Bioengineering

14 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Mineral Density and Intermuscular Fat Derived from Computed Tomography Images Using Artificial Intelligence Are Associated with Fracture Healing

by Yilin Tang, Xiaodong Wang, Ming Li and Liang Jin

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070785 (registering DOI) - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To employ artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically measure bone mineral density (BMD) and intramuscular fat in computed tomography (CT) images of patients with fractures and explore the association between these parameters and fracture healing. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent [...] Read more.

Objectives: To employ artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically measure bone mineral density (BMD) and intramuscular fat in computed tomography (CT) images of patients with fractures and explore the association between these parameters and fracture healing. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent baseline CT scans for rib fracture diagnosis and follow-up CT scans for fracture healing assessment at our hospital between 2012 and 2023. The volumetric BMD of the entire first lumbar vertebra (L1) and the paraspinal intramuscular fat area (PIFA) at the midsection of L1 in the baseline CT were extracted using AI. The primary outcomes, including callus formation, volume increase, and poor healing, and logistic regression were used to analyze the relationships between BMD and PIFA with primary outcomes. Results: Overall, 297 fractures from 53 patients (24 males; mean age: 53.83 ± 10.86 years) were included in this study. In multivariate regression analysis, a 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease in BMD was identified as an independent prognostic factor for reduced callus formation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50–0.97), diminished volume increase (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51–0.96), and elevated poor fracture healing at follow-up (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.38–3.13). Similarly, a 1 SD increase in PIFA was an independent prognostic factor for reduced callus formation (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.16–0.37), diminished volume increase (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.23–0.49), and elevated poor fracture healing at follow-up (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.50–2.93). Therefore, a model combining BMD, PIFA, and clinical characteristics significantly outperformed a model that included only clinical characteristics in predicting callus formation, volume increase, and poor fracture healing, with areas under the curve of 0.790, 0.749, and 0.701, respectively (all p < 0.001). Conclusions: BMD and PIFA can be used as early predictors of fracture healing outcomes and can help clinicians select appropriate interventions to prevent poor healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bone Regeneration with Multipotential Stromal Cells and Bioactive Materials)

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18 pages, 29742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Oilfield-Produced-Water Treatment Using Fe³⁺-Augmented Composite Bioreactor: Performance and Microbial Community Dynamics

by Qiushi Zhao, Chunmao Chen, Zhongxi Chen, Hongman Shan and Jiahao Liang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070784 (registering DOI) - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

The presence of recalcitrant organic compounds in oilfield-produced-water poses significant challenges for conventional biological treatment technologies. In this study, an Fe³⁺-augmented composite bioreactor was developed to enhance the multi-pollutant removal performance and to elucidate the associated microbial community dynamics. The Fe [...] Read more.

The presence of recalcitrant organic compounds in oilfield-produced-water poses significant challenges for conventional biological treatment technologies. In this study, an Fe³⁺-augmented composite bioreactor was developed to enhance the multi-pollutant removal performance and to elucidate the associated microbial community dynamics. The Fe³⁺-augmented system achieved efficient removal of oil (99.18 ± 0.91%), suspended solids (65.81 ± 17.55%), chemical oxygen demand (48.63 ± 15.15%), and polymers (57.72 ± 14.87%). The anaerobic compartment served as the core biotreatment unit, playing a pivotal role in microbial pollutant degradation. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Fe³⁺ supplementation strengthened syntrophic interactions between iron-reducing bacteria (Trichococcus and Bacillus) and methanogenic archaea (Methanobacterium and Methanomethylovorans), thereby facilitating the biodegradation of long-chain hydrocarbons (e.g., eicosane and nonadecane). Further metabolic function analysis identified long-chain-fatty-acid CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3) as a key enzyme mediating the interplay between hydrocarbon degradation and nitrogen cycling. This study elucidated the ecological mechanisms governing Fe³⁺-mediated multi-pollutant removal in a composite bioreactor and highlighted the potential of this approach for efficient, sustainable, and adaptable management of produced water in the petroleum industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Wastewater Treatment by Physical, Chemical, Photochemical, and Biological Processes, and Their Combinations)

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28 pages, 4805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Global Research on Drug–Drug Interactions: A Multidecadal Evolution Through AI-Driven Terminology Standardization

by Andrei-Flavius Radu, Ada Radu, Delia Mirela Tit, Gabriela Bungau and Paul Andrei Negru

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070783 (registering DOI) - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

The significant burden of polypharmacy in clinical settings contrasts sharply with the narrow research focus on drug–drug interactions (DDIs), revealing an important gap in understanding the complexity of real-world multi-drug regimens. The present study addresses this gap by conducting a high-resolution, multidimensional bibliometric [...] Read more.

The significant burden of polypharmacy in clinical settings contrasts sharply with the narrow research focus on drug–drug interactions (DDIs), revealing an important gap in understanding the complexity of real-world multi-drug regimens. The present study addresses this gap by conducting a high-resolution, multidimensional bibliometric and network analysis of 19,151 DDI publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (1975–2025). Using advanced tools, including VOSviewer version 1.6.20, Bibliometrix 5.0.0, and AI-enhanced terminology normalization, global research trajectories, knowledge clusters, and collaborative dynamics were systematically mapped. The analysis revealed an exponential growth in publication volume (from 55 in 1990 to 1194 in 2024), with output led by the United States and a marked acceleration in Chinese contributions after 2015. Key pharmacological agents frequently implicated in DDI research included CYP450-dependent drugs such as statins, antiretrovirals, and central nervous system drugs. Thematic clusters evolved from mechanistic toxicity assessments to complex frameworks involving clinical risk management, oncology co-therapies, and pharmacokinetic modeling. The citation impact peaked at 3.93 per year in 2019, reflecting the increasing integration of DDI research into mainstream areas of pharmaceutical science. The findings highlight a shift toward addressing polypharmacy risks in aging populations, supported by novel computational methodologies. This comprehensive assessment offers insights for researchers and academics aiming to navigate the evolving scientific landscape of DDIs and underlines the need for more nuanced system-level approaches to interaction risk assessment. Future studies should aim to incorporate patient-level real-world data, expand bibliometric coverage to underrepresented regions and non-English literature, and integrate pharmacogenomic and time-dependent variables to enhance predictive models of interaction risk. Cross-validation of AI-based approaches against clinical outcomes and prospective cohort data are also needed to bridge the translational gap and support precision dosing in complex therapeutic regimens. Full article

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27 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessReview

Visual Perception and Pre-Attentive Attributes in Oncological Data Visualisation

by Roberta Fusco, Vincenza Granata, Sergio Venanzio Setola, Davide Pupo, Teresa Petrosino, Ciro Paolo Lamanna, Mimma Castaldo, Maria Giovanna Riga, Michele A. Karaboue, Francesco Izzo and Antonella Petrillo

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070782 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the era of precision medicine, effective data visualisation plays a pivotal role in supporting clinical decision-making by translating complex, multidimensional datasets into intuitive and actionable insights. This paper explores the foundational principles of visual perception, with a specific focus on pre-attentive attributes [...] Read more.

In the era of precision medicine, effective data visualisation plays a pivotal role in supporting clinical decision-making by translating complex, multidimensional datasets into intuitive and actionable insights. This paper explores the foundational principles of visual perception, with a specific focus on pre-attentive attributes such as colour, shape, size, orientation, and spatial position, which are processed automatically by the human visual system. Drawing from cognitive psychology and perceptual science, we demonstrate how these attributes can enhance the clarity and usability of medical visualisations, reducing cognitive load and improving interpretive speed in high-stakes clinical environments. Through detailed case studies and visual examples, particularly within the field of oncology, we highlight best practices and common pitfalls in the design of dashboards, nomograms, and interactive platforms. We further examine the integration of advanced tools—such as genomic heatmaps and temporal timelines—into multidisciplinary workflows to support personalised care. Our findings underscore that visually intelligent design is not merely an aesthetic concern but a critical factor in clinical safety, efficiency, and communication, advocating for user-centred and evidence-based approaches in the development of health data interfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Models for Medical Diagnosis and Testing)

10 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Malpositioning of Pedicle Screws Affect Biomechanical Stability in a Novel Quasistatic Test Setup?

by Stefan Schleifenbaum, Florian Metzner, Janine Schultze, Sascha Kurz, Christoph-Eckhard Heyde and Philipp Pieroh

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070781 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Pedicle screw fixation is a common spinal surgery technique, but concerns remain about stability when screws are malpositioned. Traditional in vitro pull-out tests assess anchorage but lack physiological accuracy. This study examined the stability of correctly placed and intentionally malpositioned pedicle screws on [...] Read more.

Pedicle screw fixation is a common spinal surgery technique, but concerns remain about stability when screws are malpositioned. Traditional in vitro pull-out tests assess anchorage but lack physiological accuracy. This study examined the stability of correctly placed and intentionally malpositioned pedicle screws on forty vertebrae from five cadavers. Optimal screw paths were planned via CT scans and applied using 3D-printed guides. Four malposition types—medial, lateral, superior, and superior-lateral—were created by shifting the original trajectory. A custom setup applied three consecutive cycles of tensile and compressive load from 50 N to 200 N. Screw inclination under load was measured with a 3D optical system. The results showed increasing screw inclination with higher forces, reaching about 1° at 50 N and 2° at 100 N, similar in both load directions. Significant differences in inclination were only found at 100 N tensile load, where malpositioned screws showed a lower inclination. Overall, malpositioning had no major effect on screw loosening. These findings suggest that minor deviations in screw placement do not significantly compromise mechanical stability. Clinically, the main concern with malpositioning lies in the potential for injury to nearby structures rather than reduced screw fixation strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spine Biomechanics)

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17 pages, 1543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Periodontal Infrabony Defect Topography via CBCT and Comparisons with Direct Intrasurgical Measurements

by Tiffany See Nok Chen, Nicholas David Sung, Melissa Rachel Fok, Mihai Tarce, Kanoknadda Tavedhikul and Georgios Pelekos

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070780 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Two-dimensional periapical radiographs (PAs) only offer limited information regarding three-dimensional periodontal infrabony defects. In contrast, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables visualization of the entire defect morphology. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between CBCT and direct intrasurgical measurements (ISs) regarding [...] Read more.

Background: Two-dimensional periapical radiographs (PAs) only offer limited information regarding three-dimensional periodontal infrabony defects. In contrast, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables visualization of the entire defect morphology. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between CBCT and direct intrasurgical measurements (ISs) regarding the characteristics of infrabony defects, including measurements of defect depth, width, the type of defect (one-wall, two-wall, three-wall), and defect extension. Methods: Intrasurgical and radiographic assessments were performed by two calibrated examiners on 26 infrabony defects in 17 patients who underwent periodontal surgery. The defect depth, width, type, and extension were compared between intrasurgical observations and PA or CBCT findings. The CBCT assessment was performed mainly using axial reconstructions. Angle measurements were compared between CBCT and PAs. Results: The mean differences between CBCT and intrasurgical measurements were −0.11 ± 0.49 mm for depth and −0.07 ± 0.41 mm for width, with no significant differences. The ICC values were 0.938 and 0.923 for depth and width, respectively. The mean difference in width between PAs and ISs was significantly different (−0.36 ± 0.73 mm; p = 0.002). CBCT demonstrated high agreement with intrasurgical observations for defect type (κ = 0.819) and defect extension (κ = 0.855), while lower agreements were found for PAs. Conclusions: CBCT is a valid assessment modality for infrabony defects. It demonstrated strong agreement with ISs—as the gold standard—for depth and width measurements, and its agreement with ISs regarding defect type and extension appeared to surpass that of PAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computed Tomography for Oral and Maxillofacial Applications)

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10 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Effects of Extended Reality-Based Rehabilitation on Gross Motor Function, Balance, and Psychosocial Health in Children with Cerebral Palsy

by Onebin Lim, Yunhwan Kim and Chanhee Park

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070779 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Extended reality (XR)-based rehabilitation is an emerging therapeutic approach that combines real and virtual environments to enhance patient engagement and promote motor and cognitive recovery. Its clinical utility in children with cerebral palsy (CP), particularly regarding gross motor skills, balance, and psychosocial well-being, [...] Read more.

Extended reality (XR)-based rehabilitation is an emerging therapeutic approach that combines real and virtual environments to enhance patient engagement and promote motor and cognitive recovery. Its clinical utility in children with cerebral palsy (CP), particularly regarding gross motor skills, balance, and psychosocial well-being, remains underexplored. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of XR-based rehabilitation on gross motor function, balance, parental stress, and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy. Thirty children with cerebral palsy were randomly assigned to an extended reality training group (XRT, n = 15) or a conventional physical therapy group (CPT, n = 15). Both groups received 30 min sessions, three times per week for 6 weeks. Outcome measures included the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88), Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Parenting Stress Index (PSI), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), assessed pre- and post-intervention. A 2 (group) × 2 (time) mixed ANOVA was conducted. The XR group demonstrated improvements in GMFM-88, PBS, and FIM scores, with decreased PSI and increased PedsQL scores. Although most interaction effects were not statistically significant (GMFM-88: η² = 0.035, p = 0.329; PBS: η² = 0.043, p = 0.274), a marginal interaction effect was observed for PSI (p = 0.065, η² = 0.059), suggesting a potential benefit of XR-based rehabilitation in reducing parental stress. This preliminary study indicates that XR-based rehabilitation may provide beneficial trends in motor function and psychosocial health in children with CP, particularly in reducing parental stress. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches: Harnessing Virtual Reality for Assessment and Rehabilitation in Stroke and Aging-Related Disorders)

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16 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technology-Enabled Cognitive Strategy Intervention for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Feasibility Study

by Timothy Dionne, Jessica D. Richardson, Davin Quinn, Karen Luo and Suzanne Perea Burns

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070778 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: People with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) are at increased risk of recurrent stroke, dementia, and accelerated cognitive decline. Objective: To examine the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and suitability of a virtually-delivered vascular risk reduction intervention that integrates tailored cognitive strategy training for people [...] Read more.

Background: People with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) are at increased risk of recurrent stroke, dementia, and accelerated cognitive decline. Objective: To examine the feasibility, safety, acceptability, and suitability of a virtually-delivered vascular risk reduction intervention that integrates tailored cognitive strategy training for people with executive function (EF) impairments post-stroke. Methods: This case series included eight participants who completed up to ten virtual sessions focused on vascular risk reduction and metacognitive strategy training. Sessions averaged 40 min over a 4–5-week period. Results: The intervention was found to be feasible, safe, and acceptable. The recruitment rate was 66.7%, and the retention rate was 87.5% (7 of 8 completed the training). No serious adverse events were reported. Most participants demonstrated improvements on the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), with mean performance and satisfaction change scores of 1.22 ± 0.87 and 1.18 ± 0.83, respectively. Conclusions: This technology-enabled intervention was feasible and acceptable for individuals with post-stroke EF impairments. Virtual delivery was a key factor in its accessibility and success. The results are promising for improving self-management of vascular risk factors, warranting further study in larger trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measuring Outcomes and Impact Related to Assistive Technology and Accessibility for Disability)

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15 pages, 2159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating 3D Hand Scanning Accuracy Across Trained and Untrained Students

by Ciprian Glazer, Mihaela Oravitan, Corina Pantea, Bogdan Almajan-Guta, Nicolae-Adrian Jurjiu, Mihai Petru Marghitas, Claudiu Avram and Alexandra Mihaela Stanila

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070777 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) scanning is increasingly utilized in medical practice, from orthotics to surgical planning. However, traditional hand measurement techniques remain inconsistent and prone to human error and are often time-consuming. This research evaluates the practicality of a commercial 3D scanning [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) scanning is increasingly utilized in medical practice, from orthotics to surgical planning. However, traditional hand measurement techniques remain inconsistent and prone to human error and are often time-consuming. This research evaluates the practicality of a commercial 3D scanning method by comparing the accuracy of scans conducted by two user groups. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the following two groups: an experimental group (n = 45) and a control group (n = 42). A total of 261 hand scans were captured using the Structure Sensor Pro 3D scanner for iPad (Structure, Boulder, CO, USA). The scans were then evaluated using Meshmixer software (version 3.5.474), analyzing key parameters, such as surface area, volume, number of vertices, and triangles, etc. Furthermore, a digital literacy test and a user experience survey were conducted to support a more comprehensive evaluation of participant performance within the study. Results: The experimental group outperformed the control group on all measured parameters, including surface area, volume, vertices, triangle, and gap count, with large effect sizes observed. User experience data revealed that participants in the experimental group rated the 3D scanner significantly higher across all dimensions, particularly in ease of use, excitement, supportiveness, and practicality. Conclusions: A short 15 min training session can promote scan reliability, demonstrating that even minimal instruction improves users’ proficiency in 3D scanning, fundamental for supporting clinical accuracy in diagnosis, surgical planning, and personalized device manufacturing Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technologies in the Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sectors)

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17 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flow Characteristics by Blood Speckle Imaging in Non-Stenotic Congenital Aortic Root Disease Surrounding Valve-Preserving Operations

by Shihao Liu, Justin T. Tretter, Lama Dakik, Hani K. Najm, Debkalpa Goswami, Jennifer K. Ryan and Elias Sundström

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070776 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 37

Abstract

Contemporary evaluation and surgical approaches in congenital aortic valve disease have yielded limited success. The ability to evaluate and understand detailed flow characteristics surrounding surgical repair may be beneficial. This study explores the feasibility and utility of echocardiographic-based blood speckle imaging (BSI) in [...] Read more.

Contemporary evaluation and surgical approaches in congenital aortic valve disease have yielded limited success. The ability to evaluate and understand detailed flow characteristics surrounding surgical repair may be beneficial. This study explores the feasibility and utility of echocardiographic-based blood speckle imaging (BSI) in assessing pre- and post-operative flow characteristics in those with non-stenotic congenital aortic root disease undergoing aortic valve repair or valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR) surgery. Transesophageal echocardiogram was performed during the pre-operative and post-operative assessment surrounding aortic surgery for ten patients with non-stenotic congenital aortic root disease. BSI, utilizing block-matching algorithms, enabled detailed visualization and quantification of flow parameters from the echocardiographic data. Post-operative BSI unveiled enhanced hemodynamic patterns, characterized by quantified changes suggestive of the absence of stenosis and no more than trivial regurgitation. Rectification of an asymmetric jet and the reversal of flow on the posterior aspect of the ascending aorta resulted in a reduced oscillatory shear index (

O S I

) of

0.0543 \pm 0.0207

(pre-op) vs.

0.0275 \pm 0.0159

(post-op) and

p = 0.0044

, increased peak wall shear stress of

1.9423 \pm 0.6974

(pre-op) vs.

3.6956 \pm 1.4934

(post-op) and

p = 0.0035

, and increased time-averaged wall shear stress of

0.6885 \pm 0.8004

(pre-op) vs.

0.8312 \pm 0.303

(post-op) and

p = 0.23

. This correction potentially attenuates cellular alterations within the endothelium. This study demonstrates that children and young adults with non-stenotic congenital aortic root disease undergoing valve-preserving operations experience significant improvements in flow dynamics within the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root, accompanied by a reduction in

O S I

. These hemodynamic enhancements extend beyond the conventional echocardiographic assessments, offering immediate and valuable insights into the efficacy of surgical interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Novel Applications of Fluid Mechanics, Biomechanics, and Acoustics in Biomedical Engineering, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MCTGNet: A Multi-Scale Convolution and Hybrid Attention Network for Robust Motor Imagery EEG Decoding

by Huangtao Zhan, Xinhui Li, Xun Song, Zhao Lv and Ping Li

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070775 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 46

Abstract

Motor imagery (MI) EEG decoding is a key application in brain–computer interface (BCI) research. In cross-session scenarios, the generalization and robustness of decoding models are particularly challenging due to the complex nonlinear dynamics of MI-EEG signals in both temporal and frequency domains, as [...] Read more.

Motor imagery (MI) EEG decoding is a key application in brain–computer interface (BCI) research. In cross-session scenarios, the generalization and robustness of decoding models are particularly challenging due to the complex nonlinear dynamics of MI-EEG signals in both temporal and frequency domains, as well as distributional shifts across different recording sessions. While multi-scale feature extraction is a promising approach for generalized and robust MI decoding, conventional classifiers (e.g., multilayer perceptrons) struggle to perform accurate classification when confronted with high-order, nonstationary feature distributions, which have become a major bottleneck for improving decoding performance. To address this issue, we propose an end-to-end decoding framework, MCTGNet, whose core idea is to formulate the classification process as a high-order function approximation task that jointly models both task labels and feature structures. By introducing a group rational Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (GR-KAN), the system enhances generalization and robustness under cross-session conditions. Experiments on the BCI Competition IV 2a and 2b datasets demonstrate that MCTGNet achieves average classification accuracies of 88.93% and 91.42%, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art methods by 3.32% and 1.83%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Computer Interfaces for Motor Control and Motor Learning)

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20 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Preparation Techniques Transform the Metabolite Profile of Platelet-Rich Plasma?

by Bilge Başak Fidan, Emine Koç, Emine Çiftçi Özotuk, Ozan Kaplan, Mustafa Çelebier and Feza Korkusuz

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070774 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 66

Abstract

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a widely used therapeutic product in musculoskeletal treatments due to its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the lack of standardization in PRP preparation protocols hampers clinical consistency. Methods: In this study, the metabolic profiles of 10 different PRP [...] Read more.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a widely used therapeutic product in musculoskeletal treatments due to its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the lack of standardization in PRP preparation protocols hampers clinical consistency. Methods: In this study, the metabolic profiles of 10 different PRP types were compared using untargeted metabolomics via Q-TOF LC–MS. PRP-G and PRP-S were prepared from six donors to assess inter-individual variability, while the remaining types were obtained from a single donor to isolate the impact of preparation method alone. Multivariate analyses, VIP scores, and pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. Results: PRP formulations exhibited distinct metabolic differences associated with inflammatory signaling, redox homeostasis, steroid metabolism, energy production, and platelet activation. Samples from both single- and multi-donor groups showed high intra-group similarity, indicating that preparation method is a major determinant of PRP’s biochemical composition. Conclusion: Metabolomic profiling reveals that even minor differences in PRP preparation protocols can lead to significant biochemical changes that may affect therapeutic outcomes. This study highlights the need for standardized, indication-specific PRP products and underscores the value of metabolomic analysis in guiding optimal formulation selection in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering and Translational Research)

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14 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Study Protocol: Investigating the Effects of Transcranial Pulse Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

by Anna Carolyna Gianlorenço, Lucas Camargo, Elayne Borges Fernandes, Elly Pichardo, Huan Jui Yeh, Dilana Hazer-Rau, Rafael Storz and Felipe Fregni

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070773 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 78

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and sensory deficits. While dopaminergic treatments remain the gold standard, they present long-term side effects and limited impact on non-motor symptoms. Transcranial Pulse Stimulation [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor and non-motor symptoms, including cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and sensory deficits. While dopaminergic treatments remain the gold standard, they present long-term side effects and limited impact on non-motor symptoms. Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) has emerged as a promising adjunct therapy in neurological and psychiatric conditions, but its effects in PD remain underexplored. This open-label, single-arm trial protocol involves 14 PD participants and outlines a personalized 12-session treatment approach combined with a homogeneously distributed TPS intervention among patients with PD. The approach addresses the subject’s most prominent symptoms, as identified through validated clinical assessments, encompassing domains related to both motor and non-motor symptoms. Over 2.5 months, besides the intervention sessions, the 14 participants will undergo an MRI brain scan, a baseline assessment, a post-treatment assessment, and a 1-month follow-up assessment. The study aims to determine whether personalized TPS is a feasible and safe intervention and whether it improves PD symptoms across multiple functional domains. This study represents the first structured attempt to evaluate a multimodal, personalized TPS intervention in patients with PD. It addresses gaps in current treatment approaches and may support the development of future strategies for integrated, symptom-targeted neuromodulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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13 pages, 1471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of X-Ray Tube Angulations and Digital Sensor Alignments on Profile Angle Distortion of CAD-CAM Abutments: A Pilot Radiographic Study

by Chang-Hun Choi, Seungwon Back and Sunjai Kim

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070772 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 79

Abstract

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to evaluate how deviations in X-ray tube head angulation and digital sensor alignment affect the radiographic measurement of the profile angle in CAD-CAM abutments. Materials and Methods: A mandibular model was used with five implant positions (central, buccal, [...] Read more.

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to evaluate how deviations in X-ray tube head angulation and digital sensor alignment affect the radiographic measurement of the profile angle in CAD-CAM abutments. Materials and Methods: A mandibular model was used with five implant positions (central, buccal, and lingual offsets). Custom CAD-CAM abutments were designed with identical bucco-lingual direction contours and varying mesio-distal asymmetry for the corresponding implant positions. Periapical radiographs were acquired under controlled conditions by systematically varying vertical tube angulation, horizontal tube angulation, and horizontal sensor rotation from 0° to 20° in 5° increments for each parameter. Profile angles, interthread distances, and proximal overlaps were measured and compared with baseline STL data. Results: Profile angle measurements were significantly affected by both X-ray tube and sensor deviations. Horizontal tube angulation produced the greatest profile angle distortion, particularly in buccally positioned implants. Vertical x-ray tube angulations beyond 15° led to progressive underestimation of profile angles, while horizontal tube head rotation introduced asymmetric mesial–distal variation. Sensor rotation also caused marked interthread elongation, in some cases exceeding 100%, despite vertical projection being maintained. Profile angle deviations greater than 5° occurred in multiple conditions. Conclusions: X-ray tube angulation and sensor alignment influence the reliability of profile angle measurements. Radiographs with > 10% interthread elongation or crown overlap may be inaccurate and warrant re-acquisition. Special attention is needed when imaging buccally positioned implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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9 pages, 2037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enteric Elongation Induced by a Novel Sleeve Device in a Live Roux-en-Y Configuration

by Joshua C. Colvin, Collyn C. O’Quin, Hannah R. Meyer, Valerie L. Welch, Giovanni F. Solitro, Jonathan S. Alexander and Donald L. Sorrells

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070771 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 68

Abstract

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by insufficient intestinal length to support absorption causing malnutrition. The bowel adapts to SBS via intestinal dilation and delayed gastric emptying but still often requires long-term parenteral nutrition. Current surgical options to lengthen the bowel pose significant [...] Read more.

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by insufficient intestinal length to support absorption causing malnutrition. The bowel adapts to SBS via intestinal dilation and delayed gastric emptying but still often requires long-term parenteral nutrition. Current surgical options to lengthen the bowel pose significant risks and often provide limited expansion. ‘Distraction enterogenesis’ has been proposed as a technique to induce intestinal lengthening for SBS. The deployment of the intestinal expansion sleeve (IES) device is hypothesized to result in significant intestinal lengthening in vivo. A Roux-en-Y was created in the jejunum of seven rats for isolated IES deployment. The IES was precontracted over a Bucatini noodle and inserted into the isolated roux limb. After 4 weeks of deployment, rats were sacrificed, Roux-en-Y length recorded, and histology analyzed. A paired t-test was performed to compare initial and final roux limb lengths and histopathological tissue remodeling. Intestinal distraction evaluated at 4 weeks post deployment of the IES resulted in a significant 30.2% elongation in roux limb length (43.6 ± 14.4 mm to 56.4 ± 20.8 mm (p = 0.043, n = 7). IES samples showed changes in mucosal and submucosal integrity and bowel wall thickness in response to IES lengthening. In samples with partial mucosal erosion, the basal/regenerative layers of the mucosa were preserved. Distraction enterogenesis with significant intestinal lengthening in vivo has been achieved with the IES device. Histologic changes suggest all bowel functional layers and attributes are maintained through distraction enterogenesis. Future constructs of the IES may benefit from the addition of immunomodulators. Increasing intestinal mass with these devices may complement the treatment paradigm for SBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Devices and Implants, 2nd Edition)

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37 pages, 7384 KiB

Open AccessReview

Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography: Technology and Biomedical Applications

by Songzhi Wu, Shuo Wang, Baihan Li and Zhao Wang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070770 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

Compared to widely used near-infrared OCT (NIR-OCT) systems, visible light OCT (vis-OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that leverages visible light to achieve high-resolution, high-contrast imaging and enables detailed spectroscopic analysis of biological tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of the [...] Read more.

Compared to widely used near-infrared OCT (NIR-OCT) systems, visible light OCT (vis-OCT) is an emerging imaging modality that leverages visible light to achieve high-resolution, high-contrast imaging and enables detailed spectroscopic analysis of biological tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art technology development and biomedical applications of vis-OCT. We also discuss limitations and future perspectives for advancing vis-OCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography, Second Edition)

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28 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessReview

AI in Cervical Cancer Cytology Diagnostics: A Narrative Review of Cutting-Edge Studies

by Daniele Giansanti, Andrea Lastrucci, Antonia Pirrera, Sandra Villani, Elisabetta Carico and Enrico Giarnieri

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070769 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 93

Abstract

Background: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cervical cancer diagnostics has shown promising advancements in recent years. AI technologies, particularly in the analysis of cytological images, offer potential improvements in diagnostic accuracy and screening efficiency. However, challenges regarding model generalizability, explainability, and [...] Read more.

Background: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cervical cancer diagnostics has shown promising advancements in recent years. AI technologies, particularly in the analysis of cytological images, offer potential improvements in diagnostic accuracy and screening efficiency. However, challenges regarding model generalizability, explainability, and operational integration into clinical workflows persist, impeding widespread adoption. Aim: This narrative review aims to critically evaluate the current state of AI in cervical cancer diagnostic cytology, identifying trends, key developments, and areas requiring further research. It also explores the potential for AI to improve diagnostic processes, alongside examining international guidelines and consensus on its adoption. Methods: A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases. Thirty studies published between 2020 and 2025 were selected based on their relevance. Results: The literature review reveals a growing interest in the application of AI for cervical cancer diagnostics, particularly in the automated interpretation. However, large-scale clinical adoption remains limited. Most studies are experimental or application-based in controlled settings. Consensus efforts and specific recommendations for this domain are still limited and not specific. Key barriers include limited model generalizability, lack of explainability, challenges in integration into clinical workflows, and regulatory and infrastructural constraints. Conclusions: A sustainable and meaningful integration of AI in cervical cancer diagnostics requires a unified framework that addresses both technical challenges and operational needs, supported by context-specific strategies and broader consensus-building efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies to Improve Diagnostic Cytopathology: Future Outlook)

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11 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modified Bioceramic Sealer with Dual Antibacterial Mechanisms

by Bashayer Baras, Amal Almohaimede, Yara Alshibani, Farah Alzahrani, Raseel Alageel, Michael D. Weir and Hockin H. K. Xu

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070768 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

Continued efforts have been made to enhance the antibacterial properties of root canal sealers by adding antimicrobial agents to them. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effect of 0.15% silver nanoparticles (NAg) and 5% dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) when added to EndoSequence Bioceramic [...] Read more.

Continued efforts have been made to enhance the antibacterial properties of root canal sealers by adding antimicrobial agents to them. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effect of 0.15% silver nanoparticles (NAg) and 5% dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) when added to EndoSequence Bioceramic (BC) sealer against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm and their impact on its physical properties (flowability and film thickness). Four root canal sealers were tested for flow and film thickness properties, as well as against antibiofilm of E. faecalis-impregnated dentin discs, as follows: group 1: EndoSequence BC sealer only; group 2: EndoSequence BC sealer + 0.15% NAg; group 3: EndoSequence BC sealer + 5% DMAHDM; and group 4: EndoSequence BC sealer + 0.15% NAg + 5% DMAHDM. The findings show that all groups had flow and film thickness values that were in accordance with the ISO requirements. Combining 0.15% NAg and 5% DMAHDM in EndoSequence significantly reduced colony-forming unit (CFU) counts by approximately 5 logs. The combination of NAg and DMAHDM offers a promising strategy for developing endodontic sealers with improved antimicrobial properties and acceptable physical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Materials, Instrumentation, and Techniques in Endodontics)

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15 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normative Muscle Activation Patterns During One and Five Countermovement Jumps

by Anabel Gallego-Pérez, Elisa Benito-Martínez and Beatriz Alonso-Cortés Fradejas

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070767 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Studying normative values for muscle activation in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and biceps femoris (BF), as well as the hamstrings/quadriceps (H:Q) ratio during the Countermovement Jump (CMJ). Determine whether there were differences between the CMJ and the trial of 5 [...] Read more.

Studying normative values for muscle activation in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and biceps femoris (BF), as well as the hamstrings/quadriceps (H:Q) ratio during the Countermovement Jump (CMJ). Determine whether there were differences between the CMJ and the trial of 5 consecutive CMJs (5 CMJ) and between the take-off and landing phases. A cross-sectional descriptive study. Thirty-one participants (20 females and 11 males, 22.52 ± 3.295 years, BMI 24.32, weight 58.23 ± 4.32 Surface electromyography has been used to determine muscle activation during the CMJ and 5 CMJ. Muscle activation in the VL, VM, and BF, as well as the hamstrings/quadriceps ratio in take-off and landing phases of the CMJ and 5 CMJ. The results show normative values in the VL, VM, and BF during both the CMJ and 5 CMJ, with the exception of the BF during the landing phase of the 5 CMJ. In conclusion, the activation in the take-off phase of the VM and VL is greater than during the landing phase. The BF shows similar activation in both the take-off and landing phases. The 5 CMJ does not induce greater muscular fatigue than the CMJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics in Sport and Motion Analysis)

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14 pages, 2241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Sectional Study of Occlusal Loading and Periodontal Status of Teeth with Deflective Occlusal Contacts

by Ximena Anca Nicolae, Elena Preoteasa, Catalina Murariu Magureanu and Cristina Teodora Preoteasa

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070766 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 174

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate whether maximum occlusal loading and periodontal status are different between teeth presenting deflective occlusal contacts and those without such contacts, specifically adjacent and homologous teeth. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using OccluSense to detect deflective contacts and quantify occlusal [...] Read more.

Aim: To evaluate whether maximum occlusal loading and periodontal status are different between teeth presenting deflective occlusal contacts and those without such contacts, specifically adjacent and homologous teeth. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using OccluSense to detect deflective contacts and quantify occlusal load per tooth. For group comparisons, the Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman, Cochran’s Q, and chi-squared tests were used. Results: A total of 493 teeth with deflective contacts were compared to 473 adjacent (first control group) and 457 homologous teeth (second control group). Teeth with deflective contacts showed significantly higher occlusal loading (mean value: 208) than adjacent (72) and homologous teeth (97) (p < 0.05). They also exhibited more advanced periodontal damage, including deeper probing depths, greater gingival recession, alveolar bone loss, and a wider periodontal ligament space. Deflective contacts in centric relation were more strongly linked to periodontal deterioration than those in protrusive or lateral mandibular movements, despite similar occlusal forces. Conclusions: Within this study’s limitations, deflective occlusal contacts are associated with increased occlusal forces and more severe periodontal damage, suggesting a biomechanical factor in periodontal disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalization of Dental Materials towards Improved Interaction with the Oral Environment)

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15 pages, 2173 KiB

Open AccessReview

Optimal Sites for Upper Extremity Amputation: Comparison Between Surgeons and Prosthetists

by Brandon Apagüeño, Sara E. Munkwitz, Nicholas V. Mata, Christopher Alessia, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Paulo G. Coelho and Natalia Fullerton

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070765 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 135

Abstract

Upper extremity amputations significantly impact an individual’s physical capabilities, psychosocial well-being, and overall quality of life. The level at which an amputation is performed influences residual limb function, prosthetic compatibility, and long-term patient satisfaction. While surgical guidelines traditionally emphasize maximal limb preservation, prosthetists [...] Read more.

Upper extremity amputations significantly impact an individual’s physical capabilities, psychosocial well-being, and overall quality of life. The level at which an amputation is performed influences residual limb function, prosthetic compatibility, and long-term patient satisfaction. While surgical guidelines traditionally emphasize maximal limb preservation, prosthetists often advocate for amputation sites that optimize prosthetic fit and function, highlighting the need for a collaborative approach. This review examines the discrepancies between surgical and prosthetic recommendations for optimal amputation levels, from digit amputations to shoulder disarticulations, and explores their implications for prosthetic design, functionality, and patient outcomes. Various prosthetic options, including passive functional, body-powered, myoelectric, and hybrid devices, offer distinct advantages and limitations based on the level of amputation. Prosthetists emphasize the importance of residual limb length, not only for mechanical efficiency but also for achieving symmetry with the contralateral limb, minimizing discomfort, and enhancing control. Additionally, emerging technologies such as targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) and advanced myoelectric prostheses are reshaping rehabilitation strategies, further underscoring the need for precise amputation planning. By integrating insights from both surgical and prosthetic perspectives, this review highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons, prosthetists, rehabilitation specialists, and patients in the decision-making process. A greater emphasis on preoperative planning and interprofessional collaboration can improve prosthetic outcomes, reduce device rejection rates, and ultimately enhance the functional independence and well-being of individuals with upper extremity amputations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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21 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Conditional Latent Diffusion-Based Generative Model to Synthetically Create Unlabeled Histopathological Images

by Mahfujul Islam Rumman, Naoaki Ono, Kenoki Ohuchida, Ahmad Kamal Nasution, Muhammad Alqaaf, Md. Altaf-Ul-Amin and Shigehiko Kanaya

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070764 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 131

Abstract

Generative image models have revolutionized artificial intelligence by enabling the synthesis of high-quality, realistic images. These models utilize deep learning techniques to learn complex data distributions and generate novel images that closely resemble the training dataset. Recent advancements, particularly in diffusion models, have [...] Read more.

Generative image models have revolutionized artificial intelligence by enabling the synthesis of high-quality, realistic images. These models utilize deep learning techniques to learn complex data distributions and generate novel images that closely resemble the training dataset. Recent advancements, particularly in diffusion models, have led to remarkable improvements in image fidelity, diversity, and controllability. In this work, we investigate the application of a conditional latent diffusion model in the healthcare domain. Specifically, we trained a latent diffusion model using unlabeled histopathology images. Initially, these images were embedded into a lower-dimensional latent space using a Vector Quantized Generative Adversarial Network (VQ-GAN). Subsequently, a diffusion process was applied within this latent space, and clustering was performed on the resulting latent features. The clustering results were then used as a conditioning mechanism for the diffusion model, enabling conditional image generation. Finally, we determined the optimal number of clusters using cluster validation metrics and assessed the quality of the synthetic images through quantitative methods. To enhance the interpretability of the synthetic image generation process, expert input was incorporated into the cluster assignments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

15 pages, 3505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Far-Red Component Enhances Paramylon Production in Photoautotrophic Euglena gracilis

by Zhaida I. Aguilar-Gonzalez, Anaiza Rico-Luna, Tóshiko Takahashi-Íñiguez and Héctor V. Miranda-Astudillo

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070763 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 252

Abstract

In recent years, microalgae have gained significant biotechnological importance as a sustainable source of various metabolites of industrial interest. Among these, paramylon, a polysaccharide produced by the microalga Euglena gracilis, stands out for its diverse applications in biomedicine and pharmaceuticals. E. gracilis [...] Read more.

In recent years, microalgae have gained significant biotechnological importance as a sustainable source of various metabolites of industrial interest. Among these, paramylon, a polysaccharide produced by the microalga Euglena gracilis, stands out for its diverse applications in biomedicine and pharmaceuticals. E. gracilis is an adaptable secondary eukaryote capable of growing photoautotrophically, heterotrophically and mixotrophically. During photoautotrophic growth, varying light conditions impact biomass and paramylon production. To investigate the effects of varying illumination more thoroughly, we designed and built a modular photobioreactor that allowed us to simultaneously evaluate the photoautotrophic growth of E. gracilis under twelve different light conditions: seven single-spectrum lights (ultraviolet, royal blue, blue, green, red, far-red, and infrared) and five composite-spectrum lights (3000 K, 10,000 K, and 30,000 K white lights, amber light, and “Full-spectrum” light). The 24-day growing kinetics were recorded, and the growth parameters were calculated for each light regime. Both growth curves and pigment composition present differences attributable to the light regime used for cell culture. Additionally, photosynthetic and respiratory machinery functionality were proven by oximetry. Finally, our results strongly suggest that the far-red component enhances paramylon production during the stationary phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae Biotechnology and Microbiology: Prospects and Applications)

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12 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Radiation Attenuation Properties in Dental Implants Using Monte Carlo Method

by Ali Rasat, Selmi Tunc, Yigit Ali Uncu and Hasan Ozdogan

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070762 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 156

Abstract

This study investigated the radiation attenuation characteristics of commonly used dental implant materials across an energy spectrum relevant to dental radiology. Two titanium implants were examined, with densities of 4.428 g/cm³ and 4.51 g/cm³, respectively. The first consisted of 90.39% [...] Read more.

This study investigated the radiation attenuation characteristics of commonly used dental implant materials across an energy spectrum relevant to dental radiology. Two titanium implants were examined, with densities of 4.428 g/cm³ and 4.51 g/cm³, respectively. The first consisted of 90.39% titanium, 5.40% aluminum, and 4.21% vanadium, while the second comprised 58% titanium, 33% oxygen, 7% iron, 1% carbon, and 1% nitrogen. The third material was a zirconia implant (5Y form) composed of 94.75% zirconium dioxide, 5.00% yttrium oxide, and 0.25% aluminum oxide, exhibiting a higher density of 6.05 g/cm³. Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP6) and XCOM data were utilized to estimate photon source parameters, geometric configuration, and interactions with biological materials to calculate the half-value layer, mean free path, and tenth-value layer at varying photon energies. The results indicated that titanium alloys are well suited for low-energy imaging modalities such as CBCT and panoramic radiography due to their reduced artifact production. While zirconia implants demonstrated superior attenuation at higher energies (e.g., CT), their higher density may induce beam-hardening artifacts in low-energy systems. Future research should validate these simulation results through in vitro and clinical imaging and further explore the correlation between material-specific attenuation and CBCT image artifacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalization of Dental Materials towards Improved Interaction with the Oral Environment)

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21 pages, 3456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision in 3D: A Fast and Accurate Algorithm for Reproducible Motoneuron Structure and Protein Expression Analysis

by Morgan Highlander, Shelby Ward, Bradley LeHoty, Teresa Garrett and Sherif Elbasiouny

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070761 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 172

Abstract

Structural analysis of motoneuron somas and their associated proteins via immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains tedious and subjective, requiring costly software or adapted 2D manual methods that lack reproducibility and analytical rigor. Yet, neurodegenerative disease and aging research demands precise structural comparisons to elucidate mechanisms [...] Read more.

Structural analysis of motoneuron somas and their associated proteins via immunohistochemistry (IHC) remains tedious and subjective, requiring costly software or adapted 2D manual methods that lack reproducibility and analytical rigor. Yet, neurodegenerative disease and aging research demands precise structural comparisons to elucidate mechanisms driving neuronal degeneration. To address this need, we developed a novel algorithm that automates repetitive and subjective IHC analysis tasks, enabling thorough, objective, blinded, order-agnostic, and reproducible 3D batch analysis. With no manual tracing, the algorithm produces 3D Cartesian reconstructions of motoneuron somas from 60× IHC images of mouse lumbar spinal tissue. From these reconstructions, it measures 3D soma volume and efficiently quantitates net somatic protein expression and macro-cluster size. In this validation study, we applied the algorithm to assess soma size and C-bouton expression in various healthy control mice, comparing its measurements against manual measurements and across multiple algorithm users to confirm its accuracy and reproducibility. This novel, customizable tool enables efficient and high-fidelity 3D motoneuron analysis, replacing tedious, qualitative, cell-by-cell manual tuning with automatic threshold adaptation and quantified batch settings. For the first time, we attain reproducible results with quantifiable accuracy, exhaustive sampling, and a high degree of objectivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Modeling and Algorithms in Biomedical Applications)

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20 pages, 3966 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanotransduction: A Master Regulator of Alveolar Cell Fate Determination

by Kusum Devi and Kalpaj R. Parekh

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070760 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Mechanotransduction plays an essential role in the fate determination of alveolar cells within the pulmonary system by translating mechanical forces into intricate biochemical signals. This process exclusively governs differentiation, phenotypic stability, and maintenance of alveolar epithelial cell subtypes, primarily the alveolar AT1/AT2 cells. [...] Read more.

Mechanotransduction plays an essential role in the fate determination of alveolar cells within the pulmonary system by translating mechanical forces into intricate biochemical signals. This process exclusively governs differentiation, phenotypic stability, and maintenance of alveolar epithelial cell subtypes, primarily the alveolar AT1/AT2 cells. Perturbed mechanical tension proportionally impacts alveolar cell phenotypic identity and their functional characteristics. The fundamental influence of respiratory mechanics on alveolar cell lineage commitment and sustenance is undeniable. AT1 cells are recognized as principal mechanosensors within the alveolus, directly perceiving and responding to mechanical forces imposed by respiration through cell–matrix interactions. These mechanical forces instigate a profound reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton within cells, indispensable for signal transduction and perpetuation of their differentiated phenotype, orchestrated by integrins and cell adhesion molecule-mediated signaling. The dysregulated mechanotransduction in the pulmonary system intrinsically contributes to the etiology and progression of various diseases, exemplified by pulmonary fibrosis. This review systematically elucidates the profound impact of mechanotransduction on alveolar cell differentiation and fate sustenance and underscores how its dysregulation contributes to the initiation and perpetuation of lung diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering)

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22 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Impact of Fabrication Methods on Mechanically Tunable Gelatin Hydrogels for Cardiac Fibrosis Studies

by Jordyn Folh, Phan Linh Dan Tran and Renita E. Horton

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070759 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 253

Abstract

The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix critically influence cell behavior in both physiological and pathophysiological states, including cardiac fibrosis. In vitro models have played a critical role in assessing biological mechanisms. In this study, we characterized mechanically tunable enzymatically crosslinked gelatin-microbial transglutaminase [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix critically influence cell behavior in both physiological and pathophysiological states, including cardiac fibrosis. In vitro models have played a critical role in assessing biological mechanisms. In this study, we characterized mechanically tunable enzymatically crosslinked gelatin-microbial transglutaminase (mTG) hydrogels for modeling cardiovascular diseases. Gelatin hydrogels were fabricated via direct mixing or immersion crosslinking methods. Hydrogel formulations were assessed using the Piuma nanoindenter and Instron systems. This study investigates the effects of fabrication methods, UV ozone (UVO) sterilization, crosslinking methods, and incubation media on hydrogel stiffness. Further, this study examined the response of murine cardiac fibroblasts to hydrogel stiffness. The hydrogels exhibited modulus ranges relevant to both healthy and fibrotic cardiac tissues. UVO exposure led to slight decreases in hydrogel modulus, while the fabrication method had a significant impact on the modulus. Hydrogels incubated in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were stiffer than those incubated in Medium 199 (M199), which correlated with lower pH in PBS. Fibroblasts cultured on stiffer hydrogels display enhanced smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression, suggesting sensitivity to material stiffness. These findings highlight how fabrication parameters influence the modulus of gelatin-mTG hydrogels for cardiac tissue models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Cell and Tissue Mechanics in Cardiovascular Regenerative)

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22 pages, 6526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creating Blood Analogs to Mimic Steady-State Non-Newtonian Shear-Thinning Characteristics Under Various Thermal Conditions

by Hang Yi, Alexander Wang, Christopher Wang, Jared Chong, Chungyiu Ma, Luke Bramlage, Bryan Ludwig and Zifeng Yang

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070758 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Blood analogs are widely employed in in vitro experiments such as particle image velocity (PIV) to secure hemodynamics, assisting pathophysiological diagnoses of neurovascular and cardiovascular diseases, as well as pre-surgical planning and intraoperative orientation. To obtain accurate physical parameters, which are critical for [...] Read more.

Blood analogs are widely employed in in vitro experiments such as particle image velocity (PIV) to secure hemodynamics, assisting pathophysiological diagnoses of neurovascular and cardiovascular diseases, as well as pre-surgical planning and intraoperative orientation. To obtain accurate physical parameters, which are critical for diagnosis and treatment, blood analogs should exhibit realistic non-Newtonian shear-thinning features. In this study, two types of blood analogs working under room temperature (293.15 K) were created to mimic the steady-state shear-thinning features of blood over a temperature range of 295 to 312 K and a shear range of 1~250 s⁻¹ at a hematocrit of ~40%. Type I was a general-purpose analog composed of deionized (DI) water and xanthan gum (XG) powder, while Type II was specially designed for PIV tests, incorporating DI water, XG, and fluorescent microspheres. By minimizing the root mean square deviation between generated blood analogs and an established viscosity model, formulas for both blood analogs were successfully derived for the designated temperatures. The results showed that both blood analogs could replicate the shear-thinning viscosities of real blood, with the averaged relative discrepancy < 5%. Additionally, a strong linear correlation was observed between body temperature and XG concentration in both blood analogs (coefficient of determination > 0.96): for Type I, 295–312 K correlates with 140–520 ppm, and for Type II, 295–315 K correlates with 200–560 ppm. This work bridges the gap between idealized steady-state non-Newtonian viscosity models of blood and the complexities of real-world physiological conditions, offering a versatile platform for advancing particle image velocimetry tests and hemodynamics modeling, optimizing therapeutic interventions, and enhancing biomedical technologies in temperature-sensitive environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology–Therapeutics–Medicine of Vascular and Respiratory Diseases: Recent Progress Using CFD and AI)

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12 pages, 3424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tri-Layered Full-Thickness Artificial Skin Incorporating Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells, Keratinocytes, and a Basement Membrane

by Jung Huh, Seong-Ho Jeong, Eun-Sang Dhong, Seung-Kyu Han and Kyung-Chul Moon

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070757 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 294

Abstract

Tissue-engineered artificial skin has the potential to enhance wound healing without necessitating extensive surgical procedures or causing donor-site morbidity. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of developing tri-layered tissue-engineered full-thickness artificial skin with a basement membrane for clinical use [...] Read more.

Tissue-engineered artificial skin has the potential to enhance wound healing without necessitating extensive surgical procedures or causing donor-site morbidity. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of developing tri-layered tissue-engineered full-thickness artificial skin with a basement membrane for clinical use to accelerate wound healing. We engineered full-thickness artificial skin with a basement membrane for wound healing by employing stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells for the dermal layer and autologous keratinocytes for the epidermal layer. The fabrication of a basement membrane involved the use of 100% bovine collagen and 4% elastin produced through a low-temperature three-dimensional printer. Scaffolds for cells were printed with 100% bovine collagen. The basement membrane underwent evaluations for collagenase degradation, tensile strength, and structural characteristics using scanning electron microscopy. The final tri-layered full-thickness artificial skin included two cell scaffolds with a basement membrane between them. The basement membrane may support cellular attachment without inducing significant cytotoxic effects. This study presents a novel strategy for full-thickness artificial skin development, combining SVF and keratinocytes with an optimized collagen-elastin basement membrane. This method may overcome the significant limitations of current artificial skin, thereby contributing to the advancement of tissue-engineering in wound healing for clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 24638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerating Wound Healing Through Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Data-Driven Approach to Optimal Treatment

by Fan Lu, Ksenia Zlobina, Prabhat Baniya, Houpu Li, Nicholas Rondoni, Narges Asefifeyzabadi, Wan Shen Hee, Maryam Tebyani, Kaelan Schorger, Celeste Franco, Michelle Bagood, Mircea Teodorescu, Marco Rolandi, Rivkah Isseroff and Marcella Gomez

Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070756 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Advancements in bioelectronic sensors and actuators have paved the way for real-time monitoring and control of the progression of wound healing. Real-time monitoring allows for precise adjustment of treatment strategies to align them with an individual’s unique biological response. However, due to the [...] Read more.

Advancements in bioelectronic sensors and actuators have paved the way for real-time monitoring and control of the progression of wound healing. Real-time monitoring allows for precise adjustment of treatment strategies to align them with an individual’s unique biological response. However, due to the complexities of human–drug interactions and a lack of predictive models, it is challenging to determine how one should adjust drug dosage to achieve the desired biological response. This work proposes an adaptive closed-loop control framework that integrates deep learning, optimal control, and reinforcement learning to update treatment strategies in real time, with the goal of accelerating wound closure. The proposed approach eliminates the need for mathematical modeling of complex nonlinear wound-healing dynamics. We demonstrate the convergence of the controller via an in silico experimental setup, where the proposed approach successfully accelerated the wound-healing process by 17.71%. Finally, we share the experimental setup and results of an in vivo implementation to highlight the translational potential of our work. Our data-driven model suggests that the treatment strategy, as determined by our deep reinforcement learning algorithm, results in an accelerated onset of inflammation and subsequent transition to proliferation in a porcine wound model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Applications, 3rd Edition)

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