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Toxins, Volume 13, Issue 2

February 2021 - 100 articles

Cover Story: Chemical warfare plays an important role in the adaptation of marine invertebrates to their environment. However, it is often unclear how toxins fit into the evolutionary history of many taxa. Through transcriptomics, the Polychaeta Eulalia sp., a jawless intertidal predator, was found to secrete a cocktail of proteinaceous toxins and enzymes that block neuromuscular activity, promote tissue permeabilization, and hinder coagulation. Delivery is accomplished by specialized tentacles at the tip of the proboscis, using mucus as a vehicle. The main neurotoxins, named “phyllotoxins”, were found to be similar to cysteine-rich venom proteins, a class of substances ubiquitous among venomous animals. Some toxins were closely related with Polychaeta, Mollusca or Cnidaria toxin and non-toxin homologs. Phylogenetics highlight that the recruitment of gene products into venom systems is complex. View this paper
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Articles (100)

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,086 Views
15 Pages
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Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxin-Producing Fusaria in Market-Bought Peruvian Cereals: A Food Safety Threat for Andean Populations

  • Christine Ducos,
  • Laetitia Pinson-Gadais,
  • Sylvain Chereau,
  • Florence Richard-Forget,
  • Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín,
  • Juan Pablo Cerapio,
  • Sandro Casavilca-Zambrano,
  • Eloy Ruiz,
  • Pascal Pineau and
  • Stéphane Bertani
  • + 1 author
Toxins2021, 13(2), 172;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020172

23 February 2021

Consumption of cereals contaminated by mycotoxins poses health risks. For instance, Fumonisins B, mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusariumproliferatum, and the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol, typically produced by Fusarium gramin...

Full Article
  • Review
  • Open Access
118 Citations
9,680 Views
22 Pages
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Mycotoxin Occurrence, Toxicity, and Detoxifying Agents in Pig Production with an Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol

  • Debora Muratori Holanda and
  • Sung Woo Kim
Toxins2021, 13(2), 171;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020171

23 February 2021

This review aimed to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins, their toxic effects, and the detoxifying agents discussed in scientific publications that are related to pig production. Mycotoxins that are of major interest are aflatoxins and Fusarium...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,458 Views
22 Pages
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Feed-Based Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems of South Africa: The Case of Limpopo and Free State

  • Rumbidzai Changwa,
  • Marthe De Boevre,
  • Sarah De Saeger and
  • Patrick Berka Njobeh
Toxins2021, 13(2), 166;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020166

22 February 2021

Mycotoxin contamination of feed does not only cut across food and feed value chains but compromises animal productivity and health, affecting farmers, traders and consumers alike. To aid in the development of a sustainable strategy for mycotoxin cont...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,643 Views
18 Pages
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Transcriptome Analysis of Caco-2 Cells upon the Exposure of Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol and Its Acetylated Derivatives

  • Yuyun He,
  • Xiaoyao Yin,
  • Jingjing Dong,
  • Qing Yang,
  • Yongning Wu and
  • Zhiyong Gong
Toxins2021, 13(2), 167;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020167

22 February 2021

Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) are type B trichothecenes; one of the major pollutants in food and feed products. Although the toxicity of DON has been well documented, information on the to...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,980 Views
15 Pages
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Shellfish Toxin Uptake and Depuration in Multiple Atlantic Canadian Molluscan Species: Application to Selection of Sentinel Species in Monitoring Programs

  • Wade A. Rourke,
  • Andrew Justason,
  • Jennifer L. Martin and
  • Cory J. Murphy
Toxins2021, 13(2), 168;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020168

22 February 2021

Shellfish toxin monitoring programs often use mussels as the sentinel species to represent risk in other bivalve shellfish species. Studies have examined accumulation and depuration rates in various species, but little information is available to com...

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  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,499 Views
16 Pages
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Use of AbobotulinumtoxinA for Cosmetic Treatments in the Neck, and Middle and Lower Areas of the Face: A Systematic Review

  • Hassan Galadari,
  • Ibrahim Galadari,
  • Riekie Smit,
  • Inna Prygova and
  • Alessio Redaelli
Toxins2021, 13(2), 169;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020169

22 February 2021

AbobotulinumtoxinA (aboBoNT-A) has been used for various cosmetic purposes, including minimization of moderate to severe lines, or other cosmetic indications, in the face and neck. We carried out a systematic review to identify all relevant evidence...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,316 Views
18 Pages
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Impaired Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Naturally Contaminated with Moderate Levels of Deoxynivalenol

  • Regiane R. Santos and
  • Ellen van Eerden
Toxins2021, 13(2), 170;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020170

22 February 2021

Mycotoxin exposure is common in the poultry industry. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is usually detected at levels below the maximum threshold (5000 ppb), but depending on diet and age, broiler performance can be affected. We evaluated the effects of 900 ppb a...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,307 Views
16 Pages
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Preparation and Neutralization Efficacy of Novel Jellyfish Antivenoms against Cyanea nozakii Toxins

  • Rongfeng Li,
  • Huahua Yu,
  • Aoyu Li,
  • Chunlin Yu and
  • Pengcheng Li
Toxins2021, 13(2), 165;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020165

21 February 2021

Jellyfish stings are a common issue globally, particularly in coastal areas in the summer. Victims can suffer pain, itching, swelling, shock, and even death. Usually, hot water, vinegar, or alumen is used to treat the normal symptoms of a jellyfish s...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,706 Views
19 Pages
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Novel Three-Finger Neurotoxins from Naja melanoleuca Cobra Venom Interact with GABAA and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

  • Lina Son,
  • Elena Kryukova,
  • Rustam Ziganshin,
  • Tatyana Andreeva,
  • Denis Kudryavtsev,
  • Igor Kasheverov,
  • Victor Tsetlin and
  • Yuri Utkin
Toxins2021, 13(2), 164;https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020164

20 February 2021

Cobra venoms contain three-finger toxins (TFT) including α-neurotoxins efficiently binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). As shown recently, several TFTs block GABAA receptors (GABAARs) with different efficacy, an important role of the T...

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