Biology

32 pages, 17226 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Physical Distortions of Butterfly Pupal Wings: Potential Mechanical Signals from Eyespot Organizers for Color Pattern Determination

by Yugo Nakazato, Euichi Hirose and Joji M. Otaki

Biology 2026, 15(11), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110856 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Butterfly wing color patterns are determined in pupal wing tissues, in which the prospective eyespot focus functions as a developmental organizer. Here, we investigated the microscopic structures of pupal wing tissues containing an eyespot organizer in line with the physical distortion hypothesis. Histochemical [...] Read more.

Butterfly wing color patterns are determined in pupal wing tissues, in which the prospective eyespot focus functions as a developmental organizer. Here, we investigated the microscopic structures of pupal wing tissues containing an eyespot organizer in line with the physical distortion hypothesis. Histochemical staining revealed that the pupal cuticle and epidermis were wavy and thin at 6 h but smooth and thick at 12 h postpupation. The eyespot organizer was associated with the thickest cuticle layer, called the cuticle focal spot. Transmission election microscopy (TEM) revealed that the intervening space (IVS) between the cuticle layer and the cellular apical end was wide at 6 h but narrow at 12 h postpupation. The spatial relationship between cuticle thickness and IVS width was indicative of mechanical buckling of the region adjacent to the cuticle focal spot. Live in vivo imaging revealed that the IVS at and near the eyespot organizer trapped orange fluorescent protein (OFP) injected into hemolymph. Dynamic distortions of the pupal wing epidermis and cuticular surface were detected in live individuals over time. These results suggest that physical distortions of the wing tissue induced by differential cuticle synthesis and subsequent buckling may function as mechanical morphogenic signals from eyespot organizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 1st International Online Conference on Biology—“Across Levels of Biological Organization” (Biology 2026))

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20 pages, 1129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated 16S rRNA Sequencing and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Metabolic Perturbations in Neonatal Dairy Calves with Bovine Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea

by Youli Yu, Yuxi Zhao, Wei He, Zhengqing Yu, Yuqiu Yang and Jiandong Wang

Biology 2026, 15(11), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110855 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is a major pathogen causing diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves, yet its impact on the gut microbiome and host metabolism remains incompletely understood. This study integrated 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to characterize the fecal microbial and metabolic [...] Read more.

Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is a major pathogen causing diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves, yet its impact on the gut microbiome and host metabolism remains incompletely understood. This study integrated 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics to characterize the fecal microbial and metabolic profiles of BRV-infected diarrheic calves compared to healthy controls. Fecal samples were collected from 16 Holstein calves (<30 days old), equally divided into a BRV-infected group (confirmed by RT-qPCR) and a healthy control group. Alpha diversity analysis revealed a significant reduction in microbial richness (Chao1, p = 0.012) in the BRV group. Beta diversity (Jaccard distance) showed distinct clustering between groups (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified a significant enrichment of Escherichia (Proteobacteria) and Enterococcus (Firmicutes) in BRV calves, whereas healthy controls were enriched in Blautia and Faecalibacterium (both Firmicutes, with Faecalibacterium also commonly associated with healthy gut communities). Metabolomic analysis via UHPLC-MS/MS demonstrated a clear separation of metabolic profiles. BRV infection was associated with significant alterations in lipid metabolism pathways, notably elevated levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs). Integrated Spearman correlation analysis revealed extensive and significant associations (|ρ| > 0.6, FDR-adjusted p < 0.05) between differential bacterial genera (e.g., Enterococcus, Escherichia) and differential metabolites (e.g., glycerolipids, amino acid derivatives), suggesting a close linkage between gut microbial dysbiosis and metabolic remodeling during BRV infection. These findings provide a multi-omics perspective on the interplay between the gut microbiota and host metabolism in BRV-induced diarrhea, offering potential insights for developing microbiota-based diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

24 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms by Which Exercise Delays Brain Aging Through Regulation of the Mitochondrial Quality Control System

by Xinyi Zhu, Lei Shi, Yahong Dong, Yingjie Sun and Qiguan Jin

Biology 2026, 15(11), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110854 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Brain aging is a complex biological process characterised by progressive neuronal and synaptic decline, in which disruption of mitochondrial quality control plays a central role. This system encompasses multiple synergistic components, including mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamic equilibrium, autophagic clearance, and energy metabolism. Aging induces [...] Read more.

Brain aging is a complex biological process characterised by progressive neuronal and synaptic decline, in which disruption of mitochondrial quality control plays a central role. This system encompasses multiple synergistic components, including mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamic equilibrium, autophagic clearance, and energy metabolism. Aging induces dysfunction across these processes, precipitating mitochondrial fragmentation, functional decline, and energy crises, ultimately driving cognitive deterioration. Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for preserving brain health during aging, and its benefits may be mediated, at least in part, through modulation of mitochondrial quality control. Specifically, exercise has been shown to activate key signaling pathways such as AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α, thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic adaptation. It may also regulate mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy via pathways including cAMP/PKA/Drp1 and AMPK/mTOR. In addition, emerging evidence indicates that exercise may influence brain mitochondrial function through activity-dependent regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and systemic signaling factors. Furthermore, this review discusses potential differences between exercise modalities and highlights future directions for personalised intervention strategies, providing a theoretical basis for the application of exercise in delaying brain aging and preventing neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

15 pages, 3625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Salmonella enterica Contamination and Multidrug Resistance in Pork Available at Modern Retail Stores in Urban Southern Thailand

by Teerarat Prasertsee and Witaya Suriyasathaporn

Biology 2026, 15(11), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110853 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis and is transmitted through the livestock production chain, with contamination occurring in pork across modern retail stores. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in pork, characterize antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Background: Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that causes human gastroenteritis and is transmitted through the livestock production chain, with contamination occurring in pork across modern retail stores. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in pork, characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and identify associated risk factors in urban southern Thailand. Methods: A total of 600 pork products were collected and tested for Salmonella identification by using ISO 6579:2017 and antimicrobial susceptibility. Associations between contamination and risk factors were assessed by Fisher’s exact test. A final model was developed using repeated logistic regression with a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) approach. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella contamination was 33.33%, with the serotype Rissen most frequently detected. Store type, packaging type, marketing target, and seasonal variation were significantly associated with contamination. Sealed packaging and products intended for household use were associated with lower contamination risk. High resistance was observed for ampicillin and tetracycline, while the rate of multidrug resistance was 12.5%, and 10.5% of the isolates were pan-susceptible. Conclusions: Salmonella contamination varies across pork products and retail conditions; proper handling and thorough cooking are essential. From a One Health perspective, these findings highlight links between animal production, food systems, and human health, supporting integrated strategies to reduce transmission and antimicrobial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biology)

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18 pages, 3374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus: An Unexploited Source of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Bioactivity

by Panagiotis Sarametidis, Evgenia-Anna Papadopoulou, Panagiotis Katsoris, Konstantinos A. Aliferis, Keith D. Rochfort and Konstantinos Grintzalis

Biology 2026, 15(11), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110852 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Helleborus sp. are small, perennial herbs with a wide distribution across central and southern Europe and Asia. Historically, extracts of these plants have been used in remedies exhibiting cathartic and anthelmintic effects; however, their adverse and toxic potential have also been reported. As [...] Read more.

Helleborus sp. are small, perennial herbs with a wide distribution across central and southern Europe and Asia. Historically, extracts of these plants have been used in remedies exhibiting cathartic and anthelmintic effects; however, their adverse and toxic potential have also been reported. As such, Helleborus extracts have been trialled as alternative approaches to cancer treatment in rare cases. In this study, a detailed phytochemical characterisation of root extracts from Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus was performed in parallel with an in vitro assessment of their cytotoxicity and effect on cell phenotype. GC/EI/MS metabolite profiling revealed the complexity of the extract, which exhibited a high relative content of fatty acids (17.98%), with the most abundant group being the unsaturated fatty acids, followed by saturated and hydroxy fatty acids. Bioassays indicated the extract had antioxidant capabilities, while in vitro analysis demonstrated the extract induced a pro-oxidant phenotype that reduced cell viability, inhibited growth in bacterial (E. coli) and mammalian (human aortic endothelial cells) cell types, and exacerbated pro-inflammatory indices. Helleborus odorus subsp. cyclophyllus contains bioactive molecules that elicit a number of cellular responses, and the therapeutic potential of these molecules warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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12 pages, 6286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Meristem Initiation Is Associated with Increased OSHB3 Expression in a Semi-Dominant Rice Mutant

by Keisuke Mikami, Momoko Kobukai, Kaito Chiba, Miu Kuwamura, Nobuhiro Nagasawa and Namiko Satoh-Nagasawa

Biology 2026, 15(11), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110851 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

HD-ZIP III genes encode important transcription factors that play a crucial role in plant development and are regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). Although previous studies have examined the functions of rice HD-ZIP III genes using overexpression lines, the developmental consequences of increased expression of [...] Read more.

HD-ZIP III genes encode important transcription factors that play a crucial role in plant development and are regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). Although previous studies have examined the functions of rice HD-ZIP III genes using overexpression lines, the developmental consequences of increased expression of the rice OSHB3 gene under native regulatory conditions remain unclear. In this study, we isolated a gain-of-function mutant carrying mutations in the miRNA target site of the OSHB3 gene, a member of the HD-ZIP III family, and examined its morphology at multiple developmental stages. Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Our results reveal that ectopic expression of the OSHB3 gene is associated with the differentiation pattern of meristems in rice and that a correlation exists between OSHB3 expression levels and phenotypic severity in the mutants. These findings highlight the importance of precise spatial and quantitative regulation of HD-ZIP III genes in rice development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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22 pages, 2083 KB

Open AccessReview

State-Dependent Modulation of Neurotransmitter Systems in Epilepsy: A Mechanistic Framework for Seizure Dynamics and Biomarker Variability

by Ekaterina Andreevna Narodova

Biology 2026, 15(11), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110850 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Epilepsy is increasingly conceptualized as a disorder of dynamic network instability rather than a static imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, substantial variability in seizure occurrence, clinical expression, and treatment response remains insufficiently explained by existing models. This narrative review examines how neurotransmitter [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is increasingly conceptualized as a disorder of dynamic network instability rather than a static imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, substantial variability in seizure occurrence, clinical expression, and treatment response remains insufficiently explained by existing models. This narrative review examines how neurotransmitter systems contribute to seizure dynamics within a state-dependent framework, in which factors such as sleep–wake cycles, stress, inflammation, and metabolic conditions modulate network excitability. The review identified four key findings: neurotransmitter function in epilepsy is state-dependent rather than fixed; multiple physiological state modifiers shape seizure susceptibility; seizure termination is an active state-sensitive process; and biomarker performance depends on the prevailing brain state. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that neurotransmitter function is context-sensitive and interacts with molecular pathways, including ion channel function, synaptic plasticity, and neuromodulatory signaling. These interactions influence key stages of seizure dynamics, including initiation, propagation, and termination, and may differ across etiological categories of epilepsy. This perspective also helps explain the limited performance of static biomarkers, as they do not capture temporal variability in network states. Instead, state-sensitive markers and context-aware interpretations of electrophysiological and clinical data may provide more informative insights. Overall, integrating neurotransmitter mechanisms with dynamic brain states offers a more precise perspective on seizure variability and may support the development of individualized, state-aware approaches to epilepsy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epilepsy: The Mechanisms of Seizure, Termination, and Biomarker Development)

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16 pages, 2215 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circadian Transcriptomic Dynamics Identify Transferable Retina–Choroid Expression Patterns in Myopia Development via Multistage Machine Learning

by Akarapon Watcharapalakorn, Teera Poyomtip, Patarakorn Tawonkasiwattanakun, Putri Krishna Kumara Dewi, Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij and Tanakamol Mahawan

Biology 2026, 15(11), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110849 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2026

Abstract

Circadian regulation has emerged as an important modulator of ocular growth; however, its role in organizing retina–choroid transcriptomic responses during myopia development remains incompletely understood. In this study, we reanalyzed publicly available retinal and choroidal RNA-seq datasets from chick models of form-deprivation myopia [...] Read more.

Circadian regulation has emerged as an important modulator of ocular growth; however, its role in organizing retina–choroid transcriptomic responses during myopia development remains incompletely understood. In this study, we reanalyzed publicly available retinal and choroidal RNA-seq datasets from chick models of form-deprivation myopia using a multistage machine learning framework. A biologically motivated ZT8/12 circadian window was defined from prior published time-of-day transcriptomic evidence and evaluated using feature selection, cross-tissue and cross-stage validation, and external validation in an independent retinal dataset. Machine learning models classified the ZT8/12 window with high performance across onset and progression datasets, and control analyses indicated that this signal reflects a broad transcriptome-wide temporal state rather than a pattern unique to the 53-gene signature. The final gene signature is therefore interpreted as a stable representative subset of the ZT8/12-associated expression state. Cross-species functional enrichment and ortholog mapping suggested hypothesis-generating functional relationships between chicken genes and human orthologs. Overall, this work provides a computational framework for evaluating time-associated expression patterns in myopia and highlights circadian timing as a candidate component of retina–choroid biology requiring further functional validation. Full article

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30 pages, 5426 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Replicon Cell Pools Bearing a Flavivirus RNA Replicon as a Source of HIV-1 Gag-Pol for Lentiviral Vector Production

by Aitolkyn Kydyrbayeva, Viktoriya Keyer, Tolganay Kulatay, Gulzat Zauatbayeva, Bakytkali Ingirbay, Maral Zhumabekova, Arman Abeev, Gaziza Nigmatulla and Alexandr V. Shustov

Biology 2026, 15(11), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110848 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are indispensable tools in cell and gene therapy. Rising demand has created a global shortage of LVs, driving the development of novel packaging approaches. We report a novel vector packaging approach using autonomously replicating cytoplasmic RNAs (replicons) to express packaging [...] Read more.

Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are indispensable tools in cell and gene therapy. Rising demand has created a global shortage of LVs, driving the development of novel packaging approaches. We report a novel vector packaging approach using autonomously replicating cytoplasmic RNAs (replicons) to express packaging proteins. Yellow fever virus (YFV) was used as a source of replicons encoding the HIV-1 Gag–Pol polyprotein together with reporter or selectable markers. YFV replicons were able to establish chronic infection in HEK293FT cells. Replicons expressing HIV-1 Gag–Pol containing the wild-type HIV-1 protease caused strong cytotoxicity, which prevented the selection of polyclonal cell pools harboring the replicon. In contrast, a replicon carrying the T26S mutation in the HIV-1 protease gene showed no measurable cytotoxic effects, enabling the generation of stable replicon-containing cell pools. The replicon cell pools were established using antibiotic selection and maintained Gag-Pol expression for at least ten passages under selection pressure. Using these first-generation replicon cell pools as packaging cells, LV production required only transient transfection of a transfer vector, a Tat/Rev plasmid, and an envelope plasmid. Yields reached ~10⁶ TU/mL prior to concentration and ~10⁹ TU from multilayer cell stacks, which fall within the range typically reported for conventional transient transfection systems under similar culture conditions. The resulting vectors efficiently transduced target cells, and no replication-competent lentivirus (RCL) was detected using a two-phase RCL assay with p24 ELISA detection. This demonstrator platform utilizing replicon cell pools represents a novel approach for LV packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotechnology)

20 pages, 2704 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advances in the Knowledge of the Reproductive Processes of the Critically Endangered Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758

by Emilio Cortés Melendreras, Pilar Martínez-Martínez, Juan Vera Inglés, Miguel Ángel Sánchez, Antonio Crespo Montalt, Yolanda Fernández-Torquemada, Ezequiel Martínez Ortega and Francisca Giménez Casalduero

Biology 2026, 15(11), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110847 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

As part of conservation efforts for Pinna nobilis, a critically endangered bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, laboratory programs have been developed to maintain and breed specimens. However, progress in the ex situ conservation of the species remains limited and challenging. This [...] Read more.

As part of conservation efforts for Pinna nobilis, a critically endangered bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, laboratory programs have been developed to maintain and breed specimens. However, progress in the ex situ conservation of the species remains limited and challenging. This study aims to advance the knowledge required to establish effective reproductive protocols for P. nobilis, specifically focusing on the population in the Mar Menor lagoon, one of the last two surviving populations along the Spanish coast. The first phase of this study involved characterizing the reproductive events in the lagoon. Subsequently, two ex situ reproduction experiments were conducted under conditions designed to replicate the lagoon’s natural environment. Three reproductive events were detected in the lagoon between 2019 and 2022, and five successful spawning events occurred across the two ex situ experiments. The conditions for maintenance, maturation, and induction of the individuals are described. In all cases, the percentage of fertilized oocytes released was remarkably high, suggesting internal fertilization, but not self-fertilization, within the pallial cavity. Additionally, ex situ individuals exhibited simultaneous hermaphroditism, with synchronous maturation and alternating release of gametes, effectively preventing self-fertilization. These findings represent a significant step forward in understanding the reproductive biology of P. nobilis and contribute to efforts aimed at ensuring the species’ long-term survival. Full article

21 pages, 5629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Taxonomy Reveals a Candidate Lineage Within the Rhinolophus macrotis Group

by Jinhua Cong, Jiajun Zhang, Haoran Yu, Jinhong Lei, Guiyin Miao, Heran Yang, Qiuchen Li, Zhejia Zhang, Gábor Csorba, Keping Sun and Tong Liu

Biology 2026, 15(11), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110846 (registering DOI) - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Accurate species delimitation is fundamental yet challenging, particularly in recently diverged, phenotypically conservative taxa such as bats. The “Rhinolophus macrotis group” represents one of the most taxonomically contentious groups among horseshoe bats. During field surveys in Southwest China, we discovered an unidentified [...] Read more.

Accurate species delimitation is fundamental yet challenging, particularly in recently diverged, phenotypically conservative taxa such as bats. The “Rhinolophus macrotis group” represents one of the most taxonomically contentious groups among horseshoe bats. During field surveys in Southwest China, we discovered an unidentified Rhinolophus sp. occurring sympatrically with R. osgoodi and R. episcopus, sharing broad morphological affinities with recognized species of the “R. macrotis group.” To explore its taxonomic status, we employed an integrative approach combining morphological, acoustic, and multi-locus genetic (mitogenomic and nuclear) data. Phenotypically, Rhinolophus sp. closely resembles R. osgoodi but can be distinguished by its divergent echolocation resting frequency. Genetically, while mitochondrial data deeply nested Rhinolophus sp. within R. osgoodi with a shallow divergence time, phylogenies based on two nuclear introns positioned it closer to two other species, R. episcopus and R. siamensis. Species delimitation based on these genetic markers revealed a pattern of mitochondrial subdivision contrasted by overly conservative nuclear signals. Such mito-nuclear discordance suggests a complex evolutionary history that complicates taxonomic assignments. Given that only three specimens of Rhinolophus sp. were available, which precludes a robust assessment of intraspecific variation, we provisionally designate it as a candidate lineage within the “R. macrotis group,” warranting future validation with additional comprehensive evidence. This study highlights the indispensable utility of integrative taxonomy in uncovering hidden diversity and provides insights into chiropteran evolutionary history. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

19 pages, 47514 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regional and Cellular Distribution of Nuclear Phosphorylated Tau (AT100) in the Frontal Cortex and Cerebellum of Cetaceans

by Belén Alonso-Estanillo, Maicol Ochoa, Laura Gómez, Xabier Pin, Alfredo López and Fernando Vásquez

Biology 2026, 15(11), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110845 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the nuclear distribution of phosphorylated tau (AT100) in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of 12 cetaceans stranded along the Galician coast (NW Spain). Using Bayesian beta regression, we identified a suggestive positive trend between aging and tau phosphorylation, with posterior [...] Read more.

This study investigates the nuclear distribution of phosphorylated tau (AT100) in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of 12 cetaceans stranded along the Galician coast (NW Spain). Using Bayesian beta regression, we identified a suggestive positive trend between aging and tau phosphorylation, with posterior probabilities of 85.7% in the cortex and 89.7% in the cerebellum. Although the 95% credible intervals include zero in both models, reflecting the limited sample size, the direction and magnitude of the age effect were stable across multiple prior specifications and outlier-exclusion sensitivity analyses, suggesting a consistent age-related pattern rather than a data artefact. We hypothesize that the translocation of tau to the nucleus may act as a “nuclear shield” against cumulative oxidative stress, a process potentially intensified by the intermittent hypoxia characteristic of diving in these mammals; this hypothesis awaits direct empirical validation. A strong inter-regional correlation (

r = 0.932

; Spearman

ρ = 0.923

) points to a potentially coordinated regulation of tau phosphorylation across brain regions. Furthermore, markedly elevated AT100 levels in a subadult with cerebral necrosis suggest its potential as a marker of acute neuronal distress. These findings provide a preliminary baseline for understanding neuroprotection in cetaceans, with tau phosphorylation as a candidate mechanism for preserving neuronal genomic integrity under extreme physiological conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience)

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20 pages, 5399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Features and Recognition of Distress Calls in Rhinolophus nippon: A Study Combining Machine Learning and Playback Experiments

by Jingyan Hao, Jiaxi Li, Bingbing Wang, Meiyan Guo, Xiao Tan and Kangkang Zhang

Biology 2026, 15(11), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110844 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Vocal signals are the primary medium of intraspecific communication in bats, yet the encoding features and recognition mechanisms of distress calls remain largely unclear. This study aimed to examine sex, age, and individual signatures in noise burst to downward-frequency modulation (NB-DFM) distress calls [...] Read more.

Vocal signals are the primary medium of intraspecific communication in bats, yet the encoding features and recognition mechanisms of distress calls remain largely unclear. This study aimed to examine sex, age, and individual signatures in noise burst to downward-frequency modulation (NB-DFM) distress calls of the Rhinolophus nippon and verify conspecific recognition ability. We recorded NB-DFM calls from 20 adult and 9 subadult bats in Jilin Province, extracted 18 acoustic parameters, built classification models with support vector machines (SVMs), evaluated feature importance using random forest, and performed habituation–dishabituation playback experiments. SVM yielded classification accuracies of 67%, 89%, and 88% for sex, age, and individual identity, respectively, all significantly above chance levels. Call duration, central minimum frequency, and root mean square (RMS) were the most diagnostic parameters, and key acoustic variables differed significantly among classification levels. Playback tests elicited distinct behavioral responses to calls of different sexes, ages, and individuals, confirming discrimination ability. These findings reveal individual, age, and sex specific acoustic markers in bat distress calls, support the utility of machine learning for bioacoustic classification, and provide empirical insight into stress-related acoustic communication in nocturnal mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research of Chiroptera)

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16 pages, 9830 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Phenome-Wide Comparative Analysis of Individualized Network Heterogeneity Across Treatment-Response Subphenotypes in Coronary Heart Disease

by Shuang Guan, Yinli Shi, Sicun Wang, Yuanyuan Leng, Yanan Yu, Jun Liu and Zhong Wang

Biology 2026, 15(11), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110843 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

To address the heterogeneity in treatment effects (HTE) in precision medicine for coronary heart disease (CHD), we employed an individualized network analysis framework (Pheno-NM) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HTE in patients treated with Danhong injection (DHI). We integrated clinical phenotyping and [...] Read more.

To address the heterogeneity in treatment effects (HTE) in precision medicine for coronary heart disease (CHD), we employed an individualized network analysis framework (Pheno-NM) to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HTE in patients treated with Danhong injection (DHI). We integrated clinical phenotyping and transcriptomic data to identify three efficacy-based subgroups. The best-responding subgroup (D(+)S(+)) displayed the most complex gene network, with its key hub gene ORM1 linked to platelet activation. Individualized network analysis revealed that patient-specific symptom improvement correlated with unique functional module connectivity and gene expression variations (e.g., HSBP1L1 and KCNG2). Furthermore, six core network topological parameters significantly correlated with treatment efficacy and differed between subgroups (p < 0.05), alongside significant differential expression of genes such as IQCD and MTFR1. This work establishes a novel joint phenotype-genetic network modeling paradigm, providing a molecular framework for HTE and paving the way for precise, personalized cardiovascular interventions by revealing patient-specific network architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 4020 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of NAC Transcription Factor Genes in the Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha Provides Insights into Potential Control Strategies

by Wenzheng Song, Yan’e Ding, Liying Yang, Weiwei Li and Ning Zhao

Biology 2026, 15(11), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110842 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

M. micrantha is a highly destructive invasive weed causing severe ecological and economic damage in invaded regions. Conventional control methods remain insufficient, highlighting the need for targeted management strategies. NAC transcription factors, a plant-specific family, play key regulatory roles in growth, secondary metabolism, [...] Read more.

M. micrantha is a highly destructive invasive weed causing severe ecological and economic damage in invaded regions. Conventional control methods remain insufficient, highlighting the need for targeted management strategies. NAC transcription factors, a plant-specific family, play key regulatory roles in growth, secondary metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of the NAC gene family in M. micrantha using bioinformatic approaches based on Arabidopsis thaliana NAC sequences and the M. micrantha whole-genome assembly. A total of 76 MmNAC genes were identified from M. micrantha, and these members were classified into 13 subfamilies and one unclassified clade, with subdomains C and D being the most conserved. Five conserved motifs were identified; motifs 1 and 2 were present in over 94% of members. Chromosomal mapping showed 68 genes distributed unevenly across 18 of 19 chromosomes. Tissue expression analysis revealed that NAP and AtNAC3 subfamilies are highly expressed in seeds, while NAM and NAC2 subfamilies predominate in floral tissues, suggesting potential subfamily–tissue expression patterns. These findings provide a basis for understanding NAC functions in M. micrantha and identifying targets for its control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Genetics and Plant Breeding in Crop Improvement)

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22 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessReview

Stress-Driven Accelerated Evolution and Ecological Network Reconfiguration in Extremophilic Microbial Communities

by Han Zhu, Liang Zhang, Zhao Hao, Enyong Chen, Yanhong Wang, Huaiming Jin and Yonghong Zhou

Biology 2026, 15(11), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110841 - 28 May 2026

Abstract

Persistently high levels of abiotic stress define extreme environments. Even for adapted extremophiles, we argue this stress remains a continuous physiological challenge, necessitating energetically costly homeostasis. Crucially, this persistent pressure drives a self-reinforcing feedback loop across biological scales: it accelerates genomic evolution and [...] Read more.

Persistently high levels of abiotic stress define extreme environments. Even for adapted extremophiles, we argue this stress remains a continuous physiological challenge, necessitating energetically costly homeostasis. Crucially, this persistent pressure drives a self-reinforcing feedback loop across biological scales: it accelerates genomic evolution and concurrently reshapes ecological network architecture. Genomic innovations provide new traits for network reconfiguration, while the restructured network acts as a selective filter guiding subsequent evolution. This loop underpins extreme ecosystem resilience—the capacity for stress-induced adaptive restructuring. We synthesize mechanisms of this stress-adaptation interplay, propose testable hypotheses and outline experimental evolution approaches to validate this predictive framework for microbial responses to global change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation of Living Species to Environmental Stress (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 1330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Methane Flux Responses to Warming and Inundation in the Qinghai Lake Littoral Wetland

by Hairui Zhao, Ziwei Yang, Yanfen Yang, Mingzhu Cao, Yuyu Ma, Chen Chen, Shuchang Zhu and Kelong Chen

Biology 2026, 15(11), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110840 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

This study investigated the interactive effects of warming and inundation on methane (CH₄) fluxes and soil physicochemical mechanisms in the littoral wetland of Qinghai Lake. Soil samples were collected from the Bird Island littoral wetland. Eight treatments were established: natural control [...] Read more.

This study investigated the interactive effects of warming and inundation on methane (CH₄) fluxes and soil physicochemical mechanisms in the littoral wetland of Qinghai Lake. Soil samples were collected from the Bird Island littoral wetland. Eight treatments were established: natural control (CK), different inundation depths (S0, S10, S20), warming alone (ZWCK), and warming combined with inundation (ZW0, ZW10, ZW20). CH₄ fluxes were measured over one year using an ABB LGR analyzer. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Mantel tests were used to identify environmental drivers. The main findings are as follows: (1) Under different water level treatments, CH₄ fluxes showed a unimodal seasonal pattern, peaking in autumn. Warming and the interactive treatments shifted the emission pattern to bimodal or multimodal and significantly increased emission intensity. The warming-alone group had the highest annual emission, with anomalously high winter emission (47.683 μg·m⁻²·h⁻¹). Under the ZW20 treatment, emissions were synergistically enhanced in summer and autumn but turned to suppression in winter. (2) PCA showed that the carbon nitrogen pool (70.5%) and the salinity pH gradient (14.9%) were the main drivers of soil variation. The interactive effects on carbon-nitrogen dynamics shifted with season: warming promoted accumulation in spring; warming with shallow inundation retained carbon-nitrogen in summer, but deep inundation caused loss; warming with deep inundation formed a nutrient center in autumn; inundation dominated accumulation in winter, while warming increased loss. (3) Mantel tests showed that carbon-nitrogen components were highly correlated across seasons, but were strongly and positively correlated with CH₄ flux only in autumn (Mantel’s r ≥ 0.4, p < 0.05), indicating autumn as the key window. These findings provide important insights into carbon cycling processes and regulatory mechanisms of alpine wetlands under future climate change scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

16 pages, 2163 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulatory Effects of Two Ionic Liquids ([Omim]Br, [Opy]Br) on the Growth and Root Microecology of Maize Seedlings

by Qiuchen Guo, Mengfei Niu, Yiping Wang, Shixu Yang, Qingru Cai, Yulong Ma, Yajun Li and Xiaohong Chen

Biology 2026, 15(11), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110839 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

Accumulation of ionic liquids (ILs) in soil may alter its physicochemical and biological properties. However, the current understanding of their effects on the rhizosphere microenvironment of crop plants remains limited. We examined the effects of two ILs—[Opy]Br and [Omim]Br—which differ in cation structure [...] Read more.

Accumulation of ionic liquids (ILs) in soil may alter its physicochemical and biological properties. However, the current understanding of their effects on the rhizosphere microenvironment of crop plants remains limited. We examined the effects of two ILs—[Opy]Br and [Omim]Br—which differ in cation structure but share the bromide anion, on maize rhizosphere microbial communities and metabolites at a concentration of 0.6 g/kg soil. Exposure to [Opy]Br and [Omim]Br significantly impaired maize seedling development, with [Opy]Br inducing more severe growth suppression. These phytotoxic effects were also reflected in changes in rhizosphere soil properties. In bacterial communities, [Omim]Br more strongly inhibited membrane transport (e.g., ATP-binding cassette transporters), lipid synthesis, and carbon metabolism, thereby impairing bacterial nutrient uptake and energy metabolism. In fungal communities, saprophytic fungi were activated under both treatments, accelerating organic matter decomposition, whereas pathogens were suppressed, particularly under [Omim]Br treatment. Metabolomic analysis revealed widespread accumulation of amino acids in maize roots following exposure to both ILs, accompanied by significant depletion of the antioxidant glutathione. Carbohydrate metabolism was broadly suppressed, with [Omim]Br exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Hormone levels were generally reduced, with [Opy]Br causing more severe depletion. Overall, both ILs induced oxidative stress, hormonal disruption, and metabolic imbalance in maize. This study provides a reference for evaluating the risks and regulatory potential of ILs in agricultural environments. Full article

39 pages, 4242 KB

Open AccessReview

Epigenetic Regulation of Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumors: Histone Modifications in Uterine Fibroids and Leiomyosarcoma

by Qiwei Yang

Biology 2026, 15(11), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15110838 - 27 May 2026

Abstract

Uterine smooth muscle tumors (USMTs) represent a diverse group of neoplasms arising from the myometrium, ranging from benign uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) to highly aggressive uterine leiomyosarcoma. While genetic alterations contribute to tumor development, growing evidence highlights the crucial role of epigenetic regulation in [...] Read more.

Uterine smooth muscle tumors (USMTs) represent a diverse group of neoplasms arising from the myometrium, ranging from benign uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) to highly aggressive uterine leiomyosarcoma. While genetic alterations contribute to tumor development, growing evidence highlights the crucial role of epigenetic regulation in shaping tumor behavior. Among these mechanisms, histone modification has emerged as a key regulator of chromatin structure and gene expression. Histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation, and SUMOylation, are dynamically controlled by epigenetic regulators known as writers, erasers, and readers, which collectively modulate transcriptional programs involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. Recent studies indicate that dysregulation of histone-modifying enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of USMTs by altering chromatin accessibility and transcriptional networks. In uterine fibroids, histone modifications are associated with hormone-responsive signaling pathways, extracellular matrix deposition, and abnormal smooth muscle cell proliferation. In contrast, uterine leiomyosarcoma exhibits extensive epigenetic reprogramming characterized by aberrant histone acetylation and methylation patterns, dysregulated chromatin regulators, and activation of oncogenic signaling pathways that promote tumor aggressiveness and genomic instability. Importantly, histone modifications interact with other epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, non-coding RNA–mediated regulation, and RNA epitranscriptomics, forming complex networks that influence tumor initiation and progression. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on histone modification pathways and their roles in USMT biology, highlighting the functions of histone-modifying enzymes, their interactions with other epigenetic mechanisms, and their impact on tumor development. In addition, this review discusses emerging therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic regulators, including inhibitors of histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases, and readers, as well as potential epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, this review outlines future research directions, including multi-omics integration, and advanced epigenomic technologies, which may provide deeper insights into the epigenetic landscape of USMTs and facilitate the development of personalized therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15 Years of Biology: The View Ahead)

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