Micro, Volume 6, Issue 3 (September 2026) – 30 articles

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) occupies a unique nexus in photodynamic therapy (PDT) by bridging the endogenous metabolism of heme biosynthesis with highly efficient, light-induced cytotoxicity. Administered via its precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) or its derivatives, intracellularly generated PpIX undergoes intersystem crossing upon irradiation to predominantly initiate Type II photochemistry. This process yields singlet oxygen and ancillary reactive oxygen species (ROS) characterized by a strict, nanometer-scale radius of molecular attack. Consequently, the spatiotemporal kinetics of PDT are dictated by the precise subcellular compartmentalization of PpIX within the mitochondria, mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs), endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and plasma membrane. Beyond inducing direct biomolecular damage, PpIX-PDT operates as a localized selector of complex signaling networks, orchestrating organelle communication, redox-mediated pathways, and cell fate adaptations. This comprehensive review systematically delineates the metabolic parameters governing intracellular PpIX accumulation, the biophysical mechanisms driving its excitation, and the subsequent cascade from primary oxidative stress to downstream signaling responses. Crucially, we present a novel, integrated framework that seamlessly connects upstream transporter kinetics and metabolic flux directly to downstream immunogenic and therapeutic outcomes. Ultimately, these multifaceted properties establish 5-ALA-mediated PpIX-PDT as a powerful theranostic platform, advancing pathway-oriented and personalized strategies to optimize modern anticancer interventions. Full article

Curcuma longa L. rhizomes contain curcuminoids and other compounds of interest, but their incorporation into aqueous systems is limited by poor dispersibility and chemical instability. This study formulated gelatin–Curcuma longa L. extract nanoparticles by coaxial electrospraying. A dried hydroethanolic extract was obtained from commercial Curcuma longa L. powder by ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), with a mean gravimetric yield of 12.46 ± 1.47%. Because the recovered material was not purified or quantified by a compound-specific method, it is described as Curcuma longa L. extract rather than curcumin. Gelatin solutions at 8 and 10% (w/v) were used as the outer feed, whereas extract solutions at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% (w/v) were used as the inner feed. The precursor solutions showed near-Newtonian behavior. The 8% gelatin–0.5% extract formulation exhibited predominantly spherical morphology, a hydrodynamic diameter of 266.27 ± 0.57 nm, and the lowest PDI (0.24 ± 0.01). FTIR-ATR results were consistent with non-covalent interactions, mainly hydrogen bonding. These findings support coaxial electrospraying as a suitable method for preparing gelatin–Curcuma longa L. extract nanoparticles. Full article

Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C₃N₄) are well-known fluorescent nanosheets that are photoactive under the UV–visible light range and could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon appropriate light exposure. Therefore, these materials are generally favored in diagnostic applications for bioimaging and light-activated treatments simultaneously, e.g., theranostic applications in cancer treatments. Here, the natural polymer, hyaluronic acid (HA), was physically crosslinked with trivalent metal ions such as Gd(III) or Fe(III) ions in the presence of boron (B)- or sulfur (S)-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets to attain spherical light-sensitive g-C₃N₄@HA-M(III) (M: G(III) or Fe(III) ions) composite microparticles. The g-C₃N₄@HA-M(III) particles were in the 0.5–20 μm size range, which is injectable for possible intravenous administration. No significant toxicity was determined for g-C₃N₄@HA-Gd(III) particles up to 500 μg/mL concentration on L929 fibroblast cells; for example, g-C₃N₄@HA-Fe(III) particles could be used in vivo applications safely up to 100 μg/mL concentration with no toxicity. The g-C₃N₄-based materials exhibited strong fluorescence at λ_ex 380 nm, and S-doped g-C₃N₄@HA-Gd(III) particles provided the highest emission intensity for possible cell imaging applications as a diagnostic tool material. Especially, S-doped g-C₃N₄@HA-M(III) particles delivered photoinduced anticancer activity on SKMEL 30 skin cancer cells after 30 min of UV-A treatment at 6.88 mW/cm² irradiance and 12.38 J/cm fluence via the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability. In addition to the targeting ability of HA-M(III) particles, the photoinduced anticancer activity of g-C₃N₄@HA-M(III) particles, e.g., on SKMEL 30 melanoma cells, offer great alternatives to toxic chemo- or radiotherapy. Furthermore, HA-Gd(III)-based particles show the highest signal intensity with better proton relaxation times and the highest proton longitudinal relaxivity. Overall, HA-Gd/Fe(III) particles with heteroatom-doped g-C₃N₄ revealed excellent assets with enhanced MRI capabilities in addition to specific targeted cancer treatments and photoinduced therapy for multifaceted theranostic applications. Full article

Biofilm-associated infections represent a critical challenge in modern medicine, accounting for approximately 80% of all microbial infections and demonstrating up to 1000-fold higher antimicrobial resistance compared to planktonic bacteria. The extraordinary recalcitrance of biofilms stems from a complex interplay of physical barriers (extracellular polymeric substance matrix), chemical gradients (pH and oxygen heterogeneity), and biological defenses (persister cells and horizontal gene transfer), rendering conventional antibiotics largely ineffective. This comprehensive review highlights the transformative potential of antimicrobial nanoformulations in overcoming these formidable barriers through strategic design principles and diverse mechanisms of action. Evidence demonstrates that rationally engineered nanocarriers achieve improvements in bacterial killing, biofilm biomass reduction, and colony-forming unit reductions compared to free antibiotics. Advanced stimuli-responsive systems exploiting biofilm-specific triggers (acidic pH, bacterial enzymes, elevated ATP) and externally applied stimuli (near-infrared photothermal therapy, ultrasound sonodynamic therapy) enable on-demand therapeutic activation with unprecedented precision, achieving >99.999% bacterial elimination and near-complete biofilm eradication. Despite these remarkable advances, clinical translation remains hindered by challenges in scalability, comprehensive safety evaluation, and regulatory pathway navigation. This review establishes a consolidated evidence base for the design of next-generation antimicrobial nanoformulations, highlights their potential to address biofilm-associated infections, and identifies key knowledge gaps and translation barriers that must be addressed to realize their therapeutic promise. Full article

Introduction: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens pose a management challenge due to bacterial biofilm formation and crystalline encrustation, especially those associated with Proteus mirabilis, which result in persistent infections and catheter obstructions. Current catheter surface coatings against CAUTIs target either the initial stages or later phases of such pathologies separately. Aim: We report the design and characterization of a novel polyfunctional coating comprised of polydopamine (PDA), genipin-crosslinked chitosan (GCS), and ZnO nanoparticles capable of blocking bacterial attachment, biofilm formation, and mineral encrustation. Methods: PDA-coated silicon surfaces were functionalized with genipin-crosslinked GCS/ZnO nanocomposites and studied by means of TEM, XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, water contact angle measurements, and zinc ion release tests. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-encrustation, and hemocompatibility activities were then assessed. Results: ZnO nanoparticles were spherical, with an average particle size of 34.6 ± 8.2 nm and a highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure. Coatings containing ZnO nanoparticles retained hydrophilic surface properties and released Zn²⁺ ions steadily. The G5 coating (containing 0.2% ZnO) demonstrated an ability to decrease bacterial adherence by >4 log₁₀ CFU, lower biofilm biomass by 80–90% (p < 0.001), prevent mineral deposition by 67–70% caused by Proteus mirabilis, and keep catheter patency for 14 days. Hemolysis was within the ISO 10993-4 acceptance criteria. Conclusions: A rationally designed combination of PDA, genipin-crosslinked GCS, and ZnO nanoparticles provided a multifunctional coating with potent antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-encrustation, and initial hemocompatibility activity, serving as a proof-of-concept platform for further cytotoxicity assessment, mechanical durability studies, and preclinical evaluations prior to clinical implementation. Full article

Sports e-textiles have emerged as a key component of wearable technology, enabling real-time physiological monitoring and enhanced athletic performance. However, the integration of conventional batteries into sportswear is constrained by their rigidity, weight, limited flexibility, and safety concerns. Textile-integrated supercapacitors have therefore attracted considerable attention as a promising energy storage solution owing to their lightweight design, rapid charge–discharge capability, long cycle life, and excellent mechanical flexibility. This review critically examines recent advances in supercapacitor-based energy storage for sports e-textiles, with emphasis on electrode materials, textile substrates, fabrication and integration strategies, electrochemical performance, and practical applications in sportswear. Particular attention is given to the effects of textile architecture, flexibility, washability, mechanical durability, sweat resistance, and long-term operational stability on device performance. The review also discusses the major challenges limiting commercial adoption, including durability, scalable manufacturing, user comfort, and environmental sustainability. Finally, future research directions are proposed to accelerate the development of high-performance, sustainable, and commercially viable textile energy storage systems for next-generation intelligent sportswear. This review provides a comprehensive reference for researchers, textile engineers, and wearable technology developers working on advanced energy storage solutions for smart sports apparel. Full article

A Ni/Cu-containing phosphinate material based on 2-carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis) analysis. The FT-IR spectra suggest the coordination of the phosphinate group to the metal, while SEM revealed compact aggregated particles of the compound. EDAX analysis confirmed the simultaneous presence of both Ni(II) and Cu(II) metals in the synthesized material. DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations performed on the corresponding mononuclear Ni-CEPPA and Cu-CEPPA models indicated that the Cu complex possesses a smaller HOMO–LUMO energy gap (2.72 eV) than the Ni analog (3.43 eV), suggesting higher electronic reactivity. The obtained material was preliminarily evaluated for Methylene Blue removal, exhibiting an adsorption capacity of 170.24 mg/g. These results suggest that mixed Ni/Cu phosphinate materials may represent potential candidates for adsorption-related applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nanotechnology has become a transformative area in modern dentistry, providing new opportunities for better diagnosis, targeted drug delivery, improved restorative materials, antimicrobial treatments, and tissue regeneration. This scoping review outlines the scope, key developments, and future directions of nanotechnology use across all dental specialties, highlights emerging innovations, and identifies major translational challenges and research priorities. Methods: This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and adhered to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. These guidelines, originally by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and later updated by Levac et al. (2010) and Peters et al. (2020, 2021), guided the process. The Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework guided the eligibility criteria. Included studies were primary research or reviews reporting nanotechnology applications in any dental specialty, published in English, with no date restriction. Excluded were non-peer-reviewed sources, conference abstracts without full text, studies unrelated to dental applications, and non-English publications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. After screening titles and abstracts and reviewing full texts, 133 studies were included. Results: The included studies covered a wide range of fields such as restorative dentistry, implantology, periodontology, endodontics, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, oral diagnostics, antimicrobial applications, prosthodontics, orthodontics, and emerging technologies like nanorobotics and graphene-based systems. The most commonly reported nanomaterials were silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP NPs), and polymeric nanoparticles such as PLGA and chitosan. Additionally, there was a notable increase in publications starting from 2019. Conclusions: Nanotechnology offers transformative possibilities in every area of dentistry. Nonetheless, challenges such as nanotoxicology safety, regulatory alignment, and effective clinical application need resolution. Essential steps include standardized characterization, gathering long-term safety data, and establishing international regulatory standards to ensure safe adoption of nano dentistry. Full article

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus poses a challenge to sustainable shrimp aquaculture and highlights the need for effective antibacterial alternatives. In this study, silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using Eri silk fibroin (ESF) as both a reducing and stabilizing biopolymer. Eri silkworms can be reared on cassava leaves, an abundant agricultural by-product in Thailand, thereby supporting waste valorization and the circular bioeconomy. Optimal synthesis was achieved at an AgNO₃-to-ESF weight ratio of 1:4, 60 °C, and 4 h, yielding 82.8% ESF-AgNPs with a particle size of 10.8 ± 2.3 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.19 ± 0.01. TEM, XRD, and XPS confirmed the formation of well-dispersed metallic Ag⁰. The particles remained colloidally stable for at least four weeks. ESF-AgNPs exhibited minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 12.5 and 25 µg/mL, respectively; inhibited biofilm formation by 52.45–99.98%; and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. After 72 h, silver release reached 5.70% in deionized water and 9.30% in TSB containing 3% NaCl. Artemia franciscana survival remained 96.2% after 24 h at the MBC. These findings support ESF as a sustainable platform for producing antibacterial and antibiofilm AgNPs with a preliminary safety margin, although further in vivo efficacy and chronic-toxicity studies are required before practical application. Full article

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) require highly controllable and scalable synthesis methods for successful integration into next-generation optoelectronic technologies. This study presents a modified two-step thermally assisted conversion approach for synthesizing 2D tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) by introducing an intermediate UV–ozone treatment. Magnetron-sputtered tungsten films are exposed to UV–ozone, converting the precursor into a uniform, dense layer of amorphous tungsten trioxide (WO₃) prior to the selenization process via chemical vapor deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the complete phase transition from the oxidized precursor to the 2H-WSe₂ crystal lattice. Morphological evaluations utilizing transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy demonstrate that the ozonated precursors yield highly uniform, triangular flakes exceeding 5 µm in lateral size, effectively eliminating the unreacted WO₃ phases observed in untreated samples. Furthermore, the intermediate oxidation step finetunes the electronic band structure; the resulting WSe₂ exhibits an enhanced p-type character with a valence band maximum shift to 0.35 eV, a tuning attributed to residual oxygen doping. Optical characterizations reveal significantly improved transmittance in the visible spectrum, accompanied by excitonic absorption shifts indicative of reduced layer dimensionality. This intermediate ozonation strategy provides a highly effective pathway for producing high-quality WSe₂ nanosheets with tailored structural and optoelectronic properties. Full article

Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have emerged as promising approaches for overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a major obstacle to treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). There are several reasons why conventional therapies fail, including poor brain penetration, rapid drug clearance, and nonspecific distribution. This review critically evaluates recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated BBB targeting, focusing particularly on in vivo findings. As part of this review, lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, dendrimeric, exosome-inspired, and magnetic nanoparticles are discussed in conjunction with their transport mechanisms. The review compares their therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution, targeting ability, and safety across a variety of neurological conditions. Additionally, emerging technologies are discussed, including biomimetic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive systems, artificial intelligence, and personalized nanomedicine. Additionally, this review critically discusses the major barriers to clinical translation, including biosafety, manufacturing, and regulatory challenges. As a result, this review provides an updated perspective on current progress and future prospects for developing effective brain-targeted nanomedicine. Full article

This study investigates the acoustic response of ZnO-based SAW devices fabricated on ZnO/Si and ZnO/SiO₂/Si substrates through a combined finite element analysis and experimental approach. Two-dimensional FEA was used to analyze scattering parameters, three-dimensional FEA was used to determine eigenfrequencies and mode shapes, and ZnO thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering with interdigital transducers defined by UV lithography. The ZnO/SiO₂/Si device exhibited Rayleigh and Sezawa-type mode resonances at 145 MHz (4350 m/s) and 234 MHz (7020 m/s), respectively, in close agreement with simulation, while the ZnO/Si device resonated at 166 MHz with a phase velocity of 4980 m/s. Incorporation of the Au sensing layer improved signal transmission by approximately 2 dB, consistent with modeling predictions. For biosensing evaluation, the device was functionalized with a thiolated ssDNA probe targeting the EGFR L858R point mutation, a clinically relevant lung cancer biomarker. Probe immobilization and target hybridization were confirmed by contact angle measurements and resonance frequency shifts, with the sensor demonstrating a linear detection range of 0.1 to 0.6 µM and LOD of 0.09 µM. These findings establish an integrated framework of acoustic modeling, microfabrication, and biofunctionalization for ZnO-based SAW biosensors toward label-free nucleic acid detection. Full article

The growing demand for efficient and sustainable energy-storage systems has intensified efforts to develop materials capable of delivering both high power output and reliable capacity retention. Conventional supercapacitors excel in rapid charge–discharge processes and offer outstanding cycling durability; however, their inherently low energy density limits large-scale use. In contrast, batteries provide high energy densities but typically display slower power response and poorer rate capability. Consequently, hybrid storage systems that merge capacitive and faradaic mechanisms have emerged as a compelling strategy to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, a SrS/polyaniline (SrS/PANI) nanocomposite was fabricated via hydrothermal synthesis and evaluated as an electrode material for hybrid supercapacitor architectures. Structural and morphological characterisation confirmed the formation of a nanoscale composite with well-integrated phases. Electrochemical performance was first evaluated in a three-electrode half-cell configuration, where the optimized SrS/PANI (50/50 wt%) electrode delivered a GCD-derived specific capacity of 580 C g⁻¹ at 0.4 A g⁻¹. The electrode was then assembled into an asymmetric two-electrode device, which achieved an energy density of 18 Wh kg⁻¹, a power density of 2980 W kg⁻¹, and 75% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Overall, the findings indicate that the SrS/PANI composite exhibits improved charge-storage behaviour arising from the combined contribution of redox-active SrS and the conducting-polymer component PANI, underscoring its promise for hybrid energy-storage applications. Full article

Additive manufacturing [AM; three-dimensional (3D) printing] is reshaping heterogeneous photocatalysis by enabling architected materials and devices that span from centimeter-scale monoliths to micro- and lab-on-chip reactors. Heterogeneous photocatalysts have traditionally been deployed as powders or simple coatings, which offer high activity but suffer from mass-transfer limitations, poor light utilization and difficult recovery. Three-dimensional (3D) printing now allows precise control over macroscopic geometry, internal channel networks and micro-/nano-scale surface texturing, creating structured photocatalysts and microreactors that can be tailored for specific photon and flow fields. In contrast to recent reviews that primarily survey materials development or additive-manufacturing routes, this work focuses on photocatalytic microreactors and lab-on-chip devices as multi-scale reactors in which catalyst composition, architected geometry, photon management and hydrodynamics are co-designed across length scales. We summarize three-dimensional 3D-printed photocatalytic systems based on polymer–oxide composites, ceramic scaffolds such as zinc oxide (ZnO)/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) clay monoliths, and laser-written titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano-architectures, with particular emphasis on microfluidic and lab-on-chip implementations fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP) and laser direct writing (LDW). Based on the literature data and representative case studies, we examine how architected lattices, sponges and microreactor chips affect key performance metrics—apparent rate constants, apparent quantum yield (AQY) and space–time yield (STY)—for the degradation of dyes, antibiotics, detergents and other emerging contaminants in realistic matrices, and we compile reported values to illustrate emerging performance trends and limitations. Representative case studies highlight 3D-printed manganese-doped zinc oxide (Mn:ZnO)-decorated sponges used as modular cartridges for greywater and detergent treatment, as well as laser-written titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano-photocatalysts integrated into microchannels to couple structured light fields with controlled residence times. Finally, we outline materials and process challenges—including ultraviolet (UV) aging of polymer supports, the energy intensity of ceramic sintering and the lack of standardized testing protocols—and identify future research directions formulti-scalee modeling and techno-economic evaluation of three-dimensional (3D)-printed photocatalytic microreactors and devices. Full article

Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) cause recurrent skin infections that are difficult to treat because of the limited solubility and permeability of acyclovir (ACV). This study developed electrospun polymeric membranes based on polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and cellulose acetate (CA) as controlled ACV delivery systems using uniaxial and coaxial fiber architectures. In the coaxial configuration, ACV-loaded PCL was used as the core and a PLA/CA blend as the shell. Continuous, randomly oriented, bead-free fibers with diameters ranging from 0.68 ± 0.32 µm to 1.45 ± 0.57 µm were obtained. Spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirmed successful drug incorporation, polymer compatibility, and good thermal stability. Coaxial membranes exhibited improved mechanical properties compared with uniaxial systems. Drug release studies showed a prolonged, pH-dependent profile, with greater ACV release at pH 7.3 than at pH 5.5, indicating the effective modulation of drug diffusion by the shell layer. Release kinetics were mainly governed by diffusion and anomalous transport mechanisms. All membranes maintained a cell viability above 80%, demonstrating good in vitro cytocompatibility. These findings support the potential of coaxial electrospun membranes for controlled antiviral drug delivery in skin applications. Full article

This study demonstrates the rapid microwave-assisted upcycling of diverse bio-wastes—including aloe vera industrial leaf waste (av), corn cob agricultural residues (cc), and soft slaughterhouse (sh) by-products (pork liver, lung, and heart) into high-surface-area activated carbons for efficient hexavalent chromium removal via ZnCl₂-activated microwave pyrolysis. To process the challenging high-moisture animal organs, a hybrid approach combining microwave-assisted hydrothermal pre-treatment with subsequent ZnCl₂-activated microwave pyrolysis was developed to promote chemical dehydration and aromatic network development. Structural characterization by N₂ porosimetry, FT-IR, Raman, and XRD confirmed the formation of stable, amorphous porous networks, with surface development strongly dependent on both precursor type and pyrolysis temperature. The materials exhibited high specific surface areas (BET) of 1442, 1120, and 775 m²/g for cc, av, and sh, respectively, and they also demonstrated high water dispersibility. Cr(VI) adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, while thermodynamic analysis confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) at pH 3 were 157, 112, and 71 mg/g for the activated carbons derived from cc, av, and sh, respectively. Agricultural-derived carbons exhibited superior adsorption performance, whereas all materials remained competitive, demonstrating a potential sustainable circular-economy strategy for waste valorization. Full article

Electrical cues are essential regulators of tissue repair processes such as wound healing, nerve regeneration, and bone remodeling. Implantable electrical stimulation systems have therefore attracted increasing interest; however, conventional devices typically rely on external power supplies or batteries, leading to limitations including bulky system integration, finite lifetime, mechanical mismatch, and elevated risks of infection and revision surgery. Herein, we propose a conceptual classification of implantable electrical stimulation materials based on their relationship with electric charges, categorizing them into charge-storing materials, charge-conducting materials, and charge-generating materials. Among these, charge-generating materials represent an emerging class capable of autonomously converting endogenous mechanical, chemical, thermal, or optical energy into electrical signals, enabling self-powered and self-sustained electrical stimulation without external energy input. This review systematically summarizes the underlying mechanisms, material design strategies, and recent advances of representative charge-generating systems, including piezoelectric, triboelectric, and electrochemical materials. Their applications in tissue repair are critically discussed, highlighting unique advantages in device miniaturization, long-term operation, and intelligent responsiveness. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to guide the development of next-generation self-powered bioelectronic therapies. Full article

This study examines the impacts of key abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) parameters on the machinability of AA7175–15 wt.% ZrB₂ metal matrix composites produced via a two-step stir casting route. Jet pressure (100–300 MPa), traverse speed (70–130 mm/min), standoff distance (3–5 mm), and abrasive flow rate (250–450 g/min) were systematically varied to evaluate their effects on surface roughness (Ra), kerf taper angle (KA), and material removal rate (MRR). The experimental setup was designed using response surface methodology based on a central composite design (RSM–CCD), enabling both interaction and curvature effects to be assessed. Analysis of variance indicates that jet pressure exerts the strongest influence on MRR, which may be attributed to the increased kinetic energy and penetration capability of abrasive particles at higher pressures. In contrast, traverse speed was found to play a dominant role in controlling surface roughness and kerf geometry. As traverse speed increased, Ra and kerf taper angle tended to rise, likely due to reduced jet–material interaction time and incomplete erosion of the hard ZrB₂-reinforced matrix. Abrasive flow rate contributed positively to MRR up to higher levels, although its effect appeared secondary compared to jet pressure. Regression models developed for all machining responses showed strong predictive performance, with coefficients of determination exceeding 0.95 and statistically insignificant lack-of-fit, suggesting adequate representation of the underlying process behaviour within the investigated parameter range. Scanning electron microscopy of the machined surfaces revealed erosion features such as abrasive ploughing, particle pull-out, and striation formation. These surface morphologies are consistent with the observed variations in Ra and kerf characteristics and reflect the combined ductile–brittle erosion response of the composite. Overall, the study identifies optimised AWJM parameter combinations that can improve both surface quality and machining efficiency when processing AA7175–ZrB₂ composites. Full article

Clays, historically employed in traditional medical practices, have recently gained prominence within contemporary biomedical science, especially in the context of wound healing, due to advancements in nanotechnology and materials science. This review article investigates the physicochemical characteristics, biological processes, and therapeutic functions of clay materials—including bentonite, halloysite nanotubes, palygorskite, sepiolite, and synthetic clays like Laponite—in diverse wound-healing applications. These materials play a crucial role in the wound-healing process, including stopping bleeding, controlling inflammation, protecting against infection, and rebuilding tissue. They work through both passive and active methods. The layered or fibrous structure of these materials allows for efficient drug loading, controlled release, and mechanical support when used in hydrogels, films, and advanced drug delivery systems. Preclinical and initial clinical investigations have substantiated the biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, and regenerative capabilities of these systems, although they have also revealed several challenges concerning toxicity, regulatory categorization, and standardization. Consequently, clay-based systems present a potentially valuable multifunctional platform for advancing next-generation wound-treatment therapies, necessitating additional translational and clinical research. Full article

This study investigates the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy composites reinforced with aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs), titanium nanoparticles (Ti NPs), and chopped E-Glass fibers, individually and in hybrid combinations. Thirteen compositions were systematically fabricated and characterized, spanning pure epoxy (PRC0), Al NP-series (PRA1–3), Ti NP-series (PRT1–3), Al NP/E-Glass hybrid series (PRAG1–3), and Ti NP/E-Glass hybrid series (PRTG1–3). The investigation evaluates the effects of these reinforcements on tensile strength, flexural strength, Shore D hardness, thermogravimetric stability, and microstructure. The PRTG2 composite (2 wt% Ti NP + 2 wt% E-Glass fiber) achieved the highest tensile strength of 80 MPa (33.3% improvement over pure epoxy) and the highest flexural strength of 115 MPa (43.75% improvement). These results demonstrate the superior reinforcing efficiency of Ti nanoparticles over Al nanoparticles and the synergistic benefit of combining nanoparticle and fiber reinforcements within a single epoxy matrix. Full article

For the development of a novel optical sensor technology, diffraction grating microstructures were manufactured on a silicon surface. The principle of operation of the sensor technology is based on rotatory encoder technology, developed at Hahn-Schickard. It is based on a convolution of a Gaussian laser beam at a diffraction grating, generating sine and cosine signals resulting from the movement of the diffraction grating. Applying this approach to silicon is new and places technological challenges, which are overcome using a proprietary nanoimprint lithography (NIL) process. The process development, which was done on bulk silicon, is discussed, and its capability of producing operational optical grating microstructures is verified by moving the bulk silicon chips with the grating over an opto-electronic module using a piezo stage in an automated control and data acquisition setup. The noise measured in a 16-bit setup was below 2.8 nm RMS, and the linearity error was 100 nm RMS. Compared to the traveled distance (320 µm), this is less than 350 ppm. Furthermore, the chips with the grating were refined to a MEMS-accelerometer chip by introducing etched spring structures. This setup then was verified using different miniaturized interpolator boards. Full article

In material research, heteroatom doping in a host lattice is regarded as an effective method to modify the structural and electronic properties of the materials, consequently enhancing their electrochemical performance. This study represents the microstructural and electrochemical properties of lanthanum-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (Li₄Ti_5−xLa_xO₁₂, x = 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) using a hydrothermal method. The findings indicate that all three compositions demonstrate a comparable crystallite phase, free from discernible impurities, and exhibit a flake-like morphology. The Li₄Ti_4.96La_0.04O₁₂ sample exhibited a cubic spinel structure with flake-like morphology, a low crystallite size of 9.7 nm and a reasonably good electrical conductivity of 3.56 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹. In order to delve deeper into the supercapacitive behavior, the electrochemical characteristics of the electrodes were assessed through cycling voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Notably, the Li₄Ti_4.96La_0.04O₁₂ electrode demonstrated exceptional electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 461 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. Furthermore, it exhibited commendable cycling stability with approximately 80% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles and around 89% Coulombic efficiency, highlighting its potential as a noteworthy electrode material for energy storage applications. Full article

The development of sustainable biopolymer-based active packaging materials is essential to replace single-use petroleum-derived plastics and reduce food deterioration. In this study, chitosan-based films incorporating green-synthesized silver microparticles (Ag microparticles) obtained from pecan nutshell extract rich in phenolic compounds were developed as multifunctional materials with antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Films were prepared by the casting method using chitosan solutions at different concentrations (1.5–2.5% w/v), with Ag microparticles incorporated at 0.25% (w/v). The phenolic profile of the extract (gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid), determined by UPLC-DAD, confirmed its role as a reducing and stabilizing agent during Ag microparticle synthesis. All film-forming solutions exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, and variations in viscosity and consistency were directly reflected in the mechanical behavior of the films. Strong antioxidant activity, mainly governed by single-electron transfer mechanisms, was observed in ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The films also showed pronounced antibacterial activity, achieving complete inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes. Finally, it is concluded that film mechanical properties are strongly governed by the rheological behavior of the chitosan-based film-forming solutions. The resulting chitosan-Ag microparticle films combine suitable mechanical behavior with antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects against Listeria monocytogenes, suggesting their potential for future application in active food-packaging systems. Full article

Background: Taurine is a bioactive amino acid that has great potential for wound healing, but it struggles with poor skin penetration and quick clearance. This study aimed to develop taurine-loaded nanoliposomes (Nlp-Tau) to enable sustained local delivery and improve effectiveness. Methods: Nlp-Tau were prepared using thin-film hydration. We characterized them for size, charge, shape, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), loading efficiency (LE%), and in vitro release. Also, its biocompatibility on human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) has been assessed. In vitro wound healing potential was further evaluated using a scratch assay. Results: Optimized Nlp-Tau showed favorable properties, including an average hydrodynamic diameter of about 282 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.2, a strong negative zeta potential of −31.3 mV, and a spherical shape. However, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed diameters of about 142 nm and 194 nm for the drug-free and taurine-loaded particles, respectively. Additionally, EE% and LE% were 20% and 2.5%, respectively. In vitro release in PBS (pH 7.4) followed Higuchi kinetics, showing sustained release over 72 h. Nlp-Tau displayed excellent biocompatibility, with HFF viability significantly higher than other groups at concentrations up to 7 mg/mL. Importantly, in the scratch assay, Nlp-Tau treatment resulted in just 6.8% of the wound area remaining after 48 h, which outperformed free taurine at 10.7%. Conclusions: The Nlp-Tau system we developed offers a stable, biocompatible, and effective delivery method for sustained taurine release. It demonstrates greatly improved in vitro wound closure and shows strong potential for future wound care applications. Full article

The production of polymeric nanoparticles using microfluidic systems holds great potential for controlled drug delivery applications. In this study, the effects of flow parameters and surfactant properties on the characteristics of PLGA (Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)) nanoparticles were systematically investigated. First, the total flow rate (TFR) and flow rate ratio (FRR) were optimized to ensure stable droplet formation. Subsequently, the effects of different surfactant types (anionic, cationic, and nonionic) and their varying concentrations were evaluated. Using the selected parameters, capsaicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were successfully produced. The particles were prepared using a microfluidic platform, and the organic phase was subsequently removed via solvent evaporation. The resulting formulations were comprehensively characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (%EE). Additionally, the in vitro release profiles and cytotoxicity of capsaicin-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated. This study aimed to elucidate the decisive role of surfactant parameters in the microfluidic production of PLGA nanoparticles and to contribute to the development of optimized and reproducible formulations. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have become pervasive environmental contaminants, raising growing concern regarding their potential accumulation within the human body and associated health risks. MP particles can translocate into systemic circulation and multiple organs, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of current human biomonitoring data. This comprehensive review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the occurrence, distribution, detection technologies, exposure reduction and potential health implications of microplastics in human biological samples. The reviewed literature confirms the presence of microplastics in blood, placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, breast milk, semen, urine, and selected tissues including cardiovascular, renal, and reproductive samples. Detection frequencies in some matrices exceeded 70–90%, with polymer types such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate most commonly identified. Reported particle sizes ranged from nanometer-scale fragments to particles over 100 µm, indicating both systemic circulation and potential tissue retention. Spectroscopic techniques such as μFTIR and μRaman dominate polymer identification, while thermoanalytical approaches such as Py-GC/MS provide quantitative polymer confirmation. Emerging evidence suggests associations with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired reproductive parameters, although causal relationships remain uncertain due to methodological heterogeneity and limited longitudinal data. This review provides an integrated overview of current human exposure evidence, identifies analytical gaps, and highlights the urgent need for harmonized detection frameworks and longitudinal risk assessment studies to inform public health policy and future biomonitoring strategies. Full article

Magnetically actuated microrobots have exhibited broad application prospects in biomedical fields. To advance their clinical application, extensive research has attempted to enhance the navigation robustness of microrobots in the body. In the vascular environment, microrobots are easily obscured by blood cells and disturbed by fluid flow, leading to the failure of external sensors and the formation of navigation blind zones. However, most existing navigation methods are based on ideal environment assumptions and struggle to address the challenges posed by navigation blind zones. The study proposes a navigation framework integrating Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller. The EKF fuses sensor measurements and the microrobot kinematic model to sustain continuous state estimation when sensors fail inside blind zones. The simulation results show that this navigation framework achieves pixel-level positioning accuracy under ideal conditions and a 100% navigation success rate. In the presence of blind zone interference, this navigation framework can effectively suppress the divergence of position errors and significantly improve navigation robustness. The study proposes a theoretical framework for microrobot navigation in vascular blind zones. Further physical prototype experiments are required to verify its practical performance. Full article

The κ-phase gallium oxide (κ-Ga₂O₃) has emerged as a promising material for next-generation electronic devices owing to its ultra-wide band gap, remarkable spontaneous polarization and unique ferroelectricity. We have investigated the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) characteristics and device performance of κ-Ga₂O₃/GaN HEMTs via numerical simulations. The κ-Ga₂O₃/GaN heterostructure exhibits a significantly enhanced 2DEG density (~1.05 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻²), which is nearly an order of magnitude higher than that of conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, due to the strong polarization effect. For a barrier thickness of 25 nm, the κ-Ga₂O₃/GaN HEMT exhibits a maximum drain current density (I_D,max) of 4.40 A/mm at V_GS = 2 V and a peak transconductance (g_m,max) of 0.45 S/mm, accompanied by a steep subthreshold swing (SS) of 63.2 mV/decade. Furthermore, we find that the absolute value of threshold voltage increases with the barrier thickness and the peak transconductance decreases with the increase in barrier thickness. When the thickness reaches 40 nm, the 2DEG density becomes saturated with a value of 1.12 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻². Moreover, by incorporating a p-type GaN cap layer into the κ-Ga₂O₃/GaN heterostructure, a normally off operation is achieved, with a positive threshold voltage as the acceptor concentration exceeds 8.0 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³. These results highlight the potential of κ-Ga₂O₃/GaN heterostructures for high-performance power electronic applications. Full article

In this work, the structural, electronic, charge-transfer, thermal, and magnetic properties of pristine and Fe-doped silicon carbide nanosheets (SiCNShs) were systematically investigated using spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) within the Local Spin Density Approximation including Hubbard correction (LSDA + U). A 4 × 4 SiCNSh supercell containing 80 atoms was considered, where Fe atoms were substitutionally introduced at carbon sites to evaluate dopant-induced modifications in the nanosheet. Structural optimization, energy convergence, force minimization, and stress evolution analyses confirm that Fe incorporation preserves the structural integrity of the SiCNSh and leads to energetically stable configurations. The calculated defect formation energy (−7.44 eV/atom) demonstrates the thermodynamic feasibility of Fe substitution, while ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations at 300 K verify the thermal stability of the energetically favorable Fe-doped configuration. Electronic-structure calculations reveal that pristine SiCNSh exhibits a nonmagnetic semiconducting nature with a band gap of approximately 2.4 eV, whereas Fe incorporation significantly modifies the electronic structure through pronounced Fe–3d/C–2p/Si–3p orbital hybridization. The band gap is reduced to approximately 1.1 eV for the single-Fe-doped system and further decreases to 0.53/0.51 eV (spin-up/spin-down) in the double-Fe configuration, while preserving semiconducting behavior. Spin-polarized band structure and density of states analyses demonstrate clear spin asymmetry near the Fermi level, indicating strong dopant-induced spin polarization and exchange interactions. Charge-density difference and Bader charge analyses reveal substantial dopant-induced charge redistribution characterized by electron depletion around Fe atoms, enhanced electron accumulation on neighboring carbon atoms, and partial charge neutralization of nearby Si atoms, resulting in a more localized covalent Si–C–Fe bonding environment. Mulliken spin population analysis further demonstrates robust ferromagnetic ordering, where the Fe dopant acts as the dominant magnetic center with strong induced spin polarization extending into neighboring Si and C atoms. Comparison between ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) configurations confirms that the 2Fe@C-doped SiCNSh stabilizes in a ferromagnetic ground state, exhibiting a favorable FM–AFM energy difference of 0.216 eV. Based on the mean-field approximation, the Curie temperature was estimated to be approximately 837 K, indicating strong magnetic stability significantly above room temperature. The present findings collectively demonstrate that Fe incorporation effectively tailors the electronic and magnetic properties of SiCNSh through band-gap engineering, spin-symmetry breaking, and stabilization of high-temperature ferromagnetism. These combined characteristics establish Fe-doped SiCNShs as promising candidates for spintronic devices, magnetic semiconductors, spin injectors, spin filters, and non-volatile magnetic memory applications. Full article

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a key platform for next-generation electronics due to their atomic thickness and tunable properties. Iron disulfide (FeS₂), known as pyrite, with a bandgap of ~0.95 eV, is suitable for solar energy applications. However, its performance is limited by defects in bulk crystals. Reducing FeS₂ to a single layer eliminates bulk defects and enables strain engineering of the bandgap. In this study, First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed using the CASTEP code and the PBEsol functional to examine the structural, electronic, and optical properties of a distorted 1T′-phase FeS₂ monolayer. Full geometry optimization yields lattice parameters a′ = 17.594 Å, b′ = 3.20231 Å, c′ = 5.28091 Å, and Fe–S bond angles of ~75.8° and ~98.2°, confirming symmetry-breaking distortion. The monolayer is dynamically stable, showing no imaginary modes in the phonon dispersion, and remains structurally intact up to 1000 K in molecular dynamics simulations. The unstrained system has an indirect bandgap of 0.70 eV, with the valence band maximum at the Γ point (dominated by S-p states) and conduction band minimum near the X point (Fe-d states). Under mechanical strain (±4%), the bandgap decreases significantly: from 0.70 eV to 0.44 eV under +4% tensile strain along the y-axis, and to 0.53 eV under −4% compressive strain. Biaxial strain causes weaker modulation, reducing the gap to 0.66 eV (+4%) and 0.62 eV (−4%). Optical absorption exceeds 10⁴ cm⁻¹ for photon energies above the bandgap, with tensile strain causing redshifts and compressive strain inducing blueshifts. These findings demonstrate that 2D FeS₂ is mechanically robust, electronically tunable, and optically active, making it a promising candidate material for flexible strain sensors and photovoltaic devices. This work is intended to motivate and inform future synthesis efforts. Full article