Biology

10 pages, 1176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Creating New Forms of Hexaploid Triticale Associating Complete R and D Genomes

by Michel Bernard, Sylvie Bernard, Ekaterina Badaeva and Rolf Schlegel

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111632 - 20 Nov 2025

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Triticale, a man-made cereal, has been grown worldwide since the 1980s in order to replace established cereals in difficult areas, at least partially. The present cultivars are mostly hexaploid genotypes with 42 chromosomes, of genomic structure AA BB RR. Their agricultural performance does [...] Read more.

Triticale, a man-made cereal, has been grown worldwide since the 1980s in order to replace established cereals in difficult areas, at least partially. The present cultivars are mostly hexaploid genotypes with 42 chromosomes, of genomic structure AA BB RR. Their agricultural performance does not meet all breeding requirements. In particular, some technological characteristics are inadequate compared to tetraploid (durum) and hexaploid (soft) wheats. Therefore, we aimed to find ways to improve modern triticale varieties by targeted introgression with genes and even chromosomes from wheat, in particular, from the D genome. Through appropriate bridge crossings and embryo culture technique and under cytogenetic control, a series of new stable hexaploid lines with reasonable agronomic stability were finally produced. All of them carried a complete D sub-genome, a complete R sub-genome, plus a mixed genome consisting of various combinations of chromosomes derived from the A and B genomes representing the seven homoeologous groups. It is clear that such mixed genomes can be of genetic and breeding significance. These large introgression lines demonstrate the flexibility of genome organization and offer the opportunity for further regulatory and genetic optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Crop Improvement Now and Beyond)

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28 pages, 2521 KB

Open AccessReview

Chagas Disease in the 21st Century: Global Spread, Ecological Shifts, and Research Frontiers

by Marina da Silva Ferreira, Rosa Amelia Maldonado and Priscila Silva Grijó Farani

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111631 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 793

Abstract

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Historically confined to rural areas of Latin America, the disease has now become a global health challenge due to increased migration, urbanization, and ecological [...] Read more.

Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, remains one of the most important neglected tropical diseases. Historically confined to rural areas of Latin America, the disease has now become a global health challenge due to increased migration, urbanization, and ecological changes. This review explores how patterns of transmission and endemicity have evolved, emphasizing the emergence of new geographic hotspots and non-traditional routes of transmission, such as congenital and oral infections. We integrate evidence from ecological studies showing how deforestation, urban sprawl, and climate change are reshaping vector habitats and influencing the spread of triatomine insects. Furthermore, we highlight advances made between 2020 and 2025 in key research areas, including vector genomics and climate-based predictive mapping, as well as digital surveillance strategies that leverage machine learning and citizen science. These innovations provide valuable insights for predicting future risks and improving disease control. By linking global epidemiological trends, ecological drivers, and cutting-edge scientific advances, this review underscores the urgent need for integrated, collaborative strategies to prevent further spread and to protect vulnerable populations worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease: Biology, Epidemiology, Treatment and Control (2nd Edition))

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4 pages, 3948 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Lu et al. Autophagy Alters Bladder Angiogenesis and Improves Bladder Hyperactivity in the Pathogenesis of Ketamine-Induced Cystitis in a Rat Model. Biology 2021, 10, 488

by Jian-He Lu, Yi-Hsuan Wu, Tai-Jui Juan, Hung-Yu Lin, Rong-Jyh Lin, Kuang-Shun Chueh, Yi-Chen Lee, Chao-Yuan Chang and Yung-Shun Juan

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111630 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis of Pathologies of the Lower Urinary Tract)

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15 pages, 1269 KB

Open AccessArticle

Invasion Mechanisms of the Alien Plant Datura stramonium in Xizang: Insights from Genetic Differentiation, Allelopathy, and Ecological Niche Analysis

by Yonghao Chen, Zhefei Zeng, Qiong La and Junwei Wang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111629 - 20 Nov 2025

Viewed by 271

Abstract

Datura stramonium, which is originally native to Mexico, has been recognized as an invasive species following its introduction to China, where it has proliferated extensively. Despite its widespread impact, the mechanisms driving the invasion of D. stramonium remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, gaining [...] Read more.

Datura stramonium, which is originally native to Mexico, has been recognized as an invasive species following its introduction to China, where it has proliferated extensively. Despite its widespread impact, the mechanisms driving the invasion of D. stramonium remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, gaining insight into these mechanisms is essential for the development of effective strategies to prevent and control its further invasion. This study aims to elucidate the factors contributing to the successful invasion of D. stramonium in Tibet by examining genetic differentiation, allelopathic potential, and niche characteristics of its populations. Our findings reveal the following: (1) The genetic variation within 15 populations of D. stramonium is predominantly intra-populational, lacking distinct genealogical phylogeographic structure, and is indicative of recent population expansion. This suggests that human-mediated dispersal has played a significant role in the invasion of D. stramonium in Tibet. (2) Allelopathic assays demonstrate that extracts from various parts of D. stramonium exhibit significant inhibitory effects on the germination of Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste and Pisum sativum seeds. (3) D. stramonium exhibits the highest niche breadth within the plant community, coupled with a pronounced competitive ability for environmental resources. The invasion of D. stramonium poses a substantial threat to the diversity of local plant species. Consequently, the formulation of scientific management measures is of critical importance to prevent and control the invasion of D. stramonium and preserve biodiversity in the invaded area. Full article

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15 pages, 1641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photosynthesis and Spatial Distribution of Surface Phytoplankton in the Yangtze Estuary and Adjacent Waters During Spring

by Haojie Hu, Jing Xia, Xiu Gao, Wenlian Huang, Jiuyi Pan, Zhi Chen and Ji Li

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111628 - 20 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Chlorophyll fluorescence provides direct insights into the physiological status of algae, contributing to the understanding of the marine carbon cycle. However, in situ measurements of phytoplankton photosynthetic physiology remain relatively scarce in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), an ecosystem under intense anthropogenic pressure. [...] Read more.

Chlorophyll fluorescence provides direct insights into the physiological status of algae, contributing to the understanding of the marine carbon cycle. However, in situ measurements of phytoplankton photosynthetic physiology remain relatively scarce in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), an ecosystem under intense anthropogenic pressure. Consequently, quantifying composition and physiological status variations of phytoplankton in this region is critical for understanding their ecological functions and responses. Spring cruise revealed that the warm and high-salinity oceanic region exhibited a greater abundance of dinoflagellates and chrysophytes, while the lower-salinity plume region was characterized by higher abundances of chlorophytes and cryptophytes. Diatoms dominated across all regions. The highest chlorophyll a concentration (6.3 μg/L) was observed in the oceanic region. Chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the warm offshore community was more active, suggesting favorable phytoplankton growth. As temperature decreased and seawater mixed, the maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) and the minimal saturated light intensity (I_k) decreased, yet the overall community remained healthy. Despite the plume delivering abundant nutrients, phytoplankton activity was relatively low due to the cold spring water temperature. This study will provide a foundation for understanding phytoplankton dynamics under anthropogenic influences in the YRE and the adjacent East China Sea, supporting algal bloom monitoring and early warning efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes and Algae—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Taurine-Dominated Feeding Attractant Mixture Induces Efficient Foraging in Neptunea cumingii

by Deliang Li, Wenjing Ren, Pengcheng Sun, Zhaoyu He, Fenghe An, Lei Gao, Xueshu Zhang and Ming Li

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111627 - 19 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The Neptunea cumingii (N. cumingii) fishing industry has long relied on expensive and perishable skate (Raja porosa) meat as bait. The unknown chemical attraction mechanism has hindered the development of artificial alternatives. This study employed untargeted metabolomics to analyze [...] Read more.

The Neptunea cumingii (N. cumingii) fishing industry has long relied on expensive and perishable skate (Raja porosa) meat as bait. The unknown chemical attraction mechanism has hindered the development of artificial alternatives. This study employed untargeted metabolomics to analyze the chemical composition of skate meat and combined quantitative behavioral analysis to identify four key attractant compounds. These compounds were taurine, glutamate (Glu), inositol, and lactate. A standardized behavioral assessment system was established using the three parameters of response time, displacement distance, and movement velocity. This system enabled precise quantification of attraction efficacy. Concentration-gradient experiments determined the optimal concentration for all four compounds as 0.1 M. Taurine exhibited the strongest single-compound activity. It reduced response time by 50% and increased displacement distance by 164.5%. The mixture of four compounds at 0.1 M produced significant synergistic effects. The mixture achieved a comprehensive score of 93.6. This score approached that of natural skate meat at 94.8. All behavioral parameters improved by over 69% compared to the best single compound. These findings reveal the key attractant components in skate meat. They provide a scientific basis for developing efficient and stable artificial attractants. This research holds substantial value for promoting sustainable development of the N. cumingii fishing industry. Full article

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17 pages, 5764 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles from Spartina alterniflora for Cadmium Immobilization in Coastal Wetland Sediments

by Jian Li, Xuejing Zang, Zhanrui Leng, Yan Li, Shiyan Xu and Na Wei

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111626 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 244

Abstract

A green synthesis method for iron nanoparticles was developed using the leaf extract of the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora (Sa-FeNPs), targeting the remediation of cadmium (Cd) in coastal sediments. The obtained Sa-FeNPs, characterized as amorphous Fe-O-C composites, significantly reduced the amount of bioavailable [...] Read more.

A green synthesis method for iron nanoparticles was developed using the leaf extract of the invasive plant Spartina alterniflora (Sa-FeNPs), targeting the remediation of cadmium (Cd) in coastal sediments. The obtained Sa-FeNPs, characterized as amorphous Fe-O-C composites, significantly reduced the amount of bioavailable Cd. Specifically, Sa-FeNPs achieved a 34.63–38.39% decrease in the weak-acid-extractable fraction at a 7% application rate. The primary mechanisms underlying the adsorption and complexation of Cd are the large specific surface area of the Sa-FeNPs, their rich functional groups (-OH, -COOH, C=C, C-O), iron redox reactions, and total organic carbon (TOC) conversion. This study offers an environmentally friendly and low-cost remediation strategy for the utilization of excessive S. alterniflora biomass resources and controlling Cd pollution in coastal wetlands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals in Biology (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 6264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ecological Vulnerability to Climate Change in Northwestern Sichuan’s Terrestrial Ecosystems of China: Conservation Implications

by Cuicui Jiao, Xiaobo Yi, Ji Luo, Ying Wang, Yuanjie Deng, Jiangtao Gou and Danting Luo

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111625 - 19 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Climate change intensifies ecosystem vulnerability in mountainous regions, particularly in Northwestern Sichuan’s Terrestrial Ecosystems (TENS), where complex terrain amplifies impacts on biodiversity and carbon dynamics. This study assesses spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability using the IPCC exposure-sensitivity-resilience framework. We applied autoregressive modeling and a 5-year [...] Read more.

Climate change intensifies ecosystem vulnerability in mountainous regions, particularly in Northwestern Sichuan’s Terrestrial Ecosystems (TENS), where complex terrain amplifies impacts on biodiversity and carbon dynamics. This study assesses spatiotemporal ecological vulnerability using the IPCC exposure-sensitivity-resilience framework. We applied autoregressive modeling and a 5-year moving window to monthly NDVI, temperature, and precipitation data from 1983 to 2022. Results show vulnerability index (VI) increases latitudinally from south to north, driven by inverse temperature correlations. Longitudinally, VI forms a V-shaped pattern due to topographic and monsoon influences. Wetlands are most vulnerable (VI ≈ 0.48) from precipitation sensitivity, while forests show lowest vulnerability (VI ≈ 0.43) due to high resilience. Temporally, VI fluctuates nonlinearly with decline (1985–1994) under cool-humid conditions, increase (1994–2008) amid warmer-drier El Niño effects, and sharp decline (2008–2011) from La Niña and sand control initiatives. Spatially, 34.6% of areas exhibit decline-increase-decline-increase trends. Centroids of decreasing VI shift southwest-to-north, indicating recovery diffusion. Increasing VI centroids move northwest-central-north. These findings underscore ecosystem-specific adaptive management and conservation policies, especially in northern TENS, to mitigate accelerating climate pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Terrestrial Carbon Cycling and Biodiversity Across Spatial and Temporal Scales)

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22 pages, 5242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Mulching Enhances Soil Health and Fungal Diversity to Promote Growth of Aralia continentalis Kitag: A Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Fertilization in Agroecosystems

by Qian Liu, Junyan Zheng, Yuhe Xing, Xingchi Guo, Ying Qu, Zhiyu Dong, Wei Yu and Guoyu Zhang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111624 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Soil degradation from long-term chemical fertilization poses serious challenges to the sustainability of black soil agroecosystems in Northeast China, particularly for the cultivation of medicinal plants such as Aralia continentalis Kitag. To evaluate eco-friendly alternatives, we compared decomposed leaf mulching (LM), conventional fertilization [...] Read more.

Soil degradation from long-term chemical fertilization poses serious challenges to the sustainability of black soil agroecosystems in Northeast China, particularly for the cultivation of medicinal plants such as Aralia continentalis Kitag. To evaluate eco-friendly alternatives, we compared decomposed leaf mulching (LM), conventional fertilization (CF), and an untreated control (CK) in a five-year field experiment. LM significantly improved soil structure by reducing bulk density by 12.8% (p < 0.05) and increasing porosity by 15.6% while enhancing organic carbon and humus fractions by 23.4% and 31.7%, respectively. These changes promoted microbial biomass carbon by 28.2% (p < 0.01) and enriched beneficial fungi such as Mortierella, which correlated with nutrient mobilization and plant growth. Fungal richness and diversity were higher under LM (+18.4% and +12.6%, respectively), whereas CF reduced evenness and favored dominance of stress-tolerant taxa. Functional predictions indicated that LM sustained saprotrophic and symbiotic guilds, while CF weakened mycorrhizal associations. Structural equation modeling identified microbial community composition as a central mediator linking soil properties, microbial diversity, and biomass (R² = 0.78), with LM exerting the strongest cascading effects. At the plant level, LM achieved the highest above- and belowground biomass, outperforming CF and CK by 26.3% and 34.5%, respectively. Overall, decomposed leaf mulching represents a sustainable strategy to restore soil quality, enhance microbial diversity, and support medicinal plant cultivation in cold-region agroecosystems. Full article

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19 pages, 8563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Profiling of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Microbial Communities in Pig and Cow Dung from Rural China: Insights into Environmental Dissemination and Public Health Risks

by Haifeng Wang, Juan Guo and Xing Chen

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111623 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in pig and cow dung from rural China were systematically profiled using high-throughput quantitative PCR arrays and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to assess their environmental dissemination and public health risks. The abundance and diversity of ARGs [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in pig and cow dung from rural China were systematically profiled using high-throughput quantitative PCR arrays and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to assess their environmental dissemination and public health risks. The abundance and diversity of ARGs were markedly higher in pig dung than in cow dung. A total of 56 ARGs were enriched in pig dung, including β-lactamase genes (blaCMY, blaCTX-M) and macrolide resistance genes (ermB, ermF), along with several genes related to aminoglycoside and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B resistance. In contrast, only eight ARGs were enriched in cow dung. Microbial community analysis revealed that cow dung was dominated by UCG-005, UCG-010, Methanocorpusculum, and Fibrobacter, taxa typically associated with ruminant digestion. In pig dung, Ignatzschineria, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Treponema, and conditional pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Leptospira were significantly enriched, indicating higher pathogen-related risks. Functional prediction identified 26 KEGG level-2 and 136 level-3 pathways, showing stronger xenobiotic degradation and amino acid metabolism in pig dung, whereas cow dung was enriched in energy metabolism and chemotaxis pathways. Moreover, the higher abundance of mobile genetic elements (e.g., intI1 and IS613) in pig dung suggests a greater potential for horizontal ARG transfer. Integrating ARG, microbial, and pathogen data reveals that pig dung acts as a composite source of “ARG–pathogen” contamination with enhanced transmission potential. These findings provide localized, data-driven evidence for developing safer livestock waste management practices, such as composting and biogas utilization, and contribute to antibiotic resistance mitigation strategies in rural China. Full article

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17 pages, 1223 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Deep Autoencoder Compression-Based Genomic Prediction Method for Whole-Genome Sequencing Data

by Hailiang Song, Tian Dong, Wei Wang, Xiaoyu Yan, Chenfan Geng, Song Bai and Hongxia Hu

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111622 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 341

Abstract

Genomic prediction using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data is challenged by the imbalance between a limited sample size (n) and an extensive number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p), where n

≪

p. The high dimensionality of WGS data [...] Read more.

Genomic prediction using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data is challenged by the imbalance between a limited sample size (n) and an extensive number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p), where n

≪

p. The high dimensionality of WGS data also increases computational demands, limiting its practical application. In this study, we introduce DAGP, a novel method that integrates deep autoencoder compression to reduce WGS data dimensionality by over 99% while preserving essential genetic information. This compression significantly improves computational efficiency, facilitating the effective use of high-dimensional genomic data. Our results demonstrated that DAGP, when combined with the genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) method, maintained prediction accuracy comparable to WGS data, even at reduced marker densities of 50 K for sturgeon and 20 K for maize. Furthermore, integrating DAGP with Bayesian and machine learning models improved genomic prediction accuracy over traditional WGS-based GBLUP, with an average gain of 6.05% and 5.35%, respectively. DAGP provides an efficient and scalable solution for genomic prediction in species with large-scale genomic data, offering both computational feasibility and enhanced prediction performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology)

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10 pages, 740 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Linear Association Between Phase Angle and Body Fat in a Sample of US Adults

by Federica Frau, Eduardo Pizzo Junior, Stefano Cabras, Myosotis Massidda and Elisabetta Marini

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111621 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 476

Abstract

Phase angle (PhA) is a widely used bioimpedance index associated with cell mass, membrane integrity, skeletal muscle mass and quality, and body fluid distribution. This study aims to investigate the relationship between PhA and body fat, which is poorly defined in the current [...] Read more.

Phase angle (PhA) is a widely used bioimpedance index associated with cell mass, membrane integrity, skeletal muscle mass and quality, and body fluid distribution. This study aims to investigate the relationship between PhA and body fat, which is poorly defined in the current literature. The analysis involved 1533 adults of both sexes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to estimate body mass index (BMI), PhA (at 50 kHz), and body fat, respectively. Non-linear cubic spline regression models were applied to examine the associations between PhA and fat mass (FM), BMI, fat mass index (FMI), and FM%. The relationship between PhA and body fat was non-linear. An initial positive slope was observed with FM, FMI and BMI, followed by a decline, whereas FM% exhibited a flatter initial pattern before decreasing. Men showed more pronounced flection points, at lower fat levels (FM: 23 kg; FMI: 9 kg/m²; BMI: 37 kg/m²; FM%: 25.5%) than women (FM: 34 kg; FMI: 16 kg/m²; BMI: 32 kg/m²; FM%: 42.5%). Although most associations were significant, the explained variance of the relationships was lower than 10%. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a weak and non-linear relationship between PhA and body fat. This suggests that PhA variability is predominantly influenced by factors other than fat, a point that warrants consideration in both clinical and routine practice. Full article

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16 pages, 3684 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Genomic Basis of Adaptation in Salsk Sheep

by Olga Lukonina, Siroj Bakoev, Yury Kolosov, Vagif Akhmedli, Ilona Bakoeva, Maria Kolosova, Alexandr Usatov, Anatoliy Kolosov and Lyubov Getmantseva

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111620 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the genetic architecture of Salsk sheep—a long-established Russian Merino-type breed from the southern steppes—highlighting their broad genetic diversity, resilience to cold and drought, and dual-purpose (wool and meat) productivity as a unique gene pool shaped by natural and artificial selection. [...] Read more.

This study investigates the genetic architecture of Salsk sheep—a long-established Russian Merino-type breed from the southern steppes—highlighting their broad genetic diversity, resilience to cold and drought, and dual-purpose (wool and meat) productivity as a unique gene pool shaped by natural and artificial selection. The study used data from 96 sheep. Genotyping was carried out on the Illumina Ovine Infinium^® HD BeadChip platform, and after filtering, 511,145 SNPs were retained. We assessed population structure and genetic diversity using principal component analysis (PCA), Fst, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in comparison with four reference European breeds. To detect selection signatures, we employed a combination of complementary methods, including intra-population statistics (iHS, nSL, iHH12) and inter-population comparisons (XP-EHH). This integrated approach identified genomic regions under positive selection, reflecting the breed’s evolutionary response to both natural and artificial selection pressures. Strong selection signals were detected in genes associated with production traits like fertility and growth (CCSER1, SOX6), as well as fundamental adaptive functions, including immune response (IL6R, NLRP1) and energy metabolism (ACSL5, FANCA). These results elucidate the genetic basis of the Salsk breed’s high resilience and highlight its potential as a valuable genetic resource for improving this trait in other sheep populations. Full article

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11 pages, 1185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three Different Biopesticides Against Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Their Toxicological and Biochemical Impacts

by Zuying Fu, Ziyu Cao, Changyu Xiong, Yifan Cui, Yuanrun Cheng, Ying Wang, Rong Zhang, Chang Liu, Wei Sun, Liping Ban, Yao Tan and Shuhua Wei

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111619 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The laboratory toxicity and physiological effects of three biopesticides—the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, the biocontrol bacterium Bacillus safensis, and the botanical insecticide Artemisia ordosica essential oil—were evaluated against Megalurothrips usitatus, a major pest of alfalfa. All three biopesticides caused concentration-dependent [...] Read more.

The laboratory toxicity and physiological effects of three biopesticides—the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, the biocontrol bacterium Bacillus safensis, and the botanical insecticide Artemisia ordosica essential oil—were evaluated against Megalurothrips usitatus, a major pest of alfalfa. All three biopesticides caused concentration-dependent mortality in M. usitatus. Among them, B. bassiana showed the highest corrected mortality (88.42%) and the shortest median lethal time (LT₅₀ = 4.51 days), indicating strong insecticidal activity. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values at 7 days post-treatment were 4.48 × 10⁵ CFU/mL for B. bassiana, 1.67 × 10⁵ CFU/mL for B. safensis, and 2.907 mg/L for A. ordosica essential oil. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations of each agent significantly altered the activities of the protective enzyme peroxidase (POD) and the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Our study supports the use of these biopesticides for thrips management and provides a scientific basis for the eco-friendly and sustainable control of alfalfa pests. Full article

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15 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Triptolide Affects the Function of Hepatocellular Drug Uptake Transporter Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Through the Suppression of SGK1

by Zichong Li, Chaomin Pan, Jieru Chen, Xiaoyu Shuai and Mei Hong

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111618 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is specifically expressed at the basolateral membrane of human liver cells and transports a wide range of endogenous compounds, toxins, and drugs, making it a crucial factor in determining the pharmacokinetics of many clinically important medications. Triptergium [...] Read more.

Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is specifically expressed at the basolateral membrane of human liver cells and transports a wide range of endogenous compounds, toxins, and drugs, making it a crucial factor in determining the pharmacokinetics of many clinically important medications. Triptergium wilfordii Hook. f. (TWHF) is a traditional Chinese medicine known for its long history of therapeutic effects. A previous study conducted in our laboratory found that major components of TWHF, including wilforine (WFR), wilforgine (WFG), celastrol (CL), and triptolide (TPL), directly suppressed the function of OATP1B1. In the current study, we investigated the long-term (24 h) effects of these TWHF components on the transporter. It was found that TPL was the most potent compound exhibiting inhibitory effects. Mechanistically, TPL accelerated the degradation of OATP1B1, which is likely mediated by serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1). TPL downregulated the mRNA expression of SGK1 and reduced the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). Further analysis of the upstream sequence of SGK1 identified three potential binding sites for NFκB. Both luciferase activity assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses confirmed the binding of NFκB to two specific sites located at −1015 bp~−1006 bp and −319 bp~−310 bp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compound–Drug Interactions Related to Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters)

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20 pages, 4770 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Reveals Variations in Lipid Deposition During Goose Fatty Liver Formation

by Qi Zhang, Chuning Bai, Mingai Zhang, Bin Yue, Jing Zhang, Min Kong, Binghan Wang, Baowei Wang and Wenlei Fan

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111617 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Goose foie gras production requires force-feeding with high-energy feed, disrupting hepatic lipid homeostasis and causing excessive lipid accumulation. To investigate the formation mechanism, we collected liver samples from Landes geese at pre-force-feeding (D0), mid-force-feeding (D16), and terminal-force-feeding (D25) stages. Overfeeding shifted liver color [...] Read more.

Goose foie gras production requires force-feeding with high-energy feed, disrupting hepatic lipid homeostasis and causing excessive lipid accumulation. To investigate the formation mechanism, we collected liver samples from Landes geese at pre-force-feeding (D0), mid-force-feeding (D16), and terminal-force-feeding (D25) stages. Overfeeding shifted liver color from reddish-brown to yellow, significantly increasing size and weight. Histological analysis revealed pronounced lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes. Biochemical analysis indicated force-feeding groups (D16, D25) exhibited continuous and significant decreases in liver moisture, crude ash, and crude protein content compared to D0, while crude fat increased substantially. Integrated transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses identified 497 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 368 differential lipid molecules (DLMs) between D16 and D0, and 303 DEGs and 172 DLMs between D25 and D16. KEGG enrichment highlighted four pathways associated with fatty liver formation: glycerolipid metabolism, adipocytokine signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Within these, key genes (DGAT2, LIPG, LPL, LPIN1, NFKBIA, SLC2A1, AREG, DUSP1, DUSP10, PPARGC1A, NR4A1, PAK5) potentially regulate critical lipid metabolites (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, diglyceride, triacylglycerol). These genes and metabolites likely play a dominant role in the development of goose fatty liver, collectively promoting hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and the progression of goose fatty liver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition: Unraveling the Molecular Physiology of Nutrient–Gut–Health Axis in Livestock and Poultry)

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11 pages, 1636 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Development of Triangle RNA Nanostructure for Enhancing RNAi-Mediated Control of Botrytis cinerea Through Spray-Induced Gene Silencing Without Extra Nanocarrier

by Ya Chen, Yiqing Liu, Yani Huang, Fangli Wu and Weibo Jin

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111616 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen responsible for gray mold, poses a severe threat to over 1400 plant species, causing significant pre- and postharvest losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategies, particularly spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives to [...] Read more.

Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen responsible for gray mold, poses a severe threat to over 1400 plant species, causing significant pre- and postharvest losses worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategies, particularly spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fungicides. However, the application of naked double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) suffers from poor stability and low cellular uptake. In this study, we engineered a self-assembling triangular RNA nanoparticle, termed Bc-triangle, targeting four virulence genes of B. cinerea—BcDCL1, BcPPI10, BcNMT1 and BcBAC. The nanostructure was designed using RNA origami principles and produced in Escherichia coli. Functional assays demonstrated that Bc-triangle significantly inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth in vitro, and markedly reduced disease severity in plants. Compared with linear dsRNA, Bc-triangle showed superior persistence and efficacy, with lesion area reduction sustained up to 10 days post-spraying. qRT-PCR analysis revealed substantial downregulation of the target genes, especially BcNMT1, indicating enhanced RNAi activation. These findings establish RNA nanotechnology as a powerful platform for transgene-free, programmable, and sustainable control of fungal pathogens in crop production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Diseases of Plants (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 5912 KB

Open AccessArticle

HSBDF-Derived Bioactive Components Broadly Inhibit Enteroviruses by Targeting 3C Protease and Attenuating Inflammatory Responses

by Ruolan Hu, Lin Guan, Siyue Li, Chunlin Liu, Gang Huang, Fuxing Lou, Hongzheng Jiang, Shuqi Wang, Zehan Pang, Yaxin Wang, Zhenlu Li, Han Zhang, Yigang Tong, Huahao Fan and Bixia Hong

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111615 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Human enteroviruses are important pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, poliomyelitis, and encephalitis, etc., posing substantial global health burdens with no specific approved therapeutics. While traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has demonstrated antiviral potential during the COVID-19 pandemic, its efficacy and pharmacodynamic material basis against enteroviruses [...] Read more.

Human enteroviruses are important pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, poliomyelitis, and encephalitis, etc., posing substantial global health burdens with no specific approved therapeutics. While traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has demonstrated antiviral potential during the COVID-19 pandemic, its efficacy and pharmacodynamic material basis against enteroviruses remains underexplored. Here, we systematically characterized the broad-spectrum anti-enterovirus activity of Huashi Baidu Formula (HSBDF), a clinically approved TCM for COVID-19, and identified three flavonoid compounds as its active components responsible for this antiviral effect. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that HSBDF attenuated CV-A9-induced inflammation by modulating MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis identified 152 chemical compounds in HSBDF, among which three flavonoids—velutin, isorhamnetin, and (−)-epicatechin gallate—exhibited potent pan-enteroviral inhibition. Mechanistically, these compounds suppressed the activity of 3C proteases in enteroviruses, while concurrently attenuating CV-A9-induced upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and COX-2. Utilizing a BALB/c young mouse model, it was demonstrated that the HSBDF and its compound velutin effectively suppressed viral replication in vivo. Collectively, this study advances TCM-based strategies for enterovirus therapy exemplified by HSBDF and highlights flavonoid scaffolds as promising candidates for developing broad-spectrum anti-enteroviral agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infection Biology)

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20 pages, 10422 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Anthocyanin Synthesis During Fruit Development in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

by Jin Guo, Jing Wang, Chunxiang Peng, Hui Liu and Jie Shang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111614 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a highly nutritional cash crop due to its fruit-abundant anthocyanins. With the development of the fruit, the color changes from green to dark purple and the anthocyanin content gradually increases. But the molecular mechanism of the anthocyanin biosynthesis process [...] Read more.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a highly nutritional cash crop due to its fruit-abundant anthocyanins. With the development of the fruit, the color changes from green to dark purple and the anthocyanin content gradually increases. But the molecular mechanism of the anthocyanin biosynthesis process in L. ruthenicum fruit is still unclear. Five stages of L. ruthenicum fruit based on the color of the pericarp and flesh (BS1–BS5) were used for metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the pigmentation. At the BS3 stage, the anthocyanin content was significantly increased and reached the highest level at the BS5 stage. A total of 25 DAMs related to flavonoids were identified by metabolomics, presenting a gradual increase with fruit development. Delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and petunidin-3-O-rutinoside were identified as the main anthocyanins. Transcriptome sequencing and DEG analysis identified the key structural genes and transcription factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Anthocyanin accumulation was driven mainly by the upregulation of six structural genes (F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT) and eight key transcription factors from the HB, NAC, WRKY, Tify, AP2/ERF, and bHLH families that were significantly correlated with anthocyanin content in L. ruthenicum fruit. This study reveals key candidate genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, providing new insights for improving fruit quality. Full article

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14 pages, 4393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Muscle Metabolome and Amino Acid Profiles in All-Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Different Germplasm Sources

by Tianqing Huang, Baorui Cao, Yunchao Sun, Enhui Liu, Wei Gu, Kaibo Ge, Gaochao Wang, Junran Tan, Guoqing Pan, Fuyang Bi, Datian Li, Peng Fan and Gefeng Xu

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111613 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an economically important fish species, in which the muscle nutritional composition of market-size fish can vary significantly due to differences in genetic background and breeding environments. This study employed a metabolomics approach to conduct an in-depth [...] Read more.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an economically important fish species, in which the muscle nutritional composition of market-size fish can vary significantly due to differences in genetic background and breeding environments. This study employed a metabolomics approach to conduct an in-depth comparative analysis of muscle samples from our independently bred new variety “All-Female No. 1”, as well as Spanish and Danish all-female strains. A total of 2198 metabolites were identified. Following screening with PCA and PLS-DA, 228 differential metabolites were obtained. These were most abundantly enriched in the categories of organic acids and derivatives, benzene and substituted derivatives, and amino acids and metabolites. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the differential metabolites had the most significant impact on the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. Further targeted quantification of amino acid metabolites identified 11 differentially expressed amino acids, which also exerted the strongest influence on this key pathway. Consequently, L-tyrosine, tryptamine, and L-phenylalanine were determined to be the key metabolites affecting the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway in the muscle of rainbow trout from different germplasms. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional value, particularly regarding amino acid profiles, of rainbow trout from different genetic sources, offering critical data and a scientific basis for subsequent related research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic and Stress Responses in Aquatic Animals (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 4821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Microbial Contamination in Commercial Veterinary Probiotic Products

by Shuo Guan, Chunguang Wang, Zongshu Zhang, Mengfan Wang, Xinghua Zhao and Tie Zhang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111612 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Probiotics are widely used as feed additives in livestock production, yet the overall safety of commercially available veterinary probiotics remains insufficiently assessed. In this study, 33 probiotic products marketed in Northern China were systematically evaluated with respect to strain composition, label accuracy, antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Probiotics are widely used as feed additives in livestock production, yet the overall safety of commercially available veterinary probiotics remains insufficiently assessed. In this study, 33 probiotic products marketed in Northern China were systematically evaluated with respect to strain composition, label accuracy, antimicrobial resistance, and the diversity of resistance genes. A total of 32 Bacillus spp. were isolated, many of which showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. Labeling inaccuracies were prevalent: none of the products specified strain names and numbers, 33% (11/33) failed to report viable bacterial counts, 9% (3/33) lacked their claimed key ingredients, and 21% (7/33) contained isolated strains that did not match the label. High-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) analysis further revealed that all 27 tested products harbored abundant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with 241 ARGs and seven mobile genetic elements (MGEs) detected. The ARGs were primarily associated with tetracycline, aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and macrolide–lincosamide–streptomycin B (MLSB) antibiotics, and co-occurrence analysis showed a strong positive correlation between ARG and MGE abundance, with Clostridium and Enterococcus identified as potential hosts. These findings underscore significant quality and safety deficiencies in veterinary probiotics and highlight potential risks to animal, human, and environmental health, emphasizing the relevance of a One Health perspective in probiotic evaluation and regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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17 pages, 1904 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Wastewater Addition Reshapes Peatland Vegetation via Linked Abiotic and Biotic Changes

by Yue Li, Xue Wang, Lianxi Sheng, Chunguang He and Haibo Jiang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111611 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Peatlands, as globally important carbon sinks, are highly sensitive to human disturbances. The direct discharge or use of domestic sewage with different treatment gradients as peatland replenishment water affects plant communities, but how the plant community structure and biomass change and what drives [...] Read more.

Peatlands, as globally important carbon sinks, are highly sensitive to human disturbances. The direct discharge or use of domestic sewage with different treatment gradients as peatland replenishment water affects plant communities, but how the plant community structure and biomass change and what drives these changes remain unclear. This study simulated domestic sewage input to a sedge-dominated peatland in the Changbai Mountain region of Northeast China, explored changes in plant community structure and aboveground biomass and revealed the key factors influencing these plant characteristics. The results revealed the following: (1) Reclaimed water treatment (Z) had little effect on the plant community structure; treatments with 50% tap water and 50% domestic sewage (H) and domestic sewage (W) caused rapid expansion of Poaceae plants, with Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. occupying dominance. (2) Domestic sewage input increases plant diversity, which is driven jointly by soil nutrients and aboveground plant nutrients. (3) The H and W treatments significantly altered aboveground biomass, which was positively correlated with soil nutrients, aboveground plant nutrients, and diversity, whereas the Z treatment had little effect. This research provides scientific support for the control of domestic sewage discharge and whether reclaimed water can be used for ecological water replenishment in peatlands. It holds significant practical value for the scientific management of peatlands, the maintenance of carbon sink functions, and the mitigation of climate change. Full article

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23 pages, 3378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Particle Size on the Aerobic Decomposition and Fertilizer Efficiency of Corn Cobs: A Sustainable Waste-to-Resource Approach

by Qian Liu, Pengbing Wu, Xingchi Guo, Ying Qu, Junyan Zheng, Yuhe Xing, Zhiyu Dong, Wei Yu, Guoyu Zhang and Xu Zhang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111610 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The conversion of agricultural residues into high-value organic amendments is fundamental to sustainable farming systems. Corn cobs represent a widely available lignocellulosic resource; however, their rigid structural properties often hinder efficient biodegradation during composting. This study evaluated whether optimizing corn cob particle size [...] Read more.

The conversion of agricultural residues into high-value organic amendments is fundamental to sustainable farming systems. Corn cobs represent a widely available lignocellulosic resource; however, their rigid structural properties often hinder efficient biodegradation during composting. This study evaluated whether optimizing corn cob particle size could improve aerobic composting performance by enhancing humification and compost quality. Corn cobs were ground into three particle sizes (6-mesh, 10-mesh, and 20-mesh) and composted with a commercial microbial inoculant for up to 51 days. Physicochemical properties, humic substance fractions (HSC, HAC, FAC), microbial community dynamics (16S rRNA and ITS sequencing), and maturity indicators were monitored. The 10-mesh treatment (M10) exhibited the most favorable composting outcomes, achieving the greatest degree of humification (HA/FA = 2.85; HAC = 48.30 g/kg) and the most pronounced aromatic condensation in humic acids. M10 also supported a more diverse and metabolically specialized microbial consortium, with notable enrichment of lignocellulose-degrading and humus-forming genera (e.g., Streptomyces, Thermobifida). Consequently, M10 produced the most mature compost, reflected by the highest germination index (93.63%) and the lowest heavy-metal accumulation, meeting agricultural safety standards. Structural equation modeling revealed that particle size influenced humification primarily by modulating microbial community structure (path coefficient = 0.86), highlighting particle size as a key environmental selector in composting systems. Overall, 10-mesh particle size created an optimal aeration–moisture balance that stimulated microbial metabolism, accelerated organic matter degradation, and enhanced stable organic matter formation. These findings demonstrate that corn cob particle size significantly governs composting efficiency and final product quality. Selecting a 10-mesh size presents a practical pretreatment strategy to accelerate biomass turnover and produce safe, nutrient-rich compost, providing an effective approach for sustainable bioconversion of agricultural residues. Full article

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24 pages, 9428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Biaxial Regulatory Mechanisms of Cardiac Adaptation by Specialized Racing Training in Yili Horses

by Tongliang Wang, Mengying Li, Wanlu Ren, Jun Meng, Xinkui Yao, Hongzhong Chu, Runchen Yao, Manjun Zhai and Yaqi Zeng

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111609 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Yili horses undergo coordinated physiological adaptations across systems in response to customized training. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of these adaptations by integrating analyses of cardiac function and multi-omics (lipidomics, transcriptomics, miRNomics). We collected whole blood samples from ten Yili [...] Read more.

Yili horses undergo coordinated physiological adaptations across systems in response to customized training. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of these adaptations by integrating analyses of cardiac function and multi-omics (lipidomics, transcriptomics, miRNomics). We collected whole blood samples from ten Yili horses before and after 12 weeks of specialized racing training to perform these analyses. Results showed training induced adaptive cardiac remodeling, with substantial increases in LVIDd and LVIDs. At the molecular level, this was accompanied by extensive blood lipid reprogramming (383 differential lipids), enriched in energy pathways like fatty acid metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis identified 851 differential genes, also enriched in energy-related pathways (e.g., oxidative phosphorylation). We constructed a miRNA–mRNA network (189 pairs), finding miRNAs such as miR-150 and miR-199b regulate key energy-supply mRNAs. Integrated analyses revealed precise modulation of pathways: (1) eca-miR-150 is associated with AZIN1 and creatine, with potential links to arginine/proline metabolism; (2) miR-8903 is associated with LRAT and nicotinamide, with potential associations with vitamin absorption. These pathways are critical for energy metabolism, redox balance, and signal transduction. Overall, this study reveals how training optimizes energy supply and metabolic homeostasis in Yili horses, offering new insights into training adaptation physiology. Full article

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17 pages, 7952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Future Distribution of Trifolium repens L. in China: A MaxEnt Approach Under Climate Change Scenarios

by Haojun Wang, Qilin Liu, Jinyu Shen, Jiayu Ding, Yu Zeng, Zixin Zhou, Xiangrong Yan, Jianbo Zhang, Xiao Ma, Qingqing Yu, Yanli Xiong and Yi Xiong

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111608 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Trifolium repens L. is a protein-rich, versatile Leguminous lawn plant that is widely distributed across global temperate and subtropical regions. As an invasive species originating in Europe, its distribution in China extends from Xinjiang in the West to Taiwan and the Yangtze River [...] Read more.

Trifolium repens L. is a protein-rich, versatile Leguminous lawn plant that is widely distributed across global temperate and subtropical regions. As an invasive species originating in Europe, its distribution in China extends from Xinjiang in the West to Taiwan and the Yangtze River Delta in the East, and is widespread throughout Northeast and Central China. However, in recent years, the distribution pattern of T. repens has become increasingly patchy and irregular. Therefore, unraveling the potential distribution and key environmental drivers of T. repens is critical for understanding its ecological role. This study utilized current species distribution data of T. repens and employed the MaxEnt model to simulate its potentially suitable niches across present and future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) in China. This study identified Bio2 (mean diurnal temperature range) and Bio14 (precipitation of driest month) as the key drivers shaping the distribution of T. repens. Its current suitable habitats are primarily concentrated in the coastal, central, and Taiwan regions of China. Under future climates, these areas are projected to contract overall and shift toward lower latitudes and higher longitudes, with substantial suitable areas remaining only in the Eastern, Southern, and Taiwan regions. This study quantitatively assessed the ecological niche breadth of T. repens and its future spatial distribution under climate change, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for describing the ecological characteristics of this invasive species, conducting monitoring, and implementing further invasion risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Climate Change on Terrestrial Carbon Cycling and Biodiversity Across Spatial and Temporal Scales)

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15 pages, 1826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Pigmentation Changes in Bracts of Bougainvillea × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ During Different Developmental Periods

by Xiangdong Liu, Yuwan Ma, Jiawen Yan, Yan Liu, Yaqi Huang, Siyin Deng, Jiawen Dong and Yulin Hu

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111607 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Bougainvillea has large and vibrant-colored bracts, which are widely used in landscape gardening. In order to study the changing pattern of pigmentation and the expression of genes related to pigment synthesis during different developmental periods of the bracts of B. × buttiana, [...] Read more.

Bougainvillea has large and vibrant-colored bracts, which are widely used in landscape gardening. In order to study the changing pattern of pigmentation and the expression of genes related to pigment synthesis during different developmental periods of the bracts of B. × buttiana, we determined the color parameters of the bracts of B. × buttiana has by using colorimetric color cards and colorimeters, and quantitatively determined the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, betacyanin, betaxanthin and flavonoids, and the expression of genes related to pigment synthesis was detected during the BR1 and BR3. The results showed that the bracts of B. × buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ can be classified into four distinct growth and developmental stages, namely Bract Primordial Stage (BR1), Bract Color Transition Stage (BR2), Bract Maturation Stage (BR3), and Bract Senescence Stage (BR4). The BR1 have lower color saturation, brightness, and redness, and with bract development, their color saturation, brightness, and redness gradually increased. In addition, chlorophyll content was highest at the BR1 (2.2 mg/g), and from the BR1, flavonoids and betalain content began to increase, and higher betacyanin content in all stages, with betacyanin being the highest at the BR3 at 4.94 mg/g. Correlation analysis of the color parameters with pigment content showed that chlorophyll a, betacyanin, and flavonoid contents were significantly correlated with the bract color changes. With bract development, the betalain metabolism pathway BgDODA gene was significantly up-regulated; the flavonoid metabolism pathway BgDFRA and BgF3H genes were significantly up-regulated, whereas the BgDTX, BgFLS, and BgCHIL genes were significantly down-regulated; and the chlorophyll metabolism pathway BgSGR gene was significantly up-regulated, whereas the BgPORA gene was down-regulated in expression. ProtParam-based analysis characterized the BgFLS-encoded protein as a stable, hydrophilic 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxidoreductase lacking transmembrane domains and a signal peptide, and the BgCHIL-encoded protein as a stable, hydrophilic chalcone isomerase also lacking transmembrane domains and a signal peptide. In summary, betalain metabolism, flavonoid metabolism and chlorophyll metabolism jointly regulate the bract color change of B. × buttiana has, and it is possible that the genes of BgCHIL, BgFLS, BgSGR, and BgF3H are involved in the regulation of the bract color change of B. × buttiana. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical and Subtropical Plant Ecology and Physiology)

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12 pages, 3030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insecticidal Activity of Angelica archangelica Essential Oil and Transcriptomic Analysis of Sitophilus zeamais in Response to Oil Fumigation

by Guochang Wang, Xing Ge, Dongbiao Lü, Ziyue Zhang, Li Wang, Saili Sun, Xiaoyi Jia, Baizhong Zhang, Kassen Kuanysh, Sarsekova Dani and Hongliang Wang

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111606 - 17 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Sitophilus zeamais is one of the most destructive pests of stored grains. Both adults and larvae penetrate and consume the grains, thereby diminishing the grain quality and nutritional value. We determined the chemical composition of Angelica archangelica essential oil, its fumigation toxicity against [...] Read more.

Sitophilus zeamais is one of the most destructive pests of stored grains. Both adults and larvae penetrate and consume the grains, thereby diminishing the grain quality and nutritional value. We determined the chemical composition of Angelica archangelica essential oil, its fumigation toxicity against S. zeamais, and its effects on the activities of detoxification enzymes in the insects. RNA-seq was performed to analyze the impact of the essential oil on the transcriptional level of S. zeamais, and qRT-PCR was conducted to validate the differentially expressed genes. Chemical analysis identified 35 components in essential oil, including δ-3-Carene (24.26%), Limonene (19.81%), and α-Pinene (14.96%). A significant positive correlation was observed between the fumigation activity of the essential oil and the applied dose. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) values were 164.38, 132.62, and 90.35 mg/L air at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Fumigation significantly inhibited the activities of the three detoxification enzymes. RNA-seq revealed a total of 3718 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression patterns of the DEGs were consistent with the RNA-seq data. This study comprehensively evaluates the control efficacy of A. archangelica essential oil against S. zeamais and provides data support for developing novel, eco-friendly, plant-based pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biology, Ecology, and Management of Plant Pests)

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24 pages, 13760 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PEPC Gene Family in Zanthoxylum armatum Reveals Potential Roles in Environmental Adaptation

by Ruxin Xu, Huamin Liu, Chongyu Liu, Maoqin Xia, Dalan Feng, Yongxing Zhu, Chong Sun, Xia Liu, Mi Kuang, Xia Gong, Zheng Chen, Shanrong Li and Zexiong Chen

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111605 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A [...] Read more.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a crucial enzyme in plant photosynthesis and stress responses, yet its gene family remained uncharacterized in Zanthoxylum armatum. This study presents the first genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the PEPC gene family in Z. armatum. A total of 12 ZaPEPC genes were identified and classified into plant-type (PTPC) and bacterial-type (BTPC) subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. These genes exhibited conserved protein domains but distinct gene structures, with evidence of gene duplication events contributing to family expansion. Promoter analysis revealed an abundance of stress- and hormone-responsive cis-elements, particularly those related to light, abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Expression profiling demonstrated that ZaPEPC genes display environment-specific expression patterns, with ZaPEPC7 and ZaPEPC11 showing significantly higher expression in high-altitude, high-light environments (Yunnan) compared to other regions (Shandong and Chongqing). Co-expression network analysis further indicated interactions between specific ZaPEPCs and stress-related transcription factors. These findings systematically reveal the molecular characteristics and potential roles of the ZaPEPC gene family in environmental adaptation, providing valuable genetic resources and a theoretical foundation for improving stress tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency in Z. armatum through molecular breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 1329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Structure and Ecological Niches of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Upper Yarlung Zangbo River

by Zepeng Zhang, Hongyu Jin, Shenhui Li, Haipeng Wang, Shitong Xing, Wanqiao Lu and Lei Li

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111604 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The community structure and ecological niche of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed in April and September 2023. The benthic macroinvertebrate community largely comprises aquatic insects, with Diptera accounting for approximately half. Commonly observed were Chironomus anthracinus, Tadamus [...] Read more.

The community structure and ecological niche of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed in April and September 2023. The benthic macroinvertebrate community largely comprises aquatic insects, with Diptera accounting for approximately half. Commonly observed were Chironomus anthracinus, Tadamus sp.1, Piscicola geometra, species of the family Corixidae spp. and the genera Monodiamesa sp., Apatania sp., and Valvata sp. in April, and Orthocladius sp.1, Gammarus sp., Isoperla sp., Nais sp., Baetis sp., Monodiamesa sp., Tanytarsus sp., Ilisia sp., Nebrioporus sp. and species of the family Corixidae spp. in September. The α-diversity analysis showed significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05) in Shannon–Wiener diversity variable and Margalef richness variable. The Pielou evenness variable did not show seasonal effects (p > 0.05). The β-diversity April/September differences can be attributed to species turnover rather than to nestedness, indicating that benthic macroinvertebrate diversity protection strategies are critical to all areas of the river. In April, Chironomus anthracinus exhibited the broadest ecological niche, and, in September, the widest niche was observed in Gammarus sp. The largest observed ecological niche overlap values were between Chironomus anthracinus and Valvata sp. in April and Gammarus sp. and Ilisia sp. in September, indicating interspecific competition. The study clarifies the diversity status of benthic macroinvertebrates in the upper Yarlung Zangbo River and provides data for related research to facilitate formulation of biodiversity conservation policies. Full article

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18 pages, 2534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vegetation and Landscape Shift After Beaver Settlement in a Mountainous Area

by Rita Rakowska and Alina Stachurska-Swakoń

Biology 2025, 14(11), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111603 - 16 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Beavers are classified as ecosystem engineers because their activities can significantly alter environmental conditions. Vegetation and landscape changes, based on a series of vegetation maps and satellite images between 1994 and 2022, were studied in a mountain valley of a protected area in [...] Read more.

Beavers are classified as ecosystem engineers because their activities can significantly alter environmental conditions. Vegetation and landscape changes, based on a series of vegetation maps and satellite images between 1994 and 2022, were studied in a mountain valley of a protected area in the Polish part of the Eastern Carpathians. Eighteen plant communities were identified before the beavers were released, with moist and wet communities covering 76.8% of the area. After 25 years of beaver presence, the vegetation changed: fresh communities decreased from 23% to 10%, and communities with grey alder disappeared. At the same time, the moist and wet communities expanded and new ones developed. Overall, the share of these communities increased to 89% of the area, with the dominant tall herb Filipendulo-Geranietum and Menyanthes trifoliata community. A distinctive feature was an increase in vegetation patchiness with a corresponding decrease in the evenness index. Landscape analysis revealed a 9.5% increase in the length of the streambed and fluctuations in the number of beaver ponds (11–25) and migration corridors (4–20). The number of corridors increased as the availability of grey alder decreased. The total area of the ponds exceeded 2200 m², indicating their significant role in water retention and modifying microclimatic conditions. Full article

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