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Batteries, Volume 12, Issue 1

2026 January - 37 articles

Cover Story: As electric vehicles (EV) become integral components of future energy systems, understanding the battery implications of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation is critical. This study presents an experimental investigation of V2G ageing using real-world cycle profiles from commercial EV chargers, assessing the cell ageing rate under different temperature and depth-of-discharge V2G cycles. The V2G capacity fade is then compared to long-term calendar ageing at different states-of-charge and temperature conditions, with the results demonstrating that shallow V2G cycling induces minimal additional degradation to pure storage. By introducing a novel V2X capability metric and testing methodology, this work provides a framework for optimizing V2G utilisation strategies that preserve battery cycle life while enabling scalable EV-grid integration. View this paper
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Articles (37)

  • Review
  • Open Access
848 Views
38 Pages

A Comprehensive Review of Equivalent Circuit Models and Neural Network Models for Battery Management Systems

  • Davide Pio Laudani,
  • Davide Milillo,
  • Michele Quercio,
  • Francesco Riganti Fulginei and
  • Lorenzo Sabino

22 January 2026

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used electrochemical energy storage technology due to their excellent performance. They play a crucial role in enabling the widespread adoption of sustainable transportation and renewable energy storage. Comp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
477 Views
21 Pages

21 January 2026

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has intensified the need for efficient lithium (Li) recovery from secondary sources. This study focuses on anti-solvent crystallization for the recovery of high-purity lithium hydroxide monohydra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
275 Views
19 Pages

21 January 2026

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are increasingly required to provide grid-support services under weak-grid conditions, where the stability of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control largely depends on the health status and dynamic characte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
383 Views
19 Pages

State of Health Estimation for Energy Storage Batteries Based on Multi-Condition Feature Extraction

  • Wentao Tang,
  • Xun Liu,
  • Xiaohang Li,
  • Jiangxue Shen,
  • Zhiyuan Liao and
  • Minming Gong

21 January 2026

In the field of energy transformation, the application of batteries is widening. To address the challenge of health state estimation of energy storage batteries with multiple operating conditions, this study analyzes the aging cycle operation data of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
365 Views
20 Pages

Advanced Battery Modeling Framework for Enhanced Power and Energy State Estimation with Experimental Validation

  • Nemanja Mišljenović,
  • Matej Žnidarec,
  • Sanja Kelemen and
  • Goran Knežević

20 January 2026

Accurate modeling of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) is essential for optimizing system performance, ensuring operational safety, and extending service life in applications ranging from electric vehicles (EV) to large-scale grid storage. Howeve...

  • Article
  • Open Access
441 Views
26 Pages

17 January 2026

Electrochemical energy storage systems are increasingly utilized across a wide range of applications, from small-scale consumer electronics to large-scale utility systems providing grid services. Among these, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a p...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,376 Views
39 Pages

Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage and AI-Driven Intelligent Optimization for Techno-Economic and Environmental Benefits: A Systematic Review

  • Nipon Ketjoy,
  • Yirga Belay Muna,
  • Malinee Kaewpanha,
  • Wisut Chamsa-ard,
  • Tawat Suriwong and
  • Chakkrit Termritthikun

17 January 2026

Grid-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (GS-BESS) play a crucial role in modern power grids, addressing challenges related to integrating renewable energy sources (RESs), load balancing, peak shaving, voltage support, load shifting, frequency regul...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,000 Views
19 Pages

A Multiphysics Aging Model for SiOx–Graphite Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Electrochemical–Thermal–Mechanical–Gaseous Interactions

  • Xiao-Ying Ma,
  • Xue Li,
  • Meng-Ran Kang,
  • Jintao Shi,
  • Xingcun Fan,
  • Zifeng Cong,
  • Xiaolong Feng,
  • Jiuchun Jiang and
  • Xiao-Guang Yang

16 January 2026

Silicon oxide/graphite (SiOx/Gr) anodes are promising candidates for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, their complex multiphysics degradation mechanisms pose challenges for accurately interpreting and predicting capacity fade behavi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
384 Views
19 Pages

14 January 2026

To improve the accuracy and robustness of lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation, this paper proposes a generalized mixture maximum correlation-entropy criterion-based adaptive extended Kalman filter (GMMCC-AEKF) algorithm, addressing t...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,019 Views
20 Pages

Comparative Numerical Study on Flow Characteristics of 4 × 1 kW SOFC Stacks with U-Type and Z-Type Connection Configurations

  • Xiaotian Duan,
  • Haoyuan Yin,
  • Youngjin Kim,
  • Kunwoo Yi,
  • Hyeonjin Kim,
  • Kyongsik Yun and
  • Jihaeng Yu

14 January 2026

In this study, a high-fidelity, full-scale three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed to analyze the effects of U-type and Z-type interconnection configurations on flow and distribution uniformity within a 4 × 1 kW...

  • Article
  • Open Access
425 Views
19 Pages

13 January 2026

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently widely used in the electric vehicle sector and have become one of the core components of new energy vehicles. To ensure that the maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (∆Tmax) re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
384 Views
17 Pages

Numerical Investigation of Heat Dissipation Components and Thermal Management System in PEM Fuel Cell Engines

  • Yuchen Zhou,
  • Zhuqian Zhang,
  • Haojie Zhang,
  • Heyao Li,
  • Xianglong Meng,
  • Luwei Zhu and
  • Xinyu Liao

13 January 2026

A one-dimensional analytical model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) engine is presented. The model is structured into three main subsystems: the fuel cell stack, the intake and exhaust system, and the thermal management system. The mo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
450 Views
21 Pages

Online Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Using Multilayer Perceptron Applied to an Instrumented Robot

  • Kawe Monteiro de Souza,
  • José Rodolfo Galvão,
  • Jorge Augusto Pessatto Mondadori,
  • Maria Bernadete de Morais França,
  • Paulo Broniera Junior and
  • Fernanda Cristina Corrêa

10 January 2026

Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on a battery pack as their primary energy source, making it a critical component for their operation. To guarantee safe and correct functioning, a Battery Management System (BMS) is employed, which uses variables such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
433 Views
15 Pages

10 January 2026

A growing number of fires and explosions in energy storage plants have been triggered by the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Owing to the complex physicochemical properties of these batteries, their fire safety issues remain unresolved and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
534 Views
18 Pages

This paper investigates the flame behavior and smoke pattern characteristics of lithium-ion battery (LIB) fires using an integrated experimental and numerical simulation approach. Based on fire dynamics theory, a jet flame model for LIB thermal runaw...

  • Article
  • Open Access
789 Views
20 Pages

Experimental Investigation of the Impact of V2G Cycling on the Lifetime of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on Real-World Usage Data

  • George Darikas,
  • Mehmet Cagin Kirca,
  • Nessa Fereshteh Saniee,
  • Muhammad Rashid,
  • Ihsan Mert Muhaddisoglu,
  • Truong Quang Dinh and
  • Andrew McGordon

This work investigated the impact of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) cycling on the service life of lithium-ion cells, using real-world V2G data from commercial electric vehicle (EV) battery chargers. Commercially available cylindrical lithium-ion cells were s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
819 Views
16 Pages

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes typically suffer from limited ionic conductivity at near-room temperature and often require inorganic reinforcement. Halide solid-state electrolytes such as Li3InCl6 (LIC) offer fast Li+ tra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
507 Views
15 Pages

Resin curing coating is an effective approach to mitigate the intrinsic defects of lignocellulosic biomass-derived hard carbon, which facilitates its large-scale application in sodium-ion batteries due to their improved specific capacity, initial cou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
774 Views
33 Pages

Electric vehicles are becoming more commonplace as we shift towards cleaner transportation. However, current charging infrastructure is immature, especially in remote and off-grid regions, making electric vehicle adoption challenging. This study pres...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,011 Views
28 Pages

Carbon materials are very important for the commercial production of supercapacitors and they are crucial electrode materials. The porous carbon prepared with biomass materials as a precursor is of significance due to its sustainability, environmenta...

  • Article
  • Open Access
545 Views
26 Pages

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has turned charging demand into a substantial load on the power grid. To satisfy the rapidly growing demand of EVs, the construction of charging infrastructure has received sustained attention in rec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
632 Views
30 Pages

31 December 2025

This paper proposes a unified state-of-health (SoH) predictive energy management and adaptive grid-forming (GFM) control framework for battery energy storage systems, addressing the conflict between battery lifetime degradation and dynamic stability...

  • Article
  • Open Access
762 Views
19 Pages

Experimental Study of Pouch-Type Battery Cell Thermal Characteristics Operated at High C-Rates

  • Marius Vasylius,
  • Deivydas Šapalas,
  • Benas Dumbrauskas,
  • Valentinas Kartašovas,
  • Audrius Senulis,
  • Artūras Tadžijevas,
  • Pranas Mažeika,
  • Rimantas Didžiokas,
  • Ernestas Šimkutis and
  • Lukas Januta

28 December 2025

This paper investigates pouch-type lithium-ion battery cells with a nominal voltage of 3.7 V and a nominal capacity of 57 Ah. A numerical model of the cell was developed and implemented using the NTGK method, which accurately predicts electrochemical...

  • Article
  • Open Access
742 Views
18 Pages

27 December 2025

Ni-rich layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathodes are the most promising candidates for high-energy lithium-ion batteries, but their performance is often limited by structural instability and capacity fading due to large primary particle sizes an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
531 Views
28 Pages

Prediction of the Remaining Useful Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Optimized TTAO-VMD-BiLSTM

  • Pengcheng Wang,
  • Lu Liu,
  • Qun Yu,
  • Dongdong Hou,
  • Enjie Li,
  • Haijun Yu,
  • Shumin Liu,
  • Lizhen Qin and
  • Yunhai Zhu

26 December 2025

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is critical for ensuring the safe operation of equipment, optimizing industrial cost management, and promoting the sustainable development of the renewable energy sector....

  • Review
  • Open Access
668 Views
40 Pages

26 December 2025

Graph representation learning (GRL) has emerged as a unifying paradigm for modeling the relational and heterogeneous nature of battery energy storage systems (BESS), yet a systematic synthesis focused on data-scarce (few-shot) battery scenarios is st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
531 Views
13 Pages

26 December 2025

The rapid growth of new energy vehicles necessitates accurate battery state of health (SOH) assessment to ensure safety and reliability. However, real-world SOH estimation is challenging because users rarely perform full charge–discharge cycles...

  • Article
  • Open Access
353 Views
21 Pages

Distributed Energy Storage Configuration Method for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network Based on Bi-Level Optimization

  • Jianjun Zhao,
  • Jianqi Wang,
  • Mengke Gao,
  • Yinfeng Sun,
  • Yang Li,
  • Zhenhao Wang and
  • Xu Zhao

26 December 2025

Aiming at prominent voltage quality problems in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks with a high proportion of distributed energy and diversified loads, this paper proposes a bi-level energy storage system (ESS) optimization model. The upper level opti...

  • Review
  • Open Access
770 Views
36 Pages

26 December 2025

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as one of the promising next-generation energy storage technologies due to their high volumetric capacity, cost-effectiveness, and high safety. MXene materials, featuring a unique two-dimensional (2D) layered st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
408 Views
16 Pages

25 December 2025

The intrinsic limitations of Ti3C2Tx electrodes, specifically low interfacial charge-transfer efficiency and structural degradation in strongly acidic environments, hinder their performance in high-rate aqueous supercapacitors. Herein, we report a sy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
878 Views
22 Pages

Deep Learning-Based State Estimation for Sodium-Ion Batteries Using Long Short-Term Memory Network

  • Yunzhe Li,
  • Yuhao Li,
  • Jiangong Zhu,
  • Haifeng Dai,
  • Zhi Li and
  • Bo Jiang

25 December 2025

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted growing attention as an alternative to lithium-ion technologies for electric mobility and stationary energy-storage applications, owing to the wide availability of sodium resources, cost advantages, and comp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,299 Views
21 Pages

24 December 2025

The increasing electrification of mobility within smart cities has accelerated the need for intelligent energy management strategies that jointly address cost, emissions, and battery health. This study develops a health-aware hybrid reinforcement&nda...

  • Article
  • Open Access
507 Views
10 Pages

22 December 2025

This study presents a comparative analysis of the performance and modeling differences among lithium titanate oxide (LTO) batteries with three different cathode materials. An evaluation was conducted by performing performance tests over −20 &de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
566 Views
20 Pages

State of Health Estimation of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries Based on ARX Identification Across Different Temperatures

  • Simone Barcellona,
  • Mattia Ribera,
  • Emanuele Fedele,
  • Pasquale Franzese,
  • Luigi Piegari,
  • Lorenzo Codecasa and
  • Diego Iannuzzi

20 December 2025

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) undergo degradation influenced by storage and cycling conditions. Accurate state of health (SOH) assessment is crucial for predicting battery aging, which is generally marked by a decline in capacity (energy fade) or an i...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,127 Views
38 Pages

19 December 2025

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate energy storage for electric vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge. However, high costs, complex manufacturing, and the requirement for advanced battery managemen...

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Batteries - ISSN 2313-0105