Societies

49 pages, 467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ally Burnout: Views of Disability Studies Students

by Gregor Wolbring and Rochelle Mission Deloria

Societies 2025, 15(12), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120359 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 969

Disabled people/people with disabilities (DP/PWDs) need allies in general and subject matter specific allies in particular given the many problems they face in their daily lives, as it is, for example, evident in the language of the UN Convention on the Rights of [...] Read more.

Disabled people/people with disabilities (DP/PWDs) need allies in general and subject matter specific allies in particular given the many problems they face in their daily lives, as it is, for example, evident in the language of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Numerous actions are required from allies of, for example, DP/PWDs and other marginalized groups. Authentic allies are often expected to take on activist roles, yet activism carries the risk of activist burnout, which in turn places allies at risk of ally burnout. Despite this, ally burnout is rarely discussed in the literature, and, to date, there are no studies that specifically examined ally burnout in the context of allyship to and by DP/PWDs. The aim of this study was to deepen our understanding of the factors and topics that heighten the risk of ally burnout, including both non-disabled individuals acting as allies to DP/PWDs and DP/PWDs acting as allies to others. In this study, our participants included eighty-seven critical disability studies students. Critical disability studies students were chosen because they see themselves as allies of DP/PWDs and want to make a positive difference in the lives of DP/PWDs, including disabled students. We used an online survey using the Qualtrics platform as our tool to obtain the data. Our participants identified many factors that can lead to ally burnout and indicated many actions needed to decrease the danger of ally burnout of non-disabled people being allies of DP/PWDs and DP/PWDs being allies of others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disabled People/People with Disabilities (Non-Medical Coverage))

19 pages, 512 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Generative AI in Enhancing Audience Participation in Journalism: A Scoping Review

by Eleni Chalikiopoulou, Theodora Saridou and Andreas Veglis

Societies 2025, 15(12), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120358 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2554

Abstract

The emergence of generative AI has led to significant transformations, reshaping media organizations’ workflows and facilitating new forms of participation in the news. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on the role of generative AI in enhancing audience participation and [...] Read more.

The emergence of generative AI has led to significant transformations, reshaping media organizations’ workflows and facilitating new forms of participation in the news. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on the role of generative AI in enhancing audience participation and engagement in journalism. It investigates the theories and methods employed in relevant studies, emerging areas of focus and AI applications used by media organizations to foster audience involvement with the news. The data collection was conducted using online sources (Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) and a total of 30 studies, published between 2022 and 2024, were selected based on the following criteria: English-language, peer-reviewed, and (hybrid) open-access publications relevant to the research objectives and aligned to the search keywords. The results reveal different theoretical and empirical approaches to studying generative AI in journalism, emphasizing emerging focus areas regarding the adoption of relevant tools and the legal and ethical challenges associated with the credibility of news content. Additionally, generative AI applications in journalism primarily serve to facilitate participation and engagement through personalization, accessibility and interactive storytelling. Lastly, this study highlights the potential of generative AI to enhance audience participation in the news, underscoring the ethical and practical challenges it poses as well as existing research gaps, setting the stage for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Participatory Environments: Technologies, Ethics, and Literacy Aspects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 438 KB

Open AccessArticle

Current and Future Challenges Faced by Third-Country Nationals Who Want to Access the Labour Market in the European Union: The Case of Luxembourg

by Adolfo Somarribas and Birte Nienaber

Societies 2025, 15(12), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120357 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

Skill shortages have become obvious in many European countries during the last few years, when specific sectors required more skilled personnel. In this article, we analyse the ongoing discussion regarding whether skill shortages can be addressed by hiring third-country nationals from abroad or [...] Read more.

Skill shortages have become obvious in many European countries during the last few years, when specific sectors required more skilled personnel. In this article, we analyse the ongoing discussion regarding whether skill shortages can be addressed by hiring third-country nationals from abroad or reskilling or upskilling job seekers inside the country. The analysis is based on EMN studies, official documents, and other publicly available sources and focusses on Luxembourg as a case study. It describes the challenges faced by Luxembourg as a small but economically viable country and which pathways are used to attract skilled workers. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 234 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accessing Gender-Affirming Clinical Care in the Central Valley: An Exploration of Personal Experience

by Jordan Fitzpatrick, Marcus Crawford and Katherine Fobear

Societies 2025, 15(12), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120356 - 17 Dec 2025

Viewed by 749

Abstract

This study delves into the necessity for gender-affirming practices, particularly focusing on the underrepresented transgender and non-binary communities in California’s Central Valley. Despite the recognized standards by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) for best practices in mental health care, adequately [...] Read more.

This study delves into the necessity for gender-affirming practices, particularly focusing on the underrepresented transgender and non-binary communities in California’s Central Valley. Despite the recognized standards by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) for best practices in mental health care, adequately trained professionals in this region remains a notable scarcity. The paper highlights the heightened risks these communities face, including discrimination and mental health challenges, underscoring the critical need for compassionate and competent care. The research aims to bridge the gap in education and training for practitioners on gender diversity and improve mental health services for transgender and non-binary individuals. Through thematic analysis of individual interviews, the study captures the experiences of gender diverse individuals with behavioral health care, emphasizing the importance of gender-affirming care, the dangers of pathologizing gender diversity, and the adverse impacts of gatekeeping and conversion therapy. Conclusively, the study advocates for an informed consent model for medical transitions, as per WPATH guidelines, and calls for a shift towards intersectional, inclusive practices. It stresses the need for ongoing education, policy reform, and advocacy to ensure equitable, affirming mental health care for gender diverse populations. Full article

21 pages, 296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Citizenship Education for Contemporary Democracy: Challenges and Gaps in Six European Countries

by Leif Kalev, Maija Hytti, Maarja Hallik and Niclas Sandström

Societies 2025, 15(12), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120355 - 17 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Contemporary democracies face profound challenges, including political polarization hollowed by voter apathy, all of which are reshaped by the surge of digital innovations. Education for democracy plays a key role in sustaining democratic values and practices. This article explores how six European countries—Estonia, [...] Read more.

Contemporary democracies face profound challenges, including political polarization hollowed by voter apathy, all of which are reshaped by the surge of digital innovations. Education for democracy plays a key role in sustaining democratic values and practices. This article explores how six European countries—Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Germany, Spain, and Poland—approach democratic citizenship education (DCE) in policy and practice. Drawing on the Horizon Europe DEMOCRAT project, the article describes a multi-method design combining Living Labs, desk-based research, and fieldwork to compare national frameworks. We discuss the findings of the project, showing a convergence toward integrated and participatory approaches to DCE, but also persistent disparities in teacher training, digital literacy, and resource accessibility. We identify four key Responsible Democratic Competencies (RDC), participation, deliberation, judgment, and democratic resilience, which together define an adaptable framework for effective DCE. Strengthening these competencies requires coordinated policy support, inclusive teacher education, and integration of emotional learning and reflection. This study concludes that a more cohesive yet context-sensitive European strategy could enhance citizenship education, reinforce democratic agency, and foster resilient, informed, and responsible citizens across Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citizenship Education in Times of Social Turbulence: Education for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion)

20 pages, 285 KB

Open AccessReview

Discontinuation of Classic Toy Play vs. Digital Play Among 8–10-Year-Old Children: A Systematic Scoping Review

by Silvia Cimino, Angelo Giovanni Icro Maremmani and Luca Cerniglia

Societies 2025, 15(12), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120354 - 15 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2762

Abstract

Unstructured free play among children has declined, while digital play via screens has increased, raising developmental concerns. A recent synthesis of this shift is lacking. To review studies (2020–2025) on the decline of unstructured play and rise of digital play in children aged [...] Read more.

Unstructured free play among children has declined, while digital play via screens has increased, raising developmental concerns. A recent synthesis of this shift is lacking. To review studies (2020–2025) on the decline of unstructured play and rise of digital play in children aged 8–10 and to examine developmental implications, including psychodynamic insights. However, only a minority of included studies reported outcomes specifically for 8–10-year-olds; therefore, age-specific inferences partly rely on studies with broader samples (e.g., 6–12 years), interpreted cautiously. Following PRISMA, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Thirty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria. Data were narratively synthesized. Thirty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria; twenty-two primary empirical studies were synthesized in detail. Age reporting was often broad (e.g., 6–12 years), and outcome measures were heterogeneous, precluding formal meta-analysis. Findings show reduced free play and increased screen time, with digital use linked to poorer sleep, less activity, and social–emotional risks. Free play supported creativity and regulation. Effect sizes of the selected studies were generally consistent with cross-sectional associations across studies, though effect sizes varied and were not pooled. Balanced play is essential. Unstructured play fosters key developmental skills that digital engagement may not fully replace. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2063 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Framework to Explore Determinants of Catastrophic Healthcare Expenses

by Savita Kumari Jarika, Shovona Choudhury, Sanjib Biswas, Biplab Biswas and Prasenjit Chatterjee

Societies 2025, 15(12), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120353 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 978

Abstract

Despite significant advances in the medical sciences, out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare costs have remained a concern, especially for lower-middle-class and poor people. The current study aims to investigate the critical factors that notably contribute to catastrophic healthcare expenses (CHCEs). To this end, the ongoing [...] Read more.

Despite significant advances in the medical sciences, out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare costs have remained a concern, especially for lower-middle-class and poor people. The current study aims to investigate the critical factors that notably contribute to catastrophic healthcare expenses (CHCEs). To this end, the ongoing research is conducted through two phases. The first phase aims to identify the key determinants of CHCEs through expert and household evaluations. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework using the FullEX method is developed to analyze expert and household opinions. In the second phase, the experts investigate the hierarchical relationships among key determinants. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis are carried out to examine the structural relationships among the determinants. The findings of the FullEX analysis reveal that experts and households are in consensus. It is found that low-income level, number of dependable members, frequent birth rate, high child mortality, and lack of job security and risk pooling mechanisms notably contribute to the higher CHCEs. The ISM analysis indicates the strong driving power of income, education, and job security, leading to disparities in rural economic conditions, reflecting the need for holistic development. The MICMAC analysis confirms the hierarchical relationships among the key determinants of CHCEs. The findings necessitate formulating an inclusive strategy to reduce financial distress and improve the healthcare outlook for rural households, leading to sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Healthcare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inequality of Exposure to HRM Systems and Individual Performance: Evidence from a Hybrid Public Workforce

by Chris E. Palomino-Lavado, Luis E. Espinoza-Quispe, Sonia L. Barzola-Inga, Richard V. Diaz-Urbano, Carlos R. Sanchez-Guzman, Waldir A. Sanchez-Mattos, Carlos A. Adauto-Justo and Vicente González-Prida

Societies 2025, 15(12), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120352 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 686

Abstract

This study examines whether an integrated human-talent system—incorporating recruitment/selection, development, appraisal/feedback, recognition, supportive leadership, and role utilization—is associated with job performance in a public technical organization. Using a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design, we surveyed 101 employees and constructed composite Likert indices for talent [...] Read more.

This study examines whether an integrated human-talent system—incorporating recruitment/selection, development, appraisal/feedback, recognition, supportive leadership, and role utilization—is associated with job performance in a public technical organization. Using a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design, we surveyed 101 employees and constructed composite Likert indices for talent management and job performance. Reliability was acceptable (α = 0.850; α = 0.814). Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests indicated non-normal distributions (p < 0.001); thus, non-parametric procedures were used. Spearman’s correlation showed a moderate, positive association between overall talent management and job performance (ρ = 0.523, p < 0.001), with the “incorporate” process (competency-aligned recruitment/selection) displaying the strongest process-level link (ρ = 0.569, p < 0.001). Segment profiles (contract type, tenure, functional area, and gender) suggest unequal exposure to talent-supportive conditions within the workforce, which may help explain distributional differences in perceived performance. We discuss managerial implications for reducing intra-organizational disparities by ensuring fair access to development, feedback, and recognition systems. While the study does not directly measure well-being, the findings align with theoretical accounts that connect equitable access to talent resources with healthier work environments and better performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Inequality and Well-Being in the Changing World of Work: A Cross-Sectoral Perspective)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Beliefs: A Qualitative Study of Jordanian Women’s Perceptions on Allowing Companions in the Labour Room

by Roqia S. Maabreh, Anwar M. Eyadat, Hekmat Y. Al-Akash, Abdallah Ashour, Salam Bani Hani, Dalal B. Yehia, Raya Y. Alhusban, Naser A. Alsharairi, Hanan Abusbaitan and Sabah Alwedyan

Societies 2025, 15(12), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120351 - 12 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 828

Abstract

Improved maternal experiences and outcomes have been widely linked to the presence of birth companions. However, cultural norms, institutional constraints, and privacy concerns frequently restrict women’s choice of birth companions in many Middle Eastern countries, including Jordan. This study investigated Jordanian women’s beliefs [...] Read more.

Improved maternal experiences and outcomes have been widely linked to the presence of birth companions. However, cultural norms, institutional constraints, and privacy concerns frequently restrict women’s choice of birth companions in many Middle Eastern countries, including Jordan. This study investigated Jordanian women’s beliefs and barriers about the presence of companions in the labour room. A qualitative descriptive study design was conducted using Braun and Clarke’s framework for thematic analysis. Thirteen women (ages 21 to 38 years) with prior pregnancy and childbirth experience were chosen from a free health awareness event in Irbid, Northern Jordan in July 2025, to participate in semi-structured interviews. The responses were recorded on audio tapes and subsequently stored in their original format. Data were coded, transcribed, and then thematically analyzed to identify beliefs and perceived barriers. The most significant beliefs were: (i) emotional and psychological support, wherein companionship was thought to alleviate fear and provide reassurance; (ii) strengthening family ties, as women saw shared childbirth experiences as improving family bonds; and (iii) cultural and religious interpretations, wherein female relatives were frequently seen as more acceptable than husbands. Women reported two barriers to allowing companions in the labour room: (i) privacy and modesty issues, where they feared embarrassment, exposure, and judgment, and (ii) institutional and policy restrictions, such as restrictive hospital regulations. Although Jordanian women recognized the emotional and interpersonal benefits of having company during childbirth, they encountered numerous substantial institutional, cultural, and privacy-related barriers. Improving women’s birth experiences and promoting respectful maternity care may be achieved by addressing these issues through culturally sensitive education, privacy-enhancing infrastructure, and regulatory reform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Structures and Health Equity: Analyzing Structural Determinants of Healthcare Access and Outcomes)

27 pages, 2165 KB

Open AccessArticle

Satisfaction and Structure: A Multivariate Analysis of South Asian Migrant Employment Experiences in Italy

by Bakhtawar Nizamani, Gabriele Ruiu and Meetha Ram

Societies 2025, 15(12), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120350 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 929

Abstract

In the last few decades, Italy has emerged as an important destination for South Asian migrants, particularly from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While these groups contribute heavily to essential sectors such as agriculture, logistics, care work, and construction, they are [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, Italy has emerged as an important destination for South Asian migrants, particularly from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. While these groups contribute heavily to essential sectors such as agriculture, logistics, care work, and construction, they are often found in insecure, informal, and low-protection jobs. But at the same time, many migrants indicated moderate to high levels of job satisfaction even under such adverse circumstances. This study examines multidimensional job satisfaction among South Asian migrants in Italy and examines the effects of structural and demographic characteristics (region, nationality, sex, household size, and year of arrival) on the outcomes of satisfaction of job dimensions. A three-phase quantitative approach was applied: descriptive analysis to identify satisfaction distributions across five aspects of work; Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and cluster analysis to identify typologies of satisfaction profiles; and multinomial logistic regression to estimate the likelihood of belonging to low, medium, or high satisfaction categories. The results demonstrate the presence of three different latent clusters of satisfaction; namely, high, moderate, and low, and indicate that regional location and nationality are the best predictors of satisfaction in most areas of the job. Such factors as sex and year of arrival had little impact. Comparing the self-evaluation of migrants with their structural positions, the study provides new empirical data on the problem of the migrant satisfaction paradox and draws more attention to the necessity of policies that can mitigate regional labor market inequalities and improve the general quality of job of migrant workers. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithms in Scientific Work: A Qualitative Study of University Research Processes Between Engagement and Critical Reflection

by Maria Carmela Catone

Societies 2025, 15(12), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120349 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 972

Abstract

This study examines the role of algorithms—particularly artificial intelligence—in scientific research processes and how automation intersects with expert knowledge and the autonomy of the researcher. Drawing on 25 qualitative interviews with Italian university scholars in the social sciences and humanities, the research explores [...] Read more.

This study examines the role of algorithms—particularly artificial intelligence—in scientific research processes and how automation intersects with expert knowledge and the autonomy of the researcher. Drawing on 25 qualitative interviews with Italian university scholars in the social sciences and humanities, the research explores how academics either incorporate or resist AI at various stages in their scientific work, the strategies they employ to manage the relationship between professional expertise and algorithmic systems and the forms of trust, caution or scepticism that characterise these interactions. The findings reveal diverse patterns of use, non-use and critical engagement, ranging from instrumental and efficiency-oriented adoption to dialogical experimentation and from identity-based resistance to systemic reflexivity regarding the institutional implications of AI. The study also highlights the need to thoroughly examine the characteristics of disciplinary scientific cultures, while highlighting the importance of promoting algorithmic awareness to support scientific rigour in the digital age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algorithm Awareness: Opportunities, Challenges and Impacts on Society)

25 pages, 3797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Critical Interventions, Real Conversations: Discursive Design for Culturally Tailored Smoking Cessation

by Nina Wolf, Sébastien Proulx and Joanne G. Patterson

Societies 2025, 15(12), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120348 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 751

Abstract

This exploratory study examines how discursive design—using provocative, speculative artifacts to spark reflection and discussion—might expand public health experts’ problematization of approaches to tailoring and targeting interventions. Cultural tailoring and targeting (CTT) refers to adapting interventions for specific sociocultural populations. Because LGBTQ+ communities [...] Read more.

This exploratory study examines how discursive design—using provocative, speculative artifacts to spark reflection and discussion—might expand public health experts’ problematization of approaches to tailoring and targeting interventions. Cultural tailoring and targeting (CTT) refers to adapting interventions for specific sociocultural populations. Because LGBTQ+ communities experience disproportionately high rates of tobacco use, this study applies discursive intervention concepts within this context to explore how they might help experts critically engage with CTT strategies for reaching LGBTQ+ populations more effectively. To investigate this, two pairs of discursive intervention concepts were designed and presented to three focus groups of public health experts. Each pair juxtaposed a conventional intervention approach with a more provocative, unfamiliar one—for example, deepfake-driven behavior disruption. The goal was to document the type of conversation discursive design could stimulate around CTT considerations and generate insights relevant to the value of design methodologies to foster new ways to problematize public health matters. Findings indicate that the concepts prompted critical conversations about CTT, although the depth and focus of engagement varied. Those with greater expertise in LGBTQ+ issues engaged more with CTT mechanisms and implications, while others focused on implementation and feasibility concerns—essential to intervention development but outside the study’s focus. These patterns highlight who should be included in such efforts and how they should be engaged from a facilitation perspective, raising important considerations for methodological refinements and future research. Overall, this initial exploration aims to uncover the potential of discursive design to deepen understanding of CTT interventions and inform more responsive, innovative approaches to addressing tobacco use among priority populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inside-Out: Critical Design Thinking for Transformative Social Innovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 5048 KB

Open AccessArticle

Living Counter-Maps: A Board Game as Critical Design for Relational Communication in Dementia Care

by Shital Desai, Sheryl Peris, Ria Saraiya and Rachel Remesat

Societies 2025, 15(12), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120347 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 909

Abstract

Dementia disrupts communication not only as a cognitive process but as a relational practice, leaving people living with dementia (PLwD) at risk of exclusion when language fragments. This study examines how communication closeness, the felt sense of being understood, emotionally attuned, and socially [...] Read more.

Dementia disrupts communication not only as a cognitive process but as a relational practice, leaving people living with dementia (PLwD) at risk of exclusion when language fragments. This study examines how communication closeness, the felt sense of being understood, emotionally attuned, and socially connected, might be supported through Research in and through Design (Ri&tD). Drawing on formative mixed-reality studies and a participatory co-design workshop with PLwD, caregivers, and stakeholders, we iteratively developed a series of playful artifacts culminating in Neighbourly, a tactile board game designed to support relational interaction through rule-based, multimodal play. Across this design genealogy, prototypes were treated as Living Counter-Maps: participatory mappings that made patterns of gesture, rhythm, shared attention, and material engagement visible and discussable. Through iterative interpretation and synthesis, the study identifies three guiding principles for designing for communication closeness: supporting co-regulation rather than correction, enabling multimodal reciprocity, and providing a shared material focus for joint agency. The paper consolidates these insights in the Living Counter-Maps Framework, which integrates counter-mapping and Ri&tD as a methodological approach for studying and designing relational communication in dementia care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inside-Out: Critical Design Thinking for Transformative Social Innovation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 278 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Politics of Host Language Teaching and Learning and Belonging: A Case Study with Adult Migrants and Refugees Learning Portuguese in the North of Portugal

by Maria Luís Queirós, Isabel Margarida Duarte and Pedro D. Ferreira

Societies 2025, 15(12), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120346 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Learning the host language is a crucial factor in the settlement of migrants and refugees in a new country. It offers opportunities, but can also generate exclusion, marginalization, and isolation, hindering the possibilities of participation and the creation of social networks. Host language [...] Read more.

Learning the host language is a crucial factor in the settlement of migrants and refugees in a new country. It offers opportunities, but can also generate exclusion, marginalization, and isolation, hindering the possibilities of participation and the creation of social networks. Host language classes, therefore, play a crucial role, fostering critical awareness that enables learners to act within their social and cultural context. This promotes agency, autonomy, and empowerment, transforming differences into productivity and fostering social justice. This article focuses on classes of Portuguese as a host language (HL) in northern Portugal, examining how these contexts shape learners’ relationship with the language beyond depoliticized or subaltern approaches. It discusses the main obstacles and difficulties in these educational settings, as well as mechanisms that could contribute to more democratic and effective practices. Drawing on interviews with teachers (n = 10), trainers (n = 4), volunteers (n = 8), and students (n = 20) involved in the HL learning process, the content analysis highlights how policies and pedagogical practices impact students and how they are interpreted by these actors, revealing their impact on processes of participation, belonging, and citizenship. The results indicate an emergent form of collective autonomy in the relationship among students, the host society, and teachers, which means that teaching practices encompass not only the development of communication skills but also the civic and political awareness of learners. Lastly, while the language teachers identified more practical barriers in these teaching and learning contexts, the students described emotional and sociocultural obstacles. Full article

29 pages, 2924 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of Students in Intermediate Vocational Training on the Usefulness of Different Teaching Resources and Methods Used in Their Learning: A Case Study

by Albert Canut-Montalva, Carlos Rizo-Maestre and Ignasi Navarro-Soria

Societies 2025, 15(12), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120345 - 10 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Vocational training aims to facilitate the acquisition of a series of professional skills by students, specified through a series of Learning Outcomes described in the official curricula. This requires teachers to adopt a wide variety of teaching methods and resources that allow for [...] Read more.

Vocational training aims to facilitate the acquisition of a series of professional skills by students, specified through a series of Learning Outcomes described in the official curricula. This requires teachers to adopt a wide variety of teaching methods and resources that allow for an appropriate match between learning styles and teaching styles, covering the diversity of styles present among students, to facilitate the achievement of all students. The students’ perception of the usefulness of the teaching resources used is an important factor in achieving this balance, and as a guide for better planning the methods and resources to be used in the classroom. This exploratory case study investigates students’ perceptions of the usefulness of different teaching resources and methods used to achieve the learning outcomes set out in the subject of water network installation and commissioning in an intermediate vocational training programme for water networks and treatment plants. The data was collected through a survey and individual interviews. The results of the research show that, despite a predominant preference for resources and methods associated with practical activities, as might be expected in vocational training, a significant heterogeneity in the attribution of usefulness to resources within the group was identified, which could be linked to different learning styles. Moreover, different dimensions emerged regarding the perception of usefulness that could better guide course planning towards a balanced diversification of methods and resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Architectural Education)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 259 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of US Adult Cancer Risk Perceptions and Knowledge on Nutritional Behaviors and Alcohol Intake

by Christine Kamm, Nada Eldawy, Kendell Lewis, Isabella Abraham, Erik Miron, Morgan Decker, Yasmine Zerrouki and Lea Sacca

Societies 2025, 15(12), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120344 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 818

Abstract

Background: This study on US adult cancer risk perceptions aims to explore the relationship between an individual’s perceived risk of developing cancer and the extent to which they engage in preventative behaviors, such as nutrition and physical activity. Methods: Data were obtained from [...] Read more.

Background: This study on US adult cancer risk perceptions aims to explore the relationship between an individual’s perceived risk of developing cancer and the extent to which they engage in preventative behaviors, such as nutrition and physical activity. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2025 Health Information National Trends Survey 7 (HINTS 7). Descriptive statistics were generated to explore participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and cancer risk perceptions. Multinomial regression analysis was used to examine associations between cancer beliefs and consumption of alcohol, fruit, and vegetables. Results: Using multinomial logistic regression, significant associations (p < 0.001) were reported across all cancer beliefs and daily intake of 1–5 drinks per day, as well as ≥6 drinks per day. Significant associations (p < 0.001) were also reported across all cancer beliefs and daily intake of fruits and vegetables, which was further broken down into <½ cup per day to 1 cup, 1 to <2 cups, 2 to <4 cups, and greater than 4 cups. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for greater cancer knowledge dissemination and awareness in communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section The Social Nature of Health and Well-Being)

21 pages, 481 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Thematic Analysis Exploring the Experiences of Ableism for People Living with Cerebral Palsy

by Francesca Georgia McQuillan and Rossella Sorte

Societies 2025, 15(12), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120343 - 9 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Disabled people commonly report experiencing predetermined perceptions and assumptions of disability that form barriers towards understanding and treating disabled people equally. This process is known as ableism; a specific type of ableism called benevolent ableism intends to help and solicit assistance towards disabled [...] Read more.

Disabled people commonly report experiencing predetermined perceptions and assumptions of disability that form barriers towards understanding and treating disabled people equally. This process is known as ableism; a specific type of ableism called benevolent ableism intends to help and solicit assistance towards disabled people, but instead dismisses their capacity to advocate for their own needs, resulting in help that is deemed overly enforced, assumptive, and unwanted. A focus group and one informal interview were conducted to investigate the views and experiences of people living with cerebral palsy (CP), highlighting how benevolent ableism operates in their own lives, with additional forms of ableism also explored. Thematic analysis (TA) was applied to the data, resulting in three broad themes: benevolent ableism, strategies to improve and reduce ableism, and othering. The findings revealed that benevolent ableism was present when help was assumed, overly requested despite rejections of help, and belittling in nature; positive forms of assistance allowed the person with CP to instigate help and was accommodating; other forms of ableism were encountered, such as invasive staring, being treated like a child, charitable praise, being ignored within the medical setting, and lowered perceptions of capabilities. In order to diminish these difficult experiences and encourage practices, behaviours, and ideologies that promote less prejudice, participants mentioned education and improved interaction as being important aspects. Furthermore, this research poses wider implications for family members, teachers, medical professionals, and the general public to learn appropriate approaches toward disabled people and gain a better understanding of disability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disabled People/People with Disabilities (Non-Medical Coverage))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Designing for Life: A Socioeconomic View of Digital Learning Preferences in Cybersecurity, with Emphasis on Older Adults

by Katalin Parti, Sherif Abdelhamid and Tibor Ladancsik

Societies 2025, 15(12), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120342 - 9 Dec 2025

Viewed by 819

Abstract

As digital literacy becomes central to cybercrime prevention, we examine how adults of different ages engage with online learning, moving beyond age alone to consider additional drivers of preference. We analyzed a nationally representative U.S. adult sample (N = 1113; Nov 2024). Ordinal [...] Read more.

As digital literacy becomes central to cybercrime prevention, we examine how adults of different ages engage with online learning, moving beyond age alone to consider additional drivers of preference. We analyzed a nationally representative U.S. adult sample (N = 1113; Nov 2024). Ordinal logistic regressions assessed associations between preferences for cybersecurity education and age, education, income, subjective well-being (SWB), and high-speed internet access. Interaction terms (e.g., age × internet access) were tested but not retained. Preferences declined with age across most tools, with the sharpest drop being for highly interactive or novel formats (VR/AR, gamification). Actor-based, non-interactive videos showed no age advantage. Education displayed selective positive links, especially for interactive features, while income was largely unrelated. SWB was a broadly enabling correlate, often with nonlinear patterns, and reliable high-speed internet was consistently aligned with stronger preferences. Overall, the model fit was moderate. Effective cybersecurity education should not rely on age-based assumptions. Designing offerings that emphasize clear purpose and ease of use, pair reliable broadband with skills supports, and account for learners’ well-being can improve engagement and potential scam resilience across age groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Social Inclusion of Older Adults in Liquid Modernity)

16 pages, 231 KB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Early Childhood Education

by Silvia Cimino, Angelo Giovanni Icro Maremmani and Luca Cerniglia

Societies 2025, 15(12), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120341 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9706

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into early childhood education presents new opportunities and challenges in fostering cognitive, social, and emotional development. This theoretical discussion synthesizes recent research on AI’s role in personalized learning, educational robotics, gamified learning, and social-emotional development. The study [...] Read more.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into early childhood education presents new opportunities and challenges in fostering cognitive, social, and emotional development. This theoretical discussion synthesizes recent research on AI’s role in personalized learning, educational robotics, gamified learning, and social-emotional development. The study explores theoretical frameworks such as Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, Distributed Cognition, and the Five Big Ideas Framework to understand AI’s impact on young learners. AI-powered personalized learning platforms enhance engagement and adaptability, while robotics and gamification foster problem-solving and collaboration. Additionally, AI tools support children with disabilities, promoting inclusivity and accessibility. However, ethical concerns related to privacy, bias, and teacher preparedness pose challenges to effective AI integration. Furthermore, the long-term effects of AI on children’s social skills and emotional intelligence require further investigation. This theoretical discussion emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop AI-driven educational strategies that prioritize developmental appropriateness, equity, and ethical considerations. The findings highlight AI’s potential as a transformative educational tool, provided it is implemented thoughtfully and responsibly. The paper aims to address the following research question: How can artificial intelligence (AI) be meaningfully and ethically integrated into early childhood education to enhance learning, while preserving developmental and relational values? Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Learning, Ethics and Pedagogies)

11 pages, 553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression in Youth: Brazilian Findings

by Iara Teixeira, Guilherme Welter Wendt, Bianca Ribeiro Pinno, Paula Andrea Rauber Suzaki, Emerson Do Bú, Washington Allysson Dantas Silva and Felipe Alckmin-Carvalho

Societies 2025, 15(12), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120340 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 857

Abstract

Cyberbullying victimization (CBV) is widely linked to adolescent depression, but most studies collapse depression into a single score. Far less is known about which specific depressive symptoms track with CBV—and whether those patterns differ by gender—especially in Brazilian youth. We surveyed 268 public-school [...] Read more.

Cyberbullying victimization (CBV) is widely linked to adolescent depression, but most studies collapse depression into a single score. Far less is known about which specific depressive symptoms track with CBV—and whether those patterns differ by gender—especially in Brazilian youth. We surveyed 268 public-school students in southern Brazil (M_age 13.4 years; 50.7% girls) using the Children’s Depression Inventory and the victimization subscale of the Revised Cyberbullying Inventory. Girls reported higher depressive symptoms overall (p < 0.05), although CBV did not differ by gender (p = 0.11). In gender-stratified analyses, CBV among girls was tied to every depression domain (anhedonia, ineffectiveness, interpersonal problems, negative mood, and negative self-esteem) as well as the total score; among boys, CBV was related only to overall depression. When domains were entered together, anhedonia and interpersonal problems uniquely signaled greater odds of any CBV for girls, whereas no single domain stood out for boys (ineffectiveness showed a modest, nonsignificant trend). Taken together, these results suggest that CBV travels with a distinct emotional–interpersonal profile for girls but aligns with general depressive burden for boys. Practically, schools and clinicians should pair universal digital-safety efforts with targeted supports—behavioral activation and peer-skills work for girls, and broad depression screening and stepped care for boys. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 302 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Adapted Exercise and Adapted Sport as Rights of Health Citizenship in Italy: A Legal–Policy Rationale and Framework for Inclusion in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA) and the Role of the Chinesiologo

by Gianpiero Greco and Francesco Fischetti

Societies 2025, 15(12), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120339 - 3 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

Background: Adapted exercise and adapted sport are proven, low-cost interventions for chronic disease prevention, management, and social inclusion. However, in Italy, neither is explicitly included in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA; nationally guaranteed essential healthcare services), creating unequal access, fragmented governance, and [...] Read more.

Background: Adapted exercise and adapted sport are proven, low-cost interventions for chronic disease prevention, management, and social inclusion. However, in Italy, neither is explicitly included in the Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza (LEA; nationally guaranteed essential healthcare services), creating unequal access, fragmented governance, and unstable funding. Provision remains largely dependent on regional schemes such as Palestre della Salute and Attività Fisica Adattata (AFA). Methods: We conducted a narrative review integrating evidence from international guidelines, systematic reviews, and key Italian legislative reforms (Legislative Decrees n. 36/2021, 163/2022, 120/2023). We also examined policy frameworks from Germany, Sweden, and Norway to identify transferable components that could support the development of a nationally guaranteed, rights-based system for adapted exercise and adapted sport. Results: Consistent evidence shows that adapted exercise improves functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcomes while reducing hospitalizations and healthcare expenditures. Adapted sport further enhances psychosocial well-being, inclusion, and participation among people with disabilities. Based on this evidence, we outline a legal-policy framework for LEA integration that places the chinesiologo at the center of multidisciplinary health teams, defines national standards for assessment, individualized programming, and monitoring, and introduces accreditation mechanisms for facilities and professionals. A blended financing approach is proposed, combining National Health Service (SSN) coverage with income-adjusted co-payments and targeted public–private partnerships. Conclusions: Explicit LEA inclusion of adapted exercise and adapted sport would translate scientific evidence into enforceable rights of health citizenship and ensure uniform national provision, in line with constitutional principles affirmed by the Italian Court. Such reform would strengthen prevention and chronic-disease management and institutionalize the role of the chinesiologo within the SSN through nationally standardized yet regionally adaptable delivery models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

17 pages, 290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Stereotypes: Qualitative Research on Roma Community Values in North-East Romania

by Margareta Herțanu, Simona Butnaru, Ancuța Elena Păduraru and Camelia Soponaru

Societies 2025, 15(12), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120338 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1298

Abstract

Background: Stereotypes and prejudices about the Roma community are common due to the fact that little information has been documented in a scientific way, as this population is difficult to access and study. Aim: Through this study, we aimed to investigate and disseminate [...] Read more.

Background: Stereotypes and prejudices about the Roma community are common due to the fact that little information has been documented in a scientific way, as this population is difficult to access and study. Aim: Through this study, we aimed to investigate and disseminate the values by which members of a Roma community in Northeastern Romania live their lives, to be the first to provide written documentation of the values of this ethnic group, and to make this information available to anyone interested. Method: 28 participants of Roma ethnicity, aged between 19–52 years old, took part in the study. The study design is qualitative, and data were collected through three focus groups, based on a semi-structured interview. Results: The values of the Roma community that emerged as representative were family, care and sacrifice for others, respect, unity, responsibility, fidelity and faith in God. Any change in their lifestyles is seen as a betrayal, a departure from family and culture, which makes the integration of new values and customs difficult. Conclusions: These data are an important source of up-to-date information from which state institutions can benefit and adapt their actions in relation to Roma ethnic groups. Full article

19 pages, 318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Not Ready for AI? Exploring Teachers’ Negative Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence

by Laurențiu Gabriel Țîru, Vasile Gherheș, Ionela Stoicov and Miroslav Stanici

Societies 2025, 15(12), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120337 - 3 Dec 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3498

Abstract

This study examines teachers’ negative attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) in education, focusing on the role of digital literacy, demographic characteristics, and direct AI experience. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 1110 Romanian pre-university teachers through a self-administered online questionnaire. [...] Read more.

This study examines teachers’ negative attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) in education, focusing on the role of digital literacy, demographic characteristics, and direct AI experience. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from 1110 Romanian pre-university teachers through a self-administered online questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a two-dimensional structure of negative attitudes—Perceived AI Threat and Distrust in the Fairness and Ethics of AI—with good internal reliability (α = 0.93 and α = 0.62, respectively). Results indicated significant gender differences, with women reporting higher levels of perceived threat, while distrust in AI fairness showed no significant variation across gender, age, or teaching degree. Teachers in urban areas expressed greater skepticism toward AI ethics than those in rural settings. Higher levels of digital literacy were negatively correlated with both dimensions of negative attitudes, suggesting that digital competence mitigates technological anxiety. Moreover, frequent personal and professional use of AI predicted lower perceived threat levels, emphasizing the moderating role of experiential familiarity. These findings advance understanding of the psychosocial and cognitive factors shaping educators’ perceptions of AI and highlight the importance of AI literacy programs that integrate technical, ethical, and reflective components to foster informed and confident engagement with intelligent technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

18 pages, 511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experiential Civic Learning: When the Established Order Falters

by Jill J. McMillan, Christy M. Buchanan, Monica Soni and Madeline Alexanian

Societies 2025, 15(12), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120336 - 30 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1122

Abstract

Introduction: John Dewey, a prominent educational philosopher, emphasized the importance of connecting education and democracy, and advocated for the cultivation of civic values through experiential learning. Dewey’s pedagogical model most often unfolds with educators designing students’ experiences, which Dewey believed instills and advances [...] Read more.

Introduction: John Dewey, a prominent educational philosopher, emphasized the importance of connecting education and democracy, and advocated for the cultivation of civic values through experiential learning. Dewey’s pedagogical model most often unfolds with educators designing students’ experiences, which Dewey believed instills and advances the moral foundation of a democracy. Dewey faced many detractors over his lifetime who maintained that his emphasis on experience and moral development lacked the substance of traditional educational philosophy and was marginally connected to civic education. In recent years and in an increasingly contentious social/political environment, Dewey’s perspective has been rediscovered and rehabilitated by research that has identified both political and moral identities to be central constructs in the construction of a civic identity. This paper explores how civic education is affected when socio-political crises disrupt the established educational order, leaving students to navigate these turbulent circumstances on their own. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach to examine the impact of the socio-political crises of 2020—COVID-19 and racial unrest—on civic learning in higher education. A total of 1217 college students were surveyed during the spring of 2020 to assess how their academic experiences influenced their engagement with these twin crises. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered to provide insight into students’ experiences. Results: The findings suggest that students’ learning experiences during these crises had a significant impact on how they engaged with the socio-political challenges of 2020. Students who engaged in more self-reflective experiential learning during the pandemics reported a renewed understanding of their roles as citizens and increased commitment to a more equitable and just communal existence. Students reported that being forced to actively engage with the crises—rather than passively receiving information—helped them to develop a sense of civic responsibility. Discussion: The results of this study highlight the potential for civic education to be enriched during times of crisis, particularly when students are encouraged to actively engage with their experiences. Dewey’s model of experiential learning proves relevant when socio-political upheaval forces students into a direct, personal, unmediated experience with the issues at hand. The result seems to be deeper, previously unappreciated understanding of their roles in a democratic society. The study suggests that higher education can serve as a vital space for fostering civic engagement, even in the face of unexpected challenges. Furthermore, the disruption of traditional educational processes during crises can create opportunities for students to develop critical thinking skills and a more profound commitment to civic participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citizenship Education in Times of Social Turbulence: Education for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health Symptoms and Alcohol Counseling Among Young Adults: Implications for Equitable Preventive Care

by Derek S. Falk, Christian A. Adeleke, Matheus Macena and André Faro

Societies 2025, 15(12), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120335 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 978

Abstract

Young adulthood is a critical period for preventing alcohol-related harm, as heavy drinking and mental health challenges often peak, yet preventive counseling remains underused. This study examined associations between depressive and anxious symptoms and receipt of alcohol-related advice from healthcare providers among U.S. [...] Read more.

Young adulthood is a critical period for preventing alcohol-related harm, as heavy drinking and mental health challenges often peak, yet preventive counseling remains underused. This study examined associations between depressive and anxious symptoms and receipt of alcohol-related advice from healthcare providers among U.S. young adults aged 18–29, with attention to differences across sexual identity groups. Data were drawn from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey, with a final analytic sample of participants aged 18–29 (N = 2256). Weighted logistic regressions estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Overall, 49.0% of participants reported receiving alcohol advice. Odds were higher among lesbian/gay participants (aOR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.03–3.18) and those with severe anxiety symptoms (aOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.11–3.94). Interaction effects indicated disparities by sexual identity, with plurisexual males showing the lowest predicted probability of receiving advice when meeting the clinical threshold for anxiety (20.9% vs. 62.4% for monosexual individuals). The findings underscore the need to strengthen alcohol-related counseling and integrate mental health screening in preventive care for diverse young adult populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section The Social Nature of Health and Well-Being)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessArticle

“It’s Not Just a Boys Club”—Exploring the Role of Female Offenders in Organised Criminal Groups Within Australia

by Adrian Leiva

Societies 2025, 15(12), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120334 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1432

Abstract

Within the structure of organised criminal groups (OCGs), women were traditionally relegated to peripheral and support roles (e.g., mothers and partners), with men primarily engaged in serious forms of criminality. However, more recent research has highlighted the varied roles women occupy within OCGs, [...] Read more.

Within the structure of organised criminal groups (OCGs), women were traditionally relegated to peripheral and support roles (e.g., mothers and partners), with men primarily engaged in serious forms of criminality. However, more recent research has highlighted the varied roles women occupy within OCGs, including as traffickers, recruiters, and strategic advisors. Within this growing field of research, the present study sought to explore the role of female offenders in OCGs within Australia through a gynocentric and intersectional lens. Drawing on a content analysis of 84 court judgement transcripts involving convicted female offenders between 2010 and 2024, this study centres women’s experiences within OCGs. The findings reveal that women occupy a spectrum of roles across a range of offences such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and fraud. Many offenders had histories of trauma, mental illness, and economic precarity, reflecting structural inequalities that shape pathways into criminality. The findings provide a preliminary understanding of female involvement within OCGs in Australia, including relational, survival-based, professional, entrepreneurial, and subordinate offenders. This study affirms the need for a gender-sensitive criminological framework that accounts for agency, coercion, and structural constraint. By focusing on the experience of women, the study contributes to a growing body of literature seeking to highlight the complexity and centrality of women’s roles within OCGs, while providing the groundwork for future studies. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Perceived Discrimination and Its Consequences for Latino Health

by Giovani Burgos and Alex Trillo

Societies 2025, 15(12), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120333 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Research demonstrates that discrimination is detrimental to health. However, most discrimination research does not examine Latino ethnic differences and often relies on unidimensional alpha scales. Such an analytic strategy obscures ethnic differences, can mask the multidimensional nature of discrimination, inflate reliability estimates, produce [...] Read more.

Research demonstrates that discrimination is detrimental to health. However, most discrimination research does not examine Latino ethnic differences and often relies on unidimensional alpha scales. Such an analytic strategy obscures ethnic differences, can mask the multidimensional nature of discrimination, inflate reliability estimates, produce attenuated or spurious relationships, and bias parameters. To address these issues, we use data from the National Latino and Asian American Study to (1) examine group differences on the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS), (2) conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of the EDS to assess its fit and dimensionality for each Latino ethnic group, and (3) evaluate how alternative scaling approaches affect the relationship between discrimination, depression, and chronic health conditions. Results reveal significant group differences in perceived discrimination and show that a second-order factor with two dimensions—subtle and overt discrimination—fits well across all Latino groups. The relationship between discrimination and health is stronger when discrimination is modeled as a second-order factor. These findings indicate that (1) alternative scaling approaches may be more appropriate than alpha scales, (2) more precise measurement of discrimination can better capture its impact on health, and (3) disaggregating panethnic categories such as “Latino” that is essential for understanding ethnic stratification and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Migration and the Adaptation Process)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Vocation: Understanding Sociocultural and Opinion-Based Determinants of STEMM Career Choice in Peruvian Women

by Salomé Ochoa, Carlos Lazo, Giselle Araujo-Ramos, Linda Nuñez, Raúl Montalvo, León Rivera, Hilda Jara, Dahpne Viena-Oliveira, Katia Ninozca Flores-Ledesma and Richard Peñaloza

Societies 2025, 15(12), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120332 - 28 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1148

Abstract

This study examines the underrepresentation of women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine) within Peruvian public universities and identifies factors associated with women’s program choice. A cross-sectional survey was administered to first-term students across three public institutions spanning Peru’s Highlands, Coast, [...] Read more.

This study examines the underrepresentation of women in STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine) within Peruvian public universities and identifies factors associated with women’s program choice. A cross-sectional survey was administered to first-term students across three public institutions spanning Peru’s Highlands, Coast, and Amazon regions. Data from 1142 students (145 women) were used for descriptive analysis of segregation, while an inferential sample (N = 152; 76 STEMM, 76 non-STEMM) was used for modeling. The instrument was an adapted “University Students’ Questionnaire on STEM Studies in Higher Education (QSTEMHE)” (Cronbach’s α = 0.89). Descriptive statistics and a penalized (Firth) binary logistic regression were used to evaluate sociodemographic, contextual/experiential, and motivational predictors of enrolling in a STEMM major. The cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and perception data are subject to self-report biases. Women accounted for 12.7% of STEMM enrolment overall, with pronounced horizontal segregation: engineering programs frequently recorded critically low female participation (≈3–5% in Civil, Mechanical, and Computer Engineering), whereas Medicine and Sanitary Engineering showed comparatively higher representation (27–38%). Perception data indicated that STEMM students more strongly rejected gender–ability stereotypes than non-STEMM peers, although a substantial proportion still reported constraining gender expectations and rigid household roles. In the penalized regression, Prior Interest in STEM (OR = 7.76; p = 0.018) and Motivation: Opportunities (OR = 2.24; p = 0.0001) significantly increased the probability of choosing STEMM. Crucially, Ethnicity emerged as a significant barrier: identifying as ‘Quechua’ (OR = 0.19; p = 0.0004) or ‘Other(s)’ (OR = 0.16; p = 0.011) significantly decreased this likelihood. Age, area of residence, and Motivation: Altruism was not significant. Findings support early, gender-responsive career guidance, mentoring, addressing intersectional ethnic barriers, and targeted financial aid to strengthen women’s participation and retention in STEMM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Inclusion and Well-Being, How Contemporary Societies Have Transformed)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 392 KB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Occupational Needs in Refugees and Applicants for International Protection: Scoping Review

by María Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez, Fabiana Correia and Patricia García-Pérez

Societies 2025, 15(12), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120331 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1628

Abstract

The rising rates of immigration have resulted in challenges to both physical and mental health, primarily stemming from the circumstances of social isolation experienced by individuals compelled to leave their homes. This study aims to identify the occupational needs and experiences of refugees [...] Read more.

The rising rates of immigration have resulted in challenges to both physical and mental health, primarily stemming from the circumstances of social isolation experienced by individuals compelled to leave their homes. This study aims to identify the occupational needs and experiences of refugees and applicants for international protection in different studies. The search strategy was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, ScieLO, and Dialnet databases. The studies were selected without temporal restriction up to December 2024 and included populations aged 18 years and older. A total of 654 articles were identified, of which 26 met the inclusion criteria for analysis in this review. Of these, 18 were qualitative studies, while the remaining ones were meta-ethnography, scoping, narrative, or literature reviews, case studies, or quantitative studies. Occupational therapy adopts a holistic approach that seeks to address both occupational needs and rights. The included studies underscore the significance of occupational therapy interventions for refugee populations, highlighting and clarifying the occupational deprivations and unmet needs experienced by this group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Migration and the Adaptation Process)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping of the Diversity and Cultural Competencies in Healthcare and Healthcare Education Through Participatory Action Research (PAR)

by Costas S Constantinou, Panayiota Andreou, Eirini Kampriani and Alexia Papageorgiou

Societies 2025, 15(12), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15120330 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 766

Abstract

This participatory action research (PAR) study explored the diversity and cultural competencies essential for working effectively and appropriately with diverse patients in healthcare and healthcare education. Ninety-four (94) medical students participated in two PAR cycles, engaging in brainstorming, group exercises, collaborative work, discussions, [...] Read more.

This participatory action research (PAR) study explored the diversity and cultural competencies essential for working effectively and appropriately with diverse patients in healthcare and healthcare education. Ninety-four (94) medical students participated in two PAR cycles, engaging in brainstorming, group exercises, collaborative work, discussions, reflections, and role-plays. Together, they addressed the central question regarding the diversity and cultural competencies that are necessary for working effectively with diverse patients in healthcare. Participants identified eight core competencies, namely open-mindedness, empathy and cultural empathy, deep listening, explore further, knowledge, self-reflection, work in partnership, and praise the patient. They also ranked these competencies and explained their significance in healthcare settings. Based on participants’ explanations, a thematic network was developed, illustrating how these competencies interrelate. The analysis highlighted that these competencies must function together to foster a deeper understanding of patients, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes. This interrelationship is represented in the Wheel Model proposed in the study, showing that empathy and cultural empathy sit at the center of the wheel, supported and reinforced by the other competencies all of which interact to enable the wheel to roll smoothly. Interestingly, the driving force seems to be the competency “open mindedness” as it puts most of the rest competencies in motion. The study also revealed that participants came to appreciate the importance of these competencies gradually, particularly after engaging in specific diversity-related activities and completing the two PAR cycles. This finding highlights that prior experience or knowledge alone might be insufficient for working effectively with diversity, underscoring the need for lifelong training, continuous learning, and the accumulation of relevant experience. In the absence of other PAR on diversity and cultural competencies in healthcare and healthcare education, the findings of this study both align with and diverge from those of Delphi studies, offering new directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Societies, Volume 15, Issue 12 (December 2025) – 39 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI