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Volume 13
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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 13, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 178 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In deeper waters, offshore wind power turbines must be designed as floating units. An array of power cables transmits the electricity generated to the customers. Identifying the key parameters for the safe design and optimization of inter-array power cable configurations in floating offshore wind farms is crucial. A robust design is necessary to ensure the wind farm operates efficiently, without long stops for heavy maintenance of the power cable array, which could lead to large operational costs and the loss of stable electric production. The key parameters vary by location and include cable geometry. Other important design parameters include current, marine growth, and the selection of buoyancy elements, especially when the power cable is floating and does not extend to the sea floor. View this paper
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19 pages, 426 KiB  
Article
Digital Transformation and Business Model Innovation: Enhancing Productivity in the Croatian Maritime Transport Sector
by Marija Jović Mihanović, Saša Aksentijević, Edvard Tijan and Gregor Lenart
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050999 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 195
Abstract
This research investigates how business model changes induced by digital transformation impact productivity within the maritime transport sector in Croatia. Given the limited existing literature addressing digital transformation’s productivity implications, specifically in maritime contexts, this study aims to identify and analyze key mediating [...] Read more.
This research investigates how business model changes induced by digital transformation impact productivity within the maritime transport sector in Croatia. Given the limited existing literature addressing digital transformation’s productivity implications, specifically in maritime contexts, this study aims to identify and analyze key mediating factors. An online survey conducted among Croatian maritime transport stakeholders resulted in 82 valid responses, which were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). The study identifies two primary dimensions of business model changes—innovation and process digitalization—that significantly correlate with increased productivity. Key influencing factors include the digitalization of internal and external business processes, development of new digital revenue streams, introduction of innovative services, and novel pricing models. Results underscore the importance of targeted digital transformation initiatives and serve as a valuable reference for maritime transport stakeholders, aiming to enhance their productivity and competitiveness through digital innovation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Maritime Transport and Port Intelligence)
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21 pages, 1166 KiB  
Article
Sea Clutter Suppression Method Based on Correlation Features
by Zhen Li, Huafeng He, Liyuan Wang, Tao Zhou, Yizhe Sun and Yaomin He
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050998 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 126
Abstract
Radar target detection in a sea clutter environment is of significant importance in both civilian and military applications, with the detection of small maneuvering targets being particularly challenging. To address this issue, this paper introduces the autocorrelation characteristics of sea clutter into orthogonal [...] Read more.
Radar target detection in a sea clutter environment is of significant importance in both civilian and military applications, with the detection of small maneuvering targets being particularly challenging. To address this issue, this paper introduces the autocorrelation characteristics of sea clutter into orthogonal projection operations to suppress sea clutter and enhance the detection capability of small maneuvering targets on the sea surface. The proposed method first generates speckle components that are consistent with the correlation characteristics of the observed sea clutter. Then, it uses these speckle components to derive the feature subspace of the sea clutter and applies this subspace in an orthogonal projection suppression algorithm, thereby achieving effective suppression of the sea clutter. This method does not rely on the covariance matrix estimation of sea clutter from reference cells but instead directly utilizes the autocorrelation characteristics of the observed sea clutter data to obtain the feature subspace, making it more adaptable to different environments. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that this method significantly suppresses sea clutter and effectively improves the performance of target detection on the sea surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)
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24 pages, 7475 KiB  
Article
Application of a Dual-Stream Network Collaboratively Based on Wavelet and Spatial-Channel Convolution in the Inpainting of Blank Strips in Marine Electrical Imaging Logging Images: A Case Study in the South China Sea
by Guilan Lin, Sinan Fang, Manxin Li, Hongtao Wu, Chenxi Xue and Zeyu Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050997 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 177
Abstract
Electrical imaging logging technology precisely characterizes the features of the formation on the borehole wall through high-resolution resistivity images. However, the problem of blank strips caused by the mismatch between the instrument pads and the borehole diameter seriously affects the accuracy of fracture [...] Read more.
Electrical imaging logging technology precisely characterizes the features of the formation on the borehole wall through high-resolution resistivity images. However, the problem of blank strips caused by the mismatch between the instrument pads and the borehole diameter seriously affects the accuracy of fracture identification and formation continuity interpretation in marine oil and gas reservoirs. Existing inpainting methods struggle to reconstruct complex geological textures while maintaining structural continuity, particularly in balancing low-frequency formation morphology with high-frequency fracture details. To address this issue, this paper proposes an inpainting method using a dual-stream network based on the collaborative optimization of wavelet and spatial-channel convolution. By designing a texture-aware data prior algorithm, a high-quality training dataset with geological rationality is generated. A dual-stream encoder–decoder network architecture is adopted, and the wavelet transform convolution (WTConv) module is utilized to enhance the multi-scale perception ability of the generator, achieving a collaborative analysis of the low-frequency formation structure and high-frequency fracture details. Combined with the spatial channel convolution (SCConv) to enhance the feature fusion module, the cross-modal interaction between texture and structural features is optimized through a dynamic gating mechanism. Furthermore, a multi-objective loss function is introduced to constrain the semantic coherence and visual authenticity of image reconstruction. Experiments show that, in the inpainting indexes for Block X in the South China Sea, the mean absolute error (MAE), structural similarity index (SSIM), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of this method are 6.893, 0.779, and 19.087, respectively, which are significantly better than the improved filtersim, U-Net, and AOT-GAN methods. The correlation degree of the pixel distribution between the inpainted area and the original image reaches 0.921~0.997, verifying the precise matching of the low-frequency morphology and high-frequency details. In the inpainting of electrical imaging logging images across blocks, the applicability of the method is confirmed, effectively solving the interference of blank strips on the interpretation accuracy of marine oil and gas reservoirs. It provides an intelligent inpainting tool with geological interpretability for the electrical imaging logging interpretation of complex reservoirs, and has important engineering value for improving the efficiency of oil and gas exploration and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Offshore Oil and Gas Numerical Simulation)
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20 pages, 3955 KiB  
Article
RTDETR-MARD: A Multi-Scale Adaptive Real-Time Framework for Floating Waste Detection in Aquatic Environments
by Baoshan Sun, Haolin Tang, Liqing Gao, Kaiyu Bi and Jiabao Wen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050996 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
Accurate and efficient detection of floating waste is crucial for environmental protection and aquatic ecosystem preservation, yet remains challenging due to environmental interference and the prevalence of small targets. To address these limitations, we propose a Multi-scale Adaptive Real-time Detector (RTDETR-MARD) based on [...] Read more.
Accurate and efficient detection of floating waste is crucial for environmental protection and aquatic ecosystem preservation, yet remains challenging due to environmental interference and the prevalence of small targets. To address these limitations, we propose a Multi-scale Adaptive Real-time Detector (RTDETR-MARD) based on RT-DETR that introduces three key innovations for improved floating waste detection using unmanned surface vessels (USVs). First, our hierarchical multi-scale feature integration leverages the gather-and-distribute mechanism to enhance feature aggregation and cross-layer interaction. Second, we develop an advanced feature fusion module incorporating feature alignment, Information Fusion, information injection, and Scale Sequence Feature Fusion components to ensure precise spatial alignment and semantic consistency. Third, we implement the Wise-IoU loss function to optimize localization accuracy through high-quality anchor supervision. Extensive experiments demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness, achieving state-of-the-art performance of 86.6% mAP50 at 96.8 FPS on the FloW dataset and 49.2% mAP50 at 107.5 FPS on our custom water surface waste dataset. These results confirm RTDETR-MARD’s superior accuracy, real-time capability, and robustness across diverse environmental conditions, making it particularly suitable for practical deployment in ecological monitoring systems where both speed and precision are critical requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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39 pages, 9959 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic Performance and Motion Prediction Before Twin-Barge Float-Over Installation of Offshore Wind Turbines
by Mengyang Zhao, Xiang Yuan Zheng, Sheng Zhang, Kehao Qian, Yucong Jiang, Yue Liu, Menglan Duan, Tianfeng Zhao and Ke Zhai
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050995 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
In recent years, the twin-barge float-over method has been widely used in offshore installations. This paper conducts numerical simulation and experimental research on the twin-barge float-over installation of offshore wind turbines (TBFOI-OWTs), focusing primarily on seakeeping performance, and also explores the influence of [...] Read more.
In recent years, the twin-barge float-over method has been widely used in offshore installations. This paper conducts numerical simulation and experimental research on the twin-barge float-over installation of offshore wind turbines (TBFOI-OWTs), focusing primarily on seakeeping performance, and also explores the influence of the gap distance on the hydrodynamic behavior of TBFOI-OWTs. Model tests are conducted in the ocean basin at Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School. A physical model with a scale ratio of 1:50 is designed and fabricated, comprising two barges, a truss carriage frame, two small wind turbines, and a spread catenary mooring system. A series of model tests, including free decay tests, regular wave tests, and random wave tests, are carried out to investigate the hydrodynamics of TBFOI-OWTs. The experimental results and the numerical results are in good agreement, thereby validating the accuracy of the numerical simulation method. The motion RAOs of TBFOI-OWTs are small, demonstrating their good seakeeping performance. Compared with the regular wave situation, the surge and sway motions in random waves have greater ranges and amplitudes. This reveals that the mooring analysis cannot depend on regular waves only, and more importantly, that the random nature of realistic waves is less favorable for float-over installations. The responses in random waves are primarily controlled by motions’ natural frequencies and incident wave frequency. It is also revealed that the distance between two barges has a significant influence on the motion RAOs in beam seas. Within a certain range of incident wave periods (10.00 s < T < 15.00 s), increasing the gap distance reduces the sway RAO and roll RAO due to the energy dissipated by the damping pool of the barge gap. For installation safety within an operating window, it is meaningful but challenging to have accurate predictions of the forthcoming motions. For this, this study employs the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) to optimize the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network. Both the stepwise iterative model and the direct multi-step model of LSTM achieve a high accuracy of predicted heave motions. This study, to some extent, affirms the feasibility of float-over installation in the offshore wind power industry and provides a useful scheme for short-term predictions of motions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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16 pages, 525 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Power Take-Off Surviving Strategies on the Extreme Load Estimations of Wave Energy Converters
by Jian Tan, Yufeng Zhang, Avni Jain and George Lavidas
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050994 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 172
Abstract
The proper design of wave energy converters (WECs) is crucial for ensuring robustness in harsh wave climates without incurring the additional expense of unnecessary overdesign. The power take-off (PTO) mechanism, serving as a vital link between the moving body and the electric generator, [...] Read more.
The proper design of wave energy converters (WECs) is crucial for ensuring robustness in harsh wave climates without incurring the additional expense of unnecessary overdesign. The power take-off (PTO) mechanism, serving as a vital link between the moving body and the electric generator, is a key component in the design load analysis of WECs. However, the setting of PTO system parameters significantly impacts the dynamic behavior of the entire WEC system, leading to alterations in estimated loads. This work is dedicated to studying the influence of PTO control strategies on the identification of extreme loads of a heaving point absorber WEC. A nonlinear time-domain model is established to estimate the dynamic responses and loads of the WEC. Both PTO loads and end-stop loads under extreme conditions are examined, considering the wave climate of a realistic sea site. The results suggest that the PTO setting strategies significantly impact the extreme load exerted on both the PTO system and the end-stop system. Varying the PTO damping within a certain range could lead to a difference of 57% and 63% in short-term extreme loads for the PTO system and the end-stop system, respectively. Furthermore, the impacts of the PTO control strategy appear to be specific to each WEC component. The PTO parameters selected for reducing the extreme PTO loads might increase the extreme end-stop loads. A holistic examination is therefore recommended for estimating the extreme loads of WECs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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18 pages, 19214 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Robust Adaptive Dynamic Positioning of Full-Actuated Surface Vessels: Reinforcement Learning Approach for Unknown Hydrodynamics
by Jiqiang Li, Wanjin Huang, Chenfeng Huang and Guoqing Zhang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050993 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 123
Abstract
In this article, a robust adaptive dynamic position-control problem is addressed for full-actuated surface vessels under coupled uncertainties from unmodeled hydrodynamic effects and time-varying external disturbances. To obtain a high-performance dynamic position controller, a reinforcement learning (RL) weights law involving actor and critic [...] Read more.
In this article, a robust adaptive dynamic position-control problem is addressed for full-actuated surface vessels under coupled uncertainties from unmodeled hydrodynamic effects and time-varying external disturbances. To obtain a high-performance dynamic position controller, a reinforcement learning (RL) weights law involving actor and critic networks is designed without knowledge of the model dynamics and the disturbance parameters. This can enhance the robustness of the closed-loop control system. Furthermore, dynamic surface control is integrated to diminish the design complexity resulting from the derivative of the kinematics, while ensuring semi-global uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) stability through Lyapunov-based synthesis. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the superiority and feasibility of the proposed algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Maneuvering and Control of Ships—2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 11140 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Two-Propeller Configuration
by Xunming Wang, Yongyan Ma, Dakui Feng, Chaobang Yao and Zichao Cai
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050992 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 153
Abstract
Improved ship design and market demands have driven the adoption of multi-propeller systems for propulsion in recent years. This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of two KP505 propellers arranged in various transverse and longitudinal spacings, utilizing an in-house CFD code. The numerical simulations [...] Read more.
Improved ship design and market demands have driven the adoption of multi-propeller systems for propulsion in recent years. This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of two KP505 propellers arranged in various transverse and longitudinal spacings, utilizing an in-house CFD code. The numerical simulations employ the URANS method with the SST k-ω turbulence model and a structured overset grid approach. First, standardized mesh and time-step convergence studies are conducted following ITTC recommendations. The hydrodynamic results for the KP505 propeller are compared with experimental data to validate the reliability of the method. Subsequently, over 40 propeller arrangements with varying transverse and longitudinal spacing are simulated. Thrust, torque, and efficiency under different operating conditions are calculated, and key flow field data are analyzed. Finally, the interference characteristics between propellers at different positions are examined by comparing the results with those of a single KP505 propeller. The findings indicate that the high-speed wake generated by the upstream propeller significantly affects the hydrodynamic performance of the downstream propeller. This interaction diminishes as the transverse spacing between the propellers increases. To ensure the propulsion efficiency of the two-propeller configuration, the transverse spacing should not be less than one times the diameter of the propeller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novelties in Marine Propulsion)
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19 pages, 4412 KiB  
Article
Pore Structure and Its Controlling Factors of Cambrian Highly Over-Mature Marine Shales in the Upper Yangtze Block, SW China
by Dadong Liu, Mingyang Xu, Hui Chen, Yi Chen, Xia Feng, Zhenxue Jiang, Qingqing Fan, Li Liu and Wei Du
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13051002 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Highly over-mature marine shales are distributed worldwide with substantial resource potential, yet their pore structure characteristics and controlling mechanisms remain poorly understood, hindering accurate shale gas resource prediction and efficient development. This study focuses on the Cambrian Niutitang Formation shales in the Upper [...] Read more.
Highly over-mature marine shales are distributed worldwide with substantial resource potential, yet their pore structure characteristics and controlling mechanisms remain poorly understood, hindering accurate shale gas resource prediction and efficient development. This study focuses on the Cambrian Niutitang Formation shales in the Upper Yangtze region of South China. To decipher the multiscale pore network architecture and its genetic constraints, we employ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pore extraction and fluid intrusion methods (CO2 and N2 adsorption, and high-pressure mercury intrusion porosimetry) to systematically characterize pore structures in these reservoirs. The results demonstrate that the shales exhibit high TOC contents (average 4.78%) and high thermal maturity (average Ro 3.64%). Three dominant pore types were identified: organic pores, intragranular pores, and intergranular pores. Organic pores are sparsely developed with diameters predominantly below 50 nm, displaying honeycomb, slit-like, or linear morphologies. Intragranular pores are primarily feldspar dissolution voids, while intergranular pores exhibit triangular or polygonal shapes with larger particle sizes. CO2 adsorption isotherms (Type I) and low-temperature N2 adsorption curves (H3-H4 hysteresis) indicate wedge-shaped and slit-like pores, with pore size distributions concentrated in the 0.5–50 nm range, showing strong heterogeneity. Pore structure shows weak correlations with TOC and quartz content but a strong correlation with feldspar abundance. This pattern arises from hydrocarbon generation exhaustion and graphitization-enhanced organic pore collapse under high compaction stress, which reduces pore preservation capacity. The aulacogen tectonic setting engenders proximal sediment provenance regimes that preferentially preserve labile minerals such as feldspars. This geological configuration establishes optimal diagenetic conditions for the subsequent development of meso- and macro-scale of dissolution pores. Our findings demonstrate that feldspar-rich shales, formed in a proximal depositional system with well-developed inorganic pores, serve as favorable reservoirs for the exploration of highly over-mature marine shale gas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Formation Mechanism and Quantitative Evaluation of Deep to Ultra-Deep High-Quality Reservoirs)
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20 pages, 9478 KiB  
Article
Seafloor Stability Assessment of Jiaxie Seamount Group Using the “Weight-of-Evidence” (WoE) Method, Western Pacific Ocean
by Xuebing Yin, Yongfu Sun, Weikun Xu, Wei Gao, Heshun Wang, Sidi Ruan and Yihui Shao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13051001 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 200
Abstract
The deep sea is gradually being exploited, yet research on the stability of the deep seabed is scarce. In this study, the seafloor stability of the Jiaxie Seamount Group in the western Pacific Ocean was assessed using the weight-of-evidence (WoE) method based on [...] Read more.
The deep sea is gradually being exploited, yet research on the stability of the deep seabed is scarce. In this study, the seafloor stability of the Jiaxie Seamount Group in the western Pacific Ocean was assessed using the weight-of-evidence (WoE) method based on seafloor topographic data. Slope failure features were identified by analyzing multibeam bathymetric data, revealing 21 failure zones and multiple debris accumulation areas. Topographic factors, such as water depth, slope, slope direction, planar curvature, profile curvature, and ruggedness, were selected as assessment indicators. These indicators were reclassified as evidence factors, and a WoE model was constructed to assess the failure probability in the study area. A stability zoning map indicated that over 93% of the area had high stability. In comparison, areas with low and very low stability comprised less than 4%, mainly located on steep ridges and rugged slopes. The model’s performance was validated through an ROC curve, yielding an AUC value of 0.929, indicating a high predictive capability. This study presents a statistical framework for assessing the stability of deep-sea floors and provides theoretical support for upcoming seabed mining and deep-sea engineering endeavors, despite limitations due to data constraints and dependence on visually interpreted slope failure zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Processes and Evolution of Marine Geomorphology: Observations, Modeling and Applications)
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20 pages, 3955 KiB  
Article
Inversion Method Based on Temporal Convolutional Networks for Random Ice Load on Conical Offshore Platforms
by Wei Li, Ya Guo, Shuzhao Li, Yang Gao and Yan Qu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13051000 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
The randomness and complexity of ice loads present major challenges to the safety and stability of offshore platforms. Traditional methods for identifying ice loads often lack accuracy and adaptability under changing environmental conditions. This study proposes a novel inversion method based on Temporal [...] Read more.
The randomness and complexity of ice loads present major challenges to the safety and stability of offshore platforms. Traditional methods for identifying ice loads often lack accuracy and adaptability under changing environmental conditions. This study proposes a novel inversion method based on Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs), integrating finite element simulation with deep learning to effectively identify random ice loads. A random ice load model is first developed, and its dynamic characteristics are validated through finite element analysis. The TCN model is then applied to capture the time-dependent features of ice loads. To improve the model’s generalization ability, its hyperparameters are optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results show that the TCN model achieves goodness-of-fit (R2) values of 0.821 and 0.808 on the training and test sets, respectively, indicating strong predictive performance. Under different ice thickness and velocity conditions, the model achieves R2 values close to 0.99, demonstrating high robustness. This work represents the first application of TCN to ice load identification. By combining it with simulation data, we offer a high-precision, data-driven approach for dynamic load identification, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of safety assessments for conical offshore platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Evaluation of Marine Engineering Equipment and Structures)
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22 pages, 2713 KiB  
Article
Feasibility and Limitations of Solar Energy Integration in Merchant Ships: A Case Study on Fire Detection Systems
by Luis García Rodríguez, Laura Castro-Santos and María Isabel Lamas Galdo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050991 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
The electrical installation of a ship includes the generation, transport and distribution of the generated electrical energy to the electrical consumers on board. In recent years, there have been many attempts to replace traditional auxiliary generators with renewable energy sources, in particular solar [...] Read more.
The electrical installation of a ship includes the generation, transport and distribution of the generated electrical energy to the electrical consumers on board. In recent years, there have been many attempts to replace traditional auxiliary generators with renewable energy sources, in particular solar panels, as this is a highly developed technology on land. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the different energy requirements on board a merchant vessel and carries out a feasibility analysis. The feasibility analysis considers technical, economic and legal aspects. Sustainable aspects are analyzed too, due to their importance nowadays. It is verified that the use of solar panels is only technically feasible for a small part of the ship’s total consumption, as the area required by the panels to cover the total demand would exceed the available area of the ship. Therefore, the possibility of installing solar panels for the fire detection system only was analyzed. This is a technically and legally feasible solution, but not an economically viable one. However, from a sustainability point of view, which takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects, this proposal is appropriate. This study concludes that, while solar panels are not a viable solution for covering all energy needs on merchant ships, they can be used for specific systems such as the fire detection network or similar small consumers, albeit with economic limitations. These findings provide valuable insights for future research and practical implementations of renewable energy solutions in the maritime sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women's Special Issue Series: Marine Science and Engineering)
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20 pages, 2827 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Kalman Filter Under Minimum Error Entropy with Fiducial Points for Strap-Down Inertial Navigation System/Ultra-Short Baseline Integrated Navigation Systems
by Boyang Wang and Zhenjie Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050990 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
The integration of strap-down inertial navigation systems (SINSs) and ultra-short baseline (USBL) systems has become a mainstream navigation approach for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). In shallow-sea environments, USBL measurements are frequently affected by complex non-Gaussian disturbances. Under such challenging conditions, traditional Kalman filters [...] Read more.
The integration of strap-down inertial navigation systems (SINSs) and ultra-short baseline (USBL) systems has become a mainstream navigation approach for unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). In shallow-sea environments, USBL measurements are frequently affected by complex non-Gaussian disturbances. Under such challenging conditions, traditional Kalman filters often exhibit limited performance in maintaining navigation accuracy. A novel adaptive Kalman filter is proposed to address this issue. The proposed method demonstrates significant robustness to complex non-Gaussian noise through the construction of an advanced regression model, the development of an adaptive free-parameter optimization scheme, and the implementation of a recursive filtering architecture incorporating entropy-based error correction. Comprehensive validation via numerical simulations and field experiments in offshore SINS/USBL integrated navigation scenarios demonstrates the superior robustness of the proposed method in complex underwater non-Gaussian noise environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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17 pages, 6603 KiB  
Article
Three-Phase High Power Underwater Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer System for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
by Lei Yang, Liye Tian, Xinze Chen, Zhixue Bu, Dengrui Xing, Aimin Zhang and Xiangqian Tong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050989 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
This paper proposes a 1000 W high-frequency three-phase power inversion underwater capacitive wireless power transfer (UCWPT) system for power delivery to autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The multi-phase coupling structure is designed as a columnar configuration that conforms to the shape of AUVs. This [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a 1000 W high-frequency three-phase power inversion underwater capacitive wireless power transfer (UCWPT) system for power delivery to autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The multi-phase coupling structure is designed as a columnar configuration that conforms to the shape of AUVs. This paper innovatively presents a curved coupling coupler composed of six metal plates. This design significantly enhances the mutual capacitance of the coupling structure and the power transfer capacity of the UCWPT system. Utilizing the columnar structure, the receiver of the capacitive wireless power transfer system can be easily integrated into AUVs, reducing the installation space. Furthermore, the cylindrical dock-transmitter terminal structure of the system greatly improves the anti-misalignment capability. This addresses issues such as charging voltage and current fluctuations caused by vehicle rolling in dynamic ocean environments. Additionally, the wireless power transfer capacity is notably enhanced. An experimental platform was constructed, and tests were conducted in both air and water media. A 1000 W experimental setup was developed to validate the theoretical analysis and simulations. The experimental results align closely with the theoretical predictions. At a fixed distance of 3 cm between transmitter and receiver, peak power transfer efficiencies of 80% in air and 74% in water were achieved with stable operational performance. The cylindrical structure demonstrates robust anti-misalignment properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Energy)
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21 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Measurements and Simulations on Yachts: An Evaluation of Airborne Sound Insulation
by Michele Rocca, Francesca Di Puccio, Paola Forte, Francesco Fidecaro, Francesco Artuso, Simon Kanka and Francesco Leccese
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050988 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
The perceived acoustic comfort on board modern yachts has recently been the subject of specific attention by the most important classification societies, which have issued new guidelines and regulations for the evaluation of noise and vibrations. The evaluation of the acoustic insulation performance [...] Read more.
The perceived acoustic comfort on board modern yachts has recently been the subject of specific attention by the most important classification societies, which have issued new guidelines and regulations for the evaluation of noise and vibrations. The evaluation of the acoustic insulation performance of the internal partitions of yachts is, therefore, a very current topic. The estimation of the acoustic performance of internal partitions can be very complex; on the one hand, on-board measurements can be extremely difficult, but on the other hand, manual or software calculation is extremely complex or potentially affected by non-negligible errors, which is also due to the high amount of highly detailed information required. This paper explores the possibility of using simplified models, commonly used in building construction, to determine the acoustic insulation of the internal partitions of yachts in the design phase, without having to resort, even from the beginning, to very advanced calculation tools such as those based on the Finite Elements Method or Statistical Energy Analysis. Using a 44 m yacht as a case study, this paper presents the results of a series of acoustic simulations of single partitions and compares them with the results of an on-board measurement campaign. From the comparison of the obtained results, it was possible to state that the simulations of single partitions (therefore, those not of the whole vessel) can be useful in the design phase to verify compliance with the acoustic requirements requested by the classification societies. Considering that the propagation of sound and vibrations through the structures is a determining factor for the correct acoustic design of the vessel and therefore for the achievement of adequate levels of acoustic comfort, the analysis with simplified models (which consider the single partition) can be extremely useful in the preliminary phase of the design process. Subsequently, starting from the data acquired in the first simulation phase, it is possible to proceed with more complex simulations of specific situations and of the whole vessel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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17 pages, 1857 KiB  
Article
Modeling Navigator Awareness of COLREGs Interpretation Using Probabilistic Curve Fitting
by Deuk-Jin Park, Hong-Tae Kim, Sang-A Park, Tae-Yeon Kim and Jeong-Bin Yim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050987 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 164
Abstract
Despite the existence of standardized collision regulations such as the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), ship collisions continue to occur, indicating persistent gaps in how navigators interpret and apply these rules. The COLREGs are globally adopted rules that govern vessel [...] Read more.
Despite the existence of standardized collision regulations such as the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), ship collisions continue to occur, indicating persistent gaps in how navigators interpret and apply these rules. The COLREGs are globally adopted rules that govern vessel conduct to avoid collisions. Borderline encounter situations—such as those between head-on and crossing, or overtaking and crossing—pose particular challenges, often resulting in inconsistent or ambiguous interpretations. This study models navigator awareness as a probabilistic function of encounter angle, aiming to identify interpretive transition zones and cognitive uncertainty in rule application. A structured survey was conducted with 101 licensed navigators, each evaluating simulated ship encounter scenarios with varying relative bearings. Responses were collected using a Likert scale and analyzed in angular sectors known for interpretational ambiguity: 006–012° for head on to crossing (HC) and 100–160° for overtaking to crossing (OC). Gaussian curve fitting was applied to the response distributions, with the awareness center (μ) and standard deviation (σ) serving as indicators of consensus and ambiguity. The results reveal sharp shifts in awareness near 008° and 160°, suggesting cognitively unstable zones. Risk-averse interpretation patterns were also observed, where navigators tended to classify borderline situations more conservatively under uncertainty. These findings suggest that navigator awareness is not deterministic but probabilistically structured and context sensitive. The proposed awareness modeling framework helps bridge the gap between regulatory prescriptions and real world navigator behavior, offering practical implications for MASS algorithm design and COLREGs refinement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Sensors and Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Ships)
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23 pages, 3819 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Offshore Pile–Soil Interaction Using Artificial Neural Network
by Peiyuan Lin, Kun Li, Xiangwei Yu, Tong Liu, Xun Yuan and Haoyi Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050986 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Offshore wind power is one of the primary forms of utilizing marine green energy in China. Currently, near-shore wind power predominantly employs monopile foundations, with designs typically being overly conservative, resulting in high construction costs. Precise characterization of the interaction mechanisms between marine [...] Read more.
Offshore wind power is one of the primary forms of utilizing marine green energy in China. Currently, near-shore wind power predominantly employs monopile foundations, with designs typically being overly conservative, resulting in high construction costs. Precise characterization of the interaction mechanisms between marine piles and surrounding soils is crucial for foundation design optimization. Traditional p-y curve methods, with simplified fitting functions, inadequately capture the complex pile–soil behaviors, limiting predictive accuracy and model uncertainty quantification. To address these challenges, this research collected 1852 empirical datasets of offshore wind monopile foundation pile–soil interactions, developing p-y curve and horizontal displacement prediction models using artificial neural network (ANN) expressions and comprehensive uncertainty statistical analysis. The constructed ANN model demonstrates a simple structure with satisfactory predictive performance, achieving average error margins below 6% and low to moderate prediction accuracy dispersion (26%~45%). In contrast, traditional p-y curve models show 30%~50% average biases with substantial accuracy dispersion near 80%, while conventional finite element methods exhibit approximately 40% error and dispersion. By strictly characterizing the probability cumulative function of the neural network model factors, a foundation is provided for reliability-based design. Through comprehensive case verification, it is demonstrated that the ANN-based model has significant advantages in terms of computational accuracy and efficiency in the design of offshore wind power foundations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Geological and Geotechnical Hazards)
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20 pages, 24645 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Long-Term Tensile Strength Properties of the Geotextile Tubes
by Myoung-Soo Won, Hyeon Jung Kim, Shamsher Sadiq and Ji-Hwi Gwak
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050985 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
This study examines the tensile behavior of both plain and seamed geotextiles. Samples were taken from two geotextile tube test beds, one made of composite materials and the other of woven materials, constructed in 2013 and 2016, respectively, in the Saemangeum reclaimed area. [...] Read more.
This study examines the tensile behavior of both plain and seamed geotextiles. Samples were taken from two geotextile tube test beds, one made of composite materials and the other of woven materials, constructed in 2013 and 2016, respectively, in the Saemangeum reclaimed area. These test tubes have been exposed to marine conditions and sunlight for 10 and 8 years, respectively. Based on sunlight exposure, samples of plain and seamed geotextiles were collected from both exposed (top) and non-exposed (bottom) locations. The tensile strength–strain curves, strength degradation, and seam efficiencies of the original samples were compared with those exposed to marine environments and sunlight for 8–10 years. Geotextile tubes have been found to function normally even after being exposed to seawater and sunlight for 8–10 years, with sunlight being identified as the most significant factor affecting long-term tensile strength. The influence of seawater on tensile behavior is minimal, and it was observed that the tensile strength of the seam after 8–10 years is only about 10–19% of the initial plain tensile strength. Nevertheless, the tubes operate without failure, suggesting that the earth pressure acting on stabilized geotextile tubes is relatively low. These findings offer valuable insight into the long-term durability of geotextiles tubes under harsh environmental conditions and serve as a reference for future applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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11 pages, 2543 KiB  
Article
Investigation and Analysis of Anchor Status of Small Coastal Fishing Vessels for Response to Submarine-Cable Risk Factors
by Tae-Ho Lee and Bong-Kyu Jung
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050984 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
This study investigated the status of anchors for small fishing vessels that correspond with the risk factors of submarine cables, which are essential elements for offshore wind farms. As for target vessels, small coastal fishing vessels of less than ten tons were divided [...] Read more.
This study investigated the status of anchors for small fishing vessels that correspond with the risk factors of submarine cables, which are essential elements for offshore wind farms. As for target vessels, small coastal fishing vessels of less than ten tons were divided into four categories by tonnage, and 71 locations were compared from a total of 59 fishing vessels. In the results, the shank showed a difference of approximately 18.2% from 119.3 to 145.8 cm on average, while the stock exhibited a difference of approximately 18.9% from 130.3 to 160.6 cm. The size of the anchor, however, was not proportional to the increase in the tonnage of the fishing vessel, and the anchors were produced in their own forms, based on the experience of the crew in many cases. In the statistical processing results, significant differences occurred in all areas except for the fluke. The stock and shank, which affect the dragging anchor, showed significant differences at a level of p < 0.05 while the bill, bill to bill, and bill to shank exhibited differences at a level of p < 0.01. This indicates that standardized criteria are required for the anchors of small coastal fishing vessels of less than ten tons, and that design standards for materials and reinforcements also need to be prepared as thin rebars or wooden columns are used, in addition to steel pipes, as the materials of the stock in many cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Concrete Materials in Coastal Port Engineering)
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29 pages, 5272 KiB  
Article
Joint Allocation of Shared Yard Space and Internal Trucks in Sea–Rail Intermodal Container Terminals
by Xiaohan Wang, Zhihong Jin and Jia Luo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050983 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
The sea–rail intermodal container terminal serves as a key transportation hub for green logistics, where efficient resource coordination directly enhances multimodal connectivity and operational synergy. To address limited storage capacity and trans-shipment inefficiencies, this study innovatively proposes a resource-sharing strategy between the seaport [...] Read more.
The sea–rail intermodal container terminal serves as a key transportation hub for green logistics, where efficient resource coordination directly enhances multimodal connectivity and operational synergy. To address limited storage capacity and trans-shipment inefficiencies, this study innovatively proposes a resource-sharing strategy between the seaport and the railway container terminal, focusing on the joint allocation of yard space and internal trucks. For indirect trans-shipment operations between ships, the port, the railway container terminal, and trains, a mixed-integer programming model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the container trans-shipment cost and the weighted turnaround time of ships and trains. This model simultaneously determines yard allocation, container transfers, and truck allocation. A two-layer hybrid heuristic algorithm incorporating adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization and Greedy Rules is designed. Numerical experiments verify the model and algorithm performance, revealing that the proposed method achieves an optimality gap of only 1.82% compared to CPLEX in small-scale instances while outperforming benchmark algorithms in solution quality. And the shared yard strategy enhances ship and train turnaround efficiency by an average of 33.45% over traditional storage form. Sensitivity analysis considering multiple realistic factors further confirms the robustness and generalizability. This study provides a theoretical foundation for sustainable port–railway collaboration development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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16 pages, 3830 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Damage to Shipping Container Sides During Port Handling Operations
by Sergej Jakovlev, Tomas Eglynas, Valdas Jankunas, Mindaugas Jusis and Miroslav Voznak
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050982 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 304
Abstract
The damage to shipping containers during port handling operations continues to pose a significant challenge that adversely affects operational efficiency, equipment integrity, and supply chain accountability. This study utilises real-world measurement data gathered through accelerometers to examine the occurrence and dynamics of physical [...] Read more.
The damage to shipping containers during port handling operations continues to pose a significant challenge that adversely affects operational efficiency, equipment integrity, and supply chain accountability. This study utilises real-world measurement data gathered through accelerometers to examine the occurrence and dynamics of physical impacts, particularly side and rear collisions, during the handling of containers at Klaipėda City Port. The research prioritises two critical scenarios: side impacts during stacking operations with reach stackers and rear impacts during trailer loading procedures. Impact events are meticulously recorded and analysed to ascertain the magnitudes of acceleration across multiple axes. This reveals that side impacts produce significantly greater forces, particularly in the lateral direction, than rear impacts. This study employs sensor-based monitoring, advanced data visualisation techniques, and structured scenario analysis to delineate the variability and intensity of mechanical interactions during these operations. The findings emphasise the structural stress that containers experience and underscore the importance of embedded monitoring technologies for real-time event detection and damage prevention. The results contribute to the expanding body of knowledge that supports the digital transformation of container terminals and furnish actionable insights for enhancing handling protocols, informing insurance assessments, and improving safety measures within both automated and conventional port environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Transport and Port Management)
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19 pages, 4031 KiB  
Article
The Prediction of the Valve Opening Required for Slugging Control in Offshore Pipeline Risers Based on Empirical Closures and Valve Characteristics
by Jiqiang Fu, Quanhong Wu, Jie Sun, Hanxuan Wang and Suifeng Zou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050981 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 261
Abstract
Topside choking is a common way to eliminate severe slugging flow in pipeline riser systems in offshore oil and gas fields. However, a lack of fundamentals in two-phase flow gives rise to difficulty in the model selection of valves and the effective control [...] Read more.
Topside choking is a common way to eliminate severe slugging flow in pipeline riser systems in offshore oil and gas fields. However, a lack of fundamentals in two-phase flow gives rise to difficulty in the model selection of valves and the effective control of the valves. In this study, the prediction of the valve opening required for slugging control based on measurable parameters is investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is found that the resistance coefficient factor of the valve is almost the same for pipeline risers and simple vertical pipes when severe slugging is eliminated. Therefore, fluid parameters can be approximated by the conditions of a simple vertical pipe. The target of control is to achieve dual-frequency fluctuation, and it is quantitatively converted to the pressure drop of the valve. Based on these two empirical enclosures, the valve opening can be worked out by using the gas fraction model and the theoretical model of valve flow resistance. The non-slip model is found to be better than the drift-flux model in the final prediction of the optimal valve opening. An explicit model for the calculation of the optimal resistance factor and the corresponding valve opening is established, making it more convenient to select the valve in the design stage of offshore oil and gas exploitation. The average absolute error of the proposed model is +0.01%, which is smaller than the simulation performed by OLGA 7.0 software (+4.91% before tuning and +0.08% after tuning). A field case with a flexible S-shape riser proves the good applicability of the model (with a deviation smaller than ±2%). The applications of the prediction model in the model selection of the valve and uncertain factors in the operation are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Flexible Riser and Pipelines)
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30 pages, 20750 KiB  
Article
A Proposal for Alternative Navigation Routes Following the Development of Offshore Wind Farms in the Waters of the Republic of Korea
by Sung-Wook Ohn and Ho Namgung
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050980 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
In the future, electricity generation through eco-friendly renewable energy will accelerate. Surrounded by sea on three sides, the Republic of Korea is gaining attention for offshore wind power as a future industry, leveraging advantages of its maritime environment. However, maritime navigation remains active [...] Read more.
In the future, electricity generation through eco-friendly renewable energy will accelerate. Surrounded by sea on three sides, the Republic of Korea is gaining attention for offshore wind power as a future industry, leveraging advantages of its maritime environment. However, maritime navigation remains active in waters, with maritime transportation being crucial, as it accounts for over 95% of the country’s cargo volume. Therefore, ensuring the safety of vessel operations is vital when constructing offshore wind farms. This study proposed alternative routes to ensure the safety of vessels and secure existing routes in the waters of the southwestern sea, where intensive development of OWFs is expected. The routes were determined based on the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC) Guidelines and Maritime Traffic Safety Act’s implementation guidelines. Clearance between a maritime route and OWF was set to the rule of 6 L + 0.3 NM + 500 m for safety. The route width was calculated while considering vessel maneuverability, environmental factors, seabed conditions, the depth-to-draft ratio, and two-way traffic. The alternative routes were categorized into four types—maritime highways, maritime provincial routes, approach routes for departure/arrival, and recommended routes based on vessel positions, engine status, and route function. By considering traffic flow and applying international and domestic standards, these routes will ensure safe, efficient, and orderly vessel operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Traffic Engineering)
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26 pages, 2141 KiB  
Review
Intelligent Maritime Shipping: A Bibliometric Analysis of Internet Technologies and Automated Port Infrastructure Applications
by Yangqiong Zou, Guangnian Xiao, Qingjun Li and Salvatore Antonio Biancardo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050979 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Amid the dual imperatives of global trade expansion and low-carbon transition, intelligent maritime shipping has emerged as a central driver for the innovation of international logistics systems, now entering a critical window period for the deep integration of Internet technologies and automated port [...] Read more.
Amid the dual imperatives of global trade expansion and low-carbon transition, intelligent maritime shipping has emerged as a central driver for the innovation of international logistics systems, now entering a critical window period for the deep integration of Internet technologies and automated port infrastructure. While existing research predominantly focuses on isolated applications of intelligent technologies, systematic evaluations of the synergistic effects of technological integration on maritime ecosystems, policy compatibility, and contributions to global carbon emission governance remain under-explored. Leveraging bibliometric analysis, this study systematically examines 488 publications from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection (2000–2024), yielding three pivotal findings: firstly, China dominates the research landscape, with a 38.5% contribution share, where Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and port automation constitute the technological pillars. However, critical gaps persist in cross-system protocol standardization and climate-adaptive modeling, accounting for only 2.7% and 4.2% of the literature, respectively. Secondly, international collaboration networks exhibit pronounced “Islamization”, characterized by an inter-team collaboration rate of 17.3%, while the misalignment between rapid technological iteration and existing maritime regulations exacerbates industry risks. Thirdly, a dual-track pathway integrating Cyber–Physical System (CPS)-based digital twin ports and open-source vertical domain-specific large language models is proposed. Empirical evidence demonstrates its efficacy in reducing cargo-handling energy consumption by 15% and decision-making latency by 40%. This research proposes a novel tripartite framework, encompassing technological, institutional, and data sovereignty dimensions, to resolve critical challenges in integrating multi-source maritime data and managing cross-border governance. The model provides academically validated and industry-compatible strategies for advancing sustainable maritime intelligence. Subsequent investigations should expand data sources to include regional repositories and integrate interdisciplinary approaches, ensuring the adaptability of both technical systems and international policy coordination mechanisms across diverse maritime ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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15 pages, 1888 KiB  
Article
Navigating Coastal Vulnerability: Introducing the Coastal Fuzzy Vulnerability Index (CFVI)
by Zekâi Şen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050978 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
Vulnerability impacts have increased in an unprecedented way with the effects of global warming, climate change, erosion, sea level rise, tsunami, flood, and drought—natural events that jointly cause geomorphological changes, especially in coastal zones. There are no analytical mathematical formulations under a set [...] Read more.
Vulnerability impacts have increased in an unprecedented way with the effects of global warming, climate change, erosion, sea level rise, tsunami, flood, and drought—natural events that jointly cause geomorphological changes, especially in coastal zones. There are no analytical mathematical formulations under a set of assumptions due to the complexity of the interactive associations of these natural events, and the only way that seems open in the literature is through empirical formulations that depend on expert experiences. Among such empirical formulations are the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI), the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI), the Socioeconomic Vulnerability Index (SVI), and the Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index (ICVI), which is composed of the previous indices. Although there is basic experience and experimental information for the establishment of these indices, unfortunately, logical aspects are missing. This paper proposes a Coastal Fuzzy Vulnerability Index (CFVI) based on fuzzy logic, aiming to improve the limitations of the traditional Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI). Traditional CVI relies on binary logic and calculates vulnerability through discrete classification (such as “low”, “medium”, and “high”) and arithmetic or geometric means. It has problems such as mutation risk division, ignoring data continuity, and unreasonable parameter weights. To this end, the author introduced fuzzy logic, quantified the nonlinear effects of various parameters (such as landforms, coastal slope, sea level changes, etc.) through fuzzy sets and membership degrees, and calculated CFVI using a weighted average method. The study showed that CFVI allows continuous transition risk assessment by fuzzifying the parameter data range, avoiding the “mutation” defect of traditional methods. Taking data from the Gulf of Mexico in the United States as an example, the calculation result range of CFVI (0.38–3.04) is significantly smaller than that of traditional CVI (0.42–51), which is closer to the rationality of actual vulnerability changes. The paper also criticized the defects of traditional CVI, being that it relies on subjective experience and lacks a logical basis, and pointed out that CFVI can be expanded to integrate more variables or combined with other indices (such as the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI)) to provide a more scientific basis for coastal management decisions. This study optimized the coastal vulnerability assessment method through fuzzy logic, improved the ability to handle nonlinear relationships between parameters, and provided a new tool for complex and dynamic coastal risk management. Further research possibilities are also mentioned throughout the text and in the Conclusion section. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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43 pages, 5521 KiB  
Article
Integrated Approach to Ship Electrification Using Fuel Cells and an Ammonia Decomposition System
by Onur Yuksel, Eduardo Blanco-Davis, David Hitchmough, G Viknash Shagar, Andrew Spiteri, Maria Carmela Di Piazza, Marcello Pucci, Nikolaos Tsoulakos, Milad Armin and Jin Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050977 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
This study investigates the environmental and economic performance of integrating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, battery systems, and an organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery system for ship electrification. The analysis examines an onboard ammonia decomposition system for hydrogen production and ammonia [...] Read more.
This study investigates the environmental and economic performance of integrating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, battery systems, and an organic Rankine cycle-based waste heat recovery system for ship electrification. The analysis examines an onboard ammonia decomposition system for hydrogen production and ammonia production pathways. Additionally, the study benchmarks the effectiveness of onboard ammonia decomposition against green hydrogen bunkering scenarios (H2-BS). The analysis is based on data collected over two years from a bulk carrier provided by Laskaridis Shipping Co., Ltd. The environmental analysis includes well-to-wake emissions calculations. At the same time, economic performance is assessed through levelised cost of energy (LCOE) computations for 2025 and 2040, factoring in different fuel and carbon price scenarios. Consequently, the analysis utilises the Complex Proportional Assessment method to compare configurations featuring various ammonia production pathways across economic cases. The results indicate that green and pink ammonia feedstocks achieve maximum equivalent carbon dioxide reductions in the electrification plant of up to 47.28% and 48.47%, respectively, compared to H2-BS and 95.56% and 95.66% compared to the base scenario. Ammonia decomposition systems prove more economically viable than H2-BS due to lower storage and fuel costs, leading to competitive LCOE values that improve under higher carbon pricing scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Fuel Cell Technology: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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14 pages, 5483 KiB  
Article
A Saturation Adaptive Nonlinear Integral Sliding Mode Controller for Ship Permanent Magnet Propulsion Motors
by Xi Wang, Zhaoting Liu, Peng Zhou, Baozhu Jia, Ronghui Li and Yuanyuan Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050976 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 229
Abstract
The conventional-speed Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for ship PM propulsion motors, which employs exponential reaching laws and linear sliding surface functions, demonstrates susceptibility to oscillatory phenomena. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a saturation adaptive nonlinear integral sliding mode controller (SANI-SMC) which [...] Read more.
The conventional-speed Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for ship PM propulsion motors, which employs exponential reaching laws and linear sliding surface functions, demonstrates susceptibility to oscillatory phenomena. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a saturation adaptive nonlinear integral sliding mode controller (SANI-SMC) which combines a nonlinear integral sliding surface function with an adaptive saturation gain reaching rate. The nonlinear integral sliding surface function improves the system responsiveness, and then enhances the stability and robustness of the system. The adaptive saturation gain reaching rate not only mitigates the chattering effect induced by the sign function in traditional exponential reaching rates, but also weakens the underlying oscillations. This approach effectively solves the overshoot problem inherent in traditional PI controllers, and has better anti-interference ability under sudden load variations. Finally, the proposed controller is experimentally verified based on an electric propulsion semi-physical experimental platform consisting of Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP), and compared with a Proportional–Integral (PI) controller and an SMC. Moreover, the integral absolute error (IAE), integral time-weighted absolute error (ITAE), and integral of the square value (ISV) metrics are calculated for the PI controller, SMC, and SANI-SMC based on experimental data collection. The results demonstrate that the SANI-SMC exhibits superior stability and robustness compared to both the PI controller and SMC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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15 pages, 7154 KiB  
Article
Microbial and Functional Gene Dynamics in Long-Term Fermented Mariculture Sediment
by Guochao Zhang, Mengyuan Luo, Cuilian Xu, Xinru Pan, Guoqiang Yi, Wei Xiao, Chenghao Wang, Zhen Zhao and Ruilong Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050975 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
The microorganisms of mariculture sediments are key to regulating and maintaining their ecosystem balance and have garnered research interest. Although the microbial composition and functional potential of mariculture sediments have been extensively explored in the past, the effects of long-term aquaculture on microbial [...] Read more.
The microorganisms of mariculture sediments are key to regulating and maintaining their ecosystem balance and have garnered research interest. Although the microbial composition and functional potential of mariculture sediments have been extensively explored in the past, the effects of long-term aquaculture on microbial communities and functional genes have been scarcely studied. Sediment samples from mariculture ponds with durations of 1 year, 6 years, and 10 years were collected in this study. A high-throughput metagenomic analysis was then conducted. The results showed that the sediments fermented for 1 year had the highest α-diversity, creating conditions for the divergence of functional microbial communities. Due to nutrient competition, long-term fermentation led to a decrease in both diversity and functional redundancy. Key functional groups exhibited different temporal succession patterns. In addition, long-term fermentation, especially fermentation over 10 years, resulted in significant differentiation of functional genes, particularly those related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism. This study reveals the distribution pattern of the microbiome during the natural fermentation process and its temporal coupling relationship with the functions of the pond ecosystem. It clarifies the dynamic evolution of functional genes, providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable management of mariculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Aquaculture)
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26 pages, 1842 KiB  
Review
Advancing Maritime Safety: A Literature Review on Machine Learning and Multi-Criteria Analysis in PSC Inspections
by Zlatko Boko, Ivica Skoko, Zaloa Sanchez Varela and Vice Milin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050974 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
This literature review provides a structured quantitative analysis of existing research on the application of machine learning models (MLMs) and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in the context of port state control (PSC). The aim of the study is to capture current research trends, [...] Read more.
This literature review provides a structured quantitative analysis of existing research on the application of machine learning models (MLMs) and multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in the context of port state control (PSC). The aim of the study is to capture current research trends, identify thematic priorities, and demonstrate how these analytical tools have been used to support decision-making and risk assessment in the maritime domain. Rather than evaluating the effectiveness of individual models, the study focuses on the distribution and frequency of their use and provides insights into the development of methodological approaches in this area. Although several studies suggest that the integration of MLMs and MCDM techniques can improve the objectivity and efficiency of PSC inspections, this report does not provide a comparative assessment of their performance. Instead, it lays the groundwork for future qualitative studies that will assess the practical benefits and challenges of such integration. The findings suggest a fragmented but growing research interest in data-driven approaches to PSC and highlight the potential of advanced analytics to support maritime safety and regulatory compliance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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35 pages, 1408 KiB  
Article
Feasibility and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Methanol as a Sustainable Alternative Fuel for Ships
by Pei-Chi Wu and Cherng-Yuan Lin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050973 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 349
Abstract
The amendment to MARPOL Annex VI, which limits the sulfur content in marine fuels to a maximum of 0.5 wt.%, came into effect in January 2020. This includes reducing sulfur oxide (SOX) emissions and establishing nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission [...] Read more.
The amendment to MARPOL Annex VI, which limits the sulfur content in marine fuels to a maximum of 0.5 wt.%, came into effect in January 2020. This includes reducing sulfur oxide (SOX) emissions and establishing nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission standards (Tiers I, II, and III) based on the ship’s engine type and construction date. Furthermore, the regulations require oil tankers to control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and prohibit the installation of new equipment containing ozone-depleting substances. After a four-year exploration phase, global shipping companies still lack consistent evaluation criteria for the selection and use of alternative fuels, resulting in divergence across the industry. According to the latest data, methanol can reduce NOX, SOX, and particulate matter (PM) emissions by approximately 80%, 99%, and 95%, respectively, compared to traditional heavy fuel oil. Furthermore, green methanol has the potential for near-zero greenhouse gas emissions and can meet the stringent standards of Emission Control Areas. Therefore, this study adopts a cost-benefit analysis method to evaluate the feasibility and implementation benefits of two promising strategies: methanol dual fuel and very low-sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO). A 6600-TEU container ship was selected as a representative case, and the evaluation was conducted by replacing an older ship with a newly built one. The reductions in total pollutants and CO2-equivalent emissions of the container ship, as well as the cost-effectiveness of each specific strategy, were calculated. This study found that, in the first five years of operation, the total incremental cost of Vessel A, which uses 100% VLSFO, will be significantly lower than that of Vessel B, which uses a blend of 30% e-methanol + 70% VLSFO as fuel. Furthermore, compared to a scenario without any improvement strategies, the total incremental cost for Vessels A and B will increase by 69.90% and 178.15%, respectively, over five years. Vessel B effectively reduced the total greenhouse gas emission equivalent (CO2e) of CO2, CH4, and N2O by 24.72% over five years, while Vessel A reduced the CO2e amount by 12.18%. Furthermore, the cost-benefit ratio (CBR) based on total pollutant emission reduction is higher for Vessel A than for Vessel B within five years of operation. However, in terms of the cost-effectiveness of CO2e emission reduction, the CBR of Vessel A becomes lower than Vessel B after 4.7 years of operation. Therefore, Vessel A’s strategy should be considered a short-term option for reducing CO2e within 4.7 years, whereas the strategy of Vessel B is more suitable as a long-term solution for more than 4.7 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Environmental Science)
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