina Uva

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081915 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3775

Abstract

Considering the high vulnerability of existing masonry buildings, which often have strategic or cultural value, professionals and specialized engineers are frequently required to model complex historical buildings. The approaches proposed by National Building Codes may not always be suitable for such cases, but [...] Read more.

Considering the high vulnerability of existing masonry buildings, which often have strategic or cultural value, professionals and specialized engineers are frequently required to model complex historical buildings. The approaches proposed by National Building Codes may not always be suitable for such cases, but more detailed approaches are necessary, relying on FEM continuum modeling and inelastic constitutive law. There are many constitutive laws proposed in the literature that allow us to accurately reproduce the mechanical behavior of masonry. However, they require the identification of several parameters that are not easy to determine. In this study, a sensitivity analysis of the parameters of a nonlinear constitutive law very popular for masonry modeling (the “Concrete Damage Plasticity—CDP” model) is conducted, considering literature tests of masonry panels under shear stress as the benchmark. The aim is to assess the influence of the main parameters of the model and compare them to one of the more commonly used Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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19 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Perceptions of Young Adults on the Critical Success Factors of the Build-to-Rent Housing Model in Sydney, Australia

by Rotimi Boluwatife Abidoye, Janet Ge, Albert Agbeko Ahiadu, Chibuikem Michael Adilieme and Samuel Swanzy-Impraim

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081892 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2993

Abstract

Amid Australia’s surging house prices, rental housing has become the safety net for young adults experiencing housing stress. The attention of policymakers is drawn towards the build-to-rent (BTR) housing model, a growing housing option for many young Australian adults. Although BTR’s integration into [...] Read more.

Amid Australia’s surging house prices, rental housing has become the safety net for young adults experiencing housing stress. The attention of policymakers is drawn towards the build-to-rent (BTR) housing model, a growing housing option for many young Australian adults. Although BTR’s integration into Australia’s housing and planning landscape is unfolding, the perception of young adults is lacking in policy reforms for this growing industry. This study examines the perspectives of young adults aged 18 to 34 years on the critical success factors (CSFs) of the BTR housing provision in Australia. The responses are analysed using an explanatory factor analysis, relative importance index, and ANOVA. Our findings show a critically low awareness of BTR among young adults in Australia. Respondents, between 18 and 24 years, are most concerned with public awareness, an indication of their desire for transparency and engagement in decision making at the policy level. Young adults rank regulation and government policy interventions as the most important CSF of BTR housing. This shows that they are more concerned about the affordability of BTR houses. This study concludes that young adults’ viewpoints on BTR are important in ongoing policy reforms. There is a need to ensure that this asset class is accessible and affordable to this target group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on the Real Estate Market and Property Management in the Post-pandemic Era)

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20 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Costs of Construction and Housing Prices: A Full-Cost Pricing or Tendering Theory?

by Yihan Guan and Ka-Shing Cheung

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071877 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9180

Abstract

While construction costs and housing prices are implicitly examined in the construction economics literature, dedicated studies on their theoretical underpinning are rare. In this study, we investigated the application of different pricing theories in Auckland by testing the relationship between house prices and [...] Read more.

While construction costs and housing prices are implicitly examined in the construction economics literature, dedicated studies on their theoretical underpinning are rare. In this study, we investigated the application of different pricing theories in Auckland by testing the relationship between house prices and construction costs in Auckland from 1995 to 2021. The results contrast the tendering pricing theory, which posits that construction prices are optimal mark-ups unaffected by market demand, with the full-cost pricing theory, which acknowledges the market-dependent nature of pricing. By using the Toda-Yamamoto’s granger-causality test and Pesaran’s Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bound tests, we analysed the relationship between the house price index (HPI) and construction cost index (CCI). The result suggests a significant relationship between housing prices and construction costs in both the short and long term, supporting the predominance of the full-cost pricing theory in Auckland’s housing market. The finding highlights the potential need for property industry participants to evaluate the market structure of the construction industry, fostering a more competitive environment and paving the way for more effective supply-related housing policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Real Estate and Housing Management)

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17 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Durability of Foam Concrete

by Guanzheng Zhou and Ray Kai Leung Su

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071880 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6833

Abstract

Foam concrete is a promising material in building and construction applications, providing such outstanding properties as high specific strength, excellent thermal insulation, and effective acoustic absorption in human-inhabited buildings. However, because the porosity and permeable water absorption properties of foam concrete are significantly [...] Read more.

Foam concrete is a promising material in building and construction applications, providing such outstanding properties as high specific strength, excellent thermal insulation, and effective acoustic absorption in human-inhabited buildings. However, because the porosity and permeable water absorption properties of foam concrete are significantly higher, its durability is often not comparable to that of ordinary concrete, and so the durability of foam concrete requires significant attention during the life cycle of building applications. Durable materials can greatly reduce the environmental impact of waste from maintenance and replacement and the consumption of natural resources resulting from the production of repair and replacement materials. After hardening, the durability of foam concrete includes freeze-thaw cycle resistance, elevated temperature resistance, carbonation resistance, efflorescence resistance, sulfate resistance, chloride resistance, alkali-silica reaction, and so on. This paper reviews articles on the durability of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) foam concrete, geopolymer foam concrete (GFC), magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) foam concrete, sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) foam concrete, and limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) foam concrete and compares their durability to provide a reference for the life cycle design and service life estimation of foam concrete members. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic and Durability Evaluation of Concrete Structures)

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15 pages, 4486 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Architecture towards Technology—A Prototype Design of a Smart Home

by Pedro Racha-Pacheco, Jorge T. Ribeiro and José Afonso

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071859 - 22 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3663

Abstract

Humanity’s way of life has been irreversibly transformed by new technological advancements during the past decades. Although such technological innovations have been gradually transposed into architecture, their full integration is not yet achieved. This article addresses the issue of incorporating cutting-edge technologies (such [...] Read more.

Humanity’s way of life has been irreversibly transformed by new technological advancements during the past decades. Although such technological innovations have been gradually transposed into architecture, their full integration is not yet achieved. This article addresses the issue of incorporating cutting-edge technologies (such as smart thermostats, lighting sensors, security cameras, remote commands, graphic user interfaces, smartphones, mobile apps, gestures, voice commands, etc.) into urban small-scale residential architecture, in the future evolution context. For this purpose, a methodology was conceived that the main concepts regarding automation and information networks were researched, as well as their practice in some reference architecture cases. The guidelines for the prototype architectonic design were defined based on the previous knowledge acquired. Then, a prototype design of an intelligent home was iteratively developed as a machine for living in constant change. It was expected to contribute to increasing and disseminating knowledge in these fields, explaining their benefits and limitations. The prototype design presented in this article contributes to sensitizing architecture professionals to the importance of integrated and systematized thinking in all procedures of a smart home design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Adaptability of Residential Planning and Design to World-Changing Events)

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12 pages, 2339 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recycling of Materials from Renovation and Demolition of Building Structures in the Spirit of Sustainable Material Engineering

by Slawomir Czarnecki and Marlena Rudner

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1842; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071842 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4178

Abstract

In the European Union, more than 20% of residential buildings were constructed prior to 1945 and are approaching the end of their projected lifespan. This necessitates renovations or demolitions of these structures. A study was conducted to analyze the quantity of waste generated [...] Read more.

In the European Union, more than 20% of residential buildings were constructed prior to 1945 and are approaching the end of their projected lifespan. This necessitates renovations or demolitions of these structures. A study was conducted to analyze the quantity of waste generated during the dismantling of a representative building from that era. Construction waste is produced during the building process and its disposal can be costly. Sustainable material engineering offers a solution by promoting the reuse of waste materials. When designing new products, manufacturers should consider using waste materials and ensure they have an extended lifespan, efficient life cycle management, and sustainable consumption. A study has shown that researchers are currently exploring the potential use of waste steel, bricks, wood, and glass in composite materials. Direct reuse of waste in the construction industry has also been observed. However, users’ preferences show that while environmental concerns are important, good quality and price are still the primary factors that drive consumer demand. Therefore, materials made from waste materials must demonstrate excellent parameters to gain consumer acceptance. Education initiatives such as green building certifications and education programs for construction professionals and the general public can help promote sustainable practices. Despite progress made in sustainable development, there is still a need for further education to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Project & Risk Management, Waste Material Utilization, and Historical Conservation in the Building Industry)

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22 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmentally Sustainable Green Roof Design for Energy Demand Reduction

by Zaloa Azkorra-Larrinaga, Naiara Romero-Antón, Koldobika Martin-Escudero and Gontzal Lopez-Ruiz

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071846 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4074

Abstract

Green roofs are artificial ecosystems that provide a nature-based solution to environmental problems such as climate change and the urban heat island effect by absorbing solar radiation and helping to alleviate urban environmental, economic, and social problems. Green roofs offer many benefits in [...] Read more.

Green roofs are artificial ecosystems that provide a nature-based solution to environmental problems such as climate change and the urban heat island effect by absorbing solar radiation and helping to alleviate urban environmental, economic, and social problems. Green roofs offer many benefits in terms of heat and water conservation as well as in terms of energy costs. This work proposes the design of an extensive and environmentally sustainable green roof for the Faculty of Engineering building in Bilbao. The green roof will be made from the composting of food waste generated in the building’s own canteen. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to calculate the solar efficiency of a sustainable green roof, evaluate its thermal performance, and quantify the impact that its implementation would have on energy consumption and the thermal comfort of its users. The results obtained confirm that an environmentally sustainable green roof has a positive effect on summer energy consumption and that this effect is much greater when there is water on the roof, as shown by the difference in energy savings between the dry (−53.7%) and wet (−84.2%) scenarios. The data show that in winter the differences between a green roof and a non-vegetated roof are not significant. In this case, the estimated energy consumption penalty (0.015 kWh/m²) would be 10% of the summer gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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27 pages, 2839 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrating Information Entropy and Latent Dirichlet Allocation Models for Analysis of Safety Accidents in the Construction Industry

by Yipeng Liu, Junwu Wang, Shanrong Tang, Jiaji Zhang and Jinyingjun Wan

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071831 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2746

Abstract

Construction accident investigation reports contain critical information, but extracting useful insights from the voluminous Chinese text is challenging. Traditional methods rely on expert judgment, which leads to time-consuming and potentially inaccurate results. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel approach that combines [...] Read more.

Construction accident investigation reports contain critical information, but extracting useful insights from the voluminous Chinese text is challenging. Traditional methods rely on expert judgment, which leads to time-consuming and potentially inaccurate results. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel approach that combines text mining techniques and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) models to analyze standardized accident investigation reports in the Chinese construction industry. The proposed method integrates an information entropy term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting scheme to evaluate term importance and accounts for word and model uncertainty. The method was applied to a set of construction industry accident reports to identify the key factors leading to safety accidents. The results show that the causal factors of accidents in Chinese accident investigation reports consist of keywords and negative expressions, including “failure to timely identify safety hazards” and “inadequate site safety management”. Failure to timely identify safety hazards is the most common factor in accident investigation reports, and the negative expressions commonly used in the reports include “not timely” and “not in place”. The information entropy TF-IDF method is superior to traditional methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency, and the LDA model that considers word frequency and feature weights is better able to capture the underlying themes in the Chinese corpus. And the subject terms that make up the themes contain more information about the causes of accidents. This approach helps site managers more quickly and effectively understand the causal factors and key messages that lead to accidents from incident reports. It gives site managers insight into common patterns and themes associated with safety incidents, such as unsafe practices, hazardous work environments, and non-compliance with safety regulations. This enables them to make informed decisions to improve safety management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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16 pages, 2420 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Magnitude M_w and Distance R_rup on the Fragility Assessment of a Multistory RC Frame Due to Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding

by Maria G. Flenga and Maria J. Favvata

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071832 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1436

Abstract

The effect of an intensity measure’s (IM’s) sufficiency property on the probabilistic assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to floor-to-floor structural pounding conditions is examined. In the first part of this investigation, efficiency and sufficiency properties of 23 scalar IMs are verified. [...] Read more.

The effect of an intensity measure’s (IM’s) sufficiency property on the probabilistic assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to floor-to-floor structural pounding conditions is examined. In the first part of this investigation, efficiency and sufficiency properties of 23 scalar IMs are verified. Then, the magnitude M_w and the distance R_rup are examined as elements in a vector with an efficient scalar IM to evaluate whether they have any significant effect on the structural response. Subsequently, probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) are developed using linear regression analyses based on a scalar IM and a vector-valued IM. Fragility curves are developed based on these PSDMs, and the influence of M_w and R_rup on the evaluation of the minimum required separation gap distance d_g,min due to the pounding effect is examined. More than two hundred nonlinear time history analyses are performed based on the Cloud Analysis method. Seismic displacement demands that control of the global state of the structure, as well as the probability of structural pounding, are examined. The results of this research indicate that once M_w or R_rup is increased, fragility curves are shifted to greater values of IM, and the probability of the exceedance of a certain performance level is reduced. Also, the predictive power of R_rup seems to be greater than the one of M_w. On the other hand, it is revealed that M_w and R_rup induce variabilities in the demand solutions for adequate separation gap distance between the adjacent structures. Therefore, variation in M_w or R_rup may lead, in some cases, to unacceptable evaluations of the pounding effect in the capacity levels of structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Analysis of Multistoried Buildings)

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29 pages, 5309 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Systematic Approach to Optimizing Energy-Efficient Automated Systems with Learning Models for Thermal Comfort Control in Indoor Spaces

by Serdar Erişen

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071824 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4449

Abstract

Energy-efficient automated systems for thermal comfort control in buildings is an emerging research area that has the potential to be considered through a combination of smart solutions. This research aims to explore and optimize energy-efficient automated systems with regard to thermal comfort parameters, [...] Read more.

Energy-efficient automated systems for thermal comfort control in buildings is an emerging research area that has the potential to be considered through a combination of smart solutions. This research aims to explore and optimize energy-efficient automated systems with regard to thermal comfort parameters, energy use, workloads, and their operation for thermal comfort control in indoor spaces. In this research, a systematic approach is deployed, and building information modeling (BIM) software and energy optimization algorithms are applied at first to thermal comfort parameters, such as natural ventilation, to derive the contextual information and compute the building performance of an indoor environment with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies installed. The open-source dataset from the experiment environment is also applied in training and testing unique black box models, which are examined through the users’ voting data acquired via the personal comfort systems (PCS), thus revealing the significance of Fanger’s approach and the relationship between people and their surroundings in developing the learning models. The contextual information obtained via BIM simulations, the IoT-based data, and the building performance evaluations indicated the critical levels of energy use and the capacities of the thermal comfort control systems. Machine learning models were found to be significant in optimizing the operation of the automated systems, and deep learning models were momentous in understanding and predicting user activities and thermal comfort levels for well-being; this can optimize energy use in smart buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Comfort in Built Environment: Challenges and Research Trends)

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26 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design of High-Performing Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) System in an Educational Building

by Tianchen Xue, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen and Yuchen Ju

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071825 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3696

Abstract

Underground thermal imbalance poses a challenge to the sustainability of ground source heat pump systems. Designing hybrid GSHP systems with a back-up energy source offers a potential way to address underground thermal imbalance and maintain system performance. This study aims to investigate different [...] Read more.

Underground thermal imbalance poses a challenge to the sustainability of ground source heat pump systems. Designing hybrid GSHP systems with a back-up energy source offers a potential way to address underground thermal imbalance and maintain system performance. This study aims to investigate different methods, including adjusting indoor heating and cooling setpoints and dimensioning air handling unit (AHU) cooling coils, heat pump and borehole field, for improving the long-term performance of a hybrid GSHP system coupled to district heating and an air-cooled chiller. The system performance, life cycle cost and CO₂ emissions were analyzed based on 25-year simulations in IDA ICE 4.8. The results showed studied methods can significantly improve the hybrid GSHP system performance. By increasing the AHU cooling water temperature level and decreasing indoor heating and cooling setpoints, the ground thermal imbalance ratio was reduced by 12 percentage points, and the minimum borehole outlet brine temperature was increased by 3 °C in the last year. However, ensuring long-term operation still required a reduction in GSHP capacity or an increase in the total borehole length. The studied methods had varying effects on the total CO₂ emissions, while insignificantly affecting the life cycle cost of the hybrid GSHP system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Systems in Buildings)

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34 pages, 13787 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of Advances in 3D Printing Technology of Cementitious Materials: Key Printing Parameters and Properties Characterization

by Manon Arrêteau, Aurélie Fabien, Badreddine El Haddaji, Daniel Chateigner, Mohammed Sonebi and Nassim Sebaibi

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1828; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071828 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4656

Abstract

The field of 3D printing is in rapid evolution. The 3D printing technology applied to civil engineering is a promising advancement. From equipment and mixture design to testing methods, new developments are popping up to respond to specific demands either for the fresh [...] Read more.

The field of 3D printing is in rapid evolution. The 3D printing technology applied to civil engineering is a promising advancement. From equipment and mixture design to testing methods, new developments are popping up to respond to specific demands either for the fresh or hardened state. Standardizing methods are still at an early age. For this reason, there is a multitude of 3D printers with different capabilities to print cementitious materials. In addition, norms are not applicable in 3D printing material science. Advances are being made to create new methods of testing. The key parameters of this new 3D printing process based on stratification, multiple uses of binders, and measurement at fresh and hardened states are being perfected to achieve an industrial application. This article gives an overview of how 3D-printed structures are made along with critical parameters that influence their performances. Our review suggests that the quality of the 3D prints is determined by the printing method, key printing parameters, and the mix design. We list different tests to help characterize these 3D-printed cementitious materials at the fresh state and to assess their performances at the hardened state. We aim throughout this work to give a state-of-the-art of recent advances in 3D printing technology. This could help for a better understanding of cementitious materials 3D printing for current and future related research work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Materials and Methods)

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16 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Holistic Review of Construction Process Carbon-Reduction Measures: A Systematic Literature Review Approach

by Suhaib Arogundade, Mohammed Dulaimi and Saheed Ajayi

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071780 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4392

Abstract

The fragmented nature of construction operations makes it challenging to implement carbon-reduction strategies. However, attaining a holistic construction sector decarbonisation hinges upon ensuring all aspects of a construction project’s lifecycle are decarbonised, including the construction process stage. Therefore, to mitigate the implementation challenge [...] Read more.

The fragmented nature of construction operations makes it challenging to implement carbon-reduction strategies. However, attaining a holistic construction sector decarbonisation hinges upon ensuring all aspects of a construction project’s lifecycle are decarbonised, including the construction process stage. Therefore, to mitigate the implementation challenge of reducing the levels of carbon involved in construction processes, this study attempts to synthesise and categorise carbon-reduction strategies that could be employed to decrease the carbon footprint during a construction projects’ delivery. To achieve the aim of this study, a systematic literature review approach was adopted. Based on this technique, a total of 26 relevant articles within the built environment research area were eligible for the study, and their analysis revealed 56 carbon minimisation measures, which were summarised into nine distinct categories to ease their application and overcome the construction operations’ complexities. The nine categories include material transport, waste transport, materials and equipment, waste, materials, on-site office, on-site lighting, on-site transportation of material and equipment, and construction methods. The findings of this study provide contractors with a suite of measures that can be deployed to reduce the carbon impact of construction project delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon (NZC) Building Design and Construction)

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24 pages, 15311 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Robot-Enabled Construction Assembly with Automated Sequence Planning Based on ChatGPT: RoboGPT

by Hengxu You, Yang Ye, Tianyu Zhou, Qi Zhu and Jing Du

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1772; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071772 - 12 Jul 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7324

Abstract

Robot-based assembly in construction has emerged as a promising solution to address numerous challenges such as increasing costs, labor shortages, and the demand for safe and efficient construction processes. One of the main obstacles in realizing the full potential of these robotic systems [...] Read more.

Robot-based assembly in construction has emerged as a promising solution to address numerous challenges such as increasing costs, labor shortages, and the demand for safe and efficient construction processes. One of the main obstacles in realizing the full potential of these robotic systems is the need for effective and efficient sequence planning for construction tasks. Current approaches, including mathematical and heuristic techniques or machine learning methods, face limitations in their adaptability and scalability to dynamic construction environments. To expand the current robot system’s sequential understanding ability, this paper introduces RoboGPT, a novel system that leverages the advanced reasoning capabilities of ChatGPT, a large language model, for automated sequence planning in robot-based assembly applied to construction tasks. The proposed system adapts ChatGPT for construction sequence planning and demonstrates its feasibility and effectiveness through experimental evaluation including two case studies and 80 trials involving real construction tasks. The results show that RoboGPT-driven robots can handle complex construction operations and adapt to changes on the fly. This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance the capabilities and performance of robot-based assembly systems in the construction industry, and it paves the way for further integration of large language model technologies in the field of construction robotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Smart Construction and Artificial Intelligence)

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30 pages, 9449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Concrete Additive Manufacturing in Construction: Integration Based on Component-Related Fabrication Strategies

by Gerrit Placzek and Patrick Schwerdtner

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071769 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6712

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) with concrete, also known as concrete 3D printing, is one of the most interesting approaches for disrupting the construction industry and is currently subject to numerous research activities worldwide. AM has great potential to decrease labour costs and increase the [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) with concrete, also known as concrete 3D printing, is one of the most interesting approaches for disrupting the construction industry and is currently subject to numerous research activities worldwide. AM has great potential to decrease labour costs and increase the material efficiency and geometric complexity of non-standardised building components. Although prior investigations have shown various fields of application for AM with concrete, the full potential with respect to different structural component types has not been covered yet. With this paper, an up-to-date review of fabrication strategies for the main structural components, (1) walls, (2) columns, (3) slabs, and (4) beams, is provided to identify trends and existing challenges. Therefore, firstly, AM methods and their underlying principles and characteristics for concrete components are presented, and secondly, fabrication strategies for each AM method are shown. The investigation uncovers different AM strategies (direct part vs. indirect “permanent formwork”; in situ, on-site, or off-site), which are currently being used. As a result, future applications of AM will require a hybrid manufacturing strategy combining conventional and additive manufacturing to fully explore its potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Concrete Printing: Materials, Process, Design and Application)

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49 pages, 10856 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vibration of Timber and Hybrid Floors: A Review of Methods of Measurement, Analysis, and Design

by Hassan Karampour, Farid Piran, Adam Faircloth, Nima Talebian and Dane Miller

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071756 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6043

Abstract

Floor vibration, although not a safety concern, is a prevalent performance complaint in multi-story structures. With the increasing use of mass timber construction, various types of long-span timber floors (LSTFs), including plain cross-laminated timber (CLT), CLT with secondary beams (ribbed-deck), and hybrid systems [...] Read more.

Floor vibration, although not a safety concern, is a prevalent performance complaint in multi-story structures. With the increasing use of mass timber construction, various types of long-span timber floors (LSTFs), including plain cross-laminated timber (CLT), CLT with secondary beams (ribbed-deck), and hybrid systems such as timber–concrete composite (TCC) and CLT on-steel-support beams, are gaining popularity. However, due to limited knowledge regarding their vibration characteristics and acceptance criteria, these construction types are often overlooked during the design stage by architects, engineers, and builders. Existing standards and guidelines primarily calibrated for steel and concrete floors lack a validated and calibrated method for evaluating the vibration performance of LSTFs. Nonetheless, it is essential for structural engineers to address vibration concerns during the design stage and potentially investigate excessive vibration in existing buildings, providing mitigation solutions. This article provides a comprehensive overview, discussion, and analysis of the measurement, analysis, design, perception, and acceptability of vibration of timber floors as outlined in international standards and commonly used guidelines. Experimental and theoretical case studies, including vibration measurements of a CLT floor and a comparison of vibration acceptability in lightweight timber floors using different methods, are reported. The results highlight discrepancies between simplified equation calculations and modal analysis observations, underscoring the limitations of relying solely on simplified equations. Furthermore, it is observed that current modal superposition methods tend to be conservative in predicting floor acceleration and velocity responses. Recommendations are provided for future research in the field to enhance floor vibration assessment techniques, aiming for improved design optimization and occupant comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength, Design and Performance of Light-Weight Metal Structures)

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16 pages, 11179 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D Modeling & Analysis Techniques for the Apollo Temple in Delphi

by Emmanuel Maravelakis, Georgia Giannioti, Athanasia Psalti, Marilena Tsakoumaki, Danae Phaedra Pocobelli, Michael Xinogalos, Demitrios Galanakis, Nikolaos Bilalis and Georgios Stavroulakis

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071730 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3309

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the application and usage of advanced 3D modeling techniques on monuments through the Apollo Temple in Delphi case study. Firstly, it combines 3D scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to produce an accurate 3D model of the monument, and [...] Read more.

This paper demonstrates the application and usage of advanced 3D modeling techniques on monuments through the Apollo Temple in Delphi case study. Firstly, it combines 3D scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to produce an accurate 3D model of the monument, and afterward, it performs finite element modeling (FEM) analysis for both static and dynamic cases. Collapsing scenarios in the case of earthquakes are produced, predicting which parts would first collapse and under which regime the collapsing mechanism would be activated. From the results disclosed herein, the frequency profile of the seismic activity that could lead to resonance with the structure’s dynamic characteristics, and therefore to excessive damages or collapse, was identified. Static structural analysis pinpoints that maximum stress exhibited on the columns’ base never exceeds 0.1338 MPa. Among others, the main novelty of this paper is that it consists of an integrated and multidisciplinary paradigm that advances the available historical knowledge for a quite heavily investigated site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Preservation of Buildings and Infrastructure)

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17 pages, 4375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seismic Performance and LCA Comparison between Concrete and Timber–Concrete Hybrid Buildings

by Xiaoyue Zhang, Wanru Huang, Mehdi Khajehpour, Mehrdad Asgari and Thomas Tannert

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071714 - 5 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4664

Abstract

The growing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable building materials has led to an increasing interest in hybrid timber-concrete construction. These structures combine the advantages of the two materials, potentially reducing the carbon footprint, shortening construction timelines, and improving seismic and building physics [...] Read more.

The growing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable building materials has led to an increasing interest in hybrid timber-concrete construction. These structures combine the advantages of the two materials, potentially reducing the carbon footprint, shortening construction timelines, and improving seismic and building physics performance. Herein the structural and environmental performance of ten-story timber-concrete hybrid and a pure concrete building, designed for the Guizhou Province, China, were compared. The structural analysis revealed a significant reduction in the self-weight and base shear of the hybrid structure. The life-cycle analysis demonstrated that the hybrid building outperformed the concrete building in six categories, including global warming potential, acidification potential, human health particulate, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and photochemical ozone formation potential. Notably, the hybrid building exhibited nearly 65% lower emissions in terms of global warming potential. Moreover, the inclusion of wood components offered the added benefit of carbon storage throughout their lifespan. These findings provide compelling support for the development and implementation of high-rise timber-based hybrid buildings in China. The advantages observed in both structural and environmental aspects encourage the adoption of this innovative construction approach, contributing to sustainable and eco-friendly building practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Design and Performance of Timber Structures)

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18 pages, 2424 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Curing Regime on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Steam Cured-Concrete

by Ling Wang, Wenzhu Wei, Junfei Zhang, Yuanchen Hu and Lei Zhang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071697 - 3 Jul 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3028

Abstract

The application of pre-cast components in building structures has become increasingly widespread, with projects often utilizing steam curing methods. The utilization of pre-fabricated concrete has demonstrated the capacity to enhance construction efficiency. However, strength and durability issues arising from steam curing of concrete [...] Read more.

The application of pre-cast components in building structures has become increasingly widespread, with projects often utilizing steam curing methods. The utilization of pre-fabricated concrete has demonstrated the capacity to enhance construction efficiency. However, strength and durability issues arising from steam curing of concrete have become prominent considering the quality of concrete construction. The use of fly ash and slag in steam-cured concrete to improve its performance has gained extensive popularity. While research into single-blended mineral admixtures has been conducted with notable achievements, the study of steam-cured concrete with binary blended mineral admixtures remains relatively limited. This paper focuses on the mechanical properties and durability of steam-cured concrete with mineral admixtures (fly ash and slag), exploring the influence of mineral admixture ratios and steam-curing regimes on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The properties of the steam-cured concrete were further analyzed through compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analyses. It was found that when fly ash and slag were added in equal proportions, the compressive strength and microstructure of the concrete were optimized. In addition, the optimized static resting time and constant temperature time should be controlled as 3 h and 6 h, respectively, to improve the compressive strength and microstructure of the steam-cured concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials in Sustainable Buildings)

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26 pages, 4381 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Survey on the Role of Beam-Column Connections in the Progressive Collapse Resistance of Steel Frame Buildings

by Panagiotis Stylianidis and John Bellos

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071696 - 2 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3287

Abstract

The behavior of steel frame buildings under progressive collapse conditions depends on a combination of several parameters, including the interplay between different collapse resistance mechanisms that are mobilized in different structural components. Previous studies have shown that the extent to which these mechanisms [...] Read more.

The behavior of steel frame buildings under progressive collapse conditions depends on a combination of several parameters, including the interplay between different collapse resistance mechanisms that are mobilized in different structural components. Previous studies have shown that the extent to which these mechanisms may contribute to progressive collapse resistance depends on the ability of the beam-column connections to undergo large inelastic deformations prior to reaching their deformation capacity limits. For this reason, and due to the important role of their flexural strength and tying capacity in the development of essential collapse resistance mechanisms, the response of beam-column connections is one of the most important features of progressive collapse performance. Based on the knowledge gained through previous studies on the mechanics of this problem, the role of these connections are critically reviewed in this paper by examining the results of several experimental studies that have been conducted during the past decade. The factors that may adversely affect progressive collapse resistance–such as the failure modes of certain connection types–are evaluated, and novel approaches to limiting these factors, which are currently under development, are reviewed. The assessment of these parameters leads to useful conclusions of practical significance while highlighting the aspects of these problems that need further study and understanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Damage to Civil Engineering Structures)

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15 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Embodied Carbon in Structural Models: A Building Information Modelling-Based Approach

by James Hunt and Carlos A. Osorio-Sandoval

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071679 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3355

Abstract

The construction industry’s recognition of the importance of embodied carbon (EC) drives the need for streamlined early-stage EC assessment. The adoption of building information modelling (BIM) allows for integrating EC assessment into current workflows, as BIM data are fundamental to the assessment. This [...] Read more.

The construction industry’s recognition of the importance of embodied carbon (EC) drives the need for streamlined early-stage EC assessment. The adoption of building information modelling (BIM) allows for integrating EC assessment into current workflows, as BIM data are fundamental to the assessment. This paper presents a BIM-based prototype tool developed to provide a quick and comprehensive assessment of EC in structural models. The prototype utilises visual programming language (VPL) and a database of external carbon factors to automate the assessment process and displays the results in a visualisation model. The prototype also offers high-level insights to support informed decision making and a detailed analysis to identify areas for optimisation. The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of the prototype in identifying EC hot spots and enabling informed decision making for optimisation. From an academic perspective, the study addresses a research gap by demonstrating the viability of integrating EC assessment in the early stages of design. In terms of practical implications, the presented prototype tool offers practitioners a solution that streamlines the assessment of EC in structural models, enabling informed decision making and identification of optimisation opportunities. In terms of policy, the research is aligned with the industry’s recognition of EC’s importance and supports sustainable building practices towards achieving net zero carbon goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Net Zero Carbon (NZC) Building Design and Construction)

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21 pages, 7865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Retrofitting Criteria in Heritage Buildings: Case Study in Seville (Spain)

by María Cimiano-Prados, Manuel Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas, Jan Fořt and María Jesús Morales-Conde

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071635 - 27 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2099

Abstract

The construction sector has an important role to play in reducing the threat of climate change. Thus, this work proposes, analyses, and compares two constructive strategies for the intervention/rehabilitation of a protected building located in Seville (Spain). The first solution intends to follow [...] Read more.

The construction sector has an important role to play in reducing the threat of climate change. Thus, this work proposes, analyses, and compares two constructive strategies for the intervention/rehabilitation of a protected building located in Seville (Spain). The first solution intends to follow traditional techniques and standardized criteria, while the second option takes into account environmental aspects for the constructive definition of the proposal. An environmental study of each constructive solution, using a life-cycle assessment methodology, as well as an energy behavior analysis were carried out. The results show that the “sustainable proposal” represents a significant environmental improvement, in which a reduction in CO₂ emissions and incorporated energy can be appreciated apart from an optimal energy certification. Finally, the sustainable proposal reveals a significant economic reduction in the total budget of the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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30 pages, 3858 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Immersive Technologies-Driven Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Context of Metaverse

by Zhen Liu, Shiqi Gong, Zhiya Tan and Peter Demian

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061559 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7235

Abstract

At present, considering the novelty of Immersive Technologies (ImTs) associated with Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the context of the metaverse and its rapid and ongoing development in Building Information Modeling (BIM), knowledge of [...] Read more.

At present, considering the novelty of Immersive Technologies (ImTs) associated with Digital Twin (DT), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) in the context of the metaverse and its rapid and ongoing development in Building Information Modeling (BIM), knowledge of specific possibilities and methods for integrating ImTs into building process workflows remains fragmented and scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the research progress and trends of immersive technology-driven BIM applications, providing a helpful reference for understanding the current knowledge system and stimulating future research. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to use macro-quantitative bibliometric analysis and micro-qualitative analysis methods to explore the research topic of ImTs-driven BIM. This study obtains 758 related studies in the past decade, year 2013 to 2022, through a series of keywords from the Web of Science Core Collection database and uses VOSviewer software to conduct keywords co-occurrence analysis and overlay visualisation to visualise the relationship between ImTs and BIM, which contains six clusters, namely VR, Internet of Things (IoT), DT, 3D model, design, and AR. The macro-quantitative analysis on ImTs-driven BIM applications throughout all the stages of the building lifecycle reveals the themes, content, and characteristics of the applications across the stages, which tend to be integrated with emerging advanced technology and tools, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and deep learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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38 pages, 11371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Truss Structures Using Composite Materials under Natural Frequency Constraints with a New Hybrid Algorithm Based on Cuckoo Search and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (CSSPO)

by Nima Khodadadi, Ehsan Harati, Francisco De Caso and Antonio Nanni

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061551 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2288

Abstract

This article highlights the absence of published paradigms hybridized by The Cuckoo Search (CS) and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (SPO) for optimizing truss structures using composite materials under natural frequency constraints. The article proposes a novel optimization algorithm called CSSPO for optimizing truss structures [...] Read more.

This article highlights the absence of published paradigms hybridized by The Cuckoo Search (CS) and Stochastic Paint Optimizer (SPO) for optimizing truss structures using composite materials under natural frequency constraints. The article proposes a novel optimization algorithm called CSSPO for optimizing truss structures made of composite materials, known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, to address this gap. Optimization problems of truss structures under frequency constraints are recognized as challenging due to their non-linear and non-convex search spaces that contain numerous local optima. The proposed methodology produces high-quality optimal solutions with less computational effort than the original methods. The aim of this work is to compare the performance of carbon FRP (CFRP), glass FRP (GFRP), and steel using a novel hybrid algorithm to provide valuable insights and inform decision-making processes in material selection and design. Four benchmark structure trusses with natural frequency constraints were utilized to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the CSSPO. The numerical analysis findings indicate that the CSSPO outperforms the classical SPO and exhibits comparable or superior performance when compared to the SPO. The study highlights that implementing CFRP and GFRP composites in truss construction leads to a notable reduction in weight compared to using steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Structural and Material Solutions for Buildings Using Composite Materials)

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31 pages, 2133 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Potential Use of Oyster Shell Waste in the Composition of Construction Composites: A Review

by Poliana Bellei, Isabel Torres, Runar Solstad and Inês Flores-Colen

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061546 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 21806

Abstract

The oyster shell is a residue rich in calcium carbonate, which can be reused as a raw material for creating building materials. For this reason, many researchers focused on the incorporation of oyster shell in the composition of composites, as it is a [...] Read more.

The oyster shell is a residue rich in calcium carbonate, which can be reused as a raw material for creating building materials. For this reason, many researchers focused on the incorporation of oyster shell in the composition of composites, as it is a means of contributing to the economic sustainability by reducing the presence of pollution caused by aquaculture waste in the environment, thus increasing the value chain of the construction sector and reducing its carbon footprint. This paper intends to systematize the scientific production related to oyster shell-based composites in construction, carrying out a search using the Scopus tool and a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement. The results show that research on the incorporation of oyster shell into cementitious mortar mixtures, with a focus on its use in concrete, dominates existing scientific research. There is a lack of studies on the incorporation of the oyster shell that address its application as an aggregate or binder in the composition of coating and laying mortars. Most existing research is from Asia, and there is a lack of research in some parts of Europe. In the Americas, Africa and Oceania, no existing studies were found. Despite the growing understanding of the importance of sustainability and economic issues related to products used in the blue circular economy sector, there are still few studies that consider the incorporation of waste or by-products of aquaculture. Future investigations that cover these practical and contextual gaps can contribute to the better use of oyster shell waste and its insertion in the blue circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Building Materials)

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24 pages, 5799 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Applicability of Deep Learning Algorithms for Predicting Indoor Temperatures: Towards the Development of Digital Twin HVAC Systems

by Pooria Norouzi, Sirine Maalej and Rodrigo Mora

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061542 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3750

Abstract

The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in [...] Read more.

The development of digital twins leads to the pathway toward intelligent buildings. Today, the overwhelming rate of data in buildings carries a high amount of information that can provide an opportunity for a digital representation of the buildings and energy optimization strategies in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. To implement a successful energy management strategy in a building, a data-driven approach should accurately forecast the HVAC features, in particular the indoor temperatures. Accurate predictions not only increase thermal comfort levels, but also play a crucial role in saving energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the capabilities of data-driven approaches and the development of a model for predicting indoor temperatures. A case study of an educational building is considered to forecast indoor temperatures using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The algorithms’ performance is evaluated and compared. The important model parameters are sorted out before choosing the best architecture. Considering real data, prediction models are created for indoor temperatures. The results reveal that all the investigated models are successful in predicting indoor temperatures. Hence, the proposed deep neural network model obtained the highest accuracy with an average RMSE of 0.16 °C, which renders it the best candidate for the development of a digital twin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Applications of Model Predictive Control and Other Advanced Control Methods in the Built Environment)

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14 pages, 1894 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of Methods for Seismic Strengthening of Masonry Piers and Walls

by Ivan Hafner, Tomislav Kišiček and Matija Gams

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1524; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061524 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7509

Abstract

The seismic strengthening of buildings in earthquake-prone areas has been a hot topic in recent years, especially for masonry structures. Because there are so many masonry structures and because most were built before seismic codes existed, their seismic vulnerability is an unavoidable issue. [...] Read more.

The seismic strengthening of buildings in earthquake-prone areas has been a hot topic in recent years, especially for masonry structures. Because there are so many masonry structures and because most were built before seismic codes existed, their seismic vulnerability is an unavoidable issue. Over the years, several methods for seismic strengthening of masonry piers and walls have been developed that may roughly be classified as traditional or modern. In this paper, an overview of the most commonly used and effective methods will be presented with an emphasis on modern methods based on a Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix. The advantages and disadvantages will be discussed from the point of view of usability, feasibility, and effectiveness. Finally, a comparison will be drawn between traditional and new methods based on composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Seismic Performance Analysis and Assessment of Masonry Building Structure)

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19 pages, 2737 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating the Impact of Public Participation Processes on Participants in Smart City Development: A Scoping Review

by Coline Senior, Alenka Temeljotov Salaj, Agnar Johansen and Jardar Lohne

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061484 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6455

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on the evaluation methods of participatory processes in smart cities. Specifically, it aims to identify and analyze existing evaluation methods and frameworks for public participation (PP) in smart city development. The study [...] Read more.

This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on the evaluation methods of participatory processes in smart cities. Specifically, it aims to identify and analyze existing evaluation methods and frameworks for public participation (PP) in smart city development. The study focuses on the evaluation of participatory processes to find key indicators and enable an assessment of PP from multiple perspectives. A scoping literature review was conducted to analyze the past ten years of scientific literature on the topic. Relevant literature was retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and articles were selected based on a set of criteria to ensure quality and relevance. We found that digital participation, also known as “e-participation”, is the most used method either exclusively or mixed with in-person methods. The level of participation achieved was mostly limited to the first two degrees of PP (i.e., information and consultation), and only a few papers addressed the highest degrees (i.e., agenda-setting and co-management). The impact on participants was mostly related to knowledge and skills, awareness raising, and satisfaction with the process and method. This paper highlights the potential to upskill citizens and enhance their understanding of sustainable urban development, fostering their commitment to achieving the United Nations’ sustainability goals for climate change mitigation in the urban context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Cities: Infrastructure, Innovation, Technology, Governance and Citizenship)

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17 pages, 4212 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Examination of User Emotions and Task Performance in Indoor Space Design Using Mixed-Reality

by Kyung-Tae Lee, Chang-Han Park and Ju-Hyung Kim

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061483 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2243

Abstract

Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social distancing measures with inevitable telecommuting, capturing user emotions is essential as it affects both satisfaction and task performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze emotions and task performance in terms of dislike [...] Read more.

Given the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social distancing measures with inevitable telecommuting, capturing user emotions is essential as it affects both satisfaction and task performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze emotions and task performance in terms of dislike and personalized decision-making in indoor spaces. To facilitate experiments with participants, a mixed-reality environment was utilized with the Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance (PAD) test and cognitive tests. The results of the experiment conducted on 30 subjects identified that aroused and discontented emotions dominated in non-preferred spaces, but pleased, important, and autonomous emotions arose in personalized spaces, as determined through sentimental analysis and statistical methods. Although negative emotions were present in the aversion space, attention and execution abilities were high compared to the personalized space, but working memory was low. By conducting stepwise regression analysis, it was found that working in a visually unfavorable space, which caused an increase in controlled or controlling emotions, improved short-term work efficiency. In addition, important emotions did not have a positive effect on any task performance. However, with pleased and contented emotions in a personalized indoor space, long-term work efficiency was increased, as explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality in Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation and Maintenance (AECOM) Building Sector)

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27 pages, 4595 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Analysis of ANN and LSTM Prediction Accuracy and Cooling Energy Savings through AHU-DAT Control in an Office Building

by Byeongmo Seo, Yeobeom Yoon, Kwang Ho Lee and Soolyeon Cho

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061434 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

This paper proposes the optimal algorithm for controlling the HVAC system in the target building. Previous studies have analyzed pre-selected algorithms without considering the unique data characteristics of the target building, such as location, climate conditions, and HVAC system type. To address this, [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the optimal algorithm for controlling the HVAC system in the target building. Previous studies have analyzed pre-selected algorithms without considering the unique data characteristics of the target building, such as location, climate conditions, and HVAC system type. To address this, we compare the accuracy of cooling load prediction using ANN and LSTM algorithms, widely used in building energy research, to determine the optimal algorithm for HVAC control in the target building. We develop a simulation model calibrated with actual data to ensure data reliability and compare the energy consumption of the existing HVAC control method and the two algorithms-based methods. Results show that the ANN algorithm, with a CV(RMSE) of 12.7%, has a higher prediction accuracy than the LSTM algorithm, CV(RMSE) of 17.3%, making it a more suitable algorithm for HVAC control. Furthermore, implementing the ANN-based approach results in a 3.2% cooling energy reduction from the optimal control of Air Handling Unit (AHU) Discharge Air Temperature (DAT) compared to the fixed DAT at 12.8 °C in a representative day. This study demonstrates that ML-based HVAC system control can effectively reduce cooling energy consumption in HVAC systems, providing an effective strategy for energy conservation and improved HVAC system efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Building Technologies for Energy Savings and Decarbonization)

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23 pages, 2762 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Size and Topology Optimization of Truss Structures Using Quantum-Based HS Algorithm

by Donwoo Lee, Sudeok Shon, Seungjae Lee and Junhong Ha

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061436 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

With the development of various metaheuristic algorithms, research cases that perform weight optimization of truss structures are steadily progressing. In particular, due to the possibility of developing quantum computers, metaheuristic algorithms combined with quantum computation are being developed. In this paper, the QbHS [...] Read more.

With the development of various metaheuristic algorithms, research cases that perform weight optimization of truss structures are steadily progressing. In particular, due to the possibility of developing quantum computers, metaheuristic algorithms combined with quantum computation are being developed. In this paper, the QbHS (Quantum based Harmony Search) algorithm was proposed by combining quantum computation and the conventional HS (Harmony Search) algorithms, and the size and topology optimization of the truss structure was performed. The QbHS algorithm has the same repetitive computational structure as the conventional HS algorithm. However, the QbHS algorithm constructed

Q H M

(Quantum Harmony Memory) using the probability of Q-bit and proposed to perform pitch adjusting using the basic state of Q-bit. To perform weight optimization of truss structures using the proposed QbHS algorithm, 20 bar, 24 bar, and 72-bar truss structures were adopted as examples and compared with the results of the QE (Quantum Evolutionary) algorithm. As a result, it was confirmed that the QbHS algorithm had excellent convergence performance by finding a lower weight than the QE algorithm. In addition, by expressing the weight optimization results of the truss structure with an image coordinate system, the topology of the truss structure could be confirmed only by the picture. The results of this study are expected to play an important role in future computer information systems by combining quantum computation and conventional HS algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Optimization of Building Structures)

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23 pages, 5158 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Performance Improvement of Recycled Concrete Aggregates and Their Potential Applications in Infrastructure: A Review

by Shuxia Han, Songbo Zhao, Dong Lu and Daiyu Wang

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061411 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7301

Abstract

In the construction industry, natural aggregates (NA) can be replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), which can address the issue of construction-waste disposal and resolve the dilemma between demand and supply. This paper aims to systematically review the modification of RCA techniques and [...] Read more.

In the construction industry, natural aggregates (NA) can be replaced by recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), which can address the issue of construction-waste disposal and resolve the dilemma between demand and supply. This paper aims to systematically review the modification of RCA techniques and their application in producing recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). First, the pretreatment approaches for enhancing the properties of RCA are introduced. Next, the improved efficiency of these approaches and their influences on the workability, mechanical strengths, and permeability of RAC are analyzed and discussed. Subsequently, the effectiveness of different techniques and their cost/environmental impact are compared. Finally, some case studies of the application of RCA in infrastructure are presented, and the remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed. The results of this review work can extend the knowledge of RCA and RAC, as well as serving as a source of inspiration for further studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue To Improve Urban Resilience: Cleaner Materials and Technologies towards Sustainable and Green Construction of Buildings)

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21 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development, Calibration, and Validation of a Simulation Model for Indoor Temperature Prediction and HVAC System Fault Detection

by Darko Palaić, Ivan Štajduhar, Sandi Ljubic and Igor Wolf

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061388 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2843

Abstract

An effective approach to increasing energy efficiency in buildings without compromising thermal comfort is to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems through the use of advanced building-management system features, such as fault detection and diagnosis. Such functions are usually developed based [...] Read more.

An effective approach to increasing energy efficiency in buildings without compromising thermal comfort is to optimize heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems through the use of advanced building-management system features, such as fault detection and diagnosis. Such functions are usually developed based on simulation models that must be calibrated and validated to achieve an appropriate level of accuracy and reliability. The objective of this study was to develop and calibrate a room-level simulation model of a hotel building and its HVAC system using TRNSYS 18 software and real data collected from the smart room system installed in the building. The calibration process was performed with 100 rooms using 5-min samples of room temperatures in selected 1-month periods during the summer and winter seasons by minimizing the root mean squared error (RMSE) in the average of the observed rooms using a genetic algorithm. The calibrated model was able to predict room temperatures with an RMSE of 0.79 ± 0.14 °C and a coefficient of variation in the root mean squared error (cvRMSE) of 3.58 ± 0.7%, which is well below the limits prescribed by international guidelines. The model was then applied to detect faults in the operation of fan coil units in the rooms based on the residual analysis and defined if–then rules. The results obtained show that the model can track the trends of temperature changes in real conditions and successfully detect major anomalies in a system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Building Energy Efficiency Related to Simulation Models)

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17 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nature-Based Solutions for Carbon Neutral Climate Resilient Buildings and Communities: A Review of Technical Evidence, Design Guidelines, and Policies

by Zhe Xiao, Hua Ge, Michael A. Lacasse, Liangzhu (Leon) Wang and Radu Zmeureanu

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061389 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3359

Abstract

The building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of the total global direct and indirect CO₂ emissions. Urban green infrastructure, which includes features such as urban trees, vegetation, green roofs, and green facades, are examples of nature-based solutions often employed as municipal [...] Read more.

The building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of the total global direct and indirect CO₂ emissions. Urban green infrastructure, which includes features such as urban trees, vegetation, green roofs, and green facades, are examples of nature-based solutions often employed as municipal climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. This approach offers a range of cost-effective strategies for reducing municipal CO₂ emissions and presents compelling public policy co-benefits such as improved urban livability and enhanced environmental conditions. For municipalities to confidently deploy these solutions at a scale necessary to achieve climate benefits, acquiring knowledge of quantifiable and demonstrated outcomes is an essential requirement. The objectives of this paper are to (1) provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of nature-based solutions (NBS) to address the challenge of reducing CO₂ emissions; (2) evaluate existing design guidelines and policies as may be available across Canada, and that that support the of implementation of NBS in urban agglomerations; (3) identify knowledge gaps and research needs to address challenges to the implementation of NBS. In this review, suggestions and requirements as presented in these documents are examined while giving due consideration to the scientific evidence available in research papers. It was found that the adoption of NBS can contribute to carbon neutral communities through reduced building energy consumption and carbon sequestration. Supportive guidelines and policies have been developed, or are in development, to promote the implementation of NBS at the city scale, despite challenges in assessing, quantitatively, their impact due to uncertainties in data, methods, and scale. Nonetheless, existing research provides sufficient evidence to qualify the measures and suggestions outlined in the guidelines and policies described in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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19 pages, 1451 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Does the Presentation of Energy Performance Affect the Price of Houses? A Case Study of Detached Houses in Stockholm, Sweden

by Mats Wilhelmsson

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061367 - 23 May 2023

Viewed by 2195

Abstract

Our study aims to analyse whether the capitalisation of a property’s energy performance is affected by how it is presented. In place since 2002, there is an EU directive mandating the introduction of an energy performance certificate (EPC) when selling detached houses. This [...] Read more.

Our study aims to analyse whether the capitalisation of a property’s energy performance is affected by how it is presented. In place since 2002, there is an EU directive mandating the introduction of an energy performance certificate (EPC) when selling detached houses. This directive was implemented in Sweden in 2009. We analyse how EPC capitalised on housing prices during 2012–2018 for detached houses in Stockholm. This was previously carried out, but our contribution is to analyse both the effect of energy rating or labelling (A–G) and energy consumption (kWh/m²). How energy performance is communicated or displayed to potential buyers conveys that the format, style, and content of energy performance information may influence how buyers perceive its value and impact on the property’s market price. We have information on energy rating, consumption, or both for selected properties. This allows us to test the hypothesis that how energy performance is presented affects pricing. We also tested whether information affects different age cohorts differently. The results indicate that how energy performance is presented and visualised is important and that information about rating and consumption might be considered as a substitute for each other. It is also clear that the capitalisation effect differs depending on the age of the building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Price Premium and Cost Premium of Green Buildings)

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34 pages, 6585 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Durability Performance and Thermal Resistance of Structural Self-Compacting Concrete Improved with Waste Rubber and Silica Fume

by Robert Bušić, Ivana Miličević, Tihomir Dokšanović and Marin Grubišić

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051331 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

Waste rubber takes many years to decompose, and thus the increasing number of tires in the world can be characterised as an important environmental issue, which generated the idea of implementing crumb rubber in structural self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to previous studies, up [...] Read more.

Waste rubber takes many years to decompose, and thus the increasing number of tires in the world can be characterised as an important environmental issue, which generated the idea of implementing crumb rubber in structural self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to previous studies, up to 15% recycled rubber and 5% silica fume can be used to achieve the required properties of SCC in reinforced structural members with congested reinforcement, both in the fresh and hardened state. Most studies have focused on investigating the mechanical properties of self-compacting rubberised concrete (SCRC), and only a small number of studies investigated the durability and thermal properties, with contradictory findings. This study aims to determine the influence of crumb rubber and silica fume on the durability and thermal properties of SCC, with an emphasis on the selection of environmental exposure classes, the safety of using such a material in reinforced concrete members, and additional serviceability and durability requirements. This was further advanced by investigating the micro-structure of hardened SCC with recycled rubber and silica fume using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test results indicate that the combining effect of crumb rubber and silica fume has a positive impact on the thermal and durability properties of SCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cement and Concrete Research)

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27 pages, 8910 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Holistic Approach for Assessing Buildings’ Environmental Impact and User Comfort from Early Design: A Method Combining Life Cycle Assessment, BIM, and Active House Protocol

by Nicole Di Santo, Leidy Guante Henriquez, Giovanni Dotelli and Marco Imperadori

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051315 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3440

Abstract

Due to our increasing dependence on resources and energy, climate change is among the most tangible issues we are facing today. The construction industry has been identified as a key sector to intervene in, but mitigation strategies must focus on more than just [...] Read more.

Due to our increasing dependence on resources and energy, climate change is among the most tangible issues we are facing today. The construction industry has been identified as a key sector to intervene in, but mitigation strategies must focus on more than just operational energy. As current climate policies recommend, designers should consider the broader framework of environmental impacts characterizing the entire building lifecycle. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considers the mentioned aspects. Nevertheless, the complexity of LCA and the criticalities of related tools prevent the application of the approach during decisive early stages. Additionally, LCA allows the estimation of environmental issues, but fails to describe other dimensions of sustainability. The article proposes an evaluation method to support decision-making during the design of sustainable buildings. The method exploits the LCA tool and the assessment framework provided by a Green Sustainable Building Certification (Active House) integrated with BIM. The approach was applied and proven through a case study: a residential single-family building in northern Italy, comparing two technological options. The study confirmed the effectiveness of the multicriteria evaluation framework that, from the early design stage, can be used to measure the environmental impact of buildings alongside implications for the final users’ comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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20 pages, 15744 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adopting Resilience Thinking through Nature-Based Solutions within Urban Planning: A Case Study in the City of València

by Gemma García-Blanco, Daniel Navarro and Efren Feliu

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051317 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3126

Abstract

The paper exposes the experience of València in applying climate-resilient thinking to the current revision of the city’s General Urban Development Plan. A semi-quantitative, indicator-based risk assessment of heat stress was carried out on the 23 functional areas of the city sectorized by [...] Read more.

The paper exposes the experience of València in applying climate-resilient thinking to the current revision of the city’s General Urban Development Plan. A semi-quantitative, indicator-based risk assessment of heat stress was carried out on the 23 functional areas of the city sectorized by the Plan, including modeling and spatial analysis exercises. A data model of 18 indicators was built to characterize vulnerability. A thermal stress map was developed using the URbCLim model and a heat index was then calculated using Copernicus hourly data (air temperature, humidity, and wind speed) for the period of January 2008–December 2017 at a spatial resolution of 100 m × 100 m. General recommendations at the city level as well as guidelines for development planning in the functional areas at risk are provided, with specifications for the deployment of nature-based solutions as adaptation measures. From a planning perspective, the study positively informs the General Urban Development Plan, the City Green and Biodiversity Plan, and contributes to City Urban Strategy 2030 and City Missions 2030 for climate adaptation and neutrality. Applying the same approach to other climate change-related hazards (i.e., water scarcity, pluvial flooding, sea level rise) will allow better informed decisions towards resilient urban planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Trends in Urban Planning for Building Urban Resilience)

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19 pages, 5467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Urban Epidemic and Disaster Resilience: The Planning and Assessment of a Comprehensive Underground Resilience Core

by Tong Qiu, Xiangsheng Chen, Dong Su and Xingtao Lin

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051292 - 16 May 2023

Viewed by 2132

Abstract

This study utilizes the enclosed and stable environment of underground space for long-term sustainable planning for urban epidemics and disasters. Owing to the COVID-19 epidemic, cities require long-term epidemic–disaster management. Therefore, this study proposed a strategy for integrating multiple functions to plan a [...] Read more.

This study utilizes the enclosed and stable environment of underground space for long-term sustainable planning for urban epidemics and disasters. Owing to the COVID-19 epidemic, cities require long-term epidemic–disaster management. Therefore, this study proposed a strategy for integrating multiple functions to plan a comprehensive Underground Resilience Core (URC). A planning and assessment methods of URC were proposed. With this methodology, epidemic- and disaster- URCs were integrated to construct a comprehensive-URC in underground spaces. The results show: (1) Epidemic-resilient URCs adopting a joint progressive approach with designated hospitals can rapidly suppress an epidemic outbreak. (2) The regularity of the morphology of underground spaces determines the area of the URC. Bar-shaped underground spaces have the potential for planning disaster-URCs. (3) The URC planning efficiency ranking is as follows: Bar shapes lead overall, T shapes are second under seismic resilience, and Cross shapes are second under epidemic resilience. (4) The potential analysis of planning a comprehensive-URC in the underground parking in Chinese cities showed that the recovery time can be advanced from 29% to 39% and the comprehensive resilience can be improved by 37.63%. The results of this study can serve as sustainable urban planning strategies and assessment tools for long-term epidemic–disaster management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience of Urban Underground Space: Planning, Design, Assessment and Enhancement)

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15 pages, 4192 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

A Perspective on AI-Based Image Analysis and Utilization Technologies in Building Engineering: Recent Developments and New Directions

by Ivan Paduano, Andrea Mileto and Egidio Lofrano

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051198 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4649

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a trending topic in many research areas. In recent years, even building, civil, and structural engineering have also started to face with several new techniques and technologies belonging to this field, such as smart algorithms, big data analysis, deep [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a trending topic in many research areas. In recent years, even building, civil, and structural engineering have also started to face with several new techniques and technologies belonging to this field, such as smart algorithms, big data analysis, deep learning practices, etc. This perspective paper collects the last developments on the use of AI in building engineering, highlighting what the authors consider the most stimulating scientific advancements of recent years, with a specific interest in the acquisition and processing of photographic surveys. Specifically, the authors want to focus both on the applications of artificial intelligence in the field of building engineering, as well as on the evolution of recently widespread technological equipment and tools, emphasizing their mutual integration. Therefore, seven macro-categories have been identified where these issues are addressed: photomodeling; thermal imaging; object recognition; inspections assisted by UAVs; FEM and BIM implementation; structural monitoring; and damage identification. For each category, the main new innovations and the leading research perspectives are highlighted. The article closes with a brief discussion of the primary results and a viewpoint for future lines of research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Structural Monitoring)

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22 pages, 6298 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Co-Design and Co-Manufacturing: A Multidisciplinary Approach through Small-Scale Architectural Experiences in Barcelona

by Marta Domènech-Rodríguez, Còssima Cornadó, Sara Vima-Grau, Gonzalo Piasek, Ainhoa Varela-Conde and Pere Joan Ravetllat Mira

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051159 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

This article aims to explore the potential and limitations of participatory design and co-manufacturing processes, taking the city of Barcelona as a reference. It is characterized by an aging building stock, tourist pressure, and difficulties for citizens in accessing affordable housing. In this [...] Read more.

This article aims to explore the potential and limitations of participatory design and co-manufacturing processes, taking the city of Barcelona as a reference. It is characterized by an aging building stock, tourist pressure, and difficulties for citizens in accessing affordable housing. In this sense, a selection of six cases of co-design and co-manufacturing is presented, as a range of small-scale interventions that were shared and discussed in the “Debate sessions. Co-Design and Co-Fabrication in Architecture” within the Co-Hab-Raval project, which motivated this research. Thanks to these case studies, it has been possible to analyse a wide range of intervention practices. The article exposes the socioeconomic context of Barcelona and its lack of affordable housing, which motivated the practices presented. In addition, the cases are carrying out a comparative analysis based on the parameters of agents involved, the type of users’ participation, and materials resource management. Finally, the results obtained highlight the relationship between the construction systems and the self-construction and reuse strategies used, as well as the importance of the plurality of agents that intervened in the design process to enrich the proposals and empower users, especially in vulnerable environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Sustainable Architectural Design, Building Technologies and Structural Retrofitting)

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34 pages, 14827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Masonry Infill Walls on the Seismic Assessment of Non-Seismically Designed RC Framed Structures

by Rodrigo Falcão Moreira, Humberto Varum and José Miguel Castro

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051148 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels [...] Read more.

This paper examines how the decision to include (or exclude) masonry infill walls in the modelling of non-seismically designed RC framed structures can affect the results of the EC8-3 seismic assessment process. A frequently used macro-modelling technique for the simulation of infill panels within bounding RC members is first reviewed. A case-study application follows in which the seismic assessment of a sample structure is carried out, with and without considering the effect of its infill walls, using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis models. The obtained results are then discussed according to the applicable limit states’ performance requirements, and conclusions are drawn regarding the overall outcome. The study indicates that, when low and medium seismic input motions constitute the base demand for the assessment of older-type RC framed buildings, the protection provided to the RC members by the confined masonry infill panels should not be neglected. Moreover, it shows that the identification of the most likely collapse mechanism might also be significantly influenced by the modelling decision in question. As such, the default recommendation is to include masonry infill walls in the modelling of such structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Seismic Safety Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Constructions)

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17 pages, 6225 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Reinforcing Effect of Nano-Modified Epoxy Resin on the Failure Behavior of FRP-Plated RC Structures

by Umberto De Maio, Daniele Gaetano, Fabrizio Greco, Paolo Lonetti, Paolo Nevone Blasi and Andrea Pranno

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051139 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2391

Abstract

The ability to manipulate concrete-based and composite materials at the nanoscale represents an innovative approach to improving their mechanical properties and designing high-performance building structures. In this context, a numerical investigation of the reinforcing effect of nano-modified epoxy resin on the structural response [...] Read more.

The ability to manipulate concrete-based and composite materials at the nanoscale represents an innovative approach to improving their mechanical properties and designing high-performance building structures. In this context, a numerical investigation of the reinforcing effect of nano-modified epoxy resin on the structural response of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-plated reinforced concrete (RC) components has been proposed. In detail, an integrated model, based on a cohesive crack approach, is employed in combination with a bond–slip model to perform a failure analysis of strengthened structures. In particular, the proposed model consists of cohesive elements located on the physical interface between concrete and FRP systems equipped with an appropriate bond–slip law able to describe the reinforcing effect induced by the incorporation of nanomaterials in the bonding epoxy resin. Preliminary analyses, performed on reinforced concrete prisms, highlight an increment of 28% in the bond strength between concrete and the FRP system, offered by the nanomaterials embedded in the adhesive layer with respect to the standard one. Moreover, the numerically predicted structural response of a nano-modified FRP-plated beam shows an increment of around 5.5% in the failure load and a reduction in the slip between concrete and the FRP plate of around 76%, with respect to the reinforced beam without nanomaterial incorporation. Finally, the good agreement with experimental results, taken from the literature, highlights the excellent capability of the proposed model to simulate the mechanical behavior of such types of reinforced structures, emphasizing the beneficial effects of the nano-enhanced epoxy resin on the bond strength between concrete and FRP systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Reinforced Concrete Structures and Composites)

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19 pages, 3440 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Practices Driving the Adoption of Agile Project Management Methodologies in the Design Stage of Building Construction Projects

by Sanjaya Chathuranga, Shan Jayasinghe, Jurgita Antucheviciene, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Nilan Udayanga and W. A. S. Weerakkody

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041079 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 13968

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify practices that would enable building construction companies to adopt agile project management methodologies during the design stage of projects that use building information modelling (BIM) solutions in the designing process. Due to the benefits of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to identify practices that would enable building construction companies to adopt agile project management methodologies during the design stage of projects that use building information modelling (BIM) solutions in the designing process. Due to the benefits of agile project management methodologies, a considerable amount of research has been conducted regarding the adoption of this methodology for building construction projects. However, waterfall project management is still more widely used in the building construction industry than agile project management is. Several recent studies claim that firms could focus on adopting agile methodologies during the design stage of a building construction project because due to the advent of BIM software solutions, the design stage can be carried out in a manner such as a software development project. Since software development industry is experiencing a widespread adoption of agile methods, if the design stage of a building construction project can be carried out such as a software development project, then there is a possibility to drive agile adoption in the design stage. Based on this information, researchers found an architectural consultancy firm that has been using a BIM solution to adopt agile project management methodologies in the design stage. The authors carried out a systematic literature review and identified 10 possible practices that might drive the adoption of agile practices. Those practices were presented to the architectural consultancy firm to identify practices that they are using to successfully adopt agile methods. The findings suggest that maintaining a backlog, running sprints, engaging a cross-functional team, continuous integration, and iterative/incremental development of the design are practices that have enabled the firm to adopt agile methods. Practical and theoretical implications were derived from the findings, and suggestions for future research and limitations of the study are discussed in the discussion. Concluding remarks are provided in final section of the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Asset Management Systems and Technologies)

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22 pages, 2220 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Firm Size and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Technology Adoption: The Role of Corporate Size in South Korean Construction Companies

by Seunguk Na, Seokjae Heo, Wonjun Choi, Sehee Han and Cheekyung Kim

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041066 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4791

Abstract

This research addresses the factors that impact the acceptance of AI-based technologies or products depending upon firm size in the construction industry, in which various corporates exist. In order to achieve the research goals, a technology acceptance model was applied to investigate the [...] Read more.

This research addresses the factors that impact the acceptance of AI-based technologies or products depending upon firm size in the construction industry, in which various corporates exist. In order to achieve the research goals, a technology acceptance model was applied to investigate the influencing factors in respect to adopting AI-based technologies or products. From the research results, technological and organizational factors were found to positively influence perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Corporate users perceived that technology is useful to their work and is easy to use when enough capital and education were invested prior to the company adopting AI-based technologies or products. It was found that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness indicate satisfaction with new technology, and the higher the intention to use, the higher the satisfaction. In addition, as various information sharing and distribution channels increase, the frequency of use of new technologies or products also increases, not through traditional marketing, but through viral marketing via social media or promotion by influential persons or organizations. Furthermore, there are differences in the adoption of AI-based technologies or products depending on the size of the company. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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