Nutrients

13 pages, 3747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EGCG Suppresses ERK5 Activation to Reverse Tobacco Smoke-Triggered Gastric Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BALB/c Mice

by Ling Lu¹, Jia Chen¹, Hua Tang¹, Ling Bai¹, Chun Lu¹, Kehuan Wang¹, Manli Li¹, Yinmei Yan¹, Ling Tang¹, Rui Wu¹, Yang Ye², Longtao Jin^1,* and Zhaofeng Liang^2,3,*

¹ Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China

² Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

³ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070380 - 20 Jul 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6476

Abstract

Tobacco smoke is an important risk factor of gastric cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. ERK5 regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be sensitive to cell types and/or the cellular microenvironment and its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process [...] Read more.

Tobacco smoke is an important risk factor of gastric cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. ERK5 regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be sensitive to cell types and/or the cellular microenvironment and its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process remain elusive. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a promising chemopreventive agent for several types of cancers. In the present study we investigated the regulatory role of ERK5 in tobacco smoke-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the stomach of mice and the preventive effect of EGCG. Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks reduced expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, and CK5, while the expression of mesenchymal markers Snail-1, Vimentin, and N-cadherin were increased. Importantly, we demonstrated that ERK5 modulated tobacco smoke-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice stomach, as evidenced by the findings that tobacco smoke elevated ERK5 activation, and that tobacco smoke-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition was reversed by ERK5 inhibition. Treatment of EGCG (100 mg/kg BW) effectively attenuated tobacco smoke-triggered activation of ERK5 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition alterations in mice stomach. Collectively, these data suggested that ERK5 was required for tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition and that EGCG suppressed ERK5 activation to reverse tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition in BALB/c mice. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tobacco smoke-associated gastric tumorigenesis and the chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-associated gastric cancer. Full article

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11 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile and Cognitive Function in Old Chinese Adults

by Linhong Yuan^†

, Jie Zhen^†, Weiwei Ma, Can Cai, Xiaochen Huang and Rong Xiao^*

¹ School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070385 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5250

Abstract

Objective: To explore the relationship between the erythrocyte fatty acid profile and cognition in elderly Chinese adults. Methods: 60 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 60 age- and gender-matched control adults (aged 55 years and above) were involved in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive [...] Read more.

Objective: To explore the relationship between the erythrocyte fatty acid profile and cognition in elderly Chinese adults. Methods: 60 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects and 60 age- and gender-matched control adults (aged 55 years and above) were involved in this cross-sectional study. Cognitive function was measured by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Information regarding the demographic characteristics and lifestyle of the participants was collected with a questionnaire. A semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method was used for dietary assessment. The erythrocytes fatty acid profile was measured. Results: The MCI subjects had a lower education level than the control subjects (p < 0.05). Compared with control subjects, MCI subjects had higher daily poultry intake and lower fish intake (p < 0.05). Erythrocyte fatty acid profile of the MCI subjects was characterized as lower erythrocyte proportions of 20:4 n-6, 20:5 n-3, and total n-3 fatty acids compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). An association of erythrocyte proportions of 18:0, 22:0, total SFA, 18:2 n-6, 24:4 n-6 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-6 PUFAs with cognition in elderly Chinese adults was detected. Conclusion: The erythrocyte fatty acid profile was related to cognitionin the elderly. Lower erythrocyte unsaturated fatty acid and higher saturated fatty acid proportions might predict cognitive function decline in elderly Chinese adults. Full article

11 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Exploring the Relationship between Body Composition and Eating Behavior Using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in Young New Zealand Women

by Rozanne Kruger^1,*, Jacqui G. De Bray¹, Kathryn L. Beck¹, Cathryn A. Conlon¹ and Welma Stonehouse^1,2

¹ School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, MIFST, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand

² CSIRO, Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5001, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070386 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8001

Abstract

Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, yet is preventable. This study aimed to investigate associations between body mass index, body fat percentage and obesity-related eating behaviors. Women (n = 116; 18–44 years) were measured for height, weight and body [...] Read more.

Obesity is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, yet is preventable. This study aimed to investigate associations between body mass index, body fat percentage and obesity-related eating behaviors. Women (n = 116; 18–44 years) were measured for height, weight and body fat using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). Women completed the validated Three Factor Eating Questionnaire to assess their eating behaviors using Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger eating factor categories and sub-categories. The eating behavior data were analyzed for associations with body mass index and body fat percentage, and comparisons across body mass index and body fat percentage categories (< vs. ≥25 kg/m²; < vs. ≥30%, respectively). Women had a mean (standard deviation) body mass index of 23.4 (3.5) kg/m², and body fat percentage of 30.5 (7.6)%. Disinhibition was positively associated with both body mass index (p < 0.001) and body fat percentage (p < 0.001). Emotional Disinhibition was positively associated with body fat percentage (p < 0.028). Women with low Restraint and high Disinhibition had significantly higher body mass index and body fat percentage than women with high Restraint and low Disinhibition. Disinhibition seems likely to be an important contributor to obesity. Tailored intervention strategies focused on counteracting Disinhibition should be a key target area for managing weight/fat gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Populations)

15 pages, 853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Anemia among School-Aged Children in Mexico, the United States and Colombia

by Sana Syed¹, O. Yaw Addo², Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora³, Fayrouz A. Sakr Ashour⁴, Thomas R. Ziegler⁵ and Parminder S. Suchdev^1,2,*

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

² Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

³ Division of Nutrition and Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico

⁴ Department of Nutrition & Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

⁵ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070387 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9452

Abstract

Anemia affects approximately 25% of school-aged children (SAC—aged 5.00–14.99 years) globally. We determined in three countries the prevalence and determinants of anemia in SAC. Data on sociodemographics, inflammation and nutrition status were obtained from the 2006 Mexican National Nutrition Survey, the 2003-6 US [...] Read more.

Anemia affects approximately 25% of school-aged children (SAC—aged 5.00–14.99 years) globally. We determined in three countries the prevalence and determinants of anemia in SAC. Data on sociodemographics, inflammation and nutrition status were obtained from the 2006 Mexican National Nutrition Survey, the 2003-6 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and the 2010 Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Situación Colombia. In the US, vitamin A and iron deficiency (ID) were available only for girls aged 12.00–14.99 years to which our analysis was limited. Associations were evaluated by country using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for confounders and complex survey design. The prevalence of anemia and ID were: Mexico 12% (ID 18%), n = 3660; US 4% (ID 10%), n = 733; and Colombia 4% (ID 9%), n = 8573. The percentage of anemia associated with ID was 22.4% in Mexico, 38.9% in the US and 16.7% in Colombia. In Mexico, anemia was associated with ID (adjusted OR: 1.5, p = 0.02) and overweight (aOR 0.4, p = 0.007). In the US, anemia was associated with black race/ethnicity (aOR: 14.1, p < 0.0001) and ID (aOR: 8.0, p < 0.0001). In Colombia, anemia was associated with black race/ethnicity (aOR: 1.6, p = 0.005), lowest socio-economic status quintile (aOR: 1.8, p = 0.0005), ID (aOR: 2.7, p < 0.0001), and being stunted (aOR: 1.6, p = 0.02). While anemia was uniformly associated with iron deficiency in Mexico, Columbia, and the United States, other measured factors showed inconsistent associations with anemia. Additional data on anemia determinants in SAC are needed to guide interventions. Full article

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10 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Aloe Vera Supplementation on Prediabetes and Early Non-Treated Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Yiyi Zhang^1,†

, Wen Liu^2,†, Dan Liu¹, Tieyun Zhao¹ and Haoming Tian^1,*

¹ Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China

² Phase I Clinical Research Unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070388 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 16263

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate evidence for the efficacy of aloe vera on managing prediabetes and early non-treated diabetes mellitus. We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until 28 January 2016. A [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate evidence for the efficacy of aloe vera on managing prediabetes and early non-treated diabetes mellitus. We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until 28 January 2016. A total of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 415 participants were included. Compared with the controls, aloe vera supplementation significantly reduced the concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = 0.02; weighed mean difference [WMD]: −30.05 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −54.87 to −5.23 mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p < 0.00001; WMD: −0.41%; 95% CI: −0.55% to −0.27%), triglyceride (p = 0.0001), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.00001), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.00001). Aloe vera was superior to placebo in increasing serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.04). Only one adverse event was reported. The evidence from RCTs showed that aloe vera might effectively reduce the levels of FBG, HbA1c, triglyceride, TC and LDL-C, and increase the levels of HDL-C on prediabetes and early non-treated diabetic patients. Limited evidence exists about the safety of aloe vera. Given the small number and poor quality of RCTs included in the meta-analysis, these results are inconclusive. A large-scale, well-designed RCT is needed to further address this issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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13 pages, 417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Beverage Consumption among Adolescents

by Maria Del Mar Bibiloni^1,2, Asli Emine Özen³, Antoni Pons^1,2

, Marcela González-Gross^2,4

and Josep A. Tur^1,2,*

¹ Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain

² CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain

³ Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Reha Midilli Foça Faculty of Tourism, Dokuz Eylül University, Foça-Izmir 35680, Turkey

⁴ ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty Physical Activity & Sport Sciences-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070389 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6854

Abstract

This study assessed the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption among adolescents with a population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain (n = 1988; 12–17 years old). Body composition, educational and income level, physical activity (PA), [...] Read more.

This study assessed the relationship between physical activity and beverage consumption among adolescents with a population based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain (n = 1988; 12–17 years old). Body composition, educational and income level, physical activity (PA), and beverage consumption and energy intake were assessed. Sixty-two percent of adolescents engaged in >300 min/week of PA. Boys were more active than girls, younger adolescents were more active than older counterparts, low parental income was associated with physical inactivity, and time spent watching TV (including, TV, Internet or handheld cellular devices) was inversely associated with PA practice. The average beverage intake of the studied adolescents was 0.9 L/day, higher in boys than in girls. Beverage intake was positively associated with PA practice, and the highest amount of energy intake from beverages was observed in active boys and girls. Most of the studied adolescent population met the PA recommendations. Gender, age, parental income, and time spent watching TV were significant determinants of PA. Type and amount of beverages drunk varied according to gender and PA, and general daily total beverage intake was lower than recommended adequate fluid intake. PA behavior should be considered when analyzing beverage consumption in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beverage Consumption Habits around the World: Association with Total Water and Energy Intakes)

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10 pages, 1047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substrate Utilization and Cycling Performance Following Palatinose™ Ingestion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

by Daniel König^1,*

, Denise Zdzieblik¹, Anja Holz², Stephan Theis² and Albert Gollhofer¹

¹ Section for Nutrition and Sports, Department of Sports and Sports Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstrasse 175, Freiburg 79117, Germany

² BENEO-Institute, Wormserstrasse 11, Obrigheim 67283, Germany

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070390 - 23 Jun 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 12834

Abstract

(1) Objective: To compare the effects of isomaltulose (Palatinose™, PSE) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) ingestion on substrate utilization during endurance exercise and subsequent time trial performance; (2) Methods: 20 male athletes performed two experimental trials with ingestion of either 75 g PSE or MDX [...] Read more.

(1) Objective: To compare the effects of isomaltulose (Palatinose™, PSE) vs. maltodextrin (MDX) ingestion on substrate utilization during endurance exercise and subsequent time trial performance; (2) Methods: 20 male athletes performed two experimental trials with ingestion of either 75 g PSE or MDX 45 min before the start of exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 90 min cycling (60% VO₂max) followed by a time trial; (3) Results: Time trial finishing time (−2.7%, 90% CI: ±3.0%, 89% likely beneficial; p = 0.147) and power output during the final 5 min (+4.6%, 90% CI: ±4.0%, 93% likely beneficial; p = 0.053) were improved with PSE compared with MDX. The blood glucose profile differed between trials (p = 0.013) with PSE resulting in lower glycemia during rest (95%–99% likelihood) and higher blood glucose concentrations during exercise (63%–86% likelihood). In comparison to MDX, fat oxidation was higher (88%–99% likelihood; p = 0.005) and carbohydrate oxidation was lower following PSE intake (85%–96% likelihood; p = 0.002). (4) Conclusion: PSE maintained a more stable blood glucose profile and higher fat oxidation during exercise which resulted in improved cycling performance compared with MDX. These results could be explained by the slower availability and the low-glycemic properties of Palatinose™ allowing a greater reliance on fat oxidation and sparing of glycogen during the initial endurance exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance)

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16 pages, 1921 KiB

Open AccessReview

Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis

by Yinhua Ni

, Fen Zhuge, Mayumi Nagashimada and Tsuguhito Ota^*

Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070391 - 24 Jun 2016

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 13000

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. It is characterized by a wide spectrum of hepatic changes, which may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome; however, mechanisms underlying [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. It is characterized by a wide spectrum of hepatic changes, which may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome; however, mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of NAFLD are still unclear. Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver and in the progression of NAFLD to NASH. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized activation of macrophages. New NAFLD therapies will likely involve modification of macrophage polarization by restraining M1 activation or driving M2 activation. Carotenoids are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory micronutrients that have been used to prevent and treat NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative action, carotenoids can regulate macrophage polarization and thereby halt the progression of NASH. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and the function of liver macrophages/Kupffer cells in NAFLD. From our review, we propose that dietary carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, be used to prevent or treat NAFLD through the regulation of macrophage polarization and liver homeostasis. Full article

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16 pages, 1150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Slow-Absorbing Modified Starch before and during Prolonged Cycling Increases Fat Oxidation and Gastrointestinal Distress without Changing Performance

by Daniel A. Baur¹, Fernanda De C. S. Vargas¹, Christopher W. Bach¹, Jordan A. Garvey¹ and Michael J. Ormsbee^1,2,*

¹ Institute of Sport Sciences and Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

² Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070392 - 25 Jun 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7789

Abstract

While prior research reported altered fuel utilization stemming from pre-exercise modified starch ingestion, the practical value of this starch for endurance athletes who consume carbohydrates both before and during exercise is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine [...] Read more.

While prior research reported altered fuel utilization stemming from pre-exercise modified starch ingestion, the practical value of this starch for endurance athletes who consume carbohydrates both before and during exercise is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ingesting a hydrothermally-modified starch supplement (HMS) before and during cycling on performance, metabolism, and gastrointestinal comfort. In a crossover design, 10 male cyclists underwent three nutritional interventions: (1) a commercially available sucrose/glucose supplement (G) 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 15 min during exercise (60 g∙h⁻¹); (2) HMS consumed at the same time points before and during exercise in isocaloric amounts to G (Iso HMS); and (3) HMS 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 60 min during exercise (30 g·h⁻¹; Low HMS). The exercise protocol (~3 h) consisted of 1 h at 50% W_max, 8 × 2-min intervals at 80% W_max, and 10 maximal sprints. There were no differences in sprint performance with Iso HMS vs. G, while both G and Iso HMS likely resulted in small performance enhancements (5.0%; 90% confidence interval = ±5.3% and 4.4%; ±3.2%, respectively) relative to Low HMS. Iso HMS and Low HMS enhanced fat oxidation (31.6%; ±20.1%; very likely (Iso); 20.9%; ±16.1%; likely (Low), and reduced carbohydrate oxidation (−19.2%; ±7.6%; most likely; −22.1%; ±12.9%; very likely) during exercise relative to G. However, nausea was increased during repeated sprints with ingestion of Iso HMS (17 scale units; ±18; likely) and Low HMS (18; ±14; likely) vs. G. Covariate analysis revealed that gastrointestinal distress was associated with reductions in performance with Low HMS vs. G (likely), but this relationship was unclear with Iso HMS vs. G. In conclusion, pre- and during-exercise ingestion of HMS increases fat oxidation relative to G. However, changes do not translate to performance improvements, possibly owing to HMS-associated increases in gastrointestinal distress, which is not attenuated by reducing the intake rate of HMS during exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance)

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11 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvements in Cycling but Not Handcycling 10 km Time Trial Performance in Habitual Caffeine Users

by Terri Graham-Paulson¹, Claudio Perret² and Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey^1,*

¹ School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough LE113TU, UK

² Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Institute of Sport Medicine, Guido A. Zäch-Strasse, Nottwil 6207, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070393 - 25 Jun 2016

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7135

Abstract

Caffeine supplementation during whole-/lower-body exercise is well-researched, yet evidence of its effect during upper-body exercise is equivocal. The current study explored the effects of caffeine on cycling/handcycling 10 km time trial (TT) performance in habitual caffeine users. Eleven recreationally trained males (mean (SD) [...] Read more.

Caffeine supplementation during whole-/lower-body exercise is well-researched, yet evidence of its effect during upper-body exercise is equivocal. The current study explored the effects of caffeine on cycling/handcycling 10 km time trial (TT) performance in habitual caffeine users. Eleven recreationally trained males (mean (SD) age 24 (4) years, body mass 85.1 (14.6) kg, cycling/handcycling peak oxygen uptake (

\overset{\cdot}{V}

_peak) 42.9 (7.3)/27.6 (5.1) mL∙kg∙min⁻¹, 160 (168) mg/day caffeine consumption) completed two maximal incremental tests and two familiarization sessions. During four subsequent visits, participants cycled/handcycled for 30 min at 65% mode-specific

\overset{\cdot}{V}

_peak (preload) followed by a 10 km TT following the ingestion of 4 mg∙kg⁻¹ caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA). Caffeine significantly improved cycling (2.0 (2.0)%; 16:35 vs. 16:56 min; p = 0.033) but not handcycling (1.8 (3.0)%; 24:10 vs. 24:36 min; p = 0.153) TT performance compared to PLA. The improvement during cycling can be attributed to the increased power output during the first and last 2 km during CAF. Higher blood lactate concentration (Bla) was reported during CAF compared to PLA (p < 0.007) and was evident 5 min post-TT during cycling (11.2 ± 2.6 and 8.8 ± 3.2 mmol/L; p = 0.001) and handcycling (10.6 ± 2.5 and 9.2 ± 2.9 mmol/L; p = 0.006). Lower overall ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were seen following CAF during the preload (p < 0.05) but not post-TT. Lower peripheral RPE were reported at 20 min during cycling and at 30 min during handcycling, and lower central RPE was seen at 30 min during cycling (p < 0.05). Caffeine improved cycling but not handcycling TT performance. The lack of improvement during handcycling may be due to the smaller active muscle mass, elevated (Bla) and/or participants’ training status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance)

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27 pages, 1029 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dairy Intake Enhances Body Weight and Composition Changes during Energy Restriction in 18–50-Year-Old Adults—A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Welma Stonehouse^1,*, Thomas Wycherley², Natalie Luscombe-Marsh¹, Pennie Taylor¹

, Grant Brinkworth¹ and Malcolm Riley¹

¹ Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia

² School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070394 - 1 Jul 2016

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 159207

Abstract

Background/Aims: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to investigate the effects of dairy food or supplements during energy restriction on body weight and composition in 18–50-year-old. Methods: RCTs ≥ 4 weeks comparing the effect of dairy consumption (whole food or [...] Read more.

Background/Aims: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to investigate the effects of dairy food or supplements during energy restriction on body weight and composition in 18–50-year-old. Methods: RCTs ≥ 4 weeks comparing the effect of dairy consumption (whole food or supplements) with control diets lower in dairy during energy restriction on body weight, fat and lean mass were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Pubmed, Cochrane Central and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) until March 2016. Reports were identified and critically appraised in duplicate. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Chi²- and I²-statistics indicated heterogeneity. Dose effect was assessed using meta-regression analysis. GRADE guidelines were used to rate the quality (QR) of the evidence considering risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, publication bias and effect estimates. Results: 27 RCTs were reviewed. Participants consumed between 2 and 4 standard servings/day of dairy food or 20–84 g/day of whey protein compared to low dairy control diets, over a median of 16 weeks. A greater reduction in body weight (−1.16 kg [−1.66, −0.66 kg], p < 0.001, I² = 11%, QR = high, n = 644) and body fat mass (−1.49 kg [−2.06, −0.92 kg], p < 0.001, I² = 21%, n = 521, QR = high) were found in studies largely including women (90% women). These effects were absent in studies that imposed resistance training (QR = low-moderate). Dairy intake resulted in smaller loss of lean mass (all trials pooled: 0.36 kg [0.01, 0.71 kg], p = 0.04, I² = 64%, n = 651, QR = moderate). No between study dose-response effects were seen. Conclusions: Increased dairy intake as part of energy restricted diets resulted in greater loss in bodyweight and fat mass while attenuating lean mass loss in 18–50-year-old adults. Further research in males is needed to investigate sex effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products and Human Health)

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11 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption with Water on Energy Intake, HBI Score, and Obesity Prevalence

by Kiyah J. Duffey^1,2,* and Jennifer Poti³

¹ Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, 338 Wallace Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

² Kiyah Duffey Consulting, Inc., 1807 Asher Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA

³ Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box #8120, 137 East Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070395 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 16890

Abstract

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) contribute to excessive weight gain through added energy intake. Replacing SSB with water is one strategy that has shown promise in helping lower excessive energy intake. Using nationally representative data from US adults (n = 19,718) from NHANES 2007–2012 [...] Read more.

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) contribute to excessive weight gain through added energy intake. Replacing SSB with water is one strategy that has shown promise in helping lower excessive energy intake. Using nationally representative data from US adults (n = 19,718) from NHANES 2007–2012 we examine the impact of replacing SSB with water on Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) scores and obesity prevalence. Replacing an 8-ounce serving of SSB with water lowered the percent of energy from beverages from 17% to 11% (among those consuming 1 serving SSB/day). Reductions in the percent energy from beverages were observed across all SSB consumption groups (1–2 servings/day and >2 servings/day). Among adults there was a 9% to 21% improvement in HBI score when one serving of water replaced one serving of SSB. Using previously published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses of measured weight loss we also predicted a reduction in the prevalence of obesity (observed: 35.2%; predicted 33.5%–34.9%, p < 0.05) and increase in the prevalence of normal weight (observed: 29.7%; high weight loss: 31.3%, p < 0.05). Our findings provide further epidemiologic evidence that water in the place of SSB can be used as a strategy to limit energy intake and help individuals meet beverage intake recommendations. Full article

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25 pages, 1824 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action

by Fuchsia Gold-Smith¹, Alyssa Fernandez² and Karen Bishop^1,*

¹ Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

² Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070396 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 132 | Viewed by 22971

Abstract

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. This review focuses on the effect of mangiferin on: [...] Read more.

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. This review focuses on the effect of mangiferin on: (1) inflammation, with respect to NFκB, PPARү and the immune system; (2) cell cycle, the MAPK pathway G₂/M checkpoint; (3) proliferation and metastasis, and implications on β-catenin, MMPs, EMT, angiogenesis and tumour volume; (4) apoptosis, with a focus on Bax/Bcl ratios, intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways and telomerase activity; (5) oxidative stress, through Nrf2/ARE signalling, ROS elimination and catalase activity; and (6) efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, such as oxaliplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin. In addition, the need to enhance the bioavailability and delivery of mangiferin are briefly addressed, as well as the potential for toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenols for Cancer Treatment or Prevention)

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20 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation on Hepatic Steatosis and Anthropometric Parameters, But Not on Gut Permeability in a Population with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

by Silvia M. Ferolla^1,*, Cláudia A. Couto¹, Luciana Costa-Silva², Geyza N. A. Armiliato¹, Cristiano A. S. Pereira¹, Flaviano S. Martins³, Maria De Lourdes A. Ferrari¹, Eduardo G. Vilela¹, Henrique O. G. Torres¹, Aloísio S. Cunha¹ and Teresa C. A. Ferrari^1,*

¹ Departamento de ClínicaMédica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil

² Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil

³ Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Brazil

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070397 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 114 | Viewed by 10591

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in Western countries; it can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The importance of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis has become evident and treatments targeting gut microbiota may improve inflammatory and metabolic [...] Read more.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in Western countries; it can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The importance of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis has become evident and treatments targeting gut microbiota may improve inflammatory and metabolic parameters in NASH patients. In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, involving 50 biopsy-proven NASH patients, we investigated the effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters, hepatic steatosis, intestinal permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels. Patients were separated into two groups receiving Lactobacillus reuteri with guar gum and inulin for three months and healthy balanced nutritional counseling versus nutritional counseling alone. Before and after the intervention we assessed steatosis by magnetic resonance imaging, intestinal permeability by lactulose/mannitol urinary excretion and SIBO by glucose breath testing. NASH patients presented high gut permeability, but low prevalence of SIBO. After the intervention, only the synbiotic group presented a reduction in steatosis, lost weight, diminished BMI and waist circumference measurement. Synbiotic did not improve intestinal permeability or LPS levels. We concluded that synbiotic supplementation associated with nutritional counseling seems superior to nutritional counseling alone for NASH treatment as it attenuates steatosis and may help to achieve weight loss. Full article

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12 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thyroid Function among Breastfed Children with Chronically Excessive Iodine Intakes

by Inger Aakre^1,2,*, Tor A. Strand^2,3

, Trine Bjøro^4,5, Ingrid Norheim⁶, Ingrid Barikmo¹, Susana Ares⁷, Marta Duque Alcorta⁷ and Sigrun Henjum¹

¹ Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, 0130 Oslo, Norway

² Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5018 Bergen, Norway

³ Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway

⁴ Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway

⁵ Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway

⁶ Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway

⁷ Neonatology Unit, University Hospital La Paz, University of Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070398 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7635

Abstract

Iodine excess may impair thyroid function and trigger adverse health consequences for children. This study aims to describe iodine status among breastfed infants with high iodine exposure in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, and further assess thyroid function and iodine status among the [...] Read more.

Iodine excess may impair thyroid function and trigger adverse health consequences for children. This study aims to describe iodine status among breastfed infants with high iodine exposure in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, and further assess thyroid function and iodine status among the children three years later. In 2010, a cross-sectional study among 111 breastfed children aged 0–6 months was performed (baseline study). In 2013, a second cross-sectional study (follow-up study) was conducted among 289 children; 213 newly selected and 76 children retrieved from baseline. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) were measured at baseline. UIC, thyroid hormones and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured at follow-up. At baseline and follow-up, 88% and 72% had excessive iodine intakes (UIC ≥ 300 µg/L), respectively. At follow-up, 24% had a thyroid hormone disturbance and/or elevated serum Tg, including 9% with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), 4% with elevated fT3 and 14% with elevated Tg. Children with SCH had poorer linear growth and were more likely to be underweight than the children without SCH. Excessive iodine intakes and thyroid disturbances were common among children below four years of age in our study. Further, SCH seemed to be associated with poor growth and weight. Full article

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10 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Augment Mixed Protein Synthesis, But Not Collagen Protein Synthesis, in Rat Skeletal Muscle after Downhill Running

by Hiroyuki Kato^*, Hiromi Suzuki, Yoshiko Inoue, Katsuya Suzuki and Hisamine Kobayashi

Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070399 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7162

Abstract

Mixed and collagen protein synthesis is elevated for as many as 3 days following exercise. Immediately after exercise, enhanced amino acid availability increases synthesis of mixed muscle protein, but not muscle collagen protein. However, the potential for synergic effects of amino acid ingestion [...] Read more.

Mixed and collagen protein synthesis is elevated for as many as 3 days following exercise. Immediately after exercise, enhanced amino acid availability increases synthesis of mixed muscle protein, but not muscle collagen protein. However, the potential for synergic effects of amino acid ingestion with exercise on both mixed and collagen protein synthesis remains unclear. We investigated muscle collagen protein synthesis in rats following post-exercise ingestion of leucine-enriched essential amino acids. We determined fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) at different time points following exercise. Mixed protein and collagen protein FSRs in skeletal muscle were determined by measuring protein-bound enrichments of hydroxyproline and proline, and by measuring the intracellular enrichment of proline, using injections of flooding d₃-proline doses. A leucine-enriched mixture of essential amino acids (or distilled water as a control) was administrated 30 min or 1 day post-exercise. The collagen protein synthesis in the vastus lateralis was elevated for 2 days after exercise. Although amino acid administration did not increase muscle collagen protein synthesis, it did lead to augmented mixed muscle protein synthesis 1 day following exercise. Thus, contrary to the regulation of mixed muscle protein synthesis, muscle collagen protein synthesis is not affected by amino acid availability after damage-inducing exercise. Full article

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12 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults

by Laura Toxqui and M. Pilar Vaquero^*

Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070400 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8881

Abstract

Water intake is essential for health maintenance and disease prevention. The effects of an intervention with two mineral waters, sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) or control mineral water low in mineral content (CW), on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were studied. In a randomised-controlled crossover-trial, sixty-four [...] Read more.

Water intake is essential for health maintenance and disease prevention. The effects of an intervention with two mineral waters, sodium-bicarbonated mineral water (BW) or control mineral water low in mineral content (CW), on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were studied. In a randomised-controlled crossover-trial, sixty-four moderately hypercholesterolaemic adults were randomly assigned to consume 1 L/day of either BW (sodium, 1 g/L; bicarbonate, 2 g/L) or CW with the main meals for eight weeks, separated by an eight-week washout period. Blood lipids, lipid oxidation, glucose, insulin, aldosterone, urine pH, urinary electrolytes, blood pressure, body weight, fluid intake, energy, and nutrients from total diet and beverages were determined. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and glucose decreased (p < 0.01), oxidised LDL tended to decrease (p = 0.073), and apolipoprotein B increased during the intervention, without water type effect. Energy and carbohydrates from beverages decreased since soft drinks and fruit juice consumptions decreased throughout the trial. BW increased urinary pH (p = 0.006) and reduced calcium/creatinine excretion (p = 0.011). Urinary potassium/creatinine decreased with both waters. Consumption of 1 L/day of mineral water with the main meals reduces cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, likely to be attributed to a replacement of soft drinks by water. In addition, BW does not affect blood pressure and exerts a moderate alkalizing effect in the body. Full article

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13 pages, 4065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation of Reduced Gluten Barley Diet with Oral Prolyl Endopeptidase Effectively Abrogates Enteropathy-Associated Changes in Gluten-Sensitive Macaques

by Karol Sestak^1,2,*

, Hazel Thwin¹, Jason Dufour³, David X. Liu⁴, Xavier Alvarez⁴, David Laine⁵

, Adam Clarke⁵, Anthony Doyle⁵, Pyone P. Aye^3,4, James Blanchard³ and Charles P. Moehs^6,*

¹ Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA

² PreCliniTria, LLC., Mandeville, LA 70471, USA

³ Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA

⁴ Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA

⁵ TEVA Biologics, Discovery & Development, Sydney, Macquarie Park 2113, NSW, Australia

⁶ Arcadia Biosciences Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070401 - 28 Jun 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7065

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately three million people in the United States. Furthermore, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) affects an estimated additional 6% of the population, e.g., 20 million in the U.S. The only effective treatment of CD and [...] Read more.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately three million people in the United States. Furthermore, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) affects an estimated additional 6% of the population, e.g., 20 million in the U.S. The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires complete removal of gluten sources from the diet. While required adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is extremely difficult to accomplish, efforts to develop additional supportive treatments are needed. To facilitate these efforts, we developed a gluten-sensitive (GS) rhesus macaque model to study the effects of novel therapies. Recently reported results from phase one of this project suggest that partial improvement—but not remission—of gluten-induced disease can be accomplished by 100-fold reduction of dietary gluten, i.e., 200 ppm—by replacement of conventional dietary sources of gluten with a mutant, reduced gluten (RG) barley (lys3a)-derived source. The main focus of this (phase two) study was to determine if the inflammatory effects of the residual gluten in lys3a mutant barley grain could be further reduced by oral supplementation with a prolylendopeptidase (PE). Results reveal that PE supplementation of RG barley diet induces more complete immunological, histopathological and clinical remission than RG barley diet alone. The combined effects of RG barley diet and PE supplementation resulted in a further decrease of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ and TNF secretion by peripheral lymphocytes, as well as decreased plasma anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase (TG2) antibodies, diminished active caspase production in small intestinal mucosa, and eliminated clinical diarrhea—all comparable with a gluten-free diet induced remission. In summary, the beneficial results of a combined RG barley and PE administration in GS macaques may warrant the investigation of similar synergistic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Ptolemaus to Copernicus: The Evolving System of Gluten-Related Disorders)

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13 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets on Psychosocial Outcomes in Obesity/Overweight: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies

by Marwan El Ghoch^*, Simona Calugi

and Riccardo Dalle Grave

Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Via Montebaldo, 89, Garda I-37016, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070402 - 29 Jun 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 11765

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the relative psychosocial effects of carbohydrate reduction in comparison to other weight-loss diets in subjects receiving treatment for obesity/overweight. We, therefore, set out to conduct a systematic review of the psychosocial outcomes of such patients, treated by means [...] Read more.

Background: Little is known about the relative psychosocial effects of carbohydrate reduction in comparison to other weight-loss diets in subjects receiving treatment for obesity/overweight. We, therefore, set out to conduct a systematic review of the psychosocial outcomes of such patients, treated by means of either a low-carbohydrate diet or an isocaloric diet of other macronutrient composition. Methods: Literature searches, study selection, method development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by two authors, and data were synthesized using a narrative approach, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Eight randomized controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, and their subsequent analysis revealed that improvements in psychological and social outcomes do occur during short- and long-term weight loss programmes, but that low-carbohydrate diets have no greater effect on psychosocial outcomes when compared to diets of different macronutrient composition at either short- or long-term follow-up (one-year). However, the lack of studies with longer duration follow-up, and the absence of data in the adolescent population limit the generalizability of our findings. Conclusion: The short- and long-term improvements in psychosocial outcomes seen in patients undergoing weight-loss treatment appear to be independent of the macronutrient composition of their diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss: Is There a Benefit?)

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2 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReply

Reply to O. Osibogun’s Letter to the Editor Re: Hess S. et al.; Nutrients 2016, 8, 88

by Sascha Hess^* and Klaus Eichler

Winterthur Institute of Health Economics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur 8401, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070403 - 29 Jun 2016

Viewed by 3876

Abstract

In a recent literature review and meta-analysis, we summarized the evidence of reducing anemia in children and adults with fortiﬁed condiments and noodles [1].[...] Full article

11 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Protecting Skeletal Muscle with Protein and Amino Acid during Periods of Disuse

by Elfego Galvan¹, Emily Arentson-Lantz^1,2, Séverine Lamon³

and Douglas Paddon-Jones^1,2,*

¹ Center for Rehabilitation and Physical Activity and Nutrition (CeRPAN), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA

² Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA

³ Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070404 - 1 Jul 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 11038

Abstract

Habitual sedentary behavior increases risk of chronic disease, hospitalization and poor quality of life. Short-term bed rest or disuse accelerates the loss of muscle mass, function, and glucose tolerance. Optimizing nutritional practices and protein intake may reduce the consequences of disuse by preserving [...] Read more.

Habitual sedentary behavior increases risk of chronic disease, hospitalization and poor quality of life. Short-term bed rest or disuse accelerates the loss of muscle mass, function, and glucose tolerance. Optimizing nutritional practices and protein intake may reduce the consequences of disuse by preserving metabolic homeostasis and muscle mass and function. Most modes of physical inactivity have the potential to negatively impact the health of older adults more than their younger counterparts. Mechanistically, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein synthesis are negatively affected by disuse. This contributes to reduced muscle quality and is accompanied by impaired glucose regulation. Simply encouraging increased protein and/or energy consumption is a well-intentioned, but often impractical strategy to protect muscle health. Emerging evidence suggests that leucine supplemented meals may partially and temporarily protect skeletal muscle during disuse by preserving anabolism and mitigating reductions in mass, function and metabolic homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein, Exercise and Muscle Health in an Ageing Population)

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13 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism

by Mee-Sup Yoon

Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070405 - 1 Jul 2016

Cited by 337 | Viewed by 23533

Abstract

Insulin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Despite the importance of insulin sensitivity to metabolic health, the mechanisms that induce insulin resistance remain unclear. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) belong to the essential amino acids, which are both direct and indirect nutrient signals. [...] Read more.

Insulin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Despite the importance of insulin sensitivity to metabolic health, the mechanisms that induce insulin resistance remain unclear. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) belong to the essential amino acids, which are both direct and indirect nutrient signals. Even though BCAAs have been reported to improve metabolic health, an increased BCAA plasma level is associated with a high risk of metabolic disorder and future insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by BCAAs has been suggested to cause insulin resistance. In addition, defective BCAA oxidative metabolism might occur in obesity, leading to a further accumulation of BCAAs and toxic intermediates. This review provides the current understanding of the mechanism of BCAA-induced mTORC1 activation, as well as the effect of mTOR activation on metabolic health in terms of insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the effects of impaired BCAA metabolism will be discussed in detail. Full article

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11 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of Food Components on in vitro Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Secretion—A Potential Mechanism for Dietary Influence on Migraine

by Margaret Slavin^1,*, Julia Bourguignon¹, Kyle Jackson¹ and Michael-Angelo Orciga²

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 1F8, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

² School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 3E1, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070406 - 1 Jul 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10336

Abstract

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a pivotal messenger in the inflammatory process in migraine. Limited evidence indicates that diet impacts circulating levels of CGRP, suggesting that certain elements in the diet may influence migraine outcomes. Interruption of calcium signaling, a mechanism which can [...] Read more.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a pivotal messenger in the inflammatory process in migraine. Limited evidence indicates that diet impacts circulating levels of CGRP, suggesting that certain elements in the diet may influence migraine outcomes. Interruption of calcium signaling, a mechanism which can trigger CGRP release, has been suggested as one potential route by which exogenous food substances may impact CGRP secretion. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foods and a dietary supplement on two migraine-related mechanisms in vitro: CGRP secretion from neuroendocrine CA77 cells, and calcium uptake by differentiated PC12 cells. Ginger and grape pomace extracts were selected for their anecdotal connections to reducing or promoting migraine. S-petasin was selected as a suspected active constituent of butterbur extract, the migraine prophylactic dietary supplement. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in stimulated CGRP secretion from CA77 cells following treatment with ginger (0.2 mg dry ginger equivalent/mL) and two doses of grape pomace (0.25 and 1.0 mg dry pomace equivalent/mL) extracts. Relative to vehicle control, CGRP secretion decreased by 22%, 43%, and 87%, respectively. S-petasin at 1.0 μM also decreased CGRP secretion by 24%. Meanwhile, S-petasin and ginger extract showed inhibition of calcium influx, whereas grape pomace had no effect on calcium. These results suggest that grape pomace and ginger extracts, and S-petasin may have anti-inflammatory propensity by preventing CGRP release in migraine, although potentially by different mechanisms, which future studies may elucidate further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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9 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Men

by Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez¹

, Carlos Cristi-Montero^1,*, Katherine González-Ruíz², Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista³

and Robinson Ramírez-Vélez^3,*

¹ IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile

² Physiotherapy program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Manuela Beltrán University, Bogotá 110231, Colombia

³ Center of Studies in Physical Activity Measurements (CEMA Group), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Bogotá, Bogotá 111221, Colombia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070407 - 2 Jul 2016

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6946

Abstract

Muscle strength can define the general muscular fitness (MF) measurable through hand-grip strength (HG), which is a factor that relates to the health of people of different ages. In this study we evaluated the muscle strength together with a bioimpedance electric analysis in [...] Read more.

Muscle strength can define the general muscular fitness (MF) measurable through hand-grip strength (HG), which is a factor that relates to the health of people of different ages. In this study we evaluated the muscle strength together with a bioimpedance electric analysis in 223 healthy Colombian adult subjects. The bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was conducted to determine the resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PhA). We classified the subjects into three groups (for tertiles), obtaining lower values of R and Xc in subjects with lower HG, plus a high correlation between PhA and HG. An increase in the level of PhA is associated with a high level of MF in a sample of healthy Latin American adult men. The BIVA’s parameters and PhA are a potentially effective preventive measure to be integrated into routine screening in the clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Populations)

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10 pages, 224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Excessive Consumption of Green Tea as a Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease among Korean Adults

by Kyungdo Han¹

, Eunkyung Hwang²

and Jun-Beom Park^3,*

¹ Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea

² Bangmok College of General Education, Myongji University, Seoul 03674, Korea

³ Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070408 - 2 Jul 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8694

Abstract

This study was performed to assess the relationship between the amount of green tea that is consumed and periodontitis. It is based on data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2008 and 2010. A community periodontal index [...] Read more.

This study was performed to assess the relationship between the amount of green tea that is consumed and periodontitis. It is based on data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2008 and 2010. A community periodontal index equal to code 3 was defined as moderate periodontitis, and code 4 was defined as severe periodontitis (n = 16,726). Consumption of green tea less than one cup per day was associated with a decreased prevalence of periodontal disease among Korean adults. The association between the consumption of green tea and periodontal disease was independent of various potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, metabolic syndrome, frequency of tooth brushing per day, use of secondary oral products, the number of dental examination per year, diabetes, hypertension, and white blood cell count. Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of no consumption was 1.360 (1.156, 1.601) when participants with consumption of two times per week ≤ x < 7 times per week was considered as a reference. However, consumption of one or more cups per day increased the prevalence of moderate and severe periodontitis. In conclusion, excessive consumption of green tea may be considered as a risk factor for periodontal disease among Korean adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Oral Health)

15 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Post-Resistance Exercise Amino Acids on Plasma MCP-1 and CCR2 Expression

by Adam J. Wells¹, Jay R. Hoffman^1,*, Adam R. Jajtner¹, Alyssa N. Varanoske¹, David D. Church¹, Adam M. Gonzalez², Jeremy R. Townsend³, Carleigh H. Boone¹, Kayla M. Baker¹, Kyle S. Beyer¹, Gerald T. Mangine⁴, Leonardo P. Oliveira¹, David H. Fukuda¹

and Jeffrey R. Stout¹

¹ Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Educational and Human Sciences, University of Central Florida, 12494 University Blvd, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

² Department of Health Professions, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA

³ Department of Kinesiology, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA

⁴ Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070409 - 2 Jul 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6346

Abstract

The recruitment and infiltration of classical monocytes into damaged muscle is critical for optimal tissue remodeling. This study examined the effects of an amino acid supplement on classical monocyte recruitment following an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 [...] Read more.

The recruitment and infiltration of classical monocytes into damaged muscle is critical for optimal tissue remodeling. This study examined the effects of an amino acid supplement on classical monocyte recruitment following an acute bout of lower body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) ingested supplement (SUPP) or placebo (PL) immediately post-exercise in a randomized, cross-over design. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30-min (30P), 1-h (1H), 2-h (2H), and 5-h (5H) post-exercise to assess plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), myoglobin, cortisol and insulin concentrations; and expressions of C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), and macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b) on classical monocytes. Magnitude-based inferences were used to provide inferences on the true effects of SUPP compared to PL. Changes in myoglobin, cortisol, and insulin concentrations were similar between treatments. Compared to PL, plasma MCP-1 was “very likely greater” (98.1% likelihood effect) in SUPP at 2H. CCR2 expression was “likely greater” at IP (84.9% likelihood effect), “likely greater” at 1H (87.7% likelihood effect), “very likely greater” at 2H (97.0% likelihood effect), and “likely greater” at 5H (90.1% likelihood effect) in SUPP, compared to PL. Ingestion of SUPP did not influence CD11b expression. Ingestion of an amino acid supplement immediately post-exercise appears to help maintain plasma MCP-1 concentrations and augment CCR2 expression in resistance trained men. Full article

16 pages, 4326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between the Balance of Hypertrophic/Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue Expansion and the Metabolic Profile in a High Glucocorticoids Model

by María Guillermina Zubiría^1,2, Ana Alzamendi¹, Griselda Moreno³, Andrea Portales^1,2, Daniel Castrogiovanni¹, Eduardo Spinedi⁴ and Andrés Giovambattista^1,2,*

¹ Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cellular Biology (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calles 526 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina

² Biology Department, School of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina

³ Institute of Immunological and Physiopathological Research (IIFP, CONICET-UNLP), School of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina

⁴ Center of Experimental and Applied Endocrinology (CENEXA, UNLP-CONICET, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes), La Plata Medical School, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070410 - 2 Jul 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8322

Abstract

Adipose tissue (AT) expansion is the result of two processes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy; and both, directly or indirectly, depend on the adipogenic potential of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a potent stimulatory effect on terminal adipogenesis; while their effects on early [...] Read more.

Adipose tissue (AT) expansion is the result of two processes: hyperplasia and hypertrophy; and both, directly or indirectly, depend on the adipogenic potential of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a potent stimulatory effect on terminal adipogenesis; while their effects on early stages of adipogenesis are largely unknown. In the present work, we study, in a model of high GC levels, the adipogenic potential of APCs from retroperitoneal AT (RPAT) and its relationship with RPAT mass expansion. We employed a model of hyper-adiposity (30- and 60-day-old rats) due to high endogenous GC levels induced by neonatal treatment with l-monosodium glutamate (MSG). We found that the RPAT APCs from 30-day-old MSG rats showed an increased adipogenic capacity, depending on the APCs’ competency, but not in their number. Analyses of RPAT adipocyte diameter revealed an increase in cell size, regardless of the rat age, indicating the prevalence of a hypertrophic process. Moreover, functional RPAT alterations worsened in 60-day-old rats, suggesting that the hyperplastic AT expansion found in 30-day-old animals might have a protective role. We conclude that GCs chronic excess affects APCs’ adipogenic capacity, modifying their competency. This change would modulate the hyperplastic/hypertrophic balance determining healthy or unhealthy RPAT expansion and, therefore, its functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolically Healthy Obesity)

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19 pages, 2032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Low-Grade Inflammation by Anthocyanins after Microbial Fermentation in Vitro

by Sabine Kuntz^1,*, Clemens Kunz², Eugen Domann³, Nora Würdemann³, Franziska Unger⁴, Andreas Römpp^4,5 and Silvia Rudloff¹

¹ Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University, Feulgenstrasse 12, Giessen D-35392, Germany

² Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, Giessen D-35392, Germany

³ Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre for Infection Research, DZIF Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen D-35392, Germany

⁴ Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Giessen D-35392, Germany

⁵ Chair of Bioanalytical Sciences and Food Analysis, University of Bayreuth, Frankengut D-95703, Germany

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070411 - 2 Jul 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6284

Abstract

The anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins (ACNs) on vascular functions are discussed controversially because of their low bioavailability. This study was performed to determine whether microorganism (MO)-fermented ACNs influence vascular inflammation in vitro. Therefore, MO growth media were supplemented with an ACN-rich grape/berry extract [...] Read more.

The anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins (ACNs) on vascular functions are discussed controversially because of their low bioavailability. This study was performed to determine whether microorganism (MO)-fermented ACNs influence vascular inflammation in vitro. Therefore, MO growth media were supplemented with an ACN-rich grape/berry extract and growth responses of Escherichia coli, E. faecalis and H. alvei, as well as ACN fermentation were observed. MO supernatants were used for measuring the anti-inflammatory effect of MO-fermented ACNs in an epithelial-endothelial co-culture transwell system. After basolateral enrichment (240 min), endothelial cells were stimulated immediately or after 20 h with TNF-α. Afterwards, leukocyte adhesion, expression of adhesion molecules and cytokine release were measured. Results indicate that E. coli, E. faecalis and H. alvei utilized ACNs differentially concomitant with different anti-inflammatory effects. Whereas E. coli utilized ACNs completely, no anti-inflammatory effects of fermented ACNs were observed on activated endothelial cells. In contrast, ACN metabolites generated by E. faecalis and H. alvei significantly attenuated low-grade stimulated leukocyte adhesion, the expression of adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and cytokine secretion (IL-8 and IL-6), as well as NF-κB mRNA expression with a more pronounced effect of E. faecalis than H. alvei. Thus, MO-fermented ACNs have the potential to reduce inflammation. Full article

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8 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovations in Calculating Precise Nutrient Intake of Hospitalized Patients

by Sheila Cox Sullivan^1,*, Melinda M. Bopp¹, Dennis L. Weaver² and Dennis H. Sullivan^1,3

¹ VISN 16/CAVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC); 2200 Fort Roots Drive, 3J/GRECC; North Little Rock, AR 72114, USA

² INFO Development Systems, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA

³ Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070412 - 4 Jul 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8455

Abstract

Obtaining a detailed assessment of a hospitalized patient’s nutrient intake is often critically important to ensuring the patient’s successful recovery. However, this process is often laborious and prone to error. Inaccurate nutrient intake assessments result in the inability of the healthcare team to [...] Read more.

Obtaining a detailed assessment of a hospitalized patient’s nutrient intake is often critically important to ensuring the patient’s successful recovery. However, this process is often laborious and prone to error. Inaccurate nutrient intake assessments result in the inability of the healthcare team to recognize patients with developing nutritional deficits that contribute to delayed recovery and prolonged lengths of stay. This paper describes an innovative, easy to use system designed to increase the precision of calorie count reports by using a combination of photography, direct observation, and a specially developed computer program. Although the system was designed specifically for use in a Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, it has the potential to be adapted for use in other hospital environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology Based Approaches to Dietary Intake Assessment)

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14 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Motives for Dish Choices during Home Meal Preparation and Weight Status in the NutriNet-Santé Study

by Pauline Ducrot^1,*, Philippine Fassier¹, Caroline Méjean¹, Benjamin Allès¹

, Serge Hercberg^1,2

and Sandrine Péneau¹

¹ Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny F-93017, France

² Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny Cedex F-93017, France

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070413 - 5 Jul 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5581

Abstract

Although home cooking has been associated with a lower body mass index in a few studies, no data exists on the motives behind food dish choices during home meal preparation and on their association with overweight. This study aimed to evaluate this association [...] Read more.

Although home cooking has been associated with a lower body mass index in a few studies, no data exists on the motives behind food dish choices during home meal preparation and on their association with overweight. This study aimed to evaluate this association in 50,003 participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Dimensions underlying the importance of 27 criteria possibly influencing dish choices were determined using an exploratory factor analysis. The association between dish choice motives and overweight (including obesity) was estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. Five dimensions of dishes choice motives emerged: healthy diet (e.g., “nutritional balance of the dish”), constraints (e.g., “my cooking skills”), pleasure (e.g., “originality of the dish”), specific diets (e.g., “my health status”), and organization (e.g., “what I planned to eat”). A negative association was observed between the healthy diet factor and being overweight (OR = 0.65 (95% CI (confidence interval): 0.62–0.67)), whereas a positive association appeared for factors regarding pleasure (OR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.10–1.19)) and specific diets (OR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.17–1.22)). No significant associations were observed for constraints and organization. The significant associations between dish choice motives and overweight suggested the interest of focusing on these motives in order to promote healthier food choices during home cooking. Full article

19 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concord and Niagara Grape Juice and Their Phenolics Modify Intestinal Glucose Transport in a Coupled in Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Human Intestinal Model

by Sydney Moser¹, Jongbin Lim¹, Mohammad Chegeni¹

, JoLynne D. Wightman²

, Bruce R. Hamaker^1,3,* and Mario G. Ferruzzi^1,3

¹ Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

² Welch Foods Inc., Concord, MA 01742, USA

³ Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070414 - 5 Jul 2016

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7470

Abstract

While the potential of dietary phenolics to mitigate glycemic response has been proposed, the translation of these effects to phenolic rich foods such as 100% grape juice (GJ) remains unclear. Initial in vitro screening of GJ phenolic extracts from American grape varieties (V. [...] Read more.

While the potential of dietary phenolics to mitigate glycemic response has been proposed, the translation of these effects to phenolic rich foods such as 100% grape juice (GJ) remains unclear. Initial in vitro screening of GJ phenolic extracts from American grape varieties (V. labrusca; Niagara and Concord) suggested limited inhibitory capacity for amylase and α-glucosidase (6.2%–11.5% inhibition; p < 0.05). Separately, all GJ extracts (10–100 µM total phenolics) did reduce intestinal trans-epithelial transport of deuterated glucose (d7-glu) and fructose (d7-fru) by Caco-2 monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion, with 60 min d7-glu/d7-fru transport reduced 10%–38% by GJ extracts compared to control. To expand on these findings by assessing the ability of 100% GJ to modify starch digestion and glucose transport from a model starch-rich meal, 100% Niagara and Concord GJ samples were combined with a starch rich model meal (1:1 and 1:2 wt:wt) and glucose release and transport were assessed in a coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Digestive release of glucose from the starch model meal was decreased when digested in the presence of GJs (5.9%–15% relative to sugar matched control). Furthermore, transport of d7-glu was reduced 10%–38% by digesta containing bioaccessible phenolics from Concord and Niagara GJ compared to control. These data suggest that phenolics present in 100% GJ may alter absorption of monosaccharides naturally present in 100% GJ and may potentially alter glycemic response if consumed with a starch rich meal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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14 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 Ameliorates Oxidative and Metabolic Parameters by Increasing Intestinal Feruloyl Esterase Activity and Modulating Microbiota in Caloric-Restricted Mice

by Matias Russo^1,†

, Emanuel Fabersani^1,†, María C. Abeijón-Mukdsi^1,2, Romina Ross^2,3, Cecilia Fontana⁴, Alfonso Benítez-Páez⁵, Paola Gauffin-Cano^1,2,* and Roxana B. Medina^1,3,*

¹ Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILC, Argentina

² Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000IHC, Argentina

³ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000INI, Argentina

⁴ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria INTA-EEA, Ruta Provincial 301 Km 32, Famaillá 4132, Argentina

⁵ Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Laboratory, Agrochemistry and Food Technology Institute (IATA-CSIC), Paterna-Valencia 46980, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070415 - 7 Jul 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6310

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of the feruloyl esterase (FE)-producing strain Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 enhances metabolic and oxidative parameters in caloric-restricted (CR) mice. Balb/c male mice were divided into ad libitum fed Group (ALF Group), CR diet [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the administration of the feruloyl esterase (FE)-producing strain Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 enhances metabolic and oxidative parameters in caloric-restricted (CR) mice. Balb/c male mice were divided into ad libitum fed Group (ALF Group), CR diet Group (CR Group) and CR diet plus L. fermentum Group (CR-Lf Group). CR diet was administered during 45 days and CRL1446 strain was given in the dose of 10⁸ cells/mL/day/mouse. FE activity was determined in intestinal mucosa and content at Day 1, 20 and 45. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and glutathione reductase activity were determined in plasma. Gut microbiota was evaluated by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. At Day 45, total intestinal FE activity in CR-Lf Group was higher (p = 0.020) than in CR and ALF groups and an improvement in both metabolic (reductions in triglyceride (p = 0.0025), total cholesterol (p = 0.005) and glucose (p < 0.0001) levels) and oxidative (decrease of TBARS levels and increase of plasmatic glutathione reductase activity (p = 0.006)) parameters was observed, compared to ALF Group. CR diet increased abundance of Bacteroidetes and CRL1446 administration increased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genus. L. fermentun CRL1446 exerted a bifidogenic effect under CR conditions. Full article

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19 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Consumers Want More Nutritional and Health Information on Wine Labels? Insights from the EU and USA

by Azzurra Annunziata^1,*

, Eugenio Pomarici², Riccardo Vecchio³

and Angela Mariani¹

¹ Department of Economic and Legal Studies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80133, Italy

² Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Legnaro 35020, Italy

³ Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070416 - 7 Jul 2016

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 10204

Abstract

The global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol launched in 2010 by the World Health Organization includes, amongst several areas of recommended actions, providing consumer information about, and labelling, alcoholic beverages to indicate alcohol-related harm. Labelling requirements worldwide for alcoholic drinks [...] Read more.

The global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol launched in 2010 by the World Health Organization includes, amongst several areas of recommended actions, providing consumer information about, and labelling, alcoholic beverages to indicate alcohol-related harm. Labelling requirements worldwide for alcoholic drinks are currently quite diverse and somewhat limited compared to labelling on food products and on tobacco. In this context, the current paper contributes to the academic and political debate on the inclusion of nutritional and health information on wine labelling, providing some insights into consumer interest in, and preferences for, such information in four core wine-producing and -consuming countries: Italy, France, Spain, and the United States of America. A rating-based conjoint analysis was performed in order to ascertain consumer preferences for different formats of additional information on wine labels, and a segmentation of the sample was performed to determine the existence of homogeneous groups of consumers in relation to the degrees of usefulness attached to the nutritional and health information on wine labels. Our results highlight the interest expressed by European and United States consumers for introducing nutrition and health information on wine labels. However, the results of conjoint analysis show some significant differences among stated preferences of the information delivery modes in different countries. In addition, segmentation analysis reveal the existence of significant differences between consumer groups with respect to their interest in receiving additional information on wine labels. These differences are not only linked to the geographic origin of the consumers, or to socio-demographic variables, but are also related to wine consumption habits, attitudes towards nutritional information, and the degree of involvement with wine. This heterogeneity of consumer preferences indicates a need for a careful consideration of wine labelling regulations and merits further investigation in order to identify labelling guidelines in terms of the message content and presentation method to be used. Full article

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13 pages, 3864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Length Normalized Indices for Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass in Preterm and Term Infants during the First Six Months of Life

by Ipsita Goswami¹, Niels Rochow²

, Gerhard Fusch²

, Kai Liu³, Michael L. Marrin², Matthias Heckmann⁴, Mathias Nelle⁵ and Christoph Fusch^2,6,*

¹ Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 780C, Foothills Medical Centre, 1403, 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9, Canada

² Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Room HSC-4F5, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada

³ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald 17475, Germany

⁵ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Inselspital and University of Berne, Effingerstraße 102, Berne 3010, Switzerland

⁶ Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Nuremberg General Hospital, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1, Nuremberg 90219, Germany

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070417 - 8 Jul 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7169

Abstract

Objective: Postnatal tissue accretion in preterm infants differs from those in utero, affecting body composition (BC) and lifelong morbidity. Length normalized BC data allows infants with different body lengths to be compared and followed longitudinally. This study aims to analyze BC of preterm [...] Read more.

Objective: Postnatal tissue accretion in preterm infants differs from those in utero, affecting body composition (BC) and lifelong morbidity. Length normalized BC data allows infants with different body lengths to be compared and followed longitudinally. This study aims to analyze BC of preterm and term infants during the first six months of life. Methods: The BC data, measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, of 389 preterm and 132 term infants from four longitudinal studies were combined. Fat-mass/length² (FMI) and fat-free mass/length² (FFMI) for postmenstrual age were calculated after reaching full enteral feeding, at term and two further time points up to six months corrected age. Results: Median FMI (preterm) increased from 0.4 kg/m² at 30 weeks to 2.5, 4.3, and 4.8 kg/m² compared to 1.7, 4.7, and 6 kg/m² in term infants at 40, 52, and 64 weeks, respectively. Median FFMI (preterm) increased from 8.5 kg/m² (30 weeks) to 11.4 kg/m² (45 weeks) and remained constant thereafter, whereas term FFMI remained constant at 11 kg/m² throughout the tested time points. Conclusion: The study provides a large dataset of length normalized BC indices. Followed longitudinally, term and preterm infants differ considerably during early infancy in the pattern of change in FMI and FFMI for age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Populations)

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14 pages, 6231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx Fruit Ameliorates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats

by Xufeng Tao¹, Xiance Sun², Lina Xu¹, Lianhong Yin¹, Xu Han¹, Yan Qi¹, Youwei Xu¹, Yanyan Zhao¹, Changyuan Wang¹ and Jinyong Peng^1,*

¹ College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China

² Department of Occupational and Environmental of Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Western Section of Lushun South Road, Dalian 116044, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070418 - 8 Jul 2016

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 9193

Abstract

The effects of total flavonoids (TFs) from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit against liver damage and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have been reported, but its action on hepatic I/R injury remains unknown. In this work, the effects and possible mechanisms of TFs against hepatic [...] Read more.

The effects of total flavonoids (TFs) from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit against liver damage and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have been reported, but its action on hepatic I/R injury remains unknown. In this work, the effects and possible mechanisms of TFs against hepatic I/R injury were examined using a 70% partial hepatic warm ischemia rat model. The results demonstrated TFs decreased serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, improved liver histopathology and ultrastructure through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and electron microscope observation. In addition, TFs significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), which indicated that TFs alleviated oxidative stress caused by I/R injury. RT-PCR results proved that TFs downregulated the gene levels of inflammatory factors including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-1 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Further research indicated that TF-induced hepatoprotection was completed through inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 and activating Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathways. Blockade of the TLR4 pathway by TFs inhibited NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activities and inflammatory reaction. Activation of Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway by TFs increased the protein levels of HO-1 and GST to improve oxidative stress. Collectively, these findingsconfirmed the potent effects of TFs against hepatic I/R injury, which should be developed as a candidate for the prevention of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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22 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Central Argentina: A Case Control Study Involving Self-Motivated Health Behavior Modifications after Diagnosis

by Sandaly O. S. Pacheco^1,2,†

, Fabio J. Pacheco^1,2,*,†

, Gimena M. J. Zapata^1,3, Julieta M. E. Garcia^1,3, Carlos A. Previale^1,3, Héctor E. Cura⁴ and Winston J. Craig^2,5

¹ Center for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, 25 de Mayo 99, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina

² Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, 25 de Mayo 99, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina

³ Division of Clinical Oncology, Sanatorio Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín, 25 de Mayo 255, Entre Ríos 3103, Argentina

⁴ Division of Radiation Oncology, Unidad de Terapia Radiante Entre Ríos, Paraná, Além 654, Entre Ríos 3100, Argentina

⁵ Department of Public Health, Nutrition and Wellness, School of Health Professions, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070419 - 9 Jul 2016

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9114

Abstract

Cancer is the second most important non-communicable disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts low- to middle-income countries. Diet in combination with other lifestyle habits seems to modify the risk for some cancers but little is known about South Americans. Food habits of Argentinean men [...] Read more.

Cancer is the second most important non-communicable disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts low- to middle-income countries. Diet in combination with other lifestyle habits seems to modify the risk for some cancers but little is known about South Americans. Food habits of Argentinean men pre- and post-diagnosis of prostate cancer (n = 326) were assessed along with other lifestyle factors. We studied whether any of the behaviors and risk factors for prostate cancer were found in men with other cancers (n = 394), compared with control subjects (n = 629). Before diagnosis, both cases reported a greater mean consumption of meats and fats and lower intakes of fruits, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains than the controls (all p < 0.001). After diagnosis, cases significantly reduced the intake of meats and fats, and reported other dietary modifications with increased consumption of fish, fruits (including red fruits in prostate cancer), cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, and black tea (all p < 0.001). Additional lifestyle aspects significantly predominant in cases included a reduced quality of sleep, emotional stress, low physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, living in rural areas, and being exposed to environmental contaminants. Argentinian men were predisposed to modify their unhealthy dietary habits and other lifestyle factors after cancer diagnosis. Full article

15 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships of Dietary Histidine and Obesity in Northern Chinese Adults, an Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study

by Yan-Chuan Li^1,†, Chun-Long Li^2,†, Jia-Yue Qi¹, Li-Na Huang³, Dan Shi¹, Shan-Shan Du¹, Li-Yan Liu¹, Ren-Nan Feng^1,* and Chang-Hao Sun^1,*

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China

² Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China

³ Liaoning Institute for Food Control, Shenyang 110015, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070420 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7676

Abstract

Our previous studies have demonstrated that histidine supplementation significantly ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women and high-fat diet-induced obese rats. However, the effects of dietary histidine on general population are not known. The objective of this Internet-based cross-sectional study was to [...] Read more.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that histidine supplementation significantly ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women and high-fat diet-induced obese rats. However, the effects of dietary histidine on general population are not known. The objective of this Internet-based cross-sectional study was to evaluate the associations between dietary histidine and prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in northern Chinese population. A total of 2376 participants were randomly recruited and asked to finish our Internet-based dietary questionnaire for the Chinese (IDQC). Afterwards, 88 overweight/obese participants were randomly selected to explore the possible mechanism. Compared with healthy controls, dietary histidine was significantly lower in overweight (p < 0.05) and obese (p < 0.01) participants of both sexes. Dietary histidine was inversely associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure in overall population and stronger associations were observed in women and overweight/obese participants. Higher dietary histidine was associated with lower prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity, especially in women. Further studies indicated that higher dietary histidine was associated with lower fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), 2-h postprandial glucose (2 h-PG), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), malonaldehyde (MDA) and vaspin and higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and adiponectin of overweight/obese individuals of both sexes. In conclusion, higher dietary histidine is inversely associated with energy intake, status of insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight/obese participants and lower prevalence of overweight/obesity in northern Chinese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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11 pages, 2306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Effects of Fermented Brown Rice and Rice Bran against Prostate Carcinogenesis in TRAP Rats

by Toshiya Kuno^1,*, Aya Nagano¹, Yukiko Mori¹, Hiroyuki Kato¹, Yuko Nagayasu¹, Aya Naiki-Ito¹

, Shugo Suzuki¹, Hideki Mori² and Satoru Takahashi¹

¹ Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan

² A former president of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070421 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7401

Abstract

Fermented brown rice and rice bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) is considered to have the potential to prevent chemically-induced carcinogenesis in multiple organs of rodents. In the present study, we evaluated the possible chemopreventive effects of FBRA against prostate tumorigenesis. Six-week-old male rats [...] Read more.

Fermented brown rice and rice bran with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA) is considered to have the potential to prevent chemically-induced carcinogenesis in multiple organs of rodents. In the present study, we evaluated the possible chemopreventive effects of FBRA against prostate tumorigenesis. Six-week-old male rats of the transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAP) strain were fed diets containing 5% or 10% FBRA for 15 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 21 weeks of age, and the ventral and lateral prostate were removed for histopathological evaluation and immunoblot analyses. FBRA decreased the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the lateral prostate and suppressed the progression of prostate carcinogenesis. Treatment with FBRA induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation in histologically high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Phospho-AMP-activated kinase α (Thr172) was up-regulated in the prostate of rats fed the diet supplemented with FBRA. These results indicate that FBRA controls tumor growth by activating pathways responsive to energy deprivation and suggest that FBRA has translational potential for the prevention of human prostate cancer. Full article

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13 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Plant Based Foods or Dairy Foods Differentially Affects Nutrient Intakes: Dietary Scenarios Using NHANES 2007–2010

by Christopher J. Cifelli^1,*

, Jenny A. Houchins¹, Elieke Demmer¹ and Victor L. Fulgoni²

¹ National Dairy Council, 10255 West Higgins Road, Suite 900, Rosemont, IL 60018-5616, USA

² Nutrition Impact, LLC, 9725 D Drive North, Battle Creek, MI 49014, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070422 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 14014

Abstract

Diets rich in plant foods and lower in animal-based products have garnered increased attention among researchers, dietitians and health professionals in recent years for their potential to, not only improve health, but also to lessen the environmental impact. However, the potential effects of [...] Read more.

Diets rich in plant foods and lower in animal-based products have garnered increased attention among researchers, dietitians and health professionals in recent years for their potential to, not only improve health, but also to lessen the environmental impact. However, the potential effects of increasing plant-based foods at the expense of animal-based foods on macro- and micronutrient nutrient adequacy in the U.S. diet is unknown. In addition, dairy foods are consistently under consumed, thus the impact of increased dairy on nutrient adequacy is important to measure. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to use national survey data to model three different dietary scenarios to assess the effects of increasing plant-based foods or dairy foods on macronutrient intake and nutrient adequacy. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2010 for persons two years and older (n = 17,387) were used in all the analyses. Comparisons were made of usual intake of macronutrients and shortfall nutrients of three dietary scenarios that increased intakes by 100%: (i) plant-based foods; (ii) protein-rich plant-based foods (i.e., legumes, nuts, seeds, soy); and (iii) milk, cheese and yogurt. Scenarios (i) and (ii) had commensurate reductions in animal product intake. In both children (2–18 years) and adults (≥19 years), the percent not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) decreased for vitamin C, magnesium, vitamin E, folate and iron when plant-based foods were increased. However the percent not meeting the EAR increased for calcium, protein, vitamin A, and vitamin D in this scenario. Doubling protein-rich plant-based foods had no effect on nutrient intake because they were consumed in very low quantities in the baseline diet. The dairy model reduced the percent not meeting the EAR for calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, magnesium, and protein, while sodium and saturated fat levels increased. Our modeling shows that increasing plant-based foods could lead to unintended dietary outcomes without simultaneous changes in the types and amounts of plant foods currently consumed. Increasing dairy foods, which are currently under-consumed, could assist in improving the intakes of many nutrients of concern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products and Human Health)

15 pages, 3623 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Avenanthramides Prevent Osteoblast and Osteocyte Apoptosis and Induce Osteoclast Apoptosis in Vitro in an Nrf2-Independent Manner

by Gretel G. Pellegrini^1,2,*, Cynthya C. Morales¹, Taylor C. Wallace^3,4,5, Lilian I. Plotkin^1,2 and Teresita Bellido^1,2,6,*

¹ Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

² Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

³ Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

⁴ Think Healthy Group, LLC, Washington, DC 20001, USA

⁵ National Osteoporosis Foundation, Arlington, VA 22202, USA

⁶ Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070423 - 11 Jul 2016

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8922

Abstract

Oats contain unique bioactive compounds known as avenanthramides (AVAs) with antioxidant properties. AVAs might enhance the endogenous antioxidant cellular response by activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species plays a critical role in many chronic and degenerative diseases, including [...] Read more.

Oats contain unique bioactive compounds known as avenanthramides (AVAs) with antioxidant properties. AVAs might enhance the endogenous antioxidant cellular response by activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species plays a critical role in many chronic and degenerative diseases, including osteoporosis. In this disease, there is an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts, which is accompanied by increased osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis and decreased osteoclast apoptosis. We investigated the ability of the synthethic AVAs 2c, 2f and 2p, to 1-regulate gene expression in bone cells, 2-affect the viability of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts, and the generation of osteoclasts from their precursors, and 3-examine the potential involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2 in these actions. All doses of AVA 2c and 1 and 5 µM dose of 2p up-regulated collagen 1A expression. Lower doses of AVAs up-regulated OPG (osteoprotegerin) in OB-6 osteoblastic cells, whereas 100 μM dose of 2f and all concentrations of 2c down-regulated RANKL gene expression in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells. AVAs did not affect apoptosis of OB-6 osteoblastic cells or MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells; however, they prevented apoptosis induced by the DNA topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and hydrogen peroxide. AVAs prevented apoptosis of both wild type (WT) and Nrf2 Knockout (KO) osteoblasts, demonstrating that AVAs-induced survival does not require Nrf2 expression. Further, KO osteoclast precursors produced more mature osteoclasts than WT; and KO cultures exhibited less apoptotic osteoclasts than WT cultures. Although AVAs did not affect WT osteoclasts, AVA 2p reversed the low apoptosis of KO osteoclasts. These in vitro results demonstrate that AVAs regulate, in part, the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes and prevent osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis and increase osteoclast apoptosis; further, these regulatory actions are independent of Nrf2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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11 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Toenail Mercury and Metabolic Syndrome Is Modified by Selenium

by Kyong Park^*

and Eunmin Seo

Department of Food and Nutrition, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070424 - 12 Jul 2016

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6939

Abstract

Background: Although Asian populations consume relatively large amounts of fish and seafood and have a high prevalence of metabolic diseases, few studies have investigated the association between chronic mercury exposure and metabolic syndrome and its effect modification by selenium. Methods: We analyzed baseline [...] Read more.

Background: Although Asian populations consume relatively large amounts of fish and seafood and have a high prevalence of metabolic diseases, few studies have investigated the association between chronic mercury exposure and metabolic syndrome and its effect modification by selenium. Methods: We analyzed baseline data from the Trace Element Study of Korean Adults in the Yeungnam area. Participants included 232 men and 269 women, aged 35 years or older, who had complete data regarding demographic, lifestyle, diet, toenail mercury and selenium levels, and health. Toenail mercury and selenium concentrations were measured using instrumental neutron-activation analysis. The metabolic biomarker levels were obtained through biannual medical checkups. Results: Higher toenail mercury levels were associated with habitual consumption of whale and shark meats, older age, obesity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and higher household income. Multivariable analysis showed a positive association between toenail mercury exposure and metabolic syndrome. In addition, this association was significantly stronger at lower selenium levels and was weaker at higher selenium levels. Conclusion: The possible harmful effects of mercury on metabolic syndrome may be attenuated by high levels of selenium. Future studies are needed to suggest optimal dietary guidelines regarding fish and selenium intakes, particularly for Asians with high levels of fish intake. Full article

10 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Resveratrol Consumption Improves Neurovascular Coupling Capacity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Rachel H.X. Wong¹

, Daniel Raederstorff² and Peter R.C. Howe^1,*

¹ Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

² DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070425 - 12 Jul 2016

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 8909

Abstract

Background: Poor cerebral perfusion may contribute to cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that resveratrol can enhance cerebral vasodilator function and thereby alleviate the cognitive deficits in T2DM. We have already [...] Read more.

Background: Poor cerebral perfusion may contribute to cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the hypothesis that resveratrol can enhance cerebral vasodilator function and thereby alleviate the cognitive deficits in T2DM. We have already reported that acute resveratrol consumption improved cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) to hypercapnia. We now report the effects of resveratrol on neurovascular coupling capacity (CVR to cognitive stimuli), cognitive performance and correlations with plasma resveratrol concentrations. Methods: Thirty-six T2DM adults aged 40–80 years were randomized to consume single doses of resveratrol (0, 75, 150 and 300 mg) at weekly intervals. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor changes in blood flow velocity (BFV) during a cognitive test battery. The battery consisted of dual-tasking (finger tapping with both Trail Making task and Serial Subtraction 3 task) and a computerized multi-tasking test that required attending to four tasks simultaneously. CVR to cognitive tasks was calculated as the per cent increase in BFV from pre-test basal to peak mean blood flow velocity and also as the area under the curve for BFV. Results: Compared to placebo, 75 mg resveratrol significantly improved neurovascular coupling capacity, which correlated with plasma total resveratrol levels. Enhanced performance on the multi-tasking test battery was also evident following 75 mg and 300 mg of resveratrol. Conclusion: a single 75 mg dose of resveratrol was able to improve neurovascular coupling and cognitive performance in T2DM. Evaluation of benefits of chronic resveratrol supplementation is now warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Resveratrol Regional Meeting 2015)

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14 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Meso-zeaxanthin Supplementation Associated with Macular Pigment Optical Density

by Le Ma^1,2,*,†

, Rong Liu^2,3,†, Jun Hui Du^4,†, Tao Liu³, Shan Shan Wu^5,* and Xiao Hong Liu^1,*

¹ The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China

² School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China

³ The 3201 Hospital, Xi’an Jiao tong University College of Medicine, 783 Tianhan Road, Hanzhong 723000, Shaanxi, China

⁴ The Ninth Hospital of Xi’an, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, 151 East of South Second Ring Road, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, China

⁵ National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yongan Road, Beijing 100050, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070426 - 12 Jul 2016

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 16035

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy subjects. Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy subjects. Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases was searched through May 2016. Meta-analysis was conducted to obtain adjusted weighted mean differences (WMD) for intervention-versus-placebo group about the change of MPOD between baseline and terminal point. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the changes in MPOD and blood xanthophyll carotenoids or baseline MPOD levels. Twenty RCTs involving 938 AMD patients and 826 healthy subjects were identified. Xanthophyll carotenoids supplementation was associated with significant increase in MPOD in AMD patients (WMD, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.11) and healthy subjects (WMD, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.14). Stratified analysis showed a greater increase in MPOD among trials supplemented and combined with meso-zeaxanthin. Additionally, the changes in MPOD were related with baseline MPOD levels (r_AMD = −0.43, p = 0.06; r_{healthy subjects} = −0.71, p < 0.001) and blood xanthophyll carotenoids concentration (r_AMD = 0.40, p = 0.07; r_{healthy subjects} = 0.33, p = 0.05). This meta-analysis revealed that lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin supplementation improved MPOD both in AMD patients and healthy subjects with a dose-response relationship. Full article

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16 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Consumption of Dairy Foods and Anthropometric Indicators of Health in Adolescents

by Manijeh Nezami

, Gina Segovia-Siapco^*

, W. Lawrence Beeson

and Joan Sabaté

Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles, and Disease Prevention, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070427 - 13 Jul 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8379

Abstract

Childhood obesity is associated with a greater chance of a lifetime of obesity. Evidence suggests dairy at recommended levels could be beneficial in maintaining normal weight and body composition. We assessed whether dairy consumption is associated with anthropometric indicators of health (z-scores for [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity is associated with a greater chance of a lifetime of obesity. Evidence suggests dairy at recommended levels could be beneficial in maintaining normal weight and body composition. We assessed whether dairy consumption is associated with anthropometric indicators of health (z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ); height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index (BMIZ); waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); fat-free mass (FFM); and fat mass (FM)) in adolescents. In a cross-sectional study, 536 males and females ages 12–18 completed a 151-item semi-quantitative web-based food frequency questionnaire that included 34 dairy-containing foods. Dairy foods were categorized into milk, cheese, sweetened dairy, and total dairy. Anthropometrics were measured during school visits. Total dairy intake was associated with WAZ (β = 0.25 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.49), p = 0.045) and HAZ (β = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.52), p = 0.021). In boys, total dairy was associated with WHtR (β = 0.02 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.04), p = 0.039), FFM (β = 4.83 (95% CI: 1.79, 7.87), p = 0.002), and FM (β = 3.89 (95% CI: 0.58, 7.21), p = 0.021), and cheese was associated with FFM (β = 4.22 (95% CI: 0.98, 7.47), p = 0.011). Dairy consumption seems to influence growth in both genders, and body composition and central obesity in boys. Prospective studies are needed to identify how types of dairy relate to growth, body composition, and central obesity of adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products and Human Health)

13 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Consumption and Nutrient Intake by Children Aged 10 to 48 Months Attending Day Care in The Netherlands

by R. Alexandra Goldbohm^1,*, Carina M. Rubingh², Caren I. Lanting^1,* and Koen F. M. Joosten³

¹ Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Schipholweg 77–89, Leiden 2316 ZL, The Netherlands

² Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist 3700 AJ, The Netherlands

³ Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 60, Rotterdam 3015 GJ, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070428 - 14 Jul 2016

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9242

Abstract

The diet of young children is an important determinant of long-term health effects, such as overweight and obesity. We analyzed two-day food consumption records from 1526 young children (10–48 months old) attending 199 daycare centers across The Netherlands. Data were observed and recorded [...] Read more.

The diet of young children is an important determinant of long-term health effects, such as overweight and obesity. We analyzed two-day food consumption records from 1526 young children (10–48 months old) attending 199 daycare centers across The Netherlands. Data were observed and recorded in diaries by caregivers at the day nursery and by parents at home on days that the children attended the daycare center. According to national and European reference values, the children had an adequate nutrient intake with exception of low intakes of total fat, n-3 fatty acids from fish and possibly iron. Intakes of energy and protein were substantially higher than recommended and part of the population exceeded the tolerable upper intake levels for sodium, zinc and retinol. Consumption of fruit, fats, fish, and fluids was substantially less than recommended. The children used mostly (semi-)skimmed milk products and non-refined bread and cereals, as recommended. Two thirds of the consumed beverages, however, contained sugar and contributed substantially to energy intake. In young children, low intakes of n-3 fatty acids and iron are a potential matter of concern, as are the high intakes of energy, protein, sugared beverages, and milk, since these may increase the risk of becoming overweight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients in Infancy)

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11 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Celiac Disease Patients on a Long-Term Gluten-Free Diet

by Pilvi Laurikka¹, Teea Salmi^1,2

, Pekka Collin^1,3, Heini Huhtala⁴

, Markku Mäki⁵, Katri Kaukinen^1,6 and Kalle Kurppa^5,*

¹ School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland

² Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland

³ Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland

⁴ Tampere School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland

⁵ Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland

⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33014, Finland

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070429 - 14 Jul 2016

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 15253

Abstract

Experience suggests that many celiac patients suffer from persistent symptoms despite a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). We investigated the prevalence and severity of these symptoms in patients with variable duration of GFD. Altogether, 856 patients were classified into untreated (n = 128), [...] Read more.

Experience suggests that many celiac patients suffer from persistent symptoms despite a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). We investigated the prevalence and severity of these symptoms in patients with variable duration of GFD. Altogether, 856 patients were classified into untreated (n = 128), short-term GFD (1–2 years, n = 93) and long-term GFD (≥3 years, n = 635) groups. Analyses were made of clinical and histological data and dietary adherence. Symptoms were evaluated by the validated GSRS questionnaire. One-hundred-sixty healthy subjects comprised the control group. Further, the severity of symptoms was compared with that in peptic ulcer, reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Altogether, 93% of the short-term and 94% of the long-term treated patients had a strict GFD and recovered mucosa. Untreated patients had more diarrhea, indigestion and abdominal pain than those on GFD and controls. There were no differences in symptoms between the short- and long-term GFD groups, but both yielded poorer GSRS total score than controls (p = 0.03 and p = 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, patients treated 1–2 years had more diarrhea (p = 0.03) and those treated >10 years more reflux (p = 0.04) than controls. Long-term treated celiac patients showed relatively mild symptoms compared with other gastrointestinal diseases. Based on our results, good response to GFD sustained in long-term follow-up, but not all patients reach the level of healthy individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Ptolemaus to Copernicus: The Evolving System of Gluten-Related Disorders)

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12 pages, 406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Course of Metabolically Healthy Overweight/Obese Subjects and the Impact of Weight Change

by Ruizhi Zheng^1,†

, Chengguo Liu^2,†, Chunmei Wang^3,†, Biao Zhou⁴, Yi Liu¹, Feixia Pan¹, Ronghua Zhang^4,* and Yimin Zhu^1,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China

² Department of Endocrinology and Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhejiang Putuo Hospital, Zhoushan 316100, Zhejiang, China

³ Tongxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongxiang 314500, Zhejiang, China

⁴ Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070430 - 15 Jul 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6436

Abstract

Few studies have described the characteristics of metabolically healthy individuals with excess fat in the Chinese population. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the natural course of metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MH-OW/OB) adults, and to assess the impact of weight change on developing metabolic [...] Read more.

Few studies have described the characteristics of metabolically healthy individuals with excess fat in the Chinese population. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the natural course of metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MH-OW/OB) adults, and to assess the impact of weight change on developing metabolic abnormalities. During 2009–2010, 525 subjects without any metabolic abnormalities or other obesity-related diseases were evaluated and reevaluated after 5 years. The subjects were categorized into two groups of overweight/obese and normal weight based on the criteria of BMI by 24.0 at baseline. At follow-up, the MH-OW/OB subjects had a significantly increased risk of developing metabolically abnormalities compared with metabolically healthy normal-weight (MH-NW) individuals (risk ratio: 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.49, p value < 0.001). In the groups of weight gain and weight maintenance, the MH-OW/OB subjects was associated with a larger increase in fasting glucose, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol comparing with MH-NW subjects. In the weight loss group, no significant difference of changes of metabolic parameters was observed between MH-OW/OB and MH-NW adults. This study verifies that MH-OW/OB are different from MH-NW subjects. Weight management is needed for all individuals since weight change has a significant effect on metabolic health without considering the impact of weight change according to weight status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolically Healthy Obesity)

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16 pages, 3457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quercitrin from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Toxicity in HepG2 Cells and Mice through Induction of Antioxidant Machinery and Inhibition of Inflammation

by Van-Long Truong^1,†, Se-Yeon Ko^1,†, Mira Jun² and Woo-Sik Jeong^1,*

¹ Department of Smart Food and Drug, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea

² Department of Food and Science & Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070431 - 15 Jul 2016

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9259

Abstract

Quercitrin is found in many kinds of vegetables and fruits, and possesses various bioactive properties. The aim of the present study was to elucidate hepatoprotective mechanisms of quercitrin isolated from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. (syn. Cedrela sinensis Juss.), using acetaminophen (APAP)-treated HepG2 cell [...] Read more.

Quercitrin is found in many kinds of vegetables and fruits, and possesses various bioactive properties. The aim of the present study was to elucidate hepatoprotective mechanisms of quercitrin isolated from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. (syn. Cedrela sinensis Juss.), using acetaminophen (APAP)-treated HepG2 cell and animal models. In an in vitro study, quercitrin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and enhanced expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), activity of antioxidant response element (ARE)-reporter gene, and protein levels of NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) in APAP-treated HepG2 cells. In an in vivo study, Balb/c mice were orally administered with 10 or 50 mg/kg of quercitrin for 7 days and followed by the injection with single dose of 300 mg/kg APAP. Quercitrin decreased APAP-caused elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, liver necrosis, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 and inerleukin-1β, and phosphorylation of kinases including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Quercitrin restored protein levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and activities and expressions of CAT, GPx, SOD-2. The results suggested that quercitrin attenuates APAP-induced liver damage by the activation of defensive genes and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes via the suppressions of JNK and p38 signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenols for Cancer Treatment or Prevention)

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11 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity Is Associated with Higher Adherence to a Traditional Dietary Pattern: A Cross-Sectional Study among Adults in Lebanon

by Joane Matta^1,†, Lara Nasreddine^2,†, Lamis Jomaa²

, Nahla Hwalla², Abla Mehio Sibai³, Sebastien Czernichow^4,5,6, Leila Itani⁷ and Farah Naja^2,*

¹ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit University, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon

² Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Nutrition for Health Program (NHP), Office of Strategic Health Initiatives American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon

³ Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon

⁴ INSERM, UMS 011, Villejuif UMS 011, France

⁵ Department of Nutrition, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris 75015, France

⁶ School of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France

⁷ Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020 Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070432 - 20 Jul 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6784

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the proportion and socio-demographic correlates of Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity (MHOv/O) among Lebanese adults and to investigate the independent effect of previously identified dietary patterns on odds of MHOv/O. Data were drawn from the National Nutrition and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to examine the proportion and socio-demographic correlates of Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Obesity (MHOv/O) among Lebanese adults and to investigate the independent effect of previously identified dietary patterns on odds of MHOv/O. Data were drawn from the National Nutrition and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey (Lebanon 2008–2009). Out of the 337 adult participants who had complete socio-demographic, lifestyle, dietary as well as anthropometric and biochemical data, 196 had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² and their data were included in this study. MHOv/O was identified using the Adult Treatment Panel criteria. Dietary patterns previously derived in this study population were: Fast Food/Dessert, Traditional-Lebanese and High-Protein. The proportion of MHOv/O in the study sample was 37.2%. Females, higher education and high level of physical activity were positively associated with odds of MHOv/O. Subjects with higher adherence to the Traditional-Lebanese pattern had higher odds of MHOv/O (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.09–3.91). No significant associations were observed between the Fast Food/Dessert and the high-protein patterns with MHOv/O. Follow-up studies are needed to confirm those findings and understand the mechanisms by which the Traditional-Lebanese pattern may exert a protective effect in this subgroup of overweight and obese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolically Healthy Obesity)

12 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessReview

Curcumin AntiCancer Studies in Pancreatic Cancer

by Sabrina Bimonte^1,*,†

, Antonio Barbieri^2,*,†, Maddalena Leongito¹, Mauro Piccirillo¹, Aldo Giudice³, Claudia Pivonello⁴

, Cristina De Angelis⁵

, Vincenza Granata⁶

, Raffaele Palaia¹ and Francesco Izzo¹

¹ Division of Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Hepatobiliary Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo studio e la cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”—IRCCS—Via Mariano Semmola, Naples 80131, Italy

² S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale per lo studio e la cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”—IRCCS, Naples 80131, Italy

³ Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo studio e la cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”—IRCCS—Via Mariano Semmola, Naples 80131, Italy

⁴ Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy

⁵ I.O.S. & Coleman Srl, Naples 80011, Italy

⁶ Division of Radiology, Istituto Nazionale per lo studio e la cura dei Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”—IRCCS—Via Mariano Semmola, Naples 80131, Italy

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070433 - 16 Jul 2016

Cited by 127 | Viewed by 14626

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic treatment for this disease, although only the minority of patients can be resected due to late diagnosis. Systemic gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus nab-paclitaxel are used as the [...] Read more.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Surgical resection remains the only curative therapeutic treatment for this disease, although only the minority of patients can be resected due to late diagnosis. Systemic gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus nab-paclitaxel are used as the gold-standard therapy for patients with advanced PC; although this treatment is associated with a better overall survival compared to the old treatment, many side effects and poor results are still present. Therefore, new alternative therapies have been considered for treatment of advanced PC. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has anticancer effects against different types of cancer, including PC, by modulating many molecular targets. Regarding PC, in vitro studies have shown potent cytotoxic effects of curcumin on different PC cell lines including MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1, AsPC-1, and BxPC-3. In addition, in vivo studies on PC models have shown that the anti-proliferative effects of curcumin are caused by the inhibition of oxidative stress and angiogenesis and are due to the induction of apoptosis. On the basis of these results, several researchers tested the anticancer effects of curcumin in clinical trials, trying to overcome the poor bioavailability of this agent by developing new bioavailable forms of curcumin. In this article, we review the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the effects of curcumin in the treatment of PC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenols for Cancer Treatment or Prevention)

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7 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Iodisation of Salt in Slovenia: Increased Availability of Non-Iodised Salt in the Food Supply

by Katja Žmitek^1,2 and Igor Pravst^1,*

¹ Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia

² VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva cesta 51A, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070434 - 16 Jul 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7100

Abstract

Salt iodisation is considered a key public health measure for assuring adequate iodine intake in iodine-deficient countries. In Slovenia, the iodisation of all salt was made mandatory in 1953. A considerable regulatory change came in 2003 with the mandatory iodisation of rock and [...] Read more.

Salt iodisation is considered a key public health measure for assuring adequate iodine intake in iodine-deficient countries. In Slovenia, the iodisation of all salt was made mandatory in 1953. A considerable regulatory change came in 2003 with the mandatory iodisation of rock and evaporated salt only. In addition, joining the European Union’s free single market in 2004 enabled the import of non-iodised salt. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of salt iodising in the food supply. We examined both the availability and sale of (non-)iodised salt. Average sales-weighted iodine levels in salt were calculated using the results of a national monitoring of salt quality. Data on the availability and sales of salts were collected in major food retailers in 2014. Iodised salt represented 59.2% of the salt samples, and 95.9% of salt sales, with an average (sales-weighted) level of 24.2 mg KI/kg of salt. The average sales-weighted KI level in non-iodised salts was 3.5 mg KI/kg. We may conclude that the sales-weighted average iodine levels in iodised salt are in line with the regulatory requirements. However, the regulatory changes and the EU single market have considerably affected the availability of non-iodised salt. While sales of non-iodised salt are still low, non-iodised salt represented 33.7% of the salts in our sample. This indicates the existence of a niche market which could pose a risk of inadequate iodine intake in those who deliberately decide to consume non-iodised salt only. Policymakers need to provide efficient salt iodisation intervention to assure sufficient iodine supply in the future. The reported sales-weighting approach enables cost-efficient monitoring of the iodisation of salt in the food supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fortification to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies)

13 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

9-cis β-Carotene Increased Cholesterol Efflux to HDL in Macrophages

by Sapir Bechor^1,2

, Noa Zolberg Relevy^1,2, Ayelet Harari¹, Tal Almog¹, Yehuda Kamari^1,2, Ami Ben-Amotz³, Dror Harats^1,2 and Aviv Shaish^1,*

¹ The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel

² Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel

³ N.B.T., Eilat 8810602, Israel

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070435 - 19 Jul 2016

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6838

Abstract

Cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a key process in reverse cholesterol transport and, therefore, might inhibit atherogenesis. 9-cis-β-carotene (9-cis-βc) is a precursor for 9-cis-retinoic-acid (9-cis-RA), which regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux. Our objective was to assess [...] Read more.

Cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a key process in reverse cholesterol transport and, therefore, might inhibit atherogenesis. 9-cis-β-carotene (9-cis-βc) is a precursor for 9-cis-retinoic-acid (9-cis-RA), which regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux. Our objective was to assess whether 9-cis-βc increases macrophage cholesterol efflux and induces the expression of cholesterol transporters. Enrichment of a mouse diet with βc from the alga Dunaliella led to βc accumulation in peritoneal macrophages. 9-cis-βc increased the mRNA levels of CYP26B1, an enzyme that regulates RA cellular levels, indicating the formation of RA from βc in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 9-cis-βc, as well as all-trans-βc, significantly increased cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 50% in RAW264.7 macrophages. Likewise, food fortification with 9-cis-βc augmented cholesterol efflux from macrophages ex vivo. 9-cis-βc increased both the mRNA and protein levels of ABCA1 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) and the mRNA level of ABCG1. Our study shows, for the first time, that 9-cis-βc from the diet accumulates in peritoneal macrophages and increases cholesterol efflux to HDL. These effects might be ascribed to transcriptional induction of ABCA1, ABCG1, and APOE. These results highlight the beneficial effect of βc in inhibition of atherosclerosis by improving cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin A Update 2016)

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13 pages, 1333 KiB

Open AccessReview

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) as a Food Supplement: Health-Promoting Benefits of Fructooligosaccharides

by Brunno F. R. Caetano¹

, Nelci A. De Moura¹, Ana P. S. Almeida², Marcos C. Dias³, Kátia Sivieri² and Luís F. Barbisan^1,*

¹ Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil

² Departament of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil

³ Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-000, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070436 - 21 Jul 2016

Cited by 103 | Viewed by 29983

Abstract

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the Andean regions of South America, is an abundant source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). This comprehensive review of the literature addressed the role of yacon supplementation in promoting health and [...] Read more.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a perennial plant of the family Asteraceae native to the Andean regions of South America, is an abundant source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS). This comprehensive review of the literature addressed the role of yacon supplementation in promoting health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. According to several preclinical and clinical trials, FOS intake favors the growth of health-promoting bacteria while reducing pathogenic bacteria populations. Moreover, the endproducts of FOS fermentation by the intestinal microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), act as substrates or signaling molecules in the regulation of the immune response, glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. As a result, glycemic levels, body weight and colon cancer risk can be reduced. Based on these findings, most studies reviewed concluded that due to their functional properties, yacon roots may be effectively used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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14 pages, 2180 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hypocholesterolaemic Activity of Lupin Peptides: Investigation on the Crosstalk between Human Enterocytes and Hepatocytes Using a Co-Culture System Including Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells

by Carmen Lammi¹, Chiara Zanoni¹, Simonetta Ferruzza²

, Giulia Ranaldi², Yula Sambuy² and Anna Arnoldi^1,*

¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan I-20133, Italy

² CREA, Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome I-00100, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070437 - 22 Jul 2016

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8122

Abstract

Literature indicates that peptic and tryptic peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lupin protein are able to modulate cholesterol metabolism in human hepatic HepG2 cells and that part of these peptides are absorbed in a small intestine model based on differentiated human [...] Read more.

Literature indicates that peptic and tryptic peptides derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of lupin protein are able to modulate cholesterol metabolism in human hepatic HepG2 cells and that part of these peptides are absorbed in a small intestine model based on differentiated human Caco-2 cells. In this paper, a co-culture system, including Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, was investigated with two objectives: (a) to verify whether cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 cells was modified by the peptides absorption through Caco-2 cells; (b) to investigate how lupin peptides influence cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells. The experiments showed that the absorbed peptides, not only maintained their bioactivity on HepG2 cells, but that this activity was improved by the crosstalk of the two cells systems in co-culture. In addition, lupin peptides showed a positive influence on cholesterol metabolism in Caco-2 cells, decreasing the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) secretion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Soybean and other Grain Legumes)

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14 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Equivalent in Adolescents, Active Adults and Pregnant Women

by Katarina Melzer^1,*, Juliane Heydenreich^1,3, Yves Schutz², Anne Renaud¹, Bengt Kayser³

and Urs Mäder¹

¹ Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen 2532, Switzerland

² Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland & Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland

³ Institute of Sports Science (ISSUL), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070438 - 20 Jul 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9991

Abstract

“Metabolic Equivalent” (MET) represents a standard amount of oxygen consumed by the body under resting conditions, and is defined as 3.5 mL O₂/kg × min or ~1 kcal/kg × h. It is used to express the energy cost of physical activity [...] Read more.

“Metabolic Equivalent” (MET) represents a standard amount of oxygen consumed by the body under resting conditions, and is defined as 3.5 mL O₂/kg × min or ~1 kcal/kg × h. It is used to express the energy cost of physical activity in multiples of MET. However, universal application of the 1-MET standard was questioned in previous studies, because it does not apply well to all individuals. Height, weight and resting metabolic rate (RMR, measured by indirect calorimetry) were measured in adolescent males (n = 50) and females (n = 50), women during pregnancy (gestation week 35–41, n = 46), women 24–53 weeks postpartum (n = 27), and active men (n = 30), and were compared to values predicted by the 1-MET standard. The RMR of adolescent males (1.28 kcal/kg × h) was significantly higher than that of adolescent females (1.11 kcal/kg × h), with or without the effects of puberty stage and physical activity levels. The RMR of the pregnant and post-pregnant subjects were not significantly different. The RMR of the active normal weight (0.92 kcal/kg × h) and overweight (0.89 kcal/kg × h) adult males were significantly lower than the 1-MET value. It follows that the 1-MET standard is inadequate for use not only in adult men and women, but also in adolescents and physically active men. It is therefore recommended that practitioners estimate RMR with equations taking into account individual characteristics, such as sex, age and Body Mass Index, and not rely on the 1-MET standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Populations)

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14 pages, 2869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Walnut Phenolic Extract and Its Bioactive Compounds Suppress Colon Cancer Cell Growth by Regulating Colon Cancer Stemness

by Jisoo Lee¹, Yoo-Sun Kim¹, JaeHwan Lee², Seung Chul Heo³, Kook Lae Lee⁴, Sang-Woon Choi⁵ and Yuri Kim^1,*

¹ Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea

² Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea

³ Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea

⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea

⁵ Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070439 - 21 Jul 2016

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8561

Abstract

Walnut has been known for its health benefits, including anti-cardiovascular disease and anti-oxidative properties. However, there is limited evidence elucidating its effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs) which represent a small subset of cancer cells that provide resistance against chemotherapy. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Walnut has been known for its health benefits, including anti-cardiovascular disease and anti-oxidative properties. However, there is limited evidence elucidating its effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs) which represent a small subset of cancer cells that provide resistance against chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-CSCs potential of walnut phenolic extract (WPE) and its bioactive compounds, including (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and gallic acid. In the present study, CD133⁺CD44⁺ cells were isolated from HCT116 cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and then treated with WPE. As a result, survival of the CD133⁺CD44⁺ HCT116 cells was inhibited and cell differentiation was induced by WPE. In addition, WPE down-regulated the CSC markers, CD133, CD44, DLK1, and Notch1, as well as the β-catenin/p-GSK3β signaling pathway. WPE suppressed the self-renewal capacity of CSCs. Furthermore, the WPE exhibited stronger anti-CSC effects than its individual bioactive compounds. Finally, the WPE inhibited specific CSC markers in primary colon cancer cells isolated from primary colon tumor. These results suggest that WPE can suppress colon cancer by regulating the characteristics of colon CSCs. Full article

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13 pages, 4705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barley Sprouts Extract Attenuates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Injury in Mice by Reducing Inflammatory Response

by Yun-Hee Lee^1,†

, Joung-Hee Kim^2,†, Sou Hyun Kim³, Ji Youn Oh³, Woo Duck Seo⁴, Kyung-Mi Kim⁵, Jae-Chul Jung⁵ and Young-Suk Jung^3,*

¹ College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea

² Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea

³ College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea

⁴ Crop Foundation Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Korea

⁵ Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd, Ochang, Cheongwon, Cheongju 28126, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070440 - 21 Jul 2016

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 10009

Abstract

It has been reported that barley leaves possess beneficial properties such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, and antidiabetic. Interestingly, barley sprouts contain a high content of saponarin, which showed both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of barley sprouts [...] Read more.

It has been reported that barley leaves possess beneficial properties such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, and antidiabetic. Interestingly, barley sprouts contain a high content of saponarin, which showed both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of barley sprouts on alcohol-induced liver injury mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Raw barley sprouts were extracted, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of its components were performed. The mice were fed a liquid alcohol diet with or without barley sprouts for four weeks. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were used to study the effect of barley sprouts on inflammation. Alcohol intake for four weeks caused liver injury, evidenced by an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. The accumulation of lipid in the liver was also significantly induced, whereas the glutathione (GSH) level was reduced. Moreover, the inflammation-related gene expression was dramatically increased. All these alcohol-induced changes were effectively prevented by barley sprouts treatment. In particular, pretreatment with barley sprouts significantly blocked inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7. This study suggests that the protective effect of barley sprouts against alcohol-induced liver injury is potentially attributable to its inhibition of the inflammatory response induced by alcohol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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11 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Montmorency Tart Cherry Concentrate Supplementation on Recovery Following Prolonged, Intermittent Exercise

by Phillip G. Bell^1,2, Emma Stevenson³, Gareth W. Davison⁴ and Glyn Howatson^1,5,*

¹ Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

² GSK Human Performance Lab., Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK

³ Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

⁴ Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK

⁵ Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070441 - 22 Jul 2016

Cited by 111 | Viewed by 28921

Abstract

This study investigated Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) supplementation on markers of recovery following prolonged, intermittent sprint activity. Sixteen semi-professional, male soccer players, who had dietary restrictions imposed for the duration of the study, were divided into two equal groups and consumed either [...] Read more.

This study investigated Montmorency tart cherry concentrate (MC) supplementation on markers of recovery following prolonged, intermittent sprint activity. Sixteen semi-professional, male soccer players, who had dietary restrictions imposed for the duration of the study, were divided into two equal groups and consumed either MC or placebo (PLA) supplementation for eight consecutive days (30 mL twice per day). On day 5, participants completed an adapted version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST_ADAPT). Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), 20 m Sprint, counter movement jump (CMJ), agility and muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed at baseline, and 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Measures of inflammation (IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, hsCRP), muscle damage (CK) and oxidative stress (LOOH) were analysed at baseline and 1, 3, 5, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise. Performance indices (MVIC, CMJ and agility) recovered faster and muscle soreness (DOMS) ratings were lower in the MC group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the acute inflammatory response (IL-6) was attenuated in the MC group. There were no effects for LOOH and CK. These findings suggest MC is efficacious in accelerating recovery following prolonged, repeat sprint activity, such as soccer and rugby, and lends further evidence that polyphenol-rich foods like MC are effective in accelerating recovery following various types of strenuous exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Health and Athletic Performance)

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16 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Deficiency in Patients with Heart Failure

by Edoardo Sciatti

, Carlo Lombardi^*, Alice Ravera, Enrico Vizzardi, Ivano Bonadei, Valentina Carubelli, Elio Gorga and Marco Metra

Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia 25123, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070442 - 22 Jul 2016

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11926

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Although evidence-based treatments have substantially improved outcomes, prognosis remains poor with high costs for health care systems. In patients with HF, poor dietary behaviors are associated with unsatisfactory quality [...] Read more.

Heart failure (HF) is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Although evidence-based treatments have substantially improved outcomes, prognosis remains poor with high costs for health care systems. In patients with HF, poor dietary behaviors are associated with unsatisfactory quality of life and adverse outcome. The HF guidelines have not recommended a specific nutritional strategy. Despite the role of micronutrient deficiency it has been extensively studied, data about the efficacy of supplementation therapy in HF are not supported by large randomized trials and there is limited evidence regarding the outcomes. The aim of the present review is to analyze the state-of-the-art of nutritional deficiencies in HF, focusing on the physiological role and the prognostic impact of micronutrient supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Older People)

11 pages, 1414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Diabetes-Specific Nutritional Formulas versus Oatmeal on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin, GLP-1 and Postprandial Lipidemia

by Adham Mottalib^1,*, Barakatun-Nisak Mohd-Yusof^1,2, Mohamed Shehabeldin¹, David M. Pober¹, Joanna Mitri¹ and Osama Hamdy^1,*

¹ Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA

² Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8070443 - 22 Jul 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 11247

Abstract

Diabetes-specific nutritional formulas (DSNFs) are frequently used as part of medical nutrition therapy for patients with diabetes. This study aims to evaluate postprandial (PP) effects of 2 DSNFs; Glucerna (GL) and Ultra Glucose Control (UGC) versus oatmeal (OM) on glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 [...] Read more.

Diabetes-specific nutritional formulas (DSNFs) are frequently used as part of medical nutrition therapy for patients with diabetes. This study aims to evaluate postprandial (PP) effects of 2 DSNFs; Glucerna (GL) and Ultra Glucose Control (UGC) versus oatmeal (OM) on glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG). After an overnight fast, 22 overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes were given 200 kcal of each of the three meals on three separate days in random order. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min. Glucose area under the curve (AUC_0–240) after GL and UGC was lower than OM (p < 0.001 for both). Insulin positive AUC_0–120 after UGC was higher than after OM (p = 0.02). GLP-1 AUC_0–120 and AUC_0–240 after GL and UGC was higher than after OM (p < 0.001 for both). FFA and TG levels were not different between meals. Intake of DSNFs improves PP glucose for 4 h in comparison to oatmeal of similar caloric level. This is achieved by either direct stimulation of insulin secretion or indirectly by stimulating GLP-1 secretion. The difference between their effects is probably related to their unique blends of amino acids, carbohydrates and fat. Full article

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