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1 pages, 159 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Redouane Choukr-Allah and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016075 - 7 Dec 2022

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Environment Sciences Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Seed-Enhancement Technologies Promote Direct Seeding and Overcoming Biotic and Abiotic Barriers in Degraded Dryland Ecosystem

by Heba Jarrar and Ali El-Keblawy

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016001 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Restoration programs face several challenges in degraded drylands and desert environments, such as high temperatures, soil salinity, water scarcity, loose soils with low water-holding capacity, and poor fertility. Seed-enhancement technologies (SETs) are proposed to improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve seed germination [...] Read more.

Restoration programs face several challenges in degraded drylands and desert environments, such as high temperatures, soil salinity, water scarcity, loose soils with low water-holding capacity, and poor fertility. Seed-enhancement technologies (SETs) are proposed to improve soil physical and chemical properties, improve seed germination and seedling recruitment, and promote plant growth. SETs improve seed, seedling, and adult plant growth through three main approaches: adding materials to seed coats (seed coating), removing barriers of seed coats (seed scarification), and physiologically altering metabolites through priming (seed priming). These three main approaches (categories) are further divided into several other subcategories. This review aims to define the general categorization of SETs, adopt the proper SETs for arid lands, and indicate the benefits of SETs to overcome the biotic and abiotic barriers in agricultural systems and the ecological restoration of degraded dryland ecosystems. In general, integrating different seed-enhancement technologies (SETs) for rehabilitating degraded lands with a mixture of seeds from various species is recommended, especially since some technologies tend to be species-specific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of New Cultivars of Plum (Prunus salicina) under Deficit Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Zone of Tunisia

by Monia Guizani and Samira Maatallah

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016002 - 16 Jun 2022

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Abstract

The lack of precipitation influences the salinity of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted in a plum orchard in the Rgueb region. Two water regimes were applied. Stressed trees received 50% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the controls received 100% ETc. During the experimentation [...] Read more.

The lack of precipitation influences the salinity of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted in a plum orchard in the Rgueb region. Two water regimes were applied. Stressed trees received 50% crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the controls received 100% ETc. During the experimentation period, the phenological stages, flowering period and some pomological criteria were surveyed. The different parameters followed confirmed that the Black Star cultivar, with a shorter cycle, was the most resistant to water deficits and salinity. According to this study, it will be strategic to encourage the cultivation of the Black Star cultivar in the semi-arid region of Tunisia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Soil Salinity Assessment and Characterization in Abandoned Farmlands of Metouia Oasis, South Tunisia

by Khaled Ibrahimi, Nabil Khader and Lotfi Adouni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016003 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1013

Abstract

In Tunisia, the phenomenon of abandonment of agricultural fields due to soil salinization is becoming common in oasis systems. However, little is known about the salinity level and the geochemical composition of abandoned oasis soils. A total of 156 soil samples were collected [...] Read more.

In Tunisia, the phenomenon of abandonment of agricultural fields due to soil salinization is becoming common in oasis systems. However, little is known about the salinity level and the geochemical composition of abandoned oasis soils. A total of 156 soil samples were collected from abandoned plots in the Metouia Oasis, south-east of Tunisia, and characterized for electrical conductivity and cation and anion composition. In addition, a spatial analysis using spatial data and field verification was carried out. The results can be used to establish a management plan to address the problem of farmland abandonment associated with soil salinization and ensure the viability and sustainability of oasis systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Emulsion-Based Formulation for Increasing the Resistance of Plants to Salinity Stress: US20160302416A1 Patent Evaluation

by Fatima Zahra Hafiane and Ahmed Fatimi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016004 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1012

Abstract

This study describes the use of an emulsion-based formulation to increase the resistance of plants to salinity and other abiotic stress. Inventors have described and claimed, through the US20160302416A1 patent, an emulsion-based formulation for increasing the resistance of a plant to damage caused [...] Read more.

This study describes the use of an emulsion-based formulation to increase the resistance of plants to salinity and other abiotic stress. Inventors have described and claimed, through the US20160302416A1 patent, an emulsion-based formulation for increasing the resistance of a plant to damage caused by one or more abiotic stresses. The earliest priority date of the US20160302416A1 patent was 6 December 2013, with five patent families and four filled jurisdictions. Based on patent classification, the invention covered by the patent concerns the preservation of plants or parts thereof (e.g., inhibiting evaporation, improving the appearance of leaves, etc.). To prove the concept of this invention, studies were initiated in the greenhouse to look at the impact of different formulations on spring wheat and turf grass grown under salt stress conditions. The inventors confirmed that the proposed formulations could increase the tolerance of spring wheat and turf grass to the presence of excess salt. The method of applying the emulsion-based formulation to the spring wheat or to the turf grass at the onset of the salt stress conditions enhanced the tolerance to the stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

3 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Quinoa Vikinga Response to Salt and Drought Stress under Field Conditions in Italy

by Cataldo Pulvento, Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami, Giuseppe De Mastro, Davide Calandrelli and Antonella Lavini

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016005 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1087

Abstract

Agriculture in south Europe is facing the negative effect of abiotic stresses such as salinity that mostly affect the seed production and seed quality of traditional crops. Under these conditions, quinoa represent a good alternative to ensure the production of high-protein-quality seeds thanks [...] Read more.

Agriculture in south Europe is facing the negative effect of abiotic stresses such as salinity that mostly affect the seed production and seed quality of traditional crops. Under these conditions, quinoa represent a good alternative to ensure the production of high-protein-quality seeds thanks to its tolerance to abiotic stresses. In 2015–2017, a sweet variety of quinoa, “Vikinga”, was tested in Italy within the PROTEIN2FOOD project (EU Horizon2020) as high-quality-protein crop to enhance food protein production in Europe. A field trial was carried out at the experimental farm of CNR-ISAFOM in South Italy, to evaluate the combined effect of drought and salinity on quinoa Vikinga; both freshwater and saline water were used for irrigation. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. The main yield parameters (seed yield, aboveground dry biomass 1000 seed weight), the protein content and other quality traits were analyzed at harvest, to evaluate the effect of applied treatments. The results showed that, in general, different treatments did not affect the main production and quality traits of quinoa “Vikinga”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Setting Up of a New Local and Ecological Substrate for Tomato Soil-Less Cultivation to Cope with Saline Soils

by Mohamed Majdoubi, Soumia El Malahi, Redouane Choukr-Allah and Mimoun Mokhtari

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016006 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Soilless culture is one of the alternative techniques to cope with saline soil. The objective of this study is to identify a new local substrate based on cactus fiber. Three mixtures of cactus fiber and coconut fiber substrates (M0, M1, M2, M3, and [...] Read more.

Soilless culture is one of the alternative techniques to cope with saline soil. The objective of this study is to identify a new local substrate based on cactus fiber. Three mixtures of cactus fiber and coconut fiber substrates (M0, M1, M2, M3, and C) at a ratio of (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1), respectively, were evaluated on round tomato cultivation under greenhouse. The mixtures had an organic matter content that exceeded 82%, a C/N ratio between 41.3% and 46%. The mixtures did not cause any phytotoxicity in lettuce and bean. The economic study showed that the use of M2 substrate was the most profitable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Phenological and Biochemical Characteristics of Almond Cultivars in Arid Climate of Central Tunisia

by Samira Maatallah, Monia Guizani, Olfa Elloumi and Mohamed Ghrab

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016007 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1403

Abstract

Water scarcity is the main limiting factor for fruit trees in arid regions of Tunisia. In this area, almond is widespread, but severe conditions are a key issue for nuts production and kernel quality. In this study, phenological features and kernel quality of [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is the main limiting factor for fruit trees in arid regions of Tunisia. In this area, almond is widespread, but severe conditions are a key issue for nuts production and kernel quality. In this study, phenological features and kernel quality of local and foreign almond cultivars irrigated with low water quality were investigated. Local cultivars presented an early flowering and seemed to be more appropriate to regional conditions and water salinity. All almond cultivars performed respectable kernel nutritional quality. In conclusion, local cultivars showed better adaptation with early bloom and higher fruit quality under warm conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Irrigation and Abiotic Tolerant Crops in South Italy within TRUSTFARM Project

by Cataldo Pulvento, Osama Ahmed, Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami, Antonella Lavini and Giuseppe De Mastro

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016008 - 16 Jun 2022

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Abstract

Today, irrigated agriculture is even more influenced by climate change with consequent negative effects on food security. The Mediterranean area is most affected by climate change, leading to greater exposure to uncertainty and production risks. In these environments, water stress, rainfall variability, and [...] Read more.

Today, irrigated agriculture is even more influenced by climate change with consequent negative effects on food security. The Mediterranean area is most affected by climate change, leading to greater exposure to uncertainty and production risks. In these environments, water stress, rainfall variability, and soil salinization have been accentuated. Improving crop productivity by minimizing such effects is possible through intelligent climate farming practices (CSFP). Towards resilient and sustainable integrated agro-ecosystems through appropriate climate-smart farming practices (TRUSTFATM) is a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with the aim to design integrated agro-ecosystems by conserving natural resources and using the principles of the circular economy for developing climate-resilient production systems in Egypt, Morocco, Italy, France, and Senegal. The Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science (DISAAT) of the University of Bari is responsible for coordinating the activities (starting in 2022) related to the introduction of new crop varieties and management of water and efficient irrigation systems, such as deficit irrigation, use of marginal quality (saline water) irrigation water, and introduction of abiotic stress-tolerant crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 2950 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial Variability of Soil Salinity: The Case of Beni Amir in the Tadla Plain of Morocco

by Amal El Hamdi, Yousra El Mouine, Moad Morarech, Vincent Valles, Hasna Yachou and Houria Dakak

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc202201609 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1265

Abstract

The control of soil salinity and the achievement of sustainable agricultural development goals require knowledge of the soil salinity spatial distribution and its temporal evolution. The objective of this study was to understand the spatial variations of soil salinity in the geomorphologic zone [...] Read more.

The control of soil salinity and the achievement of sustainable agricultural development goals require knowledge of the soil salinity spatial distribution and its temporal evolution. The objective of this study was to understand the spatial variations of soil salinity in the geomorphologic zone in Beni Amir, Tadla region of Morocco. Electromagnetic induction was used to measure the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) of the soil. The results showed that the distribution of ECa varies across the distance from the drain, and suggests the movement of salts from upstream to downstream. The vertical-horizontal electromagnetic readings show that the saline profile is descending. This study shows that the spatial variability of salinity in a geomorphological site is related to the position in the landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatial Distribution of Desert Plant Species According to Soil Salinity

by Hafsa Debbagh-Nour, Mohamed Belcaid, Mohamed Ibourki, Hassan Boukcim, Marc Ducousso, Youssef El Kharrassi, Ayoub El Mouttaqi and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016010 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

The arid climate of the Saharan regions is accentuated even more by the consequences of climate change and environmental threats, thus affecting normal plant development. The salinization of soils is one of the major stresses in the Moroccan Sahara Desert that strongly penalizes [...] Read more.

The arid climate of the Saharan regions is accentuated even more by the consequences of climate change and environmental threats, thus affecting normal plant development. The salinization of soils is one of the major stresses in the Moroccan Sahara Desert that strongly penalizes the production. In this sense, it would be interesting to explore the native flora of the target regions, and using it remains the best option to provide sustainable agriculture. The present study is part of a collaborative project with the aim of exploring desert plant species. Different parameters were taken for each species, including soil salinity and density. Two zones showed the highest levels of salinity, Daoura and Akhfennir, both in the Tarfaya province with 19.38 and 24.33 mS/cm, respectively. Although, several species were highly tolerant to salinity and were present at moderate to high densities. Among them, one can cite Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl., Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb. and Suaeda ifniensis Caball. ex Maire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Allometric Model for Predicting Root Biomass of Field Crops in the Salt-Affected Clay Soil: Novel Approach

by Amrakh I. Mamedov and Emin K. Husiyev

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016011 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258

Abstract

Root biomass and phenotyping are vital parameters for studies on crop performance and response to environmental change, as well as abiotic stresses, crop water uptake, nutrient supply, and soil C sequestration and quality. However, root sampling and measurement, including biomass estimation, are laborious [...] Read more.

Root biomass and phenotyping are vital parameters for studies on crop performance and response to environmental change, as well as abiotic stresses, crop water uptake, nutrient supply, and soil C sequestration and quality. However, root sampling and measurement, including biomass estimation, are laborious and time-consuming tasks. This study developed a novel allometric model to predict the root biomass of annual crop species using root collar diameter, an easy aboveground field measure. The root samples of alfalfa, sorghum and maize were collected (45 from each) at the harvesting stage from the irrigated agricultural field of the semi-arid region (clay soil, salinity: EC = 2–12 dS m⁻¹, 70% of full irrigation). Crops collar diameter (CD) and root biomass (RM) increased in the following order: alfalfa < sorghum < maize. For each crop species, strong power (RM = aCD^b) relations (R² ≥ 0.90) were found between RM and CD (analogous to tree species). The coefficient (a) and exponent (b) of the relations and the soil quality indices (e.g., soil organic carbon, aggregate stability) in the root zone were concomitant with the crop (root) traits. The use of the allometric model was crucial for the fast assessment of the root biomass of the crop species, such as estimating biomass allocation. The approach could be used for evaluation of soil–root–plant interaction under abiotic stresses in the context of the sustainable agriculture (e.g., soil C deposition and respiration, crop transpiration and photosynthesis rate, and selecting the best genotypes-cultivars). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Seasonal Environmental Changes on Leaf Anatomical Responses of Limoniastrum guyonianum in Sabkha Biotope

by Fayçal Boughalleb, Sameh Maaloul and Raoudha Abdellaoui

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016012 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1070

Abstract

Climate change conditions can strongly influence the kinetics of morphogenetic processes. Our study showed that the total thickness of leaf lamina, adaxial palisade parenchyma, abaxial palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma increased significantly during the dry period, especially in August (31.4%, 52.1%, 37.6%, 27.69%, [...] Read more.

Climate change conditions can strongly influence the kinetics of morphogenetic processes. Our study showed that the total thickness of leaf lamina, adaxial palisade parenchyma, abaxial palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma increased significantly during the dry period, especially in August (31.4%, 52.1%, 37.6%, 27.69%, respectively). Moreover, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis becomes thicker during the most dry months (July and August). Likewise, the adaxial cuticle thickness increased during the dry period. The stomata density in the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides is 1.36- and 1.4-fold higher than those recorded during the wet periods. However, the salt glands’ density showed a much greater increase in the abaxial face (+2.4-fold). The bundle sheath size was unchanged under the seasonal environmental fluctuation in the sabkha. The xylem vessels diameter showed a maximum reduction in August (–63.8%). Likewise, the xylem vessels density increased significantly during the dry period. The closer relationship between the anatomical proprieties with soil salinity allows us to conclude that salt stress is one of the most limiting factors for Limoniastrum guyonianum in its natural biotope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Water Stress on the Productivity and Quality Parameters of Wheat and Their Potential Use in the Breeding Program

by Mohamed Amine Abdellaoui, Mouna Taghouti, Ghizlane Diria, Mackaye Moussa Hassane, Houda EL Yacoubi and Sahar Bennani

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016013 - 16 Jun 2022

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Abstract

Wheat occupies a prominent place at the national and international levels. This food crop is considered a main source of human and animal nutrition. Water stress is one of the main causes of the decline in bread wheat production in Morocco. Therefore, breeding [...] Read more.

Wheat occupies a prominent place at the national and international levels. This food crop is considered a main source of human and animal nutrition. Water stress is one of the main causes of the decline in bread wheat production in Morocco. Therefore, breeding for resilient varieties is of great importance to overcome this challenge. In this context, the main objective of this study is to assess the impact of drought on the productivity of bread wheat and to determine the key selection criteria for drought tolerance in a Mediterranean environment. To do this, 31 varieties and lines of bread wheat were evaluated at two contrasted INRA experimental stations during the 2020–2021 cropping season. Five productivity and quality parameters were assessed: grain yield, biomass, number of fertile spikes, thousand grain weight, and protein content. The results demonstrate the negative impact of water stress on the various parameters studied, except for the protein content which was higher in arid conditions compared to the favourable ones. Based on correlation analysis, the number of fertile spikes and the biomass could constitute the potential selection criteria for drought resistance. These trials will be repeated for several years under the effect of other intensities of stress and agro-ecosystems and by incorporating other parameters to confirm the results obtained. The line “BT19I5” showed great yield potential under both conditions and can be of great interest for farmers and for potential release at the national program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhanced Salinity Tolerance of Medicago sativa, Roots AM Colonization and Soil Enzyme Activities by PGPR

by Nabil Tirry, Mohamed Ferioun, Aziza Kouchou, Ghizlane Laghmari, Wifak Bahafid and Naïma El Ghachtouli

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016014 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

Abiotic stresses such as salt are typical negative factors that have a considerable impact on agricultural output around the world. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth and soil function under salinity [...] Read more.

Abiotic stresses such as salt are typical negative factors that have a considerable impact on agricultural output around the world. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth and soil function under salinity stress. The consortium of four PGPR (Pseudomonas putida, Alcaligenes sp., Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas cedrina) was tested for its effect on growth, chlorophyll content, oxidative stress, and root arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of Medicago sativa in pots experiment under salt stress. The bacteria’s impact on soil enzyme activity was also investigated. Overall, in comparison to the non-inoculated control, inoculating M. sativa plants with the bacterial consortium allowed us to overcome the unfavorable effects of NaCl stress and enhanced plant growth, root AM colonization, and leaf chlorophyll content. It also reduced the levels of oxidative damage indicators such as malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and proline. Furthermore, the consortium had a beneficial effect on the activities of soil phosphatase, β-galactosidase, and arylamidase. The bacterial consortium has the potential to be employed as bio-inoculants for plants growing under salt stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Young Date Palm Tolerance to Salinity Stress under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Compost Application

by Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar, Raja Ben-Laouane, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Mohamed Anli, Abdessamad Fakhech, Youssef Ait-Rahou, Toshiaki Mitsui, Said Wahbi, Marouane Baslam and Abdelilah Meddich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016015 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1113

Abstract

This study focused on the mitigation of the negative impact of salinity stress over time on the growth and development of Phoenix dactylifera plants using compost and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment had eight treatments in a randomized design. The treatments consisted [...] Read more.

This study focused on the mitigation of the negative impact of salinity stress over time on the growth and development of Phoenix dactylifera plants using compost and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment had eight treatments in a randomized design. The treatments consisted of a control, AMF (native consortium) and compost (produced from green waste). The treatments were applied separately or in combination in the presence of 240 mM NaCl (saline condition) or 0 mM NaCl (non-saline condition) after 10 and 14 months of cultivation. Our results show that saline stress increased toxic ion (sodium and chlorine), proline, soluble sugars and stress marker (H₂O₂ and MDA) contents. At the same time, it lowered growth traits, mycorrhizal colonization, leaf water potential and nutrients (nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca)) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations. The application of compost and AMF individually or in combination alleviated salt-induced effects through mechanisms such as an increase in nutrient absorption (P, N, K and Ca), photosynthetic pigment content, relative water content, stomatal opening, leaf water potential, photosystem II efficiency, organic osmolyte content (proline and soluble sugars) and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, CAT and POD) and reduction in lipid peroxidation and H₂O₂ content. Our results also show that the tolerance strategies of date palm to salinity were progressively improved over time in treated plants and especially in date palms grown in the presence of the two biofertilizers. Between 10 and 14 months of cultivation, growth parameters increased with a significant improvement in nutrient contents, a reduction in the concentrations of toxic ions and stress markers, and regulation of the antioxidant system (antioxidant enzyme activity and osmolyte content) in both leaves and roots. In conclusion, this investigation highlights the effectiveness of dual application of compost and native AMF in mitigating the deleterious effects of salinity on date palm with an improvement in the tolerance over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Phosphogypsum on Faba Bean Yield and Heavy Metals Content under Saline Conditions

by M Barka Outbakat, Mohamed El Gharous, Kamal El Omari and Khalil El Mejahed

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016016 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1279

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses which causes significant losses to agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In the present study, we conducted a pots experiment to evaluate Phosphogypsum (PG) and Gypsum (G) as amendments and their effect [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stresses which causes significant losses to agricultural production, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In the present study, we conducted a pots experiment to evaluate Phosphogypsum (PG) and Gypsum (G) as amendments and their effect on faba bean shoot and grain yield under saline conditions (soil ECe = 11.17 mS/cm, water EC = 1.5 mS/cm and water SAR = 4.2 meq/L). In addition, we investigated the safety of their application based on heavy metals content in the harvested grain. Our findings demonstrate that the use of PG as amendment for saline soil reclamation improved faba bean grain and biomass yield without affecting grain quality regarding heavy metal content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Desert Actinobacterial Strains Increase Salt Stress Resilience in Crops

by Celia Alvarez-Sastre and Lorena Carro

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016017 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1131

Abstract

The adaptation of crops to saline stress conditions generated by changes in rainfall and the current production systems is essential for maintaining many of them and minimizing possible damage or reductions in their productivity. The use of microorganisms to improve the conditions of [...] Read more.

The adaptation of crops to saline stress conditions generated by changes in rainfall and the current production systems is essential for maintaining many of them and minimizing possible damage or reductions in their productivity. The use of microorganisms to improve the conditions of plants from extreme environments, increasing their resilience, appears to be a possible alternative. In this work, we isolated strains from samples obtained in extreme environments, such as the Atacama Desert and Sahara Desert, and evaluated their capacity to promote the growth of plants directly and under stress conditions. We studied their ability to grow under salinity, and we selected some of these strains for their capacity to improve plant resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of the Sodicity of Phosphate By-Products and Sludge Mixture for Large-Scale Application in Mine Site Reclamation

by Yao Kohou Donatien Guéablé, Obinna Dominic Uke, Youssef Bezrhoud, Haitam Moulay, Lhoussaine Moughli, Mohamed Hafidi, Mohamed El Gharouss and Khalil El Mejahed

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016018 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168

Abstract

Morocco has a very long mining tradition, and is threatened by ground salinization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the salinity level in the mixture of phosphate mining by-products and sludge prior to its use to reclaim a mine site or [...] Read more.

Morocco has a very long mining tradition, and is threatened by ground salinization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the salinity level in the mixture of phosphate mining by-products and sludge prior to its use to reclaim a mine site or for soil remediation. The experiment was conducted with Italian ryegrass in 4 months under greenhouse. The design was a randomized complete block with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The results revealed that treatments containing phosphogypsum helped to reduce the effect of sodicity on soil. Thus, phosphogypsum associated with sludges can be used as an amendment to reclaim mine soil affected by sodicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Different Rates of Liquid Sewage Sludge Amendment on Nutrient Content of the Soil in Rabat, Morocco

by Abdelmajid Achkir, Abdelhakim Aouragh, Mohammed El Mahi, El Mostapha Lotfi, Najoua Labjar, Taruvinga Badza and Tawfik El Moussaoui

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016019 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1119

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate different rates of the liquid sewage sludge fertilizer developed by a treatment plant in Skhirat, Rabat, Morocco on improving soil fertility indicators. The results revealed that the application of liquid sludge on the soil increased [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different rates of the liquid sewage sludge fertilizer developed by a treatment plant in Skhirat, Rabat, Morocco on improving soil fertility indicators. The results revealed that the application of liquid sludge on the soil increased soil pH from 7.3 to 7.7, electrical conductivity from 227.1 to 416.21 µS.cm⁻¹, and other nutrients such as soil organic matter from 9.0 to 21.4%, Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) from 0.1 to 0.7%, and total organic carbon (TOC) from 2.4 to 16.5%; the phosphorus ranged 79.1 to 127.8 mg.kg⁻¹ in a dose-dependent manner in amended soil compared to untreated controls. However, the results also showed increase in heavy metal content in the following order: Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd, (Zn = 136.69 mg.kg⁻¹, Cu = 69.05 mg.kg⁻¹, Pb = 17.91 mg.kg⁻¹, Ni = 4.73 mg.kg⁻¹, Cd = 0.03 mg.kg⁻¹); nevertheless, we noticed that their concentrations were lower than the critical values established by the European Union for the agronomic use of the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 1882 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mapping and Analysis of Irrigation Water Quality in the Coastal Region of Skhirat, Morocco

by Ibtissam Mariami, Houria Dakak, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Ahmed Douaik, Hamza Iaaich, Hinde Cherkaoui Dekkaki, Hasna Yachou and Ahmed Ghanimi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016020 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1089

Abstract

This study analyzes map irrigation water quality in the region of Skhirat, Morocco. This study involves the evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of the irrigation water using Piper and ULSS diagrams and spatial mapping using GIS. The results showed significant salinization power, and [...] Read more.

This study analyzes map irrigation water quality in the region of Skhirat, Morocco. This study involves the evaluation of the physico-chemical quality of the irrigation water using Piper and ULSS diagrams and spatial mapping using GIS. The results showed significant salinization power, and demonstrated that the salinity and alkalinity classes of irrigation water dominating in the region are C3-S1 (i.e., average to poor quality; ‘use with caution’), C4-S1 (i.e., poor quality; ‘exclude sensitive plants and heavy soils’), and C4-S2 (i.e., poor quality; ‘to be used with great care, only in light soils’). The evaluation of the Piper diagram determines two hydrochemical facies. The bathymetric map indicates a shallow level downstream and South-West. The salinity map shows high salinity downstream and upstream. In conclusion, a very alarming degradation of water in terms of salinity is noted in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of Morphological and Physiological Traits of Moroccan Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties Submitted to Severe Salt Stress

by Said Bouhraoua, Nassira Srhiouar, Mohamed Ferioun, Khalil Hammani and Said Louahlia

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016021 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1072

Abstract

The maintenance of Moroccan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivation under rising saline conditions requires investigations to be performed. In the present work, we aimed to test the effect of salt stress on four Moroccan barley varieties (ADRAR, AMIRA, LAANACEUR, and MASSINE). Salt [...] Read more.

The maintenance of Moroccan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivation under rising saline conditions requires investigations to be performed. In the present work, we aimed to test the effect of salt stress on four Moroccan barley varieties (ADRAR, AMIRA, LAANACEUR, and MASSINE). Salt stress was applied by increasing NaCl concentration gradually in nutrient solution to 300 mM (Severe stress). Our results showed that salt stress induces significant decreases in RDW, SDW, and Chl content. In addition, significant increases of EL% and proline content were recorded. Analysis of variance showed a significant intraspecific variability between varieties and a significant effect of treatment and combination of the varieties factor and treatment factor. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that under NaCl treatment, MASSINE is the genotype that kept significantly high values of SDW and RDW. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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3 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Rapid Identification of Solid Materials Using the ACP Method

by Otmane Sadek, Samira Touhtouh and Abdelowahed Hajjaji

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016022 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1191

Abstract

In this work, we will present a new protocol to identify solid matter quickly, and at low cost, by physico-chemical analysis methods. The fast and less expensive methods for identification that we investigate, using principal component analysis (ACP), are hydrogen potential (pH), electrical [...] Read more.

In this work, we will present a new protocol to identify solid matter quickly, and at low cost, by physico-chemical analysis methods. The fast and less expensive methods for identification that we investigate, using principal component analysis (ACP), are hydrogen potential (pH), electrical conductivity, density and solubility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Chemical Seed Priming with Zinc Sulfate Improves Quinoa Tolerance to Salinity at Germination Stage

by Mohammad Redouane Bourhim, Said Cheto, Ahmed Qaddoury, Abdelaziz Hirich and Cherki Ghoulam

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016023 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1518

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the effect of seed pre-treatment “priming” with zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the improvement in germination in three quinoa genotypes, “ICBA-Q5”, “Puno” and “Titicaca”, under different salinity levels and to characterize some physiological traits of seed [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of seed pre-treatment “priming” with zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the improvement in germination in three quinoa genotypes, “ICBA-Q5”, “Puno” and “Titicaca”, under different salinity levels and to characterize some physiological traits of seed tolerance to salinity. The germination tests were conducted to assess the priming effect on germination. Samples of 50 quinoa seeds of the 3 genotypes were soaked in 1 g/L of ZnSO₄ solution for 8 h and then were dried under ambient temperature. Then, each seed sample was placed in a Petri dish containing filter paper imbibed with a salt solution of 300, 400 and 500 mM NaCl. The numbers of germinated seeds were noted every 24 h and seed samples were collected for reserve mobilization analysis. The results showed that, under control conditions, ICBCA-Q5 showed the highest germination percentage, followed by Puno and then Titicaca. The salinity level of 300 and 400 mM NaCl severely inhibited the seed germination in all of the tested genotypes and the concentration of 400 mM NaCl was considered the highest threshold for germination in the quinoa genotypes tested. The priming treatment improved the germination parameters and the improvement was more evident for germination speed and the final germination percentages that were generally increased by ZnSO₄ priming by more than 100% for all of the genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mapping Soil Salinity Risk by Using an Index Approach

by Abdelwahed Chaaou, Mohamed Chikhaoui, Mustapha Naimi, Aissa Kerkour El Miad and Marieme Seif-Ennasr

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016024 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1276

Abstract

Soil salinity is a worldwide problem that negatively affects soil quality and persistently spreading, especially in arid and semi-arid climate. The present study focuses on the mapping of soil salinity risk in Tadla Plain. To achieve this goal, the approach of Soil Salinity [...] Read more.

Soil salinity is a worldwide problem that negatively affects soil quality and persistently spreading, especially in arid and semi-arid climate. The present study focuses on the mapping of soil salinity risk in Tadla Plain. To achieve this goal, the approach of Soil Salinity Risk Index (SSRI) has been adopted. The use of SSRI based approach reveals the occurrence of three risk classes: low, moderate and severe. The moderate risk class dominates with a coverage representing 80% of the total area. The results achieved showed the prospect of this approach to delineate areas of soils prone to salinization risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Drought Stress Responses of Four Contrasting Provenances of Argania spinosa

by Mohamed Mouafik, Abdelghani Chakhchar, Mohamed Ouajdi, Salwa El Antry, Ismail Ettaleb, Jalila Aoujdad and Ahmed El Aboudi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016025 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1068

Abstract

The Argane tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is an endemic species of Morocco, widely adapted to the arid and semi-arid climate of the southwest. The Argane may serve as an oilseed crop in desert areas threatened by drought and salinity. Its domestication [...] Read more.

The Argane tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is an endemic species of Morocco, widely adapted to the arid and semi-arid climate of the southwest. The Argane may serve as an oilseed crop in desert areas threatened by drought and salinity. Its domestication will open up important economic opportunities for Morocco in the face of the growing demand for Argane oil and will help reduce the pressure on the wild Argane forest. In this research, we aimed to study and characterize some physiological and biochemical traits of Argane tolerance to drought stress. We measured physiological parameters related to the water content (foliar water potential and relative water content of the leaves), biochemical parameters involved in osmoregulation (proline and total sugars), and photosynthesis (chlorophylls) in Argane seedlings from four contrasting provenances (Bouizakarne, Agadir, Essaouira and Berkane) cultivated under drought stress induced by cessation of irrigation. The results showed that the basic and minimal foliar water potential, relative water content as well as chlorophyll content significantly decreased in seedlings under severe drought stress compared to control ones, whereas a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugars was noted in stressed seedlings. Nonetheless, inter-provenance differences were recorded for some parameters studied. Provenance effect was determinant for variation in drought stress responses of A. spinosa. The study of drought stress-adaptive traits in Argane tree can help to understand the tolerance mechanisms and discriminate between the most drought tolerant provenances in order to rehabilitate degraded Argane forests. It is also relevant for domestication and conservation programs in others abiotic stress conditions resulting from climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Phenotypic Diversity of Agronomical Traits and Nut Phenolic Compounds among Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars

by Walid Abidi and Rawaa Akrimi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016026 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 959

Abstract

The phenotypic diversity of agronomical traits and nut phenolic compound content of four pistachio cultivars (Mateur, Elguetar, Kerman, and Ohadi), conducted under regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during two growing seasons (2017/2018), were evaluated. The experimental orchard was located in the Regional Center of [...] Read more.

The phenotypic diversity of agronomical traits and nut phenolic compound content of four pistachio cultivars (Mateur, Elguetar, Kerman, and Ohadi), conducted under regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during two growing seasons (2017/2018), were evaluated. The experimental orchard was located in the Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Sidi Bouzid (CRRA), Tunisia. Three water treatments were applied from March to September; control (T0; 100% ETc during all the developmental stages), RDI treatment (T1; 50% ETc during stages I and II of fruit development followed by full irrigation 100% ETc during stage III), and stressed treatment (T2; 50% ETc during all the growing season). The results showed that treatments T0 and T1 no presented statistically significant difference in yield and nut biochemical traits, and 50% less irrigation water was used during stages I and II of nut development. The trees under treatment T2 were affected by water stress showing low values of yield and nut phenolic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Severe Salt Stress on Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Parameters in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

by Nassira Srhiouar, Mohamed Ferioun, Said Bouhraoua, Khalil Hammani and Said Louahlia

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016027 - 13 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1140

Abstract

In the Mediterranean area, climate change induces an important increase in soil salinity, which threatens crop production. Here, we aimed to test the impact of severe salt stress on the Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) used by Moroccan breeders. Stress was applied by [...] Read more.

In the Mediterranean area, climate change induces an important increase in soil salinity, which threatens crop production. Here, we aimed to test the impact of severe salt stress on the Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) used by Moroccan breeders. Stress was applied by increasing salinity gradually by 8 dS/m. Two weeks later, the root dry weight (RDW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) were measured as morphological parameters. Soluble proteins, total soluble sugars (TSS), and proline contents were quantified in both of leaves and roots parts. Furthermore, Chlorophyll a (Chl a), b (Chl b), and total Chlorophyll (Chl T) contents were quantified in leaves to estimate the salt stress impact on the photosynthetic apparatus. Our results showed a significant decrease in morphological parameters under stress. Additionally, a significant reduction in photosynthetic pigment was recorded. Compared to leaves, important accumulations of proline and soluble protein contents in roots were observed. These results indicate that under salt treatment, alfalfa plants react to salinity by storing many molecules in the roots for planned mobilization after recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A New Organic Amendment Based on Insect Frass for Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) Cultivation

by Jamaa Zim, Amlal Aitikkou, Moulay Hicham EL Omari, Soumia EL Malahi, Khalid Azim, Abdelaziz Hirich, Abdelaziz Nilahyane and Ali Oumouloud

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016028 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Insect frass is considered as a sustainable resource for plant nutrition. This new amendment is characterized by a high salinity (EC) which constitutes an issue for its agronomic utilization. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of four organic amendments [...] Read more.

Insect frass is considered as a sustainable resource for plant nutrition. This new amendment is characterized by a high salinity (EC) which constitutes an issue for its agronomic utilization. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of four organic amendments with different EC: frass of Hermetia illucens (15.19 mS/cm), frass of Tenebrio molitor (6.47 mS/cm), vermicompost (2.07 mS/cm), and cattle manure (1.33 mS/cm), on zucchini crop. The results showed a great improvement of the agronomic parameters of zucchini using frass of T. molitor insects. This study shows that insect frass could be potential alternatives of conventional amendments and may have positive impact on sustaining agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification of QTLs for Morpho-Physiological Traits under Saline Stress in Indica MAGIC Rice Population

by Bayragondlu M. Lokeshkumar, Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Suman Rathor, Arvinder S. Warraich, Satyendra Yadav, Parbodh C. Sharma and Rakesh Kumar Singh

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016029 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1132

Abstract

Rice is sensitive to salinity at both the seedling and reproductive stages, and it reduces the grain yield from 50 to 100%. In this study, 27 SNP markers significantly associated with 15 QTLs were identified. Three major QTLs were associated with shoot length [...] Read more.

Rice is sensitive to salinity at both the seedling and reproductive stages, and it reduces the grain yield from 50 to 100%. In this study, 27 SNP markers significantly associated with 15 QTLs were identified. Three major QTLs were associated with shoot length (Sal_SL 7.1), shoot sodium content (Sal_Na 1.1) and shoot magnesium content (Sal_Mg 2.1). Five QTLs for root length (Sal_RL 1.1, Sal_RL 3.1, Sal_RL 6.1 Sal_RL 8.1 and Sal_RL 12.1), shoot K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis (Sal_K/Na 1.1, Sal_K/Na 4.1, Sal_K/Na 5.1, Sal_K/Na 7.1 and Sal_K/Na 10.1) and single QTLs for shoot potassium (Sal_K 6.1) and calcium content (Sal_Ca 5.1) were also detected. QTL Sal_K/Na 1.1 was found responsible for the ionic ratio associated with the Saltol region, and Sal_K/Na 10.1 was associated with the gene OSCA1;4, which is a hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel that acts as an osmosensor under salt stress condition. A candidate gene haplotype analysis revealed ten significant genes, LOC_Os06g03940, LOC_Os10g42820, LOC_Os07g36230, LOC_Os02g06410, LOC_Os06g48610, LOC_Os12g12950, LOC_Os03g12050, LOC_Os08g02690, LOC_Os07g47560, and LOC_Os05g08840, responsible for abiotic stress tolerance. The identified potential candidate genes can be used for functional characterization to understand the complex mechanism of salinity tolerance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Salt-Tolerant Rice Varieties to Enhancing Productivity in Salt-Affected Environments

by Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Byragondlu M. Lokeshkumar, Suman Rathor, Arvinder S. Warraich, Satyendra Yadav, Raj K. Gautam, Rakesh Kumar Singh and Parbodh C. Sharma

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016030 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4039

Abstract

Among abiotic stresses, salt stress is the most complicated problem posing a major challenge for maintaining world food supplies as well as food security as it covers 1125 m ha globally and 6.73 m ha in India. It is very essential to increase [...] Read more.

Among abiotic stresses, salt stress is the most complicated problem posing a major challenge for maintaining world food supplies as well as food security as it covers 1125 m ha globally and 6.73 m ha in India. It is very essential to increase rice productivity in salt-affected soils for food security and sustainability in salt-affected environments. The pass port data of 9000 rice Germplasm has been established for 30 traits and a mini core of 1500 lines has been developed. Approximately 20,000 rice lines have been screened for salinity and sodicity for both seedling and reproductive stages. The highly tolerant rice lines are being used in breeding programme to enhance the genetic diversity. The six QTLs in chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 9, 10 has been identified for the Na/K ratio, spikelet fertility and grain yield for the reproductive stage salt tolerance. The Saltol QTL has been transferred to Indian mega rice varieties namely, Pusa44 and Sarjoo52, to improve the salinity tolerance at the seedling stage. Similarly, the qSSISFHS8.1 (QTL for spikelet fertility) QTL is being transferred into mega rice varieties namely, PR114, Pusa44 and Sarjoo52, to improve the salinity tolerance at the reproductive stage. The marker assisted selection accelerates the breeding activities to develop the salt-tolerant varieties as well as transfer the QTLs to HVYs through marker assisted back cross breeding. The Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI) has developed 13 salt-tolerant rice varieties, namely CSR10, CSR13, CSR23, CSR27, Basmati CSR30, CSR36, CSR43, CSR46, CSR49, CSR52, CSR56, CSR60 and CSR76, through conventional breeding approaches to increase the productivity of salt-affected soils for resource poor farmers. The popularity of these salt-tolerant rice varieties can be ascertained from the facts that large quantity of breeder seeds (1056 quintals) and truthfully labelled seeds (3126 quintals) has been produced and sold during last 22 years (2000–2021), more demand from the farmers and large area app. One point two million hectares is covered by these salt-tolerant rice varieties every year. Numerous salt-tolerant rice lines are being developed at CSSRI to cope with salt-affected soils and enable sustainable agriculture under salt-affected soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 338 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water on a Greenhouse Tomato Crop under Salinity Conditions

by Moulay Hicham El Omari, Samba Sene, Jamaa Zim, Soumia El Malahi, Mounia Ennami and Houda Taimourya

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016031 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1294

Abstract

The use of magnetic technology in irrigation is increasing significantly in the world as it has been established in several research studies that its application on irrigation water can improves crop productivity and even alleviate plant salt stress. The aim of this study [...] Read more.

The use of magnetic technology in irrigation is increasing significantly in the world as it has been established in several research studies that its application on irrigation water can improves crop productivity and even alleviate plant salt stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetic treatment of saline water on greenhouse tomatoes in Morocco. The preliminary results showed significant decrease in soil conductivity measured at different depths. The soil irrigated with magnetically treated water had a high-water retention capacity. A slight increase in the yield with plants exhibiting an early flowering was recorded, and fruit quality was also improved in terms of weight and juice content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 191 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Humic Acid on Soil Properties and Productivity of Maize Irrigated with Saline Water

by Hassan Dergam and Omar Abdulrazzak

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016032 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1569

Abstract

The aim of this search was to understand the effect of humic acid on soil properties and the growth and salinity tolerance of maize irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in the Sabboura Research Station, Syria in 2019–2020. As treatments, humic [...] Read more.

The aim of this search was to understand the effect of humic acid on soil properties and the growth and salinity tolerance of maize irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in the Sabboura Research Station, Syria in 2019–2020. As treatments, humic acid was added to the soil at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g/L·m², and the crop was irrigated using saline water with 0.5, 2, 4, and 6 ds/m salinity, measured by electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that treatment with 2 ds/m irrigation water salinity and 2 g/L·m² of humic acid achieved the highest fresh biomass production and plant height compared to the control and other treatments, while 4 ds/m irrigation water salinity and 0 g/L·m² of humic acid gave the highest productivity measured by dry mass. In addition, the pH value increased up to 9.15 for the treatment with 6 ds/m irrigation water salinity and 2 g/L·m² of humic acid, while the EC values increased with an increase in salinity in the irrigation water, and the highest value (2.59 ds/m) occurred in the treatment with 6 ds/m irrigation water salinity and 2 g/L·m² of humic acid. The use of highly saline irrigation water (6 ds/m) led to an increase in EC and caused a noticeable decrease in plant height and fresh biomass accumulation in all treatments, indicating that maize cannot tolerate more than 6 ds/m irrigation water salinity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Emergence of a Governance Landscape for Saline Agriculture in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa

by Katarzyna Negacz, Pim van Tongeren, Lucia Ferrone, Federico Martellozzo and Filippo Randelli

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016033 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Salinization is one of the main challenges of contemporary agriculture affecting food security and sustainability. Climate change with more persistent droughts, floods and sea-level rise is expected to increase this challenge, making it one of the most common land degradation processes. At the [...] Read more.

Salinization is one of the main challenges of contemporary agriculture affecting food security and sustainability. Climate change with more persistent droughts, floods and sea-level rise is expected to increase this challenge, making it one of the most common land degradation processes. At the same time, an increasingly complex institutional landscape has emerged across multiple issue areas of global environmental governance related to salinization. This can be seen in a myriad of public, private, and hybrid actors coming together by creating initiatives to address the issue of growing salinization through saline agriculture. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to characterize the development of a governance landscape of cooperative initiatives for saline agriculture in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, and to discuss how to harness their potential and orchestrate their efforts. The preliminary findings suggest that the fragmented landscape of initiatives is predominated by public actors and research institutions. This potentially hampers benefit sharing and upscaling efforts. Operational activities are most frequently the governance function, followed by information and networking efforts thereafter. Thematically, initiatives focus on the development of new crop varieties and water and soil management practices. Linkages to the Sustainable Development Goals suggest saline agriculture is connected to policy debates on sustainable food systems, climate change, water security, and land degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 1911 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Selection of Salt-Stress-Tolerant Genotypes during Germination, Growth, and Development in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp., durum Desf.)

by Fatima Henkrar, Kenza Stira and Sripada Udupa

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016034 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 942

Abstract

Salinity is a serious threat to agriculture, causing the inhibition of and alterations in germination and plant growth and development. Durum wheat is highly sensitive to salinity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to establish a screening method of wheat genotypes, [...] Read more.

Salinity is a serious threat to agriculture, causing the inhibition of and alterations in germination and plant growth and development. Durum wheat is highly sensitive to salinity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to establish a screening method of wheat genotypes, under saline conditions, at the germination and plant growth stages. Our results show a very significant effect of salt stress on the different parameters evaluated in durum wheat, for all treated genotypes. The tolerance screening test during growth and development was more effective than the germination test. The chlorophyll content allowed distinguishing tolerant from sensitive genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Desert Truffles and Truffles in Morocco: Biodiversity of Promising Fungi to Combat Desertification

by Fatima Henkrar, Chaimae Meyad, Sanae Sabaa and Lahsen Khabar

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016035 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1711

Abstract

The desert truffle (Terfezia) and other truffles (Tuber) have a significant economic and ecological value and are considered as important fungi in Morocco. Desert truffles are important to combat desertification and enhance soil fertility. As these fungi form a [...] Read more.

The desert truffle (Terfezia) and other truffles (Tuber) have a significant economic and ecological value and are considered as important fungi in Morocco. Desert truffles are important to combat desertification and enhance soil fertility. As these fungi form a mycorrhizal symbiosis with several specific desert shrubs, it protects the soil from degradation and assists plant growth in the semi- arid and desert areas. The aim of this short paper is to present the different species of desert truffle that exist in Morocco and identify their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and their host plants as well as their areas of distribution. There are strong analogies between the species found in Morocco with those previously discovered in other countries. Terfezia arenaria, T. leptoderma and Delastria rosea were mainly available in Mamora forest and T. boudieri in Oualidia. Otherwise, the species Picoa juniperi, Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi and T. nivea were present in the Oriental regions of Morocco. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reclamation of Sodic Soils and Improvement of Corn Seed Germination Using Spent Grains, Cheese Whey, Gypsum, and Compost

by Emad Aboukila and Abdelaziz Nilahyane

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016036 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1068

Abstract

Incubation and germination experiments were carried out to evaluate spent grain, cheese whey, gypsum, and compost for reclamation of sodic soils and enhancing corn (Zea mays L.) germination. Results indicated that all organic amendments effectively reduced exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), sodium adsorption [...] Read more.

Incubation and germination experiments were carried out to evaluate spent grain, cheese whey, gypsum, and compost for reclamation of sodic soils and enhancing corn (Zea mays L.) germination. Results indicated that all organic amendments effectively reduced exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and soil pH, while they enhanced soil organic matter, macronutrients, and corn germination percentages compared with gypsum and control. The positive impacts of all amendments followed the arrangement: spent grain > cheese whey > compost > gypsum > control. Moreover, one-month incubation was enough time for amendments to mitigate soil sodicity before crop plantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Seed Priming with ZnO Nanoparticles and Saline Irrigation Water in Yield and Nutrients Uptake by Wheat Plants

by Yasser Al-Salama

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016037 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1500

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in arid and semiarid areas. The nano-priming can be applied to improve the seeds germination and seedling establishment and enhance plant growth in addition to improving resistance to abiotic stresses. A [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in arid and semiarid areas. The nano-priming can be applied to improve the seeds germination and seedling establishment and enhance plant growth in addition to improving resistance to abiotic stresses. A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of seed priming with (50 mg L⁻¹) ZnO nanoparticles (particle size < 50 nm) and irrigation with saline water on the yield and uptake of some nutrients (N, P, K, and Zn) by durum wheat variety (Triticum Durum L., cv. Acsad1105). Wheat variety was grown in calcareous soil under four levels of saline irrigation water (0.52, 4.42, 6.84 and 9.3 dS m⁻¹). Increasing water salinity caused a gradual and remarkable decrease in the grain yield, where the reduction was the highest (42.8%) at the higher salinity level (9.13 dS m⁻¹). Seed priming with ZnO NPs increased the grain yield by 36.2, 24.1, 13.2 and 5.6% for the investigated salinity levels, respectively, compared with non-primed seeds. The uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) by both the straw and grains was significantly increased by increasing the salinity level up to 6.84 dS m⁻¹, particularly in the primed seeds. On the other hand, Zn uptake was significantly decreased in the two treatments with an increasing salinity level of irrigation water. However, field studies may further enhance the mechanistic understanding of the pertinence of NPs in seed priming and salinity-tolerant plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 2943 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mapping Agronomic Suitability of Soils in Forest Savannah Transition Zone in Cameroon: A Case Study from Bokito District of the Central Region

by Olivier Leumbe, Marie Roumy Ouafo and Paul Ndjigui

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016038 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Food security is a crucial issue in Cameroon. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, with the help of the University of Yaoundé 1 and the National Institute of Cartography, aims to produce an agronomic aptitude map of the country. The pilot site [...] Read more.

Food security is a crucial issue in Cameroon. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, with the help of the University of Yaoundé 1 and the National Institute of Cartography, aims to produce an agronomic aptitude map of the country. The pilot site of Bokito was selected. The formula used is as follows: AA = pH × RU × K × CEC. The objective is to propose a simple, quick and inexpensive method of land evaluation that can boost the transition to second-generation agriculture. The results show that the yellowish ferrallitic soils of Bokito have good agronomic suitability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dissection of Genomic Regions for Ion Homeostasis under Sodic Salt Stress in MAGIC Rice Population

by Suman Rathor, Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Bayragondlu M. Lokeshkumar, Arvinder S. Warraich, Satyendra Yadav, Parbodh C. Sharma and Rakesh Kumar Singh

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016039 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1284

Abstract

Salt tolerance mechanisms are regulated by balance in cell ionic concentrations such as K⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. In this study, we examined major QTLs for the traits K⁺/Na⁺ [...] Read more.

Salt tolerance mechanisms are regulated by balance in cell ionic concentrations such as K⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. In this study, we examined major QTLs for the traits K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis, shoot magnesium content (Mg²⁺), shoot calcium content (Ca²⁺), and shoot length. The QTLs for K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis Sod K/Na.1 are associated with three candidate genes: LOC_Os02g48290, LOC_Os02g48340, and LOC_Os02g48350, and Sod_Ca.1 is associated with the gene LOC_Os08g15020. Three significant candidate gene haplotypes for shoot length, Sod_SL.1 (LOC_Os10g36690), sodium content Sod_Na.1 (LOC_Os01g41770), and magnesium content Sod_Mg.1 (LOC_Os10g31040) were identified. The identified candidate genes encode dehydration response proteins, leucine rich repeat proteins, citrate transporter proteins, and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGATs), and play a key role in salt and abiotic stress tolerance. The identified novel QTLs and potential candidate genes could be used for functional characterization to help further supplement our understanding of the genetic makeup of sodicity stress tolerance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Designing the Path for Soil Salinity Management: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives in Morocco

by Marieme Seif-Ennasr, Mohamed Chikhaoui, Mustapha Naimi, Abdelwahed Chaaou and Redouane Choukr-Allah

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016040 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Soil salinity is a significant threat to crop sustainability and food security. This review aims to provide the basis for effective soil salinity management by examining the different solutions to develop scientifically sound guidelines for farmers, maintain profitable agricultural production in saline farmland [...] Read more.

Soil salinity is a significant threat to crop sustainability and food security. This review aims to provide the basis for effective soil salinity management by examining the different solutions to develop scientifically sound guidelines for farmers, maintain profitable agricultural production in saline farmland irrigated possibly with saline groundwater, and alleviate agricultural land degradation. A lesson learned from the Moroccan experience in tackling salinity is needed for integrating soil and water management and appropriate salt-tolerant crops with innovative agricultural practices as a package of saline agriculture. Moreover, regional and global cooperation to exchange emerging challenges, successful rehabilitation studies, and innovative solutions should be considered. This review concludes that no single parameter could be suggested as the only possible way for soil salinity rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Autochthonous Biostimulants as a Promising Biological Tool to Promote Lettuce Growth and Development under Salinity Conditions

by Redouane Ouhaddou, Raja Ben-Laouane, Aiman Slimani, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Mohamed Anli, Khalid Oufdou, Marouane Baslam and Abdelilah Meddich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016041 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1109

Abstract

An adapted sustainable management program was used to evaluate lettuce tolerance to salt stress using autochthonous biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and compost). Salinity harmed plant growth, root colonization, and physiology. However, biostimulants application, especially AMF and PGPR treatments, [...] Read more.

An adapted sustainable management program was used to evaluate lettuce tolerance to salt stress using autochthonous biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and compost). Salinity harmed plant growth, root colonization, and physiology. However, biostimulants application, especially AMF and PGPR treatments, significantly improved lettuce growth and salinity tolerance (120% and 50%, respectively, for biomass; 60% and 20%, respectively, for stomatal conductance; and 1.5% and 1.3%, respectively, for chlorophyll fluorescence) compared to non-inoculated and compost-free controls under stressed conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Water Stress on Leaf Photosynthesis and Yield of Melon and Tomato Crops Grown under Mediterranean Conditions of the Northeast of Morocco

by Sara Uald Lamkaddam, Salah Ed-Dine Samri, Mohamed Hassani Zerrouk and Kamal Aberkani

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016042 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

Drought is the most important limiting factor affecting plant yield and photosynthesis and has impacts on reducing yields. The objective of this work is to study the impacts of drought regimes of irrigation on Chlorophyll a fluorescence, stress status and yield of melon [...] Read more.

Drought is the most important limiting factor affecting plant yield and photosynthesis and has impacts on reducing yields. The objective of this work is to study the impacts of drought regimes of irrigation on Chlorophyll a fluorescence, stress status and yield of melon and tomato crops. Experiments were conducted under the Mediterranean climate conditions. Two cultivars of each crop and three irrigation strategies (100%, 75% and 50%) were used. Many physiological stress indices based on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were measured. Results showed a change in crop light phase of photosynthesis and a decrease in yields according to treatments and cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Growth of Hybrids of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell, 1852) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Area of Lake Ahémé and Its Channels

by Christian Comlan Viaho, Hervé Hounsa, Delphine Adandedjan, Hyppolite Agadjihouede, Martin N. Gbedey and Philippe A. Laleye

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016043 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1284

Abstract

The Ahémé Lake and its channels make up the saline area in Benin and do not facilitate the breeding of freshwater fish. The cross between the parents of Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon melanatheron allowed us to obtain hybrids that grow in brackish water. [...] Read more.

The Ahémé Lake and its channels make up the saline area in Benin and do not facilitate the breeding of freshwater fish. The cross between the parents of Oreochromis niloticus and Sarotherodon melanatheron allowed us to obtain hybrids that grow in brackish water. It is a totally randomized device with four treatments and two repetitions. The larvae were brought back and fed to satiety for 6 weeks. The growth rates of the OS hybrids were 0.38 g/day, while those of the SO hybrids were 0.33 g/day. OS hybrids are an excellent candidate for fish farming in a brackish environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Agronomic Practices and Performances of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni under Field Conditions: A Systematic Review

by El Hocine Hirich, Brahim Bouizgarne, Abdelmjid Zouahri and Khalid Azim

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016044 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1617

Abstract

Stevia (Stevia Rebauiana Bertoni) is one of the most renowned medicinal plants for its low calorific value. Stevia’s active components are steviol glycosides (SGs), which include Rebaudioside A, B, C, D, E, F, M, Stevioside, Steviolbioside, Dulcoside A, and Dulcoside C. These steviol [...] Read more.

Stevia (Stevia Rebauiana Bertoni) is one of the most renowned medicinal plants for its low calorific value. Stevia’s active components are steviol glycosides (SGs), which include Rebaudioside A, B, C, D, E, F, M, Stevioside, Steviolbioside, Dulcoside A, and Dulcoside C. These steviol glycosides are 150–300 times sweeter than sugar. The sweetening molecules stevioside and rebaudioside A are the most common. In this work, we performed a systematic review combined with a bibliometric analysis of stevia farming techniques in the field. The study is based on published literature data for the years 2000–2021. A sum of 54 articles was found, indicating that scientific study on stevia’s agronomic techniques and productivity in the field is currently insufficient. Asia, Europe, and South America were the major research production sites in this domain, accounting for more than 90% of the research output. The number of articles dealing with density and planting that were examined was quite restricted. The principal themes covered in the scientific literature were the effects of “fertilization” and “irrigation”, followed by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria “PGPR” and fungi “PGPF”, “salinity”, and “harvest” on stevia yield and quality. The results of this research will allow us to highlight insufficient available research works and knowledge gaps and the agronomic treatments that had the greatest impact on productive response were fertilization, irrigation, and salinity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 461 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Saline Water Irrigation Effect on Oil Yield and Quality of Argan Trees Domesticated in Laâyoune, Morocco

by Chaima Afi, Jamal Hallam, Abdelaziz Mimouni, Fouad Msanda and Naima Ait Aabd

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016045 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major severe constraints that limit crop productivity in 40% of the land surface, notably in the Mediterranean region. In this study, we worked in an argan orchard located in Laâyoune, Morocco. The orchard is characterized by a saline [...] Read more.

Salinity is one of the major severe constraints that limit crop productivity in 40% of the land surface, notably in the Mediterranean region. In this study, we worked in an argan orchard located in Laâyoune, Morocco. The orchard is characterized by a saline soil and trees that are irrigated with highly saline water. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation with saline water on oil yield, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and fatty acid composition. The results show that saline water irrigation has a no significant effect on oil yield and most oil quality parameters, yet has a highly significant effect on total polyphenols, flavonoid content as well as two saturated acids (C16:0 and C20:0). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 499 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How Does Compost Amendment Affect Stevia Yield and Soil Fertility?

by El Hocine Hirich, Brahim Bouizgarne, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Oumaima Ibn Halima and Khalid Azim

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016046 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1287

Abstract

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae. It contains natural intense sweeteners while presenting low carbohydrate content. Its insignificant effect on blood glucose makes its consumption possible for diabetic and hypoglycemic diets. Chemical fertilizers have a [...] Read more.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a plant species belonging to the family Asteraceae. It contains natural intense sweeteners while presenting low carbohydrate content. Its insignificant effect on blood glucose makes its consumption possible for diabetic and hypoglycemic diets. Chemical fertilizers have a negative impact on the stevia leaves quality. Organic farming has become essential in producing medicinal plants such as Stevia to boost stevia growth with stevioside and rebaudioside-A content. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four compost doses, i.e., 0, 10, 20, and 30 t/ha on Stevia yield and soil fertility. This experiment was conducted in the Melk Zhar experimental domain, Belfaa of the National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Agadir, Morocco during the period of February-June 2020. The obtained results revealed that increased compost doses significantly increased yield and soil fertility i.e., phosphorus; P, potassium; K and organic matter; OM contents. The highest yield (2.19 t/ha) was observed under treatment using 30 t/ha of compost followed by 20 t/ha (1.67 t/ha), and the lowest (1.50 t/ha) under control conditions. The highest OM content (1.02%) was found under treatment with 30 t/ha of compost while the lowest (0.85%) was under the control. The soil analysis also showed that the application of compost at 20 t/ha resulted in the highest P (28.68 ppm) and K (125.5 ppm). In the light of finding, it is concluded that the application of compost at 30 t/ha is the most effective recommended rate for improving Stevia yield and soil fertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Phenotypic Evaluation of Recombinant Inbred Lines for Sodicity Tolerance at Reproductive Stage in Rice

by Ashish Nain, Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Parbodh C. Sharma, Bayragondlu M. Lokeshkumar, Mukesh Kumar and Arvinder S. Warraich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016047 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Salt stress is the most widespread soil problem in rice-growing countries, and it causes significant reductions in rice production worldwide. Identifying QTLs for sodicity tolerance at the reproductive stage is crucial to enhance the grain yield in sodic stress ecology. From this perspective, [...] Read more.

Salt stress is the most widespread soil problem in rice-growing countries, and it causes significant reductions in rice production worldwide. Identifying QTLs for sodicity tolerance at the reproductive stage is crucial to enhance the grain yield in sodic stress ecology. From this perspective, we developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from MTU 1001/Kalarata. A set of 176 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was evaluated, along with the tolerant parent Kalarata and the sensitive parent MTU 1001, in a controlled microplot with a sodicity of pH ~ 9.5 at ICAR - Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal. The lines RIL34 (13.1 g/plant), RIL83 (12.7 g/plant), RIL40 (11 g/plant), RIL41 (10.2 g/plant), and RIL124 (10.1 g/plant) were top yielders. The yield-contributing traits, namely, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), total tiller, productive tiller, biological weight (g/plant), and spikelet fertility (%), were highly affected in sodic stress conditions. The tolerant lines RIL34, RIL83, RIL40, RIL41, and RIL124 could be used for breeding programs and further studies to dissect the molecular and physiological mechanisms of reproductive stage sodic stress tolerance in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Groundwater Resources in Moroccan Coastal Aquifers: Insights of Salinization Impact on Agriculture

by Yassine Ez-zaouy, Lhoussaine Bouchaou, Aicha Saad, Mohammed Hssaisoune, Youssef Brouziyne, Driss Dhiba and Abdelghani Chehbouni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016048 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2181

Abstract

Across several coastal areas in Morocco, groundwater is the strategic source of irrigation. In this work, a database of thirteen Moroccan coastal aquifers was used to assess groundwater for agriculture purposes, as well as to highlight the process responsible of the degradation of [...] Read more.

Across several coastal areas in Morocco, groundwater is the strategic source of irrigation. In this work, a database of thirteen Moroccan coastal aquifers was used to assess groundwater for agriculture purposes, as well as to highlight the process responsible of the degradation of groundwater resource quality in Moroccan coastal areas. According to electrical conductivity parameter, the results show that 92% of the collected samples were not suitable for irrigation uses. This situation is due to seawater intrusion and water–rock interaction processes, in addition to intensive agriculture activities and the introduction of domestic and industrial wastewater without any treatment. In order to control the impact of groundwater salinity on agriculture, management plans are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Salt-Affected Soil Management Utilizing an Innovative Coated Sand Material—“Breathable Sand”

by Yuming Su, Shengyi Qin and Chandra Dake

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016049 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1165

Abstract

An innovative air-permeable watertight material (hereinafter “Breathable Sand”) was invented and has been used in various agricultural applications. Proprietary coating and surface modification processes are applied on desert sand particles, and thus the air permeability can be retained, while the material is watertight [...] Read more.

An innovative air-permeable watertight material (hereinafter “Breathable Sand”) was invented and has been used in various agricultural applications. Proprietary coating and surface modification processes are applied on desert sand particles, and thus the air permeability can be retained, while the material is watertight due to its water repellency properties. Breathable Sand has been used as a liner in salt-affected fields in Inner Mongolia and Tianjin in China. After years of its initial application, no salt intrusion in the root zone was observed. In addition, studies in Zhejiang Province showed that about a 30% water saving can be achieved with 3 cm of Breathable Sand applied below the roots in rice fields, compared to conventional rice fields. Roots were stronger and the average leaf count, grain weight, grain per ear, matured grain count, and grain maturity rates were also higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrated Agronomic Practices to Enhance Forage Productivity and Quality of Blue Panicum (Panicum antidotale Retz.) under Saline and Arid Conditions in the South of Morocco

by Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Ihssane Mnaouer, Abdelaziz Nilahyane, Dennis Ashilenje, Erick Amombo, Mohamed Belcaid, Mohamed Ibourki, Karima Lazaar, Krishna Prasad Devkota, Lamfeddal Kouisni and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016050 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1079

Abstract

Soil salinity and drought are the two major challenges agriculture is facing in marginal environments, such as desert areas, which limit the growth and productivity of traditional cultivated crop species. In the Sahara Desert of the southern region of Morocco, livestock is the [...] Read more.

Soil salinity and drought are the two major challenges agriculture is facing in marginal environments, such as desert areas, which limit the growth and productivity of traditional cultivated crop species. In the Sahara Desert of the southern region of Morocco, livestock is the major agricultural activity, and forage supply is severely affecting livestock production. Blue panicum (Panicum antidotale Retz.) is an alternative salt-tolerant crop recently introduced to Morocco’s Sahara to enhance forage availability for livestock. The aim of this study was to increase the productivity and nutritional quality of blue panicum through the use of integrated agronomic practices, such as planting methods (bed or flat), crop establishment (direct seeding, transplantation, and rhizome propagation), organic and/or mineral amendments, and grass–legumes intercropping. The preliminary results showed that in the highly saline conditions, the combined application of organic amendments, seedling transplanting, and bed planting method gave the highest production (56 t/ha/year) of fresh biomass, which is higher than 50% compared to the control. This study suggests that in the southern region of Morocco and the Sahara Desert, the adoption of the blue panicum with integrated agronomic practices sustains livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How Does Organic Amendment and NPK Fertilization Improve Forage Yield of Cereals under Salinity and Arid Conditions?: Case of Moroccan Sahara

by Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Ihssane Mnaouer, Abdelaziz Nilahyane, Mohamed Belcaid, Mohamed Ibourki, Karima Lazaar, Lamine Diatta, Krishna Prasad Devkota, Lamfeddal Kouisni and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016051 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

The experiment on effect of organic amendment and NPK fertilizer of forage yield of cereals using saline water irrigation (12.4 dS/m) was conducted in Es-Smara province in the South of Morocco during 2020–2021. We found that organic amendments have a great positive impact [...] Read more.

The experiment on effect of organic amendment and NPK fertilizer of forage yield of cereals using saline water irrigation (12.4 dS/m) was conducted in Es-Smara province in the South of Morocco during 2020–2021. We found that organic amendments have a great positive impact on increasing forage yield of selected cereals grown under salinity conditions. Compared to the control, the application of amendments improved dry biomass yield by 55, 101, 126%, through the application of compost, sheep manure, and NPK, respectively. The highest increment in dry matter productivity was through the combined application of organic amendment and NPK fertilization: clearly showed that a judicious combined application could improve forage supply in the salt-affected irrigated drylands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Farmer’s Participatory Genetic and Agronomic Approaches for Higher Rice Productivity in Sodicity Stress

by Yash Pal Singh and Rakesh Kumar Singh

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016052 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 953

Abstract

In salt affected soils, neither physical nor chemical remediation methods are cost-effective for saline/sodic soil reclamation. Salt-affected lands are estimated at about 955 million ha worldwide, afflicting over 6% of the world’s total arable land, of which sodic soils constitute 581 million ha. [...] Read more.

In salt affected soils, neither physical nor chemical remediation methods are cost-effective for saline/sodic soil reclamation. Salt-affected lands are estimated at about 955 million ha worldwide, afflicting over 6% of the world’s total arable land, of which sodic soils constitute 581 million ha. Regaining the agricultural potential and enhancing the productivity and profitability of rice in sodic soils, it necessitates the development of advanced technologies for the sustainable reclamation of these soils, suitable salt tolerant varieties (STVs) through farmer’s participatory varietal selection (FPVS) approaches and their matching management practices (Mmp).The results from the study showed that combining Mmp with STV resulted in 35% higher yields over traditional variety (TV) with farmer’s management practices and proved cost effective nutrient management approach to maximize the productivity and profitability of rice in sodic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Groundwater Contamination Due to Landfill Leachate—A Case Study of Tadla Plain

by Yousra El Mouine, Amal El Hamdi, Moad Morarech, Vincent Valles, Hasna Yachou and Houria Dakak

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016053 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

In many parts of the world, the impact of open landfills on soils, the biosphere, and groundwater has become a major concern. This study was carried out on an uncontrolled landfill in the Tadla plain, Morocco’s main agricultural region. The study of physicochemical [...] Read more.

In many parts of the world, the impact of open landfills on soils, the biosphere, and groundwater has become a major concern. This study was carried out on an uncontrolled landfill in the Tadla plain, Morocco’s main agricultural region. The study of physicochemical parameters of water resources sample suggests that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well as water quality management practices should be carried out periodically to protect water resources and, on the other hand, to confirm groundwater pollution due to a pollution plume. Physicochemical analyses of leachate were thus carried out in order to determine the leachate nature of the landfill Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Four Species with Crop Potential in Saline Environments: The SALAD Project Case Study

by Giulia Atzori

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016054 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1160

Abstract

With sea levels rising due to climate change, salinity intrusion will increase and new crops, specifically appropriate to such particular ecological conditions, are needed. In the project “SALAD—Saline Agriculture as a Strategy to Adapt to Climate Change”, the possibility of growing tomato ( [...] Read more.

With sea levels rising due to climate change, salinity intrusion will increase and new crops, specifically appropriate to such particular ecological conditions, are needed. In the project “SALAD—Saline Agriculture as a Strategy to Adapt to Climate Change”, the possibility of growing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) in saline conditions is explored, together with their market upscaling opportunity. The crops are described in terms of their origin and distribution, botanical description and edible use. Moreover, the state of the art of the four crops’ response under saline conditions is reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Desert Truffles in the Great Moroccan Sahara: A Review

by Imane Zniber, Hassan Boukcim, Lahsen Khabar, Marc Ducousso, Fatima Henkrar, Ayoub El Mouttaqi and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016055 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1258

Abstract

Desert truffles are edible mushrooms compulsorily living in symbiosis with plants’ roots. They are rich in essential nutrients and secondary metabolites, conferring therapeutic properties. In Morocco, around ten species can be found in semiarid and arid climate regions with low annual rainfalls and [...] Read more.

Desert truffles are edible mushrooms compulsorily living in symbiosis with plants’ roots. They are rich in essential nutrients and secondary metabolites, conferring therapeutic properties. In Morocco, around ten species can be found in semiarid and arid climate regions with low annual rainfalls and high average temperatures. They can be associated with the Cistus and Pinus species and some other species, but they are detected more often under the Helianthemum species. In this study, we present a short review of the distribution of Moroccan desert truffles in the Great Sahara, along with the progress achieved in their morphological and molecular identification and the evaluation of their nutritional content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reclamation of a Saline-Sodic Soil with Organic Amendments and Leaching

by Demis Andrade Foronda

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016056 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Excessive amounts of Na⁺ and soluble salts are characteristics of saline-sodic soils. Loss of soil structure and osmotic stress in plants are negative effects of salinity-sodicity. This study evaluated the effect of cattle manure, biochar and tropical peat at 1 and 2% [...] Read more.

Excessive amounts of Na⁺ and soluble salts are characteristics of saline-sodic soils. Loss of soil structure and osmotic stress in plants are negative effects of salinity-sodicity. This study evaluated the effect of cattle manure, biochar and tropical peat at 1 and 2% (w/w) with leaching, on the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity (EC_e) and pH of a saline-sodic soil from the High Valley of Cochabamba (Bolivia). The soil was placed in simulated soil columns and two lixiviations were applied. The initial values of soil were as follows: ESP of 66.6%, EC_e of 20.5 dS m⁻¹, and pH of 8.55. Results after leaching differed significantly (p = 0.05) among the interactions. Cattle manure at 2% was the most effective in reducing soil ESP to 27.6%, followed by the rest of the treatments. The three amendments at any level were efficient in lowering EC_e below 4 dS m⁻¹. Peat at 2% decreased the soil pH to 7.76. The superiority of cattle manure can be explained by the improvement of soil aggregation and leaching efficiency, through its OM and Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ contribution. Overall, cattle manure was superior in reclaiming the soil salinity-sodicity, and only the EC_e threshold value from the US Salinity Lab classification was reached by any amendment, indicating that cattle manure, biochar or tropical peat with leaching, can be used to reclaim some saline-sodic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Electromagnetic Saline Water for Potato Growth and Water Relations

by Rawaa Akrimi, Hichem Hajlaoui, Mounir Denden and Mahmoud Mhamdi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016057 - 16 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

Under water insecurity conditions, electromagnetic saline water may be experienced in irrigation. This study examined the impact of electromagnetic saline water on three potato varieties (Spunta, Bellini and Alaska). The trial includes three treatments; ground water (T1: 2.2 ms cm⁻¹ EC), saline [...] Read more.

Under water insecurity conditions, electromagnetic saline water may be experienced in irrigation. This study examined the impact of electromagnetic saline water on three potato varieties (Spunta, Bellini and Alaska). The trial includes three treatments; ground water (T1: 2.2 ms cm⁻¹ EC), saline water (T2: 8.5 ms cm⁻¹ EC) and saline water having undergone electromagnetic treatment (T3: 8.5 ms cm⁻¹ EC) with Aqua-4D. The results revealed an improvement in yield with T3 compared to T2. Spunta and Alaska were more responsive to T3 than Bellini. The approving response of Alaska was associated with effective adjustment with proline, while Spunta was more efficient in water use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 1873 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toward Better Preparedness of Mediterranean Rainfed Agricultural Systems to Future Climate-Change-Induced Water Stress: Study Case of Bouregreg Watershed (Morocco)

by Youssef Brouziyne, Aziz Abouabdillah, Lhoussaine Bouchaou, Oumaima Attar, Yassine Ez-zaouy, Lahcen Benaabidate and Abdelghani Chehbouni

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016058 - 16 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

Improving the preparedness of agricultural systems to future climate-change-induced phenomena, such as drought-induced water stress, and the predictive analysis of their vulnerability is crucial. In this study, a hybrid modeling approach based on the SWAT model was built to understand the response of [...] Read more.

Improving the preparedness of agricultural systems to future climate-change-induced phenomena, such as drought-induced water stress, and the predictive analysis of their vulnerability is crucial. In this study, a hybrid modeling approach based on the SWAT model was built to understand the response of major crops and streamflow in the Bouregreg catchment in Morocco to future droughts. During dry years, the simulation results showed a dramatic decrease in water resources availability (up to −40%) with uneven impacts across the study catchment area. Crop-wise, significant decreases in rainfed wheat productivity (up to −55%) were simulated during future extremely dry growing seasons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How Does Organic Amendment Improve Quinoa Growth and Productivity under Saline Conditions?

by Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Ihssane Mnaouer, Mohamed Belcaid, Mohamed Ibourki, Lamine Diatta, Krishna Prasad Devkota, Abdelaziz Nilahyane, Jamaa Zim, Cherki Ghoulam, Redouane Choukr-Allah, Lamfeddal Kouisni and Abdelaziz Hirich

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016059 - 17 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1339

Abstract

Nowadays, salinization is becoming a serious problem affecting several agricultural areas, especially irrigated ones. A field experiment was conducted in Foum El Oued, south of Morocco, testing quinoa responses to three irrigation-water salinities (4, 12, and 20 dS/m) combined with nine organic amendments. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, salinization is becoming a serious problem affecting several agricultural areas, especially irrigated ones. A field experiment was conducted in Foum El Oued, south of Morocco, testing quinoa responses to three irrigation-water salinities (4, 12, and 20 dS/m) combined with nine organic amendments. The obtained results indicate that most of the growth and productivity parameters were negatively affected by salinity, while the effect of organic amendment varied from one salinity level to another. Under high salinity, sheep manure, compost, and insects improved quinoa seed yield by 157, 110, and 83%, respectively, compared to the control. The findings of this study recommend that organic amendment could be a judicious practice to improve quinoa yield under saline conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Different Irrigation Water Salinity Levels on Nutrients Uptake, Biochemical Content and Growth Response of Blue Panicum, Quinoa and Silage Maize

by Assma Oumasst, Sara Azougay, Abdelaziz Mimouni and Jamal Hallam

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016060 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the functional response of Panicum antidotale Retz, Chenopodium quinoa, and Zea mays L. to different levels of saline irrigation water. Nutrient uptake, biochemical content, and growth response were evaluated to select potential crops best suited [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the functional response of Panicum antidotale Retz, Chenopodium quinoa, and Zea mays L. to different levels of saline irrigation water. Nutrient uptake, biochemical content, and growth response were evaluated to select potential crops best suited for biosaline agriculture. The results suggest that blue panicum is highly tolerant to saline water irrigation, followed by quinoa up to 10 dS m⁻¹, and then silage maize which is sensitive to saline conditions. The introduction of blue panicum as an alternative crop on salt-effected soils, such as the irrigated perimeter of Foum El Oued in Laâyoune in Morocco, would exhibit high performance better than traditional crops such as silage maize and therefore would improve the local farmers’ income. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Will Roots Play a Decisive Role in Forage Sorghum Production under Salt Stress?

by Erick Amombo, Dennis S. Ashilenje, Karima Lazaar, Abdelaziz Hirich, Lamfeddal Kouisni, Krishna P. Devkota, Abdallah Oukarroum, Ghoulam Cherki, Mohamed El Gharous and Abdelaziz Nilahyane

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016061 - 20 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1006

Abstract

Root developmental plasticity might provide breeders with the opportunity to generate crops with more resistant root system designs to abiotic pressures such as salt stress. The potential influence of diverse root designs in a panel of sorghum varieties’ production and performance under salt [...] Read more.

Root developmental plasticity might provide breeders with the opportunity to generate crops with more resistant root system designs to abiotic pressures such as salt stress. The potential influence of diverse root designs in a panel of sorghum varieties’ production and performance under salt stress was investigated in this study. Dry weight yield had a significant positive correlation with three root parameters: main root length, main root angle, and lateral root length. These root features have varying positive correlations with other salt tolerance indices. Interestingly, all root properties have a negative correlation with the electrolyte leakage. Except for the lateral root length, the negative correlations were significant in all other root features. This pattern holds true for other salt performance indices studied, such as total soluble sugar content, chlorophyll content, growth, and leaf area. Furthermore, there is an inter-variety variation in the contribution level of lateral root and main root length towards the total root length and this was found to influence yield and performance. These findings give a hint on the root architectural features that play a positive role in sorghum salt tolerance and improved forage yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Eco-Efficient Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Agricultural Valorization: Fertigation Effect on Soil and Plant

by Tawfik El Moussaoui, Mohamed Oussama Belloulid, Laila Mandi, Said Wahbi, Salvatore Masi and Naaila Ouazzani

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016062 - 21 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1311

Abstract

In the present research, an alternative eco-efficient biotechnology system, both selective and environmentally viable, is proposed and compared to a conventional scheme. The results showed an optimal process function and a significant difference (p < 0.001) in wastewater measured quality parameters compared [...] Read more.

In the present research, an alternative eco-efficient biotechnology system, both selective and environmentally viable, is proposed and compared to a conventional scheme. The results showed an optimal process function and a significant difference (p < 0.001) in wastewater measured quality parameters compared to the conventional scheme. Indeed, the treated wastewater from the eco-efficient process revealed significant concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Accordingly, there was an improvement in soil and plant quality parameters as a result of irrigation with raw urban wastewater and treated wastewater from the eco-efficient system compared to ground water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Haloculture and Haloengineering in the Context of Water-Energy-Food Nexus

by Farhad Khorsandi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016063 - 22 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

The utilization of saline soil and water resources by Saline Agriculture systems is an economical and viable strategy for meeting the rising demand for global food. However, despite vast experiences in research and commercial accomplishments, Saline Agriculture have still not played a key [...] Read more.

The utilization of saline soil and water resources by Saline Agriculture systems is an economical and viable strategy for meeting the rising demand for global food. However, despite vast experiences in research and commercial accomplishments, Saline Agriculture have still not played a key role in the extension of sustainable agriculture in saline areas. This could be due to an insufficient devotion to the holistic needs (food, water and energy) of local societies in salt-affected regions. Consequently, Haloculture was developed as a new Saline Agriculture technology, which is defined as the sustainable production of biological and non-biological products in saline environments. The main objective of this paper is to describe and discuss Haloculture in the context of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus (WEFN). This technology integrates engineering tools and sciences referred to as Haloengineering with agricultural sciences to meet the holistic needs of human societies in salt-affected areas. Haloengineering attempts to produce water and energy by exploitation the inherent potentials of saline ecosystems. Haloculture tries to sustainably exploit the services and potentials of saline environments for the production of food, water and energy. It conforms to the contexts of WEFN, and promotes water and energy securities along with food security. Therefore, Haloculture can be a viable strategy for sustainable rural development in saline regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 576 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content in Maize (Zea mays)

by Shruti Nilesh Pingle, Shruti Tanaji Suryawanshi, Kiran Ramesh Pawar and Sanjay N. Harke

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016064 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

In this study, the effect of applied NaCl on the growth and proline concentration of maize varieties, i.e., (Zea mays L.), Syngenta 7720, Syngenta 6668, eco-91, Syngenta 7710 and Advanta Pac 751 vertex 751, was investigated. The experiment was conducted in laboratory [...] Read more.

In this study, the effect of applied NaCl on the growth and proline concentration of maize varieties, i.e., (Zea mays L.), Syngenta 7720, Syngenta 6668, eco-91, Syngenta 7710 and Advanta Pac 751 vertex 751, was investigated. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions using a completely randomized design with three replications. The soil used for the experiment was salinized by applying NaCI (common salt) solution at the rates of 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, 200 mM and 250 mM every three days for the duration of 12 days. We found that, according to the data we have collected on germination percentage and proline content, maize varieties (Syngenta 7720 and eco-91) had a significant increase in proline content and a decrease in plant growth as the concentration increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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6 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Salinization of Soils and Aquifers in Morocco and the Alternatives of Response

by N’gouari Gana Abdou Oumara and Lahcen El Youssfi

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016065 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

The agriculture sector in Morocco contributes significantly to the economic development of the country; however, this sector faces several challenges. One of these important challenges is the increasing level of salinization in soils and groundwater. This has a strong impact on food security [...] Read more.

The agriculture sector in Morocco contributes significantly to the economic development of the country; however, this sector faces several challenges. One of these important challenges is the increasing level of salinization in soils and groundwater. This has a strong impact on food security by reducing agricultural yield. The origin of salinization is usually due to marine intrusion in coastal areas, dissolution of saline aquifer rocks and infiltration of poor-quality irrigation water in the case of groundwater. In the case of soils, it is caused by irrigation with poor-quality water in poorly drained soils, and by evaporation of the water of shallow groundwater, which leads to a saline concentration in the surface layers of soils, as well as ‘other’ origins. Thus, many regions of Morocco are affected by this phenomenon, especially arid and semi regions with a low rainfall rate. Among the existing alternatives to contain this challenge in Morocco and in the arid and semi-arid regions in particular is the use desalination of sea water and biosaline agriculture. The adoption of the first option aims at the preservation of local production and adaptation in the context of scarcity of water resources and low quality of water for the second. The goal of this review is to present an update of the state of the salinization of Moroccan soils and aquifers and the potential alternatives to respond to these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

4 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Early Sowing of Quinoa to Enhance Water Use Efficiency and Yield under Arid Conditions in Morocco

by Nawal Taaime, Khalil El Mejahed, Mariam Moussafir, Rachid Bouabid, Abdallah Oukarroum, Redouane Choukr-Allah and Mohamed El Gharous

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016066 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1249

Abstract

Quinoa is a potential alternative crop for an adaptation strategy for salinization and climate change effects in dryland. A sowing date of February practiced in the Rehamna region, Morocco, resulted in stunted plants and low yields due to insufficient precipitations and high temperatures [...] Read more.

Quinoa is a potential alternative crop for an adaptation strategy for salinization and climate change effects in dryland. A sowing date of February practiced in the Rehamna region, Morocco, resulted in stunted plants and low yields due to insufficient precipitations and high temperatures around the flowering stage. For this reason, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing date on quinoa water use efficiency, growth, and yield. The experiment was conducted at the UM6P experimental farm to evaluate five sowing dates for two short cycle quinoa cultivars. The results showed that the most early suitable sowing date of quinoa in the Rehamna region was December. Late sowing dates resulted in a significant decrease in WUE, growth and yield. The highest grain yield (0.84 t ha⁻¹) was obtained by ICBA-Q5 sown in December. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 403 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Using Agronomic Parameters to Rate Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivars Response to Saline Irrigation under Field Conditions in Eastern Morocco

by Ilham Abidi, Abdelaziz Hirich, Didier Bazile, Hamid Mahyou, Fatima Gaboun and Si Bennasseur Alaoui

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016067 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Salinity is becoming a serious threat to global food security, as it can significantly reduce crop yields and irreversibly damage soil fertility. Moreover, this problem is currently exacerbated by the impact of climate change, especially in drylands. Hence, introducing and adapting salinity-tolerant species, [...] Read more.

Salinity is becoming a serious threat to global food security, as it can significantly reduce crop yields and irreversibly damage soil fertility. Moreover, this problem is currently exacerbated by the impact of climate change, especially in drylands. Hence, introducing and adapting salinity-tolerant species, such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.), could be among the ways to enhance the value of saline land, increasing its productivity and improving small farmers’ income in rural areas. Quinoa, originally cultivated in the Andean region, has gained more attention throughout the Mediterranean region because it yields well even in marginal soils. It is also considered one of the world’s healthiest foods, as its grains contain a balanced composition of minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, fats, and high-quality, gluten-free proteins, with a balanced profile of all amino acids. In Morocco, quinoa was introduced in 2000, but its expansion is still limited to certain regions. In Eastern Morocco, for the first time, an experiment was carried out in 2019–2020 aiming to assess the response of five quinoa cultivars (INIA-420 Negra, Titicaca, Puno, ICBA-Q4 and ICBA-Q5) to saline irrigation. For this, we used two levels of water irrigation salinity: 1.50 dS.m⁻¹ as a no-salt control from Tagma’s source in Tafoghalt village and 10.5 dS.m⁻¹ as salt treatment from local water drilling. Agronomic parameters, mainly dry matter, leaf area, grain yield and 1000-kernel weight, were measured to assess quinoa cultivars’ responses to saline irrigation. Statistical analysis revealed that all investigated parameters were significantly affected by salinity, quinoa variety and their interaction (p < 0.05). Furthermore, significant differences in terms of salinity tolerance among the five quinoa cultivars were observed, with the highest (2.17 t.ha⁻¹) and lowest (0.33 t.ha⁻¹) yields recorded for ICBA-Q5 and INIA-420 Negra, respectively. However, the same varieties tested previously in Southern Morocco tolerated a higher level of salinity (12 dS.m⁻¹). We assume that other factors interfered with salinity and variety, such as the sowing date, which was relatively late and exposed the flowering and grain filling stages to high heat in May and June. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identifying Rice Genotypes Suitable for Aerobic Direct-Seeded Conditions

by Alisha Goyal, Parbodh C. Sharma, Renu Munjal, Saraswathipura L. Krishnamurthy, Hanuman S. Jat, Bayragondlu M. Lokeshkumar and Virender Kumar

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016068 - 1 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1417

Abstract

Direct-seeded rice (DSR) requires less labor and less water. The low input cost of DSR makes it a better alternative than the conventional transplanted system for rice. DSR helps to reduce production risk, facilitates crop production, and limits irrigation water use. In the [...] Read more.

Direct-seeded rice (DSR) requires less labor and less water. The low input cost of DSR makes it a better alternative than the conventional transplanted system for rice. DSR helps to reduce production risk, facilitates crop production, and limits irrigation water use. In the present study, a total of 44 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications over two seasons (2020 and 2021) under DSR conditions at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal. The average grain yield ranged from 1114 kg/ha (CSR 62) to 5198 kg/ha (CSR MAGIC-167), biomass ranged from 6670 kg/ha (CSR 52) to 14,744 kg/ha (CSR MAGIC-117), plant height ranged from 67 cm (CSR 52) to 113 cm (CSR 47), panicle length ranged from 19 cm (CSR 53) to 30 cm (CSR 66), and total tillers ranged from to 7 (CSR MAGIC-117) to 13 (CSR 2748-4441-193). Out of 44 genotypes, maximum grain yield was observed in genotype CSR MAGIC-167 (5198 kg/ha) followed by CSR 58 (5117 kg/ha), CSR 49 (5014 kg/ha), and CSR RIL-06-178 (4904 kg/ha). The best performing genotypes, namely CSR MAGIC-167, CSR 58, CSR 49, and CSR RIL-06-178, should be further evaluated in larger and multilocation trails under DSR situations, and stably performing lines could be released as commercial varieties of DSR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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6 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Screening of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacterial Isolates from Rhizosphere Soil of Prosopis cineraria from U.A.E.

by Neeru Sood, Shreya Padmesh Prajapat, Naushin Sadiq Shaikh, Trupti Gokhale and Sumitha Thushar

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016069 - 1 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

Desert regions occupy 33% of the Earth’s land surface. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, different types of plants and microorganisms have adapted to survive and proliferate in these arid extreme conditions and developed associations. Prosopis cineraria is able to flourish in spite [...] Read more.

Desert regions occupy 33% of the Earth’s land surface. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, different types of plants and microorganisms have adapted to survive and proliferate in these arid extreme conditions and developed associations. Prosopis cineraria is able to flourish in spite of the harsh climatic conditions of high salinity in the desert soils of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), the present study therefore aimed at isolating, screening and understanding the diversity of microflora associated with the rhizosphere region of Prosopis cineraria grown at 15 ds/m salinity. Eleven morphologically distinct purified isolates from rhizosphere soil were screened for IAA production, phosphate solubilization, antibacterial activity and nitrogen-fixing activity. Four of the isolates exhibited nitrogen-fixing activity, two antibacterial activity and five phosphate-solubilizing activity. The plant-growth-promoting bacterial (PGPB) isolates can be used as appropriate bioinoculants which can then in turn be used for cultivation of other plants in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Blue Panicum-Alfalfa Mixture Buffers against Effects of Soil Salinity on Forage Productivity

by Dennis S. Ashilenje, Erick Amombo, Ayoub El Mouttaqi, Ihssane Mnaouer, Mohamed Ibourki, Abdelaziz Hirich, Krishna P. Devkota and Abdelaziz Nilahyane

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016070 - 4 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1135

Abstract

Soil salinity limits forage productivity in ~1125 million ha of particularly arid lands across continents. Grass-legume mixtures are known to enhance soil nutrient cycling and forage productivity in non-saline conditions. We tested if these benefits can be replicated in the saline soils (EC [...] Read more.

Soil salinity limits forage productivity in ~1125 million ha of particularly arid lands across continents. Grass-legume mixtures are known to enhance soil nutrient cycling and forage productivity in non-saline conditions. We tested if these benefits can be replicated in the saline soils (EC_e > 14) of Laayoune-Morocco during the year 2021, based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with 50–50 and 30–70% blue panicum grass (Panicum antidotales Reitz), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) mixtures compared to their monocrops. There was no significant variation (p = 0.36) in forage accumulation across treatment, but the blue panicum grass and alfalfa mixture had slightly greater forage yield compared to each in monocrop (13% and 5% Mg ha⁻¹). Blue panicum grass proportionate dry matter exceeded alfalfa in mixtures (62 and 54%). During establishment, blue panicum grass buffers against effects of high salinity on forage productivity in mixtures with alfalfa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

5 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Salt-Tolerant Alfalfa Clones by In Vitro Culture

by Claudia Ruta, Giuseppe De Mastro, Sandrine Flajoulot and Jean-Christophe Caillet

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016071 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1070

Abstract

In this research, in vitro culture was applied to evaluate five alfalfa lines for salt tolerance and to select and multiply the most resistant clones. The pregerminated seeds were tested on a semisolid culture medium enriched with four different NaCl concentrations. Saline stress [...] Read more.

In this research, in vitro culture was applied to evaluate five alfalfa lines for salt tolerance and to select and multiply the most resistant clones. The pregerminated seeds were tested on a semisolid culture medium enriched with four different NaCl concentrations. Saline stress response was estimated by evaluating the survival capacity, growth, sensitivity indexes and electrolyte leakage. The most salt-tolerant plantlets for each line were multiplied to clone true-to-type plants. At the same time, the selected clones were evaluated again in vitro on middle salt stress conditions to confirm the salt tolerance. In conclusion, in vitro culture allowed the rapid selection of alfalfa genotypes to develop salt-tolerant clones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Saline Irrigation Water on Growth and Productivity Growth of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Nano Irrigation (Case of Moistube)

by Khadija Mouhdi, Abdeljabbar Attaoui, Brahim Bouizgarne, Mohamed Bakki, Khalid Azim and Jamal Hallam

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016072 - 13 Jul 2022

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Abstract

New technologies have been developed to maximize agricultural production with rational use of water resources, especially salt water. We conducted field experiments using either the Nano Irrigation system or the drip irrigation system on sandy loam soil to examine the response of sugar [...] Read more.

New technologies have been developed to maximize agricultural production with rational use of water resources, especially salt water. We conducted field experiments using either the Nano Irrigation system or the drip irrigation system on sandy loam soil to examine the response of sugar beet to different levels of saline irrigation water. Replicates (n = 4) of elementary plots, 4 m wide × 5 m long with two irrigation water salinity treatments (S1 = 1.6 dS m⁻¹, S2 = 6.3 dS m⁻¹), were established in a factorial design under Nano Irrigation. Soil chemical properties and morphological and physiological parameters of sugar beet were measured over two sampling periods. Irrigation with saline water resulted in proline accumulation in leaves and decreased chlorophyll content, leaf area, and root yield. The results suggest that irrigation water of 6 dS m⁻¹ could be used to obtain an acceptable root biomass yield without significant short-term salinity issues in the cultivated soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Salt Stress Effects on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars

by Zayneb Kthiri, Mohamed Dhia Eddine Hammami, Oumaima Marzougui, Maissa Ben Jabeur, Amal Aouadi, Chahine Karmous and Walid Hamada

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016073 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1392

Abstract

Salt stress is considered one of the most damaging abiotic stresses for maize productivity. In this study, two-hybrid varieties (Sancia and Agrister) were cultivated under 0, 2, 4, and 6 g NaCl L⁻¹. Under 6 g NaCl L⁻¹, shoot [...] Read more.

Salt stress is considered one of the most damaging abiotic stresses for maize productivity. In this study, two-hybrid varieties (Sancia and Agrister) were cultivated under 0, 2, 4, and 6 g NaCl L⁻¹. Under 6 g NaCl L⁻¹, shoot length, dry weight, and chlorophyll content were higher for Agrister compared to Sancia. Moreover, an increase in proline and H₂O₂ was recorded for Sancia at 2 and 4 g·L⁻¹ and for Agrister at 6 g·L⁻¹. Laterally, Agrister enhances the antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase, while Sancia decreased peroxidase by 25% compared to the control. In conclusion, Agrister seems to be more tolerant than Sancia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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5 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Growth of “Biquinho” Pepper Plants under Salt Stress in a Hydroponic System

by Alide Mitsue Watanabe Cova, Maria Augusta Amorim Bione, Vital Pedro da Silva Paz, Ubirani Oliveira Santos, Maria Raphaela Severo Rafael, Francisco José Nunes Modesto, Hans Raj Gheyi and Tales Miler Soares

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016074 - 29 Jul 2022

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Abstract

In the absence of matric potential, the hydroponic cultivation method of employing brackish water to prepare a nutrient solution permits satisfactory growth, even of non-leafy vegetables. The present study evaluated the growth variables, stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, and the shoot [...] Read more.

In the absence of matric potential, the hydroponic cultivation method of employing brackish water to prepare a nutrient solution permits satisfactory growth, even of non-leafy vegetables. The present study evaluated the growth variables, stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, and the shoot dry mass in the different phenological stages of “Biquinho” pepper in response to the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions (ECsol), varying from 2.70 to 7.77 dS m⁻¹ in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system. For the number of leaves, linear reductions of 3.89 and 9.29% (dS m⁻¹)⁻¹ were observed at 10 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively. At 60 DAT, plants began to preserve their leaves up to ECsol of 4.60 dS m⁻¹ and presented a linear decrease of 23.32% per unit increment above the salinity threshold. At 10 DAT, the plant height and stem diameter were not affected and only at 30 DAT were there significant differences due to ECsol, with a linear reduction of 3.98 and 5.27% (dS m⁻¹)⁻¹, respectively. While at 60 DAT, the salinity response for these variables was represented by a plateau followed by a linear decrease, with salinity thresholds of 5.18 and 5.01 dS m⁻¹, and thereafter a relative decrease of 9.31 and 11.9% per unit increase in ECsol above the threshold, respectively, the values up to the salinity threshold being 0.87 m and 15.77 mm, respectively. The shoot dry mass up to 60 DAT reduced linearly with an increase in ECsol, but the plants under moderate salinity after acclimatization (90 DAT) surpassed the control treatment, and maximum dry mass accumulation was observed at an ECsol of 5.14 dS m⁻¹. The results reveal that in hydroponic cultivation of “Biquinho” pepper under salt stress, growth is attenuated in the reproductive phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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4 pages, 1082 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Soil Salinity Prediction and Mapping Using Electromagnetic Induction and Spatial Interpolation

by Houria Dakak, Hinde Cherkaoui Dekkaki, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Rachid Moussadek, Hamza Iaaich, Hasna Yachou, Ahmed Ghanimi and Ahmed Douaik

Environ. Sci. Proc. 2022, 16(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016076 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1184

Abstract

For better soil management in terms of salinization to ensure sustainable agriculture, a soil salinity mapping and prediction study based on the measurement of apparent electrical conductivity using an electromagnetic instrument (EM38) combined with geostatistical interpolation (kriging) is proposed herein for the soil [...] Read more.

For better soil management in terms of salinization to ensure sustainable agriculture, a soil salinity mapping and prediction study based on the measurement of apparent electrical conductivity using an electromagnetic instrument (EM38) combined with geostatistical interpolation (kriging) is proposed herein for the soil of the semi-arid region of Beni Amir (2060 ha), Tadla, Morocco. This solution is efficient and quick to use, with the ability to provide reliable information for assessing the spatial distribution of soil salinity. The results of measurements through a spatial analysis offered us the possibility of identifying several classes of salinity that can be used for the sustainable management of land and water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2nd International Laayoune Forum on Biosaline Agriculture)

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