Behavioral Sciences

13 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resident-Led Peer Support Groups in Emergency Medicine: A Pilot Framework for Peer Leader Training

by Kyra D. Reed, Alexandria P. Weston, Alexandra E. Serpe, Destiny D. Folk, Jacob M. Destrampe, Heather P. Kelker, Aloysius J. Humbert, Katie E. Pettit and Julie L. Welch

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1744; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121744 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Peer support has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression, while fostering empathy and mitigating burnout among healthcare professionals. Given the considerable demands of residency training, there is a strong rationale for resident-led peer support interventions. However, structured programs to train [...] Read more.

Peer support has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression, while fostering empathy and mitigating burnout among healthcare professionals. Given the considerable demands of residency training, there is a strong rationale for resident-led peer support interventions. However, structured programs to train residents for such leadership roles remain limited. Our objective was to implement a peer support leader training program for residents, evaluate its perceived effectiveness, and identify common themes discussed in sessions. Between June 2021 and June 2023, we performed a longitudinal, prospective cohort survey study of Emergency Medicine (EM) and EM/Pediatrics (EM/P) residents participating in a novel peer support leader training curriculum. Resident peer support leaders then facilitated biweekly support sessions, with post-session surveys assessing leader preparedness and themes discussed utilizing a novel Resident Stress Checklist (RSC). In total, 16 unique leaders were trained over two years and 52 biweekly peer support group sessions were held. In Year 1 (Y1), 6 resident leaders conducted an average of three sessions each, with 7 residents on average attending each session. In Year 2 (Y2), 4 leaders graduated and 2 leaders from Y1 continued in this role. An additional 10 resident leaders were trained. The 12 leaders in Y2 facilitated an average of 2 sessions each, with 5 residents on average attending each session. Of the completed post-session leader surveys (n = 39), 100% reported feeling prepared to lead the sessions based on their training. The RSC identified the most frequent stressor as work–life balance, most common symptom as frustration, and most common consequence of stress as emotional/psychological suffering. Resident-led peer support training was feasible and well-received, with all surveyed resident leaders reporting adequate preparation. The RSC revealed common session themes that guided future training topics and wellness curriculum interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout and Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers)

13 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience, Life Satisfaction, and Well-Being in Portuguese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Luís Loureiro, Cândida Loureiro and José Santos

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121743 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Adolescence is a crucial stage of development marked by significant biological, social, and emotional changes that influence mental health and well-being. This study aims to (a) assess the relationship between resilience, life satisfaction, and mental well-being in adolescents aged between 10 and [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescence is a crucial stage of development marked by significant biological, social, and emotional changes that influence mental health and well-being. This study aims to (a) assess the relationship between resilience, life satisfaction, and mental well-being in adolescents aged between 10 and 18 years who are attending 5th to 12th grade in the central region of mainland Portugal, and (b) assess the quality of fit of a structural mediation model in which life satisfaction mediates the relationship between resilience and mental well-being. Methods: A total of 589 adolescents participated in the study and responded to the Escala de Avaliação do Eu Resiliente, the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale for Adolescents, and the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form. Descriptive analyses, ANOVA, canonical correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling with mediation were carried out. Results: A high canonical correlation (r = 0.873, p < 0.001) was found between resilience and well-being/life satisfaction. Mediation analysis revealed that life satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between resilience and positive mental health (r² = 0.34), indicating direct and indirect effects. Conclusions: These results suggest that more resilient adolescents tend to report higher levels of life satisfaction and well-being, which reinforces the importance of promoting resilience and life satisfaction as protective factors for mental health during adolescence. Full article

27 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Cultural Factors and Motor Abilities in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children

by Lindsey Anderson, Allison Gladfelter, Milijana Buac, Waifong Catherine Cheung, Ziteng Wang and Sinan Onal

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121742 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Autism and motor abilities have been found to be closely related. Culture affects motor development as well as various diagnostic criteria for an autism diagnosis, yet cultural factors are rarely considered in research and in clinical diagnostics. This study explored the relationship between [...] Read more.

Autism and motor abilities have been found to be closely related. Culture affects motor development as well as various diagnostic criteria for an autism diagnosis, yet cultural factors are rarely considered in research and in clinical diagnostics. This study explored the relationship between cultural factors, characteristics of autism, and balance abilities in autistic (n = 16) and non-autistic (n = 28) children by utilizing a demographic survey, the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd edition (SRS-2), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) Balance subtest. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze whether the relationship between autism characteristics and balance abilities still stands when cultural factors are considered, and to determine which cultural factors moderate the relationship. Moderation analyses with Holm–Bonferroni correction tested whether cultural factors altered the strength of the SRS-2 and MABC-2 balance association. The results of this study were consistent with previous research in that there is still a strong relationship between autism and balance abilities even when cultural factors are considered. The results further indicated that, in addition to autistic characteristics, age, gender/sex, and ethnic origin were statistically significant contributors to the multiple linear regression model. No significant moderation effects were detected, indicating consistency of the autism–balance relationship across cultural groups examined. In conclusion, cultural factors must be considered in autism research, as well as in the development and implementation of diagnostic and treatment protocols for autistic children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships Between Autistic Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics)

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18 pages, 633 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Entrepreneurs’ AI Literacy on Entrepreneurial Resilience: The Role of AI Anxiety and Social Support

by Yirong Liu, Haiqing Hu and Weiwei Kong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121741 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

In the contemporary entrepreneurial environment increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence, the Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy of entrepreneurs plays an essential role in enhancing entrepreneurial resilience. However, the underlying mechanisms that explain this relationship remain inadequately explored. Grounded in the Conservation of Resources (COR) [...] Read more.

In the contemporary entrepreneurial environment increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence, the Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy of entrepreneurs plays an essential role in enhancing entrepreneurial resilience. However, the underlying mechanisms that explain this relationship remain inadequately explored. Grounded in the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study examines the effect of entrepreneurs’ AI literacy on entrepreneurial resilience, specifically assessing the mediating effect of AI anxiety and the moderating effect of social support. Data were obtained from 330 Chinese entrepreneurs using a two-wave survey design. The analysis revealed a significant positive association between AI literacy and entrepreneurial resilience. Furthermore, AI anxiety mediates this relationship, suggesting that AI literacy enhances entrepreneurial resilience by alleviating AI anxiety. Moreover, all three forms of social support were found to buffer the negative effect of AI anxiety on resilience. Notably, the moderating effects of subjective support and support utilization are significantly stronger than those of objective support, highlighting the distinct roles of different support types. These findings deepen theoretical insight into the psychological pathways linking AI literacy to resilience and offer practical guidance for entrepreneurs in the AI era. Full article

20 pages, 319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Italian Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale: Psychometric Properties and Cultural Adaptation

by Elena Lo Piccolo, Marco Giovanni Mariani and Gerardo Petruzziello

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121740 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Feedback Orientation (FO) reflects how individuals value, accept, and use feedback in a way that influences learning, performance, and sustainable career development. While this concept has been empirically examined, the psychometric properties of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS) have received sparse attention [...] Read more.

Background: Feedback Orientation (FO) reflects how individuals value, accept, and use feedback in a way that influences learning, performance, and sustainable career development. While this concept has been empirically examined, the psychometric properties of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS) have received sparse attention outside English-speaking contexts, with no validation in the Italian context. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Italian version of the FOS. Methods: A sample of 1092 employees from diverse occupational sectors completed the FOS, also using measures of job satisfaction and perceptions of the feedback environment. The dataset was randomly split to conduct both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, followed by reliability and validity testing and measurement invariance analyses across groups. Results: Analyses confirmed the original four-factor structure—Utility, Social Awareness, Accountability, and Feedback Self-Efficacy—and supported a higher-order FO construct. The Italian FOS showed acceptable reliability and validity, with expected correlations with job satisfaction and the feedback environment. Measurement invariance was also tested to examine the scale’s equivalence across groups. Conclusions: These initial findings provide support for the Italian FOS as a promising instrument with acceptable psychometric properties, extending the cross-cultural understanding of feedback orientation and offering a useful basis for investigating feedback processes in organizational settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mental Health and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda: Old Problems and New Perspectives)

22 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessReview

Early Life Adversity and Disordered Eating: Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms

by Yijun Luo, Jingqiu Zhang and Hong Chen

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121739 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

The mosaic brain evolution perspective states that the relative sizes and functions of brain regions adapt to living environments and behavioural motivation. Early life adversity brings changes to brain structure, function, and patterns of cognitive processing of food cues. Specific brain development patterns [...] Read more.

The mosaic brain evolution perspective states that the relative sizes and functions of brain regions adapt to living environments and behavioural motivation. Early life adversity brings changes to brain structure, function, and patterns of cognitive processing of food cues. Specific brain development patterns are associated with subsequent disordered eating, which, on the one hand, increases the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and, on the other hand, leads to mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. This review intends to synthesise aberrant brain development indices, describe aberrant brain developmental trajectories, summarise aberrant neural markers of cognitive processing of food cues, conclude how early life adversity affects disordered eating through aberrant brain development patterns, and provide neural implications for future disordered eating research and intervention. Full article

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16 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Effects of Group Intervention on Psychological Subhealth in University Students: Evidence from Core Predicaments

by Anxin Li and Yanan Meng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121738 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Psychological subhealth among university students is a growing concern affecting their development, with insufficient attention to differential intervention effects for students facing distinct core predicaments. This exploratory study investigated the overall and differential effects of a group intervention integrating cognitive behavioral and social [...] Read more.

Psychological subhealth among university students is a growing concern affecting their development, with insufficient attention to differential intervention effects for students facing distinct core predicaments. This exploratory study investigated the overall and differential effects of a group intervention integrating cognitive behavioral and social support theories on university students with psychological subhealth experiencing trauma, academic pressure, or family dysfunction. After defining these core predicament groups through questionnaire screening, twenty students with psychological subhealth were recruited from each of the three groups (total N = 60) and subsequently randomly assigned to either an 8-week group intervention or a control group. The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was used for pre- and post-test assessments. Results showed the intervention significantly improved students’ overall psychological health and depressive symptoms. Differential effects were evident: the trauma group markedly improved in interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety; the academic pressure group showed pronounced improvement in obsessive-compulsive and anxiety symptoms; and the family dysfunction group benefited most regarding interpersonal sensitivity and hostility. This study suggests the intervention’s effectiveness and its link to students’ core predicament types, indicating a need for differentiated strategies based on precise assessment. These findings provide practical implications for precision-oriented mental health services in higher education. Full article

20 pages, 794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Love on Empty: The Development and Validation of a Comprehensive Scale to Measure Burnout in Modern Relationships

by Ashley Elizabeth Thompson, Ryn Theis, Rachel Willhite and Julitta Dębska

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121737 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Modern romantic relationships face increasing internal and external pressures that may leave partners emotionally depleted and overwhelmed, yet empirical tools for assessing relationship burnout remain limited, mononormative, and psychometrically underdeveloped. Across two studies, we developed and validated the Antecedents of Relationship Burnout Scale [...] Read more.

Modern romantic relationships face increasing internal and external pressures that may leave partners emotionally depleted and overwhelmed, yet empirical tools for assessing relationship burnout remain limited, mononormative, and psychometrically underdeveloped. Across two studies, we developed and validated the Antecedents of Relationship Burnout Scale (ARBS), a multidimensional measure grounded in the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) model and designed to capture the relational demands and resource deficits that precipitate burnout. Study 1 generated and evaluated an initial 51-item pool using a sample of 175 partnered adults. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a clear and robust two-factor structure: Relationship Depletion and Exhaustion (e.g., emotional detachment, diminished appreciation, unmet emotional/sexual needs) and Relational Overload (e.g., external stressors, partner demands, role strain). Study 2 sought to confirm this structure and establish the ARBS’s psychometric validity via a sample of 288 adults. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a 36-item two-factor model with strong internal consistency, full measurement invariance across gender, and theory-consistent associations with relationship satisfaction, therapy participation, and infidelity urge, demonstrating both convergent and predictive validity. Together, these studies introduce the ARBS as the first comprehensive, theoretically grounded measure of the antecedents of relationship burnout, offering a rigorous foundation for future research, assessment, and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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16 pages, 383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relational Aggression and Its Association with Other Forms of Aggression: An Applied Latent Profile Analysis

by David Skvarc, Brittany Patafio, Shannon Hyder, Travis Harries, Ashlee Curtis, Michelle Benstead and Richelle Mayshak

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121736 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Relational aggression (RA) is characterised by social manipulation and covert harm, often involving fluid and overlapping experiences of both perpetration and victimisation. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of young Australian adults based on their self-reported experiences of RA and [...] Read more.

Relational aggression (RA) is characterised by social manipulation and covert harm, often involving fluid and overlapping experiences of both perpetration and victimisation. We used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify subgroups of young Australian adults based on their self-reported experiences of RA and explore whether these RA typologies are associated with broader aggressive traits and behaviours. We used a community sample of Australian adults aged 18–25 (N = 206, Mean age = 21.8, SD = 2.24, 77% female). Three distinct profiles emerged: predominantly victimised, combined victims–perpetrators (enmeshed), and the uninvolved. We observed strong indications that the experience of RA, even when predominantly as victimisation, was associated with increased odds of experiencing and perpetrating any aggression or violent behaviour compared to the uninvolved (OR = 5.17, [1.42–18.87] and OR = 3.21 [1.09–9.63] for the enmeshed and victimised classes, respectively, perpetrating any violent act). Conclusion: These results suggest the bidirectional nature of RA extends into young adulthood, and that distinct RA profiles exhibit differing patterns of broader aggressive behaviour. This study highlights that any approaches to further investigating or intervening with RA require consideration of the bidirectional nature of RA between perpetration and victimisation. Full article

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13 pages, 557 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Low Independence Fuels Luxury Consumption: Uniqueness as a Defense Mechanism During Collective Threats

by Jaeseok Yook and Seunghee Han

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121735 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Global crises, from pandemics to geopolitical instability, intensify societal anxiety. Paradoxically, these periods of collective threat often witness surges in luxury consumption. Drawing on Terror Management Theory (TMT), we propose this behavior is a psychological response to the deindividuating nature of such threats. [...] Read more.

Global crises, from pandemics to geopolitical instability, intensify societal anxiety. Paradoxically, these periods of collective threat often witness surges in luxury consumption. Drawing on Terror Management Theory (TMT), we propose this behavior is a psychological response to the deindividuating nature of such threats. We argue that a collective crisis increases intentions to purchase luxury goods via an intensified need for uniqueness, which functions as a self-affirming mechanism against a threatened sense of personal identity. We test this model using the COVID-19 pandemic as a salient operationalization of a collective threat. We further propose that this effect is counterintuitively moderated by independent self-construal. Findings from an experimental study (N = 276) show that perceived crisis risk increases luxury purchase intention, and this effect is serially mediated by the need for uniqueness. Critically, this indirect effect is strongest for individuals low in independent self-construal, who are prompted to engage in compensatory uniqueness-seeking when their primary buffer of social connection is disrupted. Our findings contribute to consumer behavior research by identifying a novel psychological pathway linking collective threats to consumption and offer insights for brands navigating consumer behavior during periods of widespread uncertainty. Full article

25 pages, 600 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Longitudinal Evidence on Peer Victimisation and Persistent Mental Health Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review

by Alessandra Giuliani, Irene Petruccelli and Giulio D’Urso

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121734 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate that repeated exposure to peer victimisation can have enduring consequences for children and adolescents’ mental health. Documented outcomes include elevated risks of disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and self-harm or suicidality, as well as broader [...] Read more.

Longitudinal studies consistently demonstrate that repeated exposure to peer victimisation can have enduring consequences for children and adolescents’ mental health. Documented outcomes include elevated risks of disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and self-harm or suicidality, as well as broader psychosocial difficulties such as low self-esteem, loneliness, and internalising difficulties. However, prevalence estimates and effect sizes vary widely, reflecting differences in study design, measurement strategies, follow-up length, and the operationalisation of victimisation. This systematic review synthesises findings from 24 longitudinal studies to provide a comprehensive account of the mental health and psychosocial outcomes associated with peer victimisation. Evidence was strongest for depression and anxiety disorders, where multiple population-based cohorts in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, and Scandinavia showed robust prospective and retrospective associations, with risks amplified by repeated or persistent exposure. Peer victimisation also functioned as a traumatic stressor, predicting later post-traumatic stress symptoms, while self-harm and suicidality were elevated in several large-scale studies, though findings were less consistent. Additional work linked victimisation to later impaired well-being, including low self-esteem and internalizing difficulties. Mediators such as rumination, hostile attributions, and internalised stigma and moderators including gender, school belonging, and family support further explained heterogeneity in outcomes. By integrating findings across diverse contexts, this review clarifies the breadth and severity of long-term consequences of peer victimisation, highlighting both psychological mechanisms and contextual buffers. These insights can inform theoretical models of victimisation as a developmental risk factor and support the design of targeted prevention and intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence and Bullying: Risks, Intervention, Prevention)

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18 pages, 298 KB

Open AccessArticle

How We View Our Jobs and Our Clients: A Quantitative Study of Rejection Sensitivity in Trauma-Informed Care

by Xiwei Huang, Emily A. Bosk, Alicia Mendez, Tareq Hardan, Gina Everett and Michael J. MacKenzie

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1733; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121733 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Despite practice models of trauma-informed care (TIC) emphasizing relational engagement and emotional attunement as critical to service delivery, the role of individual dispositions in shaping staff perceptions and behavior remains underexplored. This study examined how rejection sensitivity, a construct grounded in attachment theory, [...] Read more.

Despite practice models of trauma-informed care (TIC) emphasizing relational engagement and emotional attunement as critical to service delivery, the role of individual dispositions in shaping staff perceptions and behavior remains underexplored. This study examined how rejection sensitivity, a construct grounded in attachment theory, defined as a dispositional tendency to anxiously expect and overreact to perceived rejection, may influence staff perceptions of their roles and client relationships in residential mental health agencies implementing TIC. We further explored whether individual and organizational factors, including job satisfaction, prior trauma training, perceived isolation at work, and trauma-related knowledge, contribute to these associations. Regression analyses were conducted on survey data from 155 frontline staff across three agencies testing the associations between rejection sensitivity and two relational outcomes: perceptions of work and of clients. Higher rejection sensitivity was significantly associated with more disengaged perceptions of work and less empathic views of clients, even after controlling for demographic and contextual organizational variables. Job satisfaction and trauma knowledge emerged as domain-specific protective factors, reducing the negative impact of rejection sensitivity. The findings underscore the importance of addressing staff relational dispositions to sustain effective TIC implementation. Enhancing job satisfaction and trauma knowledge may help support staff engagement in trauma-informed practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Work Environment: Employee Well-Being and Job Satisfaction)

16 pages, 1178 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Autonomic Regulation Under Stress with the Yale Pain Stress Test in Social Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorder

by Shaina Barreto, Colleen McGowan, Nia Fogelman, Rajita Sinha and Stephanie E. Wemm

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121732 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

High levels of stress and individual differences in acute stress responses are important predictors of chronic illness. This study examined the effects of stress and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) on heart rate variability (HRV) using the Yale Pain Stress Test (YPST), adapted from [...] Read more.

High levels of stress and individual differences in acute stress responses are important predictors of chronic illness. This study examined the effects of stress and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) on heart rate variability (HRV) using the Yale Pain Stress Test (YPST), adapted from the well-established Cold Pressor Test (CPT). The YPST characterized three key (time periods) phases of the cardiovascular stress response to repeated trials of a pain-stress versus no pain-stress control condition: pre-stress baseline, acute reactivity, and recovery, using HRV as a physiological marker. Participants included 24 individuals who engaged in social drinking and 21 participants with AUD, all recruited from the Greater New Haven area. They were screened for psychiatric or medical conditions and other substance use disorders using DSM-5 criteria. Results showed significant main effects of stress condition and time across HRV metrics. While no significant three-way interaction among time period, condition, and drinking group was observed, there were significant condition × time period effects and group × condition effects. Participants with AUD exhibited lower high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) HRV during stress exposure compared to the recovery phase. They also showed a less dynamic LF/HF ratio during stress relative to social drinking controls, suggesting greater sympathetic dominance. In contrast, participants who engaged in social drinking displayed autonomic flexibility across time periods. Findings suggest that individuals with AUD experience blunted autonomic reactivity and reduced HRV recovery following stress, highlighting diminished physiological flexibility potentially indicating risk for long-term stress-related chronic diseases. The results underscore the importance of evaluating autonomic function in clinical care and recovery planning for individuals with AUD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress and Drinking)

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16 pages, 539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Job Training and Work Environment on Professionalism Among Direct Long-Term Care Workers

by Chae Yoon Kim, Jeong Mi Lim and Bum Jung Kim

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121731 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study examined the associations of job training and work environment with professionalism among direct long-term care (LTC) workers in South Korea. Given the cross-sectional design, the findings reflect statistical associations rather than causal relationships. A survey of 264 LTC workers was analyzed [...] Read more.

This study examined the associations of job training and work environment with professionalism among direct long-term care (LTC) workers in South Korea. Given the cross-sectional design, the findings reflect statistical associations rather than causal relationships. A survey of 264 LTC workers was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and hierarchical regression. Model fit improved from Model 1 to Model 3 (R² = 0.370), and regression assumptions—including normality, homoscedasticity, and multicollinearity—were verified (all VIFs < 2.5). Work environment factors showed the strongest associations with professionalism. In the fully adjusted model, work promotion was positively associated (β = 0.177, p < 0.05), whereas work hindrance was negatively associated (β = − 0.201, p < 0.01). Among sociodemographic variables, education (β = 0.183, p < 0.01) and monthly income (β = 0.113, p < 0.05) were significant. Job training showed no direct association with professionalism, likely reflecting limited variability and repetitive training content across institutions. Enhancing work environments—particularly by increasing recognition and reducing work obstacles—may strengthen professionalism among LTC workers. Job training systems may require redesign to improve relevance and effectiveness. Because data were drawn from a single region (Gyeonggi-do) and rely on self-report measures, generalizability is limited. Future studies should include multi-regional or longitudinal designs to deepen the understanding of workforce professionalism in aging societies. Practically, these findings suggest that improving recognition systems, reducing workflow barriers, and modernizing standardized training curricula may help strengthen professionalism among long-term care workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout and Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers)

15 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships: The Role of Body Appreciation, Sexual Esteem and Sexual Assertiveness

by Marco Rizzo, Camilla Matera, Daniela Caso, Anna Rosa Donizzetti, Caterina Grano, Amanda Nerini and Chiara Rollero

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121730 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Romantic relationship satisfaction is widely recognized as a foundational contributor to both psychological and physical well-being. However, research on its association with other key constructs, such as body appreciation, sexual esteem and sexual assertiveness, is still lacking, especially in reference to romantic relationships. [...] Read more.

Romantic relationship satisfaction is widely recognized as a foundational contributor to both psychological and physical well-being. However, research on its association with other key constructs, such as body appreciation, sexual esteem and sexual assertiveness, is still lacking, especially in reference to romantic relationships. The present study investigates the interplay between body appreciation, sexual esteem, and sexual assertiveness, and their combined influence on relationship satisfaction in individuals in heterosexual relationships in Italy. Participants were 473 adults (50.1% men, 49.7% women, 0.2% other; age range 18–49). Structural equation modeling revealed that while body appreciation was indirectly associated with sexual assertiveness, it significantly predicted sexual esteem. Sexual assertiveness, but not sexual esteem, was positively associated with relationship satisfaction. No significant gender differences were found in the structural relationships among the variables. These findings underscore a process through which sexual assertiveness and body appreciation can enhance relational well-being and inform educational programs aimed at promoting healthy romantic relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image and Wellbeing: From a Social Psychology Perspective)

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17 pages, 308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Public Occupational Stigma Toward Morticians: Scale Development, Validation, and Implications

by Jiejing Yu and Dongmei Huang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121729 - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

The present study employed stigma theory to devise a scale measuring public occupational stigma towards morticians and subsequently analyzed its impact. In Phase 1 (n = 575), the researchers developed the Public Occupational Stigma toward Morticians Scale (POSMS) and conducted item analysis [...] Read more.

The present study employed stigma theory to devise a scale measuring public occupational stigma towards morticians and subsequently analyzed its impact. In Phase 1 (n = 575), the researchers developed the Public Occupational Stigma toward Morticians Scale (POSMS) and conducted item analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Phase 2 (n = 536, n = 466) conducted confirmatory factor analysis and retest reliability testing for the scale. Phase 3 (n = 1111) validated construct validity, measurement invariance across genders, and criterion-related validity. In summary, these results supported the reliability and validity of the POSMS and confirmed that public occupational stigma toward morticians had negative consequences. This study fills a gap in research on occupational stigma within the funeral industry and offers practical insights for addressing stigma-related issues in other professions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Social Stigma on Marginalized Populations)

18 pages, 269 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Promoting Data Literacy: Using Social and Emotional Learning Assessment Data to Inform Teaching and Learning

by Zi Jia Ng, Britney Foster, Troya L. Ellis, Sophie P. Barnes, Jessica D. Hoffmann and Christina Cipriano

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121728 - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

Data literacy enables members of a school to evaluate the credibility of the information they encounter, meaningfully interpret the findings in context, and empower stakeholders to make data-based decisions that can promote student success. However, schools are often not equipped to readily interpret, [...] Read more.

Data literacy enables members of a school to evaluate the credibility of the information they encounter, meaningfully interpret the findings in context, and empower stakeholders to make data-based decisions that can promote student success. However, schools are often not equipped to readily interpret, critically appraise, and appropriately use data. This is particularly true for data from social and emotional learning assessments that measure non-academic skills and behaviors crucial to students’ well-being and success. This study illustrates the use of advise-and-design sessions, a sequence of focus groups that unpack, make sense of, and act on assessment data to inform and improve teaching and learning. A total of 37 educators and 11 adolescent students from 12 schools participated. Each was involved in 4–5 advise-and-design sessions during Spring 2024. The sessions were audio-recorded and then analyzed by thematic inductive coding. Key findings included data-driven introductory positioning, in-depth data review, and data-informed actions. An advise-and-design protocol is developed for use in schools. Implications for teaching and learning practices are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Emotional Learning in Schools)

21 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessReview

Decision-Making in Repeated Games: Insights from Active Inference

by Hui Yuan, Ligang Wang, Wenbin Gao, Ting Tao and Chunlei Fan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121727 - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

This review systematically explores the potential of the active inference framework in illuminating the cognitive mechanisms of decision-making in repeated games. Repeated games, characterized by multi-round interactions and social uncertainty, closely resemble real-world social scenarios in which the decision-making process involves interconnected cognitive [...] Read more.

This review systematically explores the potential of the active inference framework in illuminating the cognitive mechanisms of decision-making in repeated games. Repeated games, characterized by multi-round interactions and social uncertainty, closely resemble real-world social scenarios in which the decision-making process involves interconnected cognitive components such as inference, policy selection, and learning. Unlike traditional reinforcement learning models, active inference, grounded in the principle of free energy minimization, unifies perception, learning, planning, and action within a single generative model. Belief updating occurs by minimizing variational free energy, while the exploration–exploitation dilemma is balanced by minimizing expected free energy. Based on partially observable Markov decision processes, the framework naturally incorporates social uncertainty, and its hierarchical structure allows for simulating mentalizing processes, providing a unified account of social decision-making. Future research can further validate its effectiveness through model simulations and behavioral fitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

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13 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Psychological Control and Depression in University Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Emotion Regulation Difficulties

by Keke Chen, Asad Ur Rehman Awan and Tianyong Chen

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121726 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Parental psychological control has emerged as a significant risk factor for mental health challenges in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental psychological control and depression, with a specific focus on the chain mediating role of self-compassion and emotion [...] Read more.

Parental psychological control has emerged as a significant risk factor for mental health challenges in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental psychological control and depression, with a specific focus on the chain mediating role of self-compassion and emotion regulation difficulties among Chinese university students. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 363 university students (aged 17–24, 43.3% males, 56.7% females), who completed measures of parental psychological control, emotion regulation difficulties, self-compassion and depression. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between parental psychological control and depression. Both self-compassion and emotion regulation difficulties independently mediated this association. Furthermore, the chain mediation of self-compassion and emotion regulation difficulties was significant, indicating that parental psychological control was linked with increased depression through decreased self-compassion and increased emotion regulation difficulties. This study sheds light on the significance of minimizing parental psychological control and cultivating a positive family atmosphere to alleviate depression. Parental psychological control has been identified as a potential risk factor for depression, hindering the development of self-compassion, increasing emotional regulation difficulties, with the diminished self-compassion also aggravating emotion regulation difficulties. Despite the cross-sectional design limiting causal inferences, our findings still highlight potential targets for interventions aimed at reducing depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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