Nutrients

21 pages, 4352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leucine Supplementation Accelerates Connective Tissue Repair of Injured Tibialis Anterior Muscle

by Marcelo G. Pereira¹, Meiricris T. Silva¹, Eduardo O. C. Carlassara¹, Dawit A. Gonçalves², Paulo A. Abrahamsohn³, Isis C. Kettelhut², Anselmo S. Moriscot¹

, Marcelo S. Aoki⁴ and Elen H. Miyabara^1,*

¹ Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 2415, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil

² Department of Physiology and Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Bandeirantes Av. 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil

³ Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Prof. Lineu Prestes Av. 1524, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil

⁴ School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Arlindo Bettio Av. 1000, Sao Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 3981-4001; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6103981 - 29 Sep 2014

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9434

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of leucine supplementation on the skeletal muscle regenerative process, focusing on the remodeling of connective tissue of the fast twitch muscle tibialis anterior (TA). Young male Wistar rats were supplemented with leucine (1.35 g/kg per day); then, TA [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of leucine supplementation on the skeletal muscle regenerative process, focusing on the remodeling of connective tissue of the fast twitch muscle tibialis anterior (TA). Young male Wistar rats were supplemented with leucine (1.35 g/kg per day); then, TA muscles from the left hind limb were cryolesioned and examined after 10 days. Although leucine supplementation induced increased protein synthesis, it was not sufficient to promote an increase in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of regenerating myofibers (p > 0.05) from TA muscles. However, leucine supplementation reduced the amount of collagen and the activation of phosphorylated transforming growth factor-β receptor type I (TβR-I) and Smad2/3 in regenerating muscles (p < 0.05). Leucine also reduced neonatal myosin heavy chain (MyHC-n) (p < 0.05), increased adult MyHC-II expression (p < 0.05) and prevented the decrease in maximum tetanic strength in regenerating TA muscles (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that leucine supplementation accelerates connective tissue repair and consequent function of regenerating TA through the attenuation of TβR-I and Smad2/3 activation. Therefore, future studies are warranted to investigate leucine supplementation as a nutritional strategy to prevent or attenuate muscle fibrosis in patients with several muscle diseases. Full article

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30 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Selenium-Enriched Foods Are More Effective at Increasing Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity Compared with Selenomethionine: A Meta-Analysis

by Emma N. Bermingham^1,*, John E. Hesketh², Bruce R. Sinclair¹, John P. Koolaard³ and Nicole C. Roy^1,4,5

¹ Food Nutrition & Health, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK

³ Bioinformatics & Statistics AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

⁴ Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

⁵ Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, the University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4002-4031; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104002 - 29 Sep 2014

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 13604

Abstract

Selenium may play a beneficial role in multi-factorial illnesses with genetic and environmental linkages via epigenetic regulation in part via glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. A meta-analysis was undertaken to quantify the effects of dietary selenium supplementation on the activity of overall GPx activity [...] Read more.

Selenium may play a beneficial role in multi-factorial illnesses with genetic and environmental linkages via epigenetic regulation in part via glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. A meta-analysis was undertaken to quantify the effects of dietary selenium supplementation on the activity of overall GPx activity in different tissues and animal species and to compare the effectiveness of different forms of dietary selenium. GPx activity response was affected by both the dose and form of selenium (p < 0.001). There were differences between tissues on the effects of selenium supplementation on GPx activity (p < 0.001); however, there was no evidence in the data of differences between animal species (p = 0.95). The interactions between dose and tissue, animal species and form were significant (p < 0.001). Tissues particularly sensitive to changes in selenium supply include red blood cells, kidney and muscle. The meta-analysis identified that for animal species selenium-enriched foods were more effective than selenomethionine at increasing GPx activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

11 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Green Tea Consumption Affects Cognitive Dysfunction in the Elderly: A Pilot Study

by Kazuki Ide¹, Hiroshi Yamada^1,*, Norikata Takuma², Mijong Park¹, Noriko Wakamiya¹, Junpei Nakase³, Yuuichi Ukawa³ and Yuko M. Sagesaka³

¹ Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan

² White Cross Nursing Home, 2-26-1 Suwa-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0021, Japan

³ Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., 21 Mekami, Makinohara, Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4032-4042; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104032 - 29 Sep 2014

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 18431

Abstract

Green tea is known to have various health benefits for humans. However, the effect of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction remains to be clinically verified. We conducted a clinical study to investigate the effects of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction. Twelve [...] Read more.

Green tea is known to have various health benefits for humans. However, the effect of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction remains to be clinically verified. We conducted a clinical study to investigate the effects of green tea consumption on cognitive dysfunction. Twelve elderly nursing home residents with cognitive dysfunction (Mini-Mental State Examination Japanese version (MMSE-J) score: <28) participated in the study (2 men, 10 women; mean age, 88 years). The participants consumed green tea powder 2 g/day for 3 months. After three months of green tea consumption, the participants’ MMSE-J scores were significantly improved (before, 15.3 ± 7.7; after, 17.0 ± 8.2; p = 0.03). This result suggests that green tea consumption may be effective in improving cognitive function or reducing the progression of cognitive dysfunction; however, long-term large-scale controlled studies are needed to further clarify the effect. Full article

15 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Perioperative Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Leukotriene B₄ and Leukotriene B₅ Production by Stimulated Neutrophils in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Intervention Trial

by Lone S. Sorensen^1,*, Ole Thorlacius-Ussing^1,2, Henrik H. Rasmussen³, Søren Lundbye-Christensen⁴, Philip. C. Calder⁵

, Karen Lindorff-Larsen⁶ and Erik B. Schmidt⁴

¹ Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

² Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark

³ Center for Nutrition and Bowel Disease, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

⁴ Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

⁵ National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK

⁶ NordSim, Center for Simulation, Skills Training, Science and Innovation, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4043-4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104043 - 29 Sep 2014

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 9975

Abstract

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) may have beneficial clinical and immune-modulating effects in surgical patients. In a randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled trial, 148 patients referred for elective colorectal cancer surgery received an n-3 FA-enriched oral nutritional supplement (ONS) providing 2.0 [...] Read more.

Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) may have beneficial clinical and immune-modulating effects in surgical patients. In a randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled trial, 148 patients referred for elective colorectal cancer surgery received an n-3 FA-enriched oral nutritional supplement (ONS) providing 2.0 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.0 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day or a standard ONS for seven days before surgery. On the day of operation, there was a significant increase in the production of leukotriene B₅ (LTB₅) (p < 0.01) and 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE) (p < 0.01), a significant decrease in the production of leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) (p < 0.01) and a trend for a decrease in the production of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) (p < 0.1) from stimulated neutrophils in the active group compared with controls. There was no association between LTB₄ values and postoperative complications. In conclusion, oral n-3 FA exerts anti-inflammatory effects in surgical patients, without reducing the risk of postoperative complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Cancer)

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16 pages, 1068 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults

by Alessio Molfino^†, Gianfranco Gioia^†, Filippo Rossi Fanelli and Maurizio Muscaritoli^*

¹ Department of Clinical Medicine Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185 Rome, Italy

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4058-4072; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104058 - 3 Oct 2014

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 31123

Abstract

Optimal nutrition is one of the most important determinants of healthier ageing, reducing the risk of disability, maintaining mental and physical functions, and thus preserving and ensuring a better quality of life. Dietary intake and nutrient absorption decline with age, thus increasing the [...] Read more.

Optimal nutrition is one of the most important determinants of healthier ageing, reducing the risk of disability, maintaining mental and physical functions, and thus preserving and ensuring a better quality of life. Dietary intake and nutrient absorption decline with age, thus increasing the risk of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality. Specific nutrients, particularly long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), might have the potential of preventing and reducing co-morbidities in older adults. Omega-3 PUFAs are able to modulate inflammation, hyperlipidemia, platelet aggregation, and hypertension. Different mechanisms contribute to these effects, including conditioning cell membrane function and composition, eicosanoid production, and gene expression. The present review analyzes the influence of omega-3 PUFAs status and intake on brain function, cardiovascular system, immune function, muscle performance and bone health in older adults. Omega-3 FAs may have substantial benefits in reducing the risk of cognitive decline in older people. The available data encourage higher intakes of omega-3 PUFAs in the diet or via specific supplements. More studies are needed to confirm the role of omega-3 FAs in maintaining bone health and preventing the loss of muscle mass and function associated with ageing. In summary, omega-3 PUFAs are now identified as potential key nutrients, safe and effective in the treatment and prevention of several negative consequences of ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Influences on Age-Related Frailty)

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20 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micronutrient Intakes among Children and Adults in Greece: The Role of Age, Sex and Socio-Economic Status

by Yannis Manios^1,*

, George Moschonis^1,2, Christina Mavrogianni¹

, Rolf Bos³ and Cécile Singh-Povel³

¹ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El Venizelou Avenue, Kallithea, 17671 Athens, Greece

² EnviNHealth S.A., Vasilissis Sofias 22, Marousi, 15124 Athens, Greece

³ FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, Post Box 1551, Amersfoort 3800 BN, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4073-4092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104073 - 3 Oct 2014

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8041

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to report the usual nutrient intakes of sixteen micronutrients by schoolchildren, adults and the elderly in Greece and to further explore the role of age, sex and socio-economic status (SES) on meeting the recommended nutrient intakes. [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study was to report the usual nutrient intakes of sixteen micronutrients by schoolchildren, adults and the elderly in Greece and to further explore the role of age, sex and socio-economic status (SES) on meeting the recommended nutrient intakes. Dietary intake, demographic and SES data from three existing studies conducted in Greece (in 9–13-year-old children; 40–60-year-old adults; and 50–75-year-old women) were collected. The prevalence of study participants with inadequate micronutrient intakes were assessed using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. Regarding sex and age differences, the highest prevalences of inadequate nutrient intakes occurred in post-menopausal women. In both sexes and all age groups, the prevalence of vitamin D intake below EAR reached 100%. Furthermore, nutrient intakes of 75% or more below EAR were found for vitamin E in all age groups, folate in women and for calcium and magnesium in post-menopausal women (p < 0.05). Regarding SES differences, the prevalences of inadequate calcium and vitamin C intakes were higher for children and postmenopausal women of lower SES compared to their higher SES counterparts (p < 0.05). The current study reported the highest prevalences of inadequate intakes for both sexes and all age and SES groups for calcium, folate and vitamins D and E. These findings could provide guidance to public health policy makers in terms of updating current dietary guidelines and fortifying foods to meet the needs of all population subgroups. Full article

22 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessReview

Identification, Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency during the First 1000 Days

by Rachel M. Burke^1,*, Juan S. Leon² and Parminder S. Suchdev^2,3

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

² Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

³ Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4093-4114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104093 - 10 Oct 2014

Cited by 101 | Viewed by 19051

Abstract

Iron deficiency is a global problem across the life course, but infants and their mothers are especially vulnerable to both the development and the consequences of iron deficiency. Maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy can predispose offspring to the development of iron deficiency during [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency is a global problem across the life course, but infants and their mothers are especially vulnerable to both the development and the consequences of iron deficiency. Maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy can predispose offspring to the development of iron deficiency during infancy, with potentially lifelong sequelae. This review explores iron status throughout these “first 1000 days” from pregnancy through two years of age, covering the role of iron and the epidemiology of iron deficiency, as well as its consequences, identification, interventions and remaining research gaps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron Deficiency: Development, Implications and Treatment)

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50 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessMeeting Report

Report on the Fifth International Conference on Natural Products for Health and Beauty (NATPRO 5) Held in Thailand, 6–8th May, 2014

by Supayang Voravuthikunchai^1,* and Peter Howe²

¹ Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand

² Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4115-4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104115 - 10 Oct 2014

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 13849

Abstract

The 5th International Conference on Natural Products for Health and Beauty (NATPRO 5) was held at the Moevenpick Resort and Spa Karon Beach, Phuket, Thailand on 6–8 May 2014. NATPRO was established in 2005 by Professor Maitree Suttajit, Mahasarakham University with the aim [...] Read more.

The 5th International Conference on Natural Products for Health and Beauty (NATPRO 5) was held at the Moevenpick Resort and Spa Karon Beach, Phuket, Thailand on 6–8 May 2014. NATPRO was established in 2005 by Professor Maitree Suttajit, Mahasarakham University with the aim of building research networking on natural products. NATPRO 2, 3 and 4 were subsequently organized by Naresuan University, Rangsit University and Chiang Mai University in 2008, 2011 and 2012, respectively. [...] Full article

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13 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 1 and Glucose Transporter 2 in the Absorption of Cyanidin-3-O-β-Glucoside in Caco-2 Cells

by Tang-Bin Zou^1,2, Dan Feng², Gang Song¹, Hua-Wen Li¹, Huan-Wen Tang¹ and Wen-Hua Ling^2,*

¹ School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China

² Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4165-4177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104165 - 13 Oct 2014

Cited by 89 | Viewed by 9254

Abstract

Anthocyanins have multiple biological activities of benefit to human health. While a few studies have been conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of anthocyanins, the mechanisms of their absorption mechanism remain ill-defined. In the present study, we investigated the absorption mechanism of cyanidin-3-O [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins have multiple biological activities of benefit to human health. While a few studies have been conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of anthocyanins, the mechanisms of their absorption mechanism remain ill-defined. In the present study, we investigated the absorption mechanism of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-G) in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Cy-3-G transport was assessed by measuring the absorptive and efflux direction. Inhibition studies were conducted using the pharmacological agents, phloridzin, an inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), or phloretin, an inhibitor of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). The results showed that phloridzin and phloretin significantly inhibited the absorption of Cy-3-G. In addition, Caco-2 cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for SGLT1 or GLUT2 showed significantly decreased Cy-3-G absorption. These siRNA transfected cells also showed a significantly decreased rate of transport of Cy-3-G compared with the control group. These findings suggest that Cy-3-G absorption is dependent on the activities of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the small intestine and that SGLT1 and GLUT2 could be a limiting step for the bioavailability of Cy-3-G. Full article

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13 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extract on the Functionality of the Solute Carrier Protein 22 A4 (SLC22A4) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Variants Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Mark J. McCann^1,2,3,*, Sarah Johnston^1,2, Kerri Reilly^1,2, Xuejing Men^1,2,3,4, Elaine J. Burgess^2,5, Nigel B. Perry^2,5 and Nicole C. Roy^1,2,3,4

¹ Food Nutrition & Health, Food and Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² Nutrigenomics New Zealand, Plant and Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

³ Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

⁴ The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

⁵ Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4178-4190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104178 - 13 Oct 2014

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 11609

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disease. Genetic predisposition to the disease reduces an individual’s capacity to respond appropriately to environmental challenges in the intestine leading to inappropriate inflammation. IBD patients often modify their diet to mitigate or reduce the severity [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing disease. Genetic predisposition to the disease reduces an individual’s capacity to respond appropriately to environmental challenges in the intestine leading to inappropriate inflammation. IBD patients often modify their diet to mitigate or reduce the severity of inflammation. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) has historically been used in Chinese, Hindu, and Ayurvedic medicine over several centuries to treat inflammatory disorders. To understand how turmeric may influence the consequences of a genetic predisposition to inappropriate inflammation, we used HEK293 cells to examine the in vitro capacity of turmeric extract and fractions to affect the functionality of two gene variants, solute carrier protein 22 A4 (SLC22A4, rs1050152) and interleukin-10 (IL-10, rs1800896) associated with IBD. We found that a turmeric extract and several chromatographically separated fractions beneficially affected the variants of SLC22A4 and IL-10 associated with IBD, by reducing inappropriate epithelial cell transport (SLC22A4, 503F) and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine gene promoter activity (IL-10, −1082A). The effect of turmeric on the IL-10 variant was strongly associated with the curcumin content of the extract and its fractions. Full article

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9 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbohydrate-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Distress

by Erick Prado De Oliveira^1,* and Roberto C. Burini²

¹ School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Pará, nº 1720 Bloco 2U, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais 38400-902, Brazil

² Centre for Physical Exercise and Nutrition Metabolism, UNESP School of Medicine, Public Health Department, Botucatu City, São Paulo 18618-900, Brazil

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4191-4199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104191 - 13 Oct 2014

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 16100

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) problems are a common concern of athletes during intense exercise. Ultimately, these symptoms can impair performance and possibly prevent athletes from winning or even finishing a race. The main causes of GI problems during exercise are mechanical, ischemic and nutritional factors. [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal (GI) problems are a common concern of athletes during intense exercise. Ultimately, these symptoms can impair performance and possibly prevent athletes from winning or even finishing a race. The main causes of GI problems during exercise are mechanical, ischemic and nutritional factors. Among the nutritional factors, a high intake of carbohydrate and hyperosmolar solutions increases GI problems. A number of nutritional manipulations have been proposed to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms, including the use of multiple transportable carbohydrates. This type of CHO intake increases the oxidation rates and can prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. Glucose (6%) or glucose plus fructose (8%–10%) beverages are recommended in order to increase CHO intake while avoiding the gastric emptying delay. Training the gut with high intake of CHO may increase absorption capacity and probably prevent GI distress. CHO mouth rinse may be a good strategy to enhance performance without using GI tract in exercises lasting less than an hour. Future strategies should be investigated comparing different CHO types, doses, and concentration in exercises with the same characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport and Performance Nutrition)

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18 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Content and Methyl Donors in Maternal Diet Interact to Influence the Proliferation Rate and Cell Fate of Neural Stem Cells in Rat Hippocampus

by Valérie Amarger^1,*, Angèle Lecouillard¹, Laure Ancellet^1,†, Isabelle Grit¹, Blandine Castellano¹, Philippe Hulin² and Patricia Parnet¹

¹ INRA-University of Nantes, UMR1280, 44093 Nantes, France

² Plateforme MicroPICell, SFR Santé, 44093 Nantes, France

^† Present address: Elementa, 56011 Vannes, France.

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4200-4217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104200 - 14 Oct 2014

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9347

Abstract

Maternal diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life influences the setting up of normal physiological functions in the offspring. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate cell differentiation during embryonic development and may mediate gene/environment interactions. We showed here that high methyl donors associated with normal protein [...] Read more.

Maternal diet during pregnancy and early postnatal life influences the setting up of normal physiological functions in the offspring. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate cell differentiation during embryonic development and may mediate gene/environment interactions. We showed here that high methyl donors associated with normal protein content in maternal diet increased the in vitro proliferation rate of neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from rat E19 fetuses. Gene expression on whole hippocampi at weaning confirmed this effect as evidenced by the higher expression of the Nestin and Igf2 genes, suggesting a higher amount of undifferentiated precursor cells. Additionally, protein restriction reduced the expression of the insulin receptor gene, which is essential to the action of IGFII. Inhibition of DNA methylation in neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro increased the expression of the astrocyte-specific Gfap gene and decreased the expression of the neuron-specific Dcx gene, suggesting an impact on cell differentiation. Our data suggest a complex interaction between methyl donors and protein content in maternal diet that influence the expression of major growth factors and their receptors and therefore impact the proliferation and differentiation capacities of neural stem cells, either through external hormone signals or internal genomic regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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55 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Soy Isoflavones on the Epigenome in Cancer Prevention

by Maria Pudenz^†, Kevin Roth^† and Clarissa Gerhauser^*

¹ Division Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4218-4272; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104218 - 15 Oct 2014

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 17370

Abstract

Isoflavones (IF) such as genistein are cancer preventive phytochemicals found in soy and other legumes. Epidemiological studies point to a reduced risk for hormone‑dependent cancers in populations following a typical Asian diet rich in soy products. IF act as phytoestrogens and prevent tumorigenesis [...] Read more.

Isoflavones (IF) such as genistein are cancer preventive phytochemicals found in soy and other legumes. Epidemiological studies point to a reduced risk for hormone‑dependent cancers in populations following a typical Asian diet rich in soy products. IF act as phytoestrogens and prevent tumorigenesis in rodent models by a broad spectrum of bioactivities. During the past 10 years, IF were shown to target all major epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression, including DNA methylation, histone modifications controlling chromatin accessibility, and non-coding RNAs. These effects have been suggested to contribute to cancer preventive potential in in vitro and in vivo studies, affecting several key processes such as DNA repair, cell signaling cascades including Wnt-signaling, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis formation and development of drug-resistance. We here summarize the state-of-the-art of IF affecting the epigenome in major hormone-dependent, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tumor types and in in vivo studies on anti-cancer treatment or developmental aspects, and short-term intervention studies in adults. These data, while often requiring replication, suggest that epigenetic gene regulation represents an important novel target of IF and should be taken into consideration when evaluating the cancer preventive potential of IF in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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29 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Dietary Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) Inhibitors in Health and Disease

by Shalome A. Bassett^1,2,* and Matthew P. G. Barnett^1,2

¹ Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand

² Nutrigenomics New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4273-4301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104273 - 15 Oct 2014

Cited by 149 | Viewed by 18963

Abstract

Modification of the histone proteins associated with DNA is an important process in the epigenetic regulation of DNA structure and function. There are several known modifications to histones, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and a range of factors influence each of these. Histone [...] Read more.

Modification of the histone proteins associated with DNA is an important process in the epigenetic regulation of DNA structure and function. There are several known modifications to histones, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and a range of factors influence each of these. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove the acetyl group from lysine residues within a range of proteins, including transcription factors and histones. Whilst this means that their influence on cellular processes is more complex and far-reaching than histone modifications alone, their predominant function appears to relate to histones; through deacetylation of lysine residues they can influence expression of genes encoded by DNA linked to the histone molecule. HDAC inhibitors in turn regulate the activity of HDACs, and have been widely used as therapeutics in psychiatry and neurology, in which a number of adverse outcomes are associated with aberrant HDAC function. More recently, dietary HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have a regulatory effect similar to that of pharmacological HDAC inhibitors without the possible side-effects. Here, we discuss a number of dietary HDAC inhibitors, and how they may have therapeutic potential in the context of a whole food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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15 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: A Proposal for Italian People

by Annunziata D'Alessandro^1,* and Giovanni De Pergola²

¹ Endocrinologist, General Practitioner. General Medicine ASL BA/4 D.S.S. 8, viale Japigia 38/G, Bari 70126, Italy

² Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4302-4316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104302 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 18595

Abstract

Bread was a staple in the traditional Mediterranean diet of the early 1960s, as well as nowadays; however, it was a stone ground sourdough bread in Nicotera and probably in the Greek cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. In the present review, the [...] Read more.

Bread was a staple in the traditional Mediterranean diet of the early 1960s, as well as nowadays; however, it was a stone ground sourdough bread in Nicotera and probably in the Greek cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. In the present review, the nutritional characteristics of this food are analyzed in relation to its protective effects on coronary heart disease, metabolic diseases and cancer. According to our traditions, cultural heritage and scientific evidence, we propose that only cereal foods with low glycemic index (GI) and rich in fiber have to be placed at the base of the Mediterranean diet pyramid, whereas refined grains and high GI starchy foods have to be sited at the top. Full article

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3 pages, 61 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Barnard, N., et al. Meat Consumption as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2014, 6, 897–910

by Neal Barnard¹, Susan Levin^2,* and Caroline Trapp²

¹ Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA

² Nutrition Education, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4317-4319; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104317 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5517

Abstract

We have found some inadvertent errors in our paper published in Nutrients [1]. This is a second published correction, the first correction can be found [2].[...] Full article

18 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cod Liver Oil Supplement Consumption and Health: Cross‑sectional Results from the EPIC-Norfolk Cohort Study

by Marleen A.H. Lentjes^1,*, Ailsa A. Welch², Angela A. Mulligan¹, Robert N. Luben¹, Nicholas J. Wareham³ and Kay-Tee Khaw⁴

¹ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK

² Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

³ Medical Research Council, Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

⁴ Clinical Gerontology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4320-4337; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104320 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 9693

Abstract

Supplement users (SU) make healthy lifestyle choices; on the other hand, SU report more medical conditions. We hypothesised that cod liver oil (CLO) consumers are similar to non-supplement users, since CLO use might originate from historical motives, i.e., rickets prevention, and not [...] Read more.

Supplement users (SU) make healthy lifestyle choices; on the other hand, SU report more medical conditions. We hypothesised that cod liver oil (CLO) consumers are similar to non-supplement users, since CLO use might originate from historical motives, i.e., rickets prevention, and not health consciousness. CLO consumers were studied in order to identify possible confounders, such as confounding by indication. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) investigates causes of chronic disease. The participants were 25,639 men and women, aged 40–79 years, recruited from general practices in Norfolk, East-Anglia (UK). Participants completed questionnaires and a health examination between 1993 and 1998. Supplement use was measured using 7-day diet diaries. CLO was the most common supplement used, more prevalent among women and associated with not smoking, higher physical activity level and more favourable eating habits. SU had a higher occurrence of benign growths and bone-related diseases, but CLO was negatively associated with cardiovascular-related conditions. Although the results of SU characteristics in EPIC-Norfolk are comparable with studies worldwide, the CLO group is different from SU in general. Confounding by indication takes place and will need to be taken into account when analysing prospective associations of CLO use with fracture risk and cardiovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutrient Intakes)

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16 pages, 163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Psycho-Genetic Study of Hedonic Responsiveness in Relation to “Food Addiction”

by Caroline Davis^1,* and Natalie J. Loxton²

¹ School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, 343 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada

² School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road Mt Gravatt, Queensland 4122, Australia

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4338-4353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104338 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 10085

Abstract

While food addiction has no formally-recognized definition, it is typically operationalized according to the diagnostic principles established by the Yale Food Addiction Scale—an inventory based on the symptom criteria for substance dependence in the DSM-IV. Currently, there is little biologically-based research investigating [...] Read more.

While food addiction has no formally-recognized definition, it is typically operationalized according to the diagnostic principles established by the Yale Food Addiction Scale—an inventory based on the symptom criteria for substance dependence in the DSM-IV. Currently, there is little biologically-based research investigating the risk factors for food addiction. What does exist has focused almost exclusively on dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. While brain opioid signaling has also been strongly implicated in the control of food intake, there is no research examining this neural circuitry in the association with food addiction. The purpose of the study was therefore to test a model predicting that a stronger activation potential of opioid circuitry-as indicated by the functional A118G marker of the mu-opioid receptor gene-would serve as an indirect risk factor for food addiction via a heightened hedonic responsiveness to palatable food. Results confirmed these relationships. In addition, our findings that the food-addiction group had significantly higher levels of hedonic responsiveness to food suggests that this bio-behavioral trait may foster a proneness to overeating, to episodes of binge eating, and ultimately to a compulsive and addictive pattern of food intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Addiction)

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8 pages, 98 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Are Reductions in Population Sodium Intake Achievable?

by Jessica L. Levings^*, Mary E. Cogswell and Janelle Peralez Gunn

Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F72, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4354-4361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104354 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 22266

Abstract

The vast majority of Americans consume too much sodium, primarily from packaged and restaurant foods. The evidence linking sodium intake with direct health outcomes indicates a positive relationship between higher levels of sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk, consistent with the relationship between [...] Read more.

The vast majority of Americans consume too much sodium, primarily from packaged and restaurant foods. The evidence linking sodium intake with direct health outcomes indicates a positive relationship between higher levels of sodium intake and cardiovascular disease risk, consistent with the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure. Despite communication and educational efforts focused on lowering sodium intake over the last three decades data suggest average US sodium intake has remained remarkably elevated, leading some to argue that current sodium guidelines are unattainable. The IOM in 2010 recommended gradual reductions in the sodium content of packaged and restaurant foods as a primary strategy to reduce US sodium intake, and research since that time suggests gradual, downward shifts in mean population sodium intake are achievable and can move the population toward current sodium intake guidelines. The current paper reviews recent evidence indicating: (1) significant reductions in mean population sodium intake can be achieved with gradual sodium reduction in the food supply, (2) gradual sodium reduction in certain cases can be achieved without a noticeable change in taste or consumption of specific products, and (3) lowering mean population sodium intake can move us toward meeting the current individual guidelines for sodium intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salt and Health: A Public Health Issue)

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11 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Anti-Osteoporotic Effects of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Extract on Ovariectomized Rats and Its Oral Toxicity in Rats

by Dong Wook Lim¹ and Yun Tai Kim^2,3,*

¹ Food Resource Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea

² Research Group of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea

³ Division of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4362-4372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104362 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 10282

Abstract

Angelica sinensis root is one of the herbs most commonly used in China; it is also often included in dietary supplements for menopause in Europe and North America. In the present study, we examined the anti-osteoporotic effects of A. sinensis extract in an [...] Read more.

Angelica sinensis root is one of the herbs most commonly used in China; it is also often included in dietary supplements for menopause in Europe and North America. In the present study, we examined the anti-osteoporotic effects of A. sinensis extract in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis as well as toxicity of the extract after repeated oral administration. The OVX rats were treated with 17β-estradiol (10 μg/kg i.p. once daily) or A. sinensis extract (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) for four weeks. The bone (femur) mineral density (BMD) of rats treated with the extract (300 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that of the OVX-control, reaching BMD of the estradiol group. Markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis, serum alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I C-telopeptide and osteocalcin, were significantly decreased in the extract group. The body and uterus weight and serum estradiol concentration were not affected, and no treatment-related toxicity was observed during extract administration in rats. The results obtained indicate that A. sinensis extract can prevent the OVX-induced bone loss in rats via estrogen-independent mechanism. Full article

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16 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Its Relationship with Autonomic Dysfunction Using Time- and Frequency-Domain Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Young Jin Tak^1,2, Jeong Gyu Lee^1,2,*, Yun Jin Kim^1,2, Sang Yeoup Lee^3,4

and Byung Mann Cho⁵

¹ Department of Family Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 602-739 Busan, Korea

² Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 602-739 Busan, Korea

³ Medical Education Unit and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 626-870 Yangsan, Korea

⁴ Family Medicine Clinic and Research Institute of Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National Yangsan Hospital, 626-789 Yangsan, Korea

⁵ Department of Preventive Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 626-770 Yangsan, Korea

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4373-4388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104373 - 16 Oct 2014

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8582

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and hypovitaminosis D are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few reports have investigated the effects of vitamin D on HRV. This cross-sectional study analyzed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and HRV indices using [...] Read more.

Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and hypovitaminosis D are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few reports have investigated the effects of vitamin D on HRV. This cross-sectional study analyzed serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and HRV indices using 5-min R-R interval recordings with an automatic three-channel electrocardiography in healthy subjects (103 males and 73 females). Standard deviation of N-N interval (SDNN), square root of mean squared differences of successive N-N intervals (RMSSD), total power (TP), very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), and high frequency (HF) were reported. The mean age of subjects was 55.3 ± 11.3 years and the mean 25(OH)D level was 21.2 ± 9.9 ng/mL. In a multiple linear regression model, 25(OH)D was positively correlated with SDNN (β = 0.240, p < 0.002), and LF (β = 0.144, p = 0.044). Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 15 ng/mL) was associated with decreased SDNN (<30 m/s) (OR, 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.32–7.14; p = 0.014) after adjusting for covariates. We found that lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with lower HRV, suggesting a possible explanation for the higher risk of CVD in populations with hypovitaminosis D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and CVD)

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15 pages, 146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Low-Calorie Sweeteners among U.S. Adults Is Associated with Higher Healthy Eating Index (HEI 2005) Scores and More Physical Activity

by Adam Drewnowski^* and Colin D. Rehm

Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Box 353410

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4389-4403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104389 - 17 Oct 2014

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 19065

Abstract

The possibility that low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) promote lower quality diets and, therefore, weight gain has been noted as a cause for concern. Data from a representative sample of 22,231 adults were obtained from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [...] Read more.

The possibility that low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) promote lower quality diets and, therefore, weight gain has been noted as a cause for concern. Data from a representative sample of 22,231 adults were obtained from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2008 NHANES). A single 24-hour recall was used to identify consumers of LCS beverages, foods and tabletop sweeteners. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI 2005) and its multiple subscores. Health behaviors of interest were physical activity, smoking and alcohol use. LCS consumers had higher HEI 2005 scores than did non-consumers, largely explained by better SoFAAS subscores (solid fats, added sugar and alcohol). LCS consumers had better HEI subscores for vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy, but worse subscores for saturated fat and sodium compared to non-consumers. Similar trends were observed for LCS beverages, tabletop LCS and LCS foods. Consumers of LCS were less likely to smoke and were more likely to engage in recreational physical activity. LCS use was associated with higher HEI 2005 scores, lower consumption of empty calories, less smoking and more physical activity. Full article

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17 pages, 1571 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Resveratrol Based Oral Nutritional Supplement Produces Long-Term Beneficial Effects on Structure and Visual Function in Human Patients

by Stuart Richer^1,2,3,*, Shana Patel³, Shivani Sockanathan³, Lawrence J. Ulanski II^1,2, Luke Miller³ and Carla Podella¹

¹ Eye Clinic 112e, Captain James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, 3001 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA

² University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

³ Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, USA

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4404-4420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104404 - 17 Oct 2014

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 11357

Abstract

Background: Longevinex^® (L/RV) is a low dose hormetic over-the-counter (OTC) oral resveratrol (RV) based matrix of red wine solids, vitamin D₃ and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) with established bioavailability, safety, and short-term efficacy against the earliest signs of human atherosclerosis, murine cardiac [...] Read more.

Background: Longevinex^® (L/RV) is a low dose hormetic over-the-counter (OTC) oral resveratrol (RV) based matrix of red wine solids, vitamin D₃ and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) with established bioavailability, safety, and short-term efficacy against the earliest signs of human atherosclerosis, murine cardiac reperfusion injury, clinical retinal neovascularization, and stem cell survival. We previously reported our short-term findings for dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. Today we report long term (two to three year) clinical efficacy. Methods: We treated three patients including a patient with an AMD treatment resistant variant (polypoidal retinal vasculature disease). We evaluated two clinical measures of ocular structure (fundus autofluorescent imaging and spectral domain optical coherence extended depth choroidal imaging) and qualitatively appraised changes in macular pigment volume. We further evaluated three clinical measures of visual function (Snellen visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and glare recovery to a cone photo-stress stimulus). Results: We observed broad bilateral improvements in ocular structure and function over a long time period, opposite to what might be expected due to aging and the natural progression of the patient’s pathophysiology. No side effects were observed. Conclusions: These three cases demonstrate that application of epigenetics has long-term efficacy against AMD retinal disease, when the retinal specialist has exhausted other therapeutic modalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Epigenetics)

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13 pages, 119 KiB

Open AccessReview

Discretionary Fortification—A Public Health Perspective

by Tarasuk Valerie

Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4421-4433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104421 - 17 Oct 2014

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7537

Abstract

‘Discretionary fortification’ refers to the addition of vitamins and minerals to foods at the discretion of manufacturers for marketing purposes, but not as part of a planned public health intervention. While the nutrients added may correspond to needs in the population, an examination [...] Read more.

‘Discretionary fortification’ refers to the addition of vitamins and minerals to foods at the discretion of manufacturers for marketing purposes, but not as part of a planned public health intervention. While the nutrients added may correspond to needs in the population, an examination of novel beverages sold in Toronto supermarkets revealed added nutrients for which there is little or no evidence of inadequacy in the population. This is consistent with the variable effects of manufacturer-driven fortification on nutrient adequacy observed in the US. Nutrient intakes in excess of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are now observed in the context of supplement use and high levels of consumption of fortified foods. Expanding discretionary fortification can only increase nutrient exposures, but any health risks associated with chronically high nutrient loads from fortification and supplementation remain to be discovered. Regulatory bodies are focused on the establishment of safe levels of nutrient addition, but their estimation procedures are fraught with untested assumptions and data limitations. The task of determining the benefits of discretionary fortification is being left to consumers, but the nutrition information available to them is insufficient to allow for differentiation of potentially beneficial fortification from gratuitous nutrient additions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Fortification and Human Health)

18 pages, 173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary and Health Profiles of Spanish Women in Preconception, Pregnancy and Lactation

by Marta Cuervo^1,2, Carmen Sayon-Orea³, Susana Santiago¹

and Jose Alfredo Martínez^1,2,*

¹ Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Center for Nutritional Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain

² CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain

³ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4434-4451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104434 - 20 Oct 2014

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9816

Abstract

The nutritional status and lifestyle of women in preconception, pregnancy and lactation determine maternal, fetal and child health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate dietary patterns and lifestyles according the perinatal physiological status in a large sample of Spanish women. [...] Read more.

The nutritional status and lifestyle of women in preconception, pregnancy and lactation determine maternal, fetal and child health. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate dietary patterns and lifestyles according the perinatal physiological status in a large sample of Spanish women. Community pharmacists that were previously trained to collect the data recruited 13,845 women. General information, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, unhealthy habits and dietary data were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Mean values and percentages were used as descriptive statistics. The t-test, ANOVA or chi-squared test were used to compare groups. A score that included dietary and behavioral characteristics was generated to compare lifestyles in the three physiological situations. The analysis revealed that diet quality should be improved in the three stages, but in a different manner. While women seeking a pregnancy only met dairy recommendations, those who were pregnant only fulfilled fresh fruits servings and lactating women only covered protein group requirements. In all cases, the consumption allowances of sausages, buns and pastries were exceeded. Food patterns and unhealthy behaviors of Spanish women in preconception, pregnancy and lactation should be improved, particularly in preconception. This information might be useful in order to implement educational programs for each population group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Pregnancy)

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20 pages, 384 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatty Acid Metabolism in Carriers of Apolipoprotein E Epsilon 4 Allele: Is It Contributing to Higher Risk of Cognitive Decline and Coronary Heart Disease?

by Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins and Mélanie Plourde^*

Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre-University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Canada

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4452-4471; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104452 - 20 Oct 2014

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 13023

Abstract

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein playing a pivotal role in lipid homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism in the blood and the brain. APOE gene regulates the expression of this protein and has three different alleles: ε2, ε3 and [...] Read more.

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein playing a pivotal role in lipid homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism in the blood and the brain. APOE gene regulates the expression of this protein and has three different alleles: ε2, ε3 and ε4. Carrying an APOE4 allele is recognised as a genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Consuming fatty fish, rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids (LC omega-3), seems to be associated with risk reduction of developing LOAD and CHD but this link seems not to hold in APOE4 carriers, at least in LOAD. In CHD trials, APOE4 carriers supplemented with LC omega-3 were categorized as differential responders to the treatment with regards to CHD risk markers. This is potentially because fatty acid metabolism is disturbed in APOE4 carriers compared to the non-carriers. More specifically, homeostasis of LC omega-3 is disrupted in carriers of APOE4 allele and this is potentially because they β-oxidize more LC omega-3 than the non-carriers. Therefore, there is a potential shift in fatty acid selection for β-oxidation towards LC omega-3 which are usually highly preserved for incorporation into cell membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient: Gene Interactions)

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4 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessLetter

A Statistical Error in the Estimation of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Vitamin D

by Paul J. Veugelers^* and John Paul Ekwaru

School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 350 University Terrace, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4472-4475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104472 - 20 Oct 2014

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 65968

Abstract

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) issues dietary recommendations on the request of the U.S. and Canadian governments. [...] Full article

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15 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Severe Periodontitis Is Inversely Associated with Coffee Consumption in the Maintenance Phase of Periodontal Treatment

by Tatsuya Machida^*, Takaaki Tomofuji, Daisuke Ekuni

, Tetsuji Azuma, Noriko Takeuchi, Takayuki Maruyama, Shinsuke Mizutani, Kota Kataoka, Yuya Kawabata and Manabu Morita

Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4476-4490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104476 - 21 Oct 2014

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8610

Abstract

This cross-sectional study addressed the relationship between coffee consumption and periodontitis in patients during the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. A total of 414 periodontitis patients in the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment completed a questionnaire including items related to coffee intake and [...] Read more.

This cross-sectional study addressed the relationship between coffee consumption and periodontitis in patients during the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. A total of 414 periodontitis patients in the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment completed a questionnaire including items related to coffee intake and underwent periodontal examination. Logistic regression analysis showed that presence of moderate/severe periodontitis was correlated with presence of hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.99, p < 0.05), smoking (former, OR = 5.63, p < 0.01; current, OR = 6.81, p = 0.076), number of teeth present (OR = 0.89, p < 0.001), plaque control record ≥20% (OR = 1.88, p < 0.05), and duration of maintenance phase (OR = 1.07, p < 0.01). On the other hand, presence of severe periodontitis was correlated with smoking (former, OR = 1.35, p = 0.501; current, OR = 3.98, p < 0.05), coffee consumption (≥1 cup/day, OR = 0.55, p < 0.05), number of teeth present (OR = 0.95, p < 0.05), and bleeding on probing ≥ 20% (OR = 3.67, p < 0.001). There appears to be an inverse association between coffee consumption (≥1 cup/day) and prevalence of severe periodontitis in the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. Full article

29 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Dietary Supplements to Alleviate Androgen Deprivation Therapy Side Effects during Prostate Cancer Treatment

by Andrea Dueregger¹, Isabel Heidegger¹, Philipp Ofer¹, Bernhard Perktold², Reinhold Ramoner², Helmut Klocker¹ and Iris E. Eder^1,*

¹ Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria

² Department of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4491-4519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104491 - 21 Oct 2014

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 17936

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however [...] Read more.

Prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of male cancer death in Western societies, is typically androgen-dependent, a characteristic that underlies the rationale of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Approximately 90% of patients initially respond to ADT strategies, however many experience side effects including hot flashes, cardiotoxicity, metabolic and musculoskeletal alterations. This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT. In particular, we focus on herbal compounds, phytoestrogens, selenium (Se), fatty acids (FA), calcium, and Vitamins D and E. Indeed, there is some evidence that calcium and Vitamin D can prevent the development of osteoporosis during ADT. On the other hand, caution should be taken with the antioxidants Se and Vitamin E until the basis underlying their respective association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and PCa tumor development has been clarified. However, many other promising supplements have not yet been subjected large-scale clinical trials making it difficult to assess their efficacy. Given the demographic trend of increased PCa diagnoses and dependence on ADT as a major therapeutic strategy, further studies are required to objectively evaluate these supplements as adjuvant for PCa patients receiving ADT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Cancer)

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11 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Effects of Oral Glutamine Dipeptide, Glutamine, and Alanine on Blood Amino Acid Availability in Rats Submitted to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia

by Vania C. Minguetti-Câmara¹, Any De C. R. Marques¹, Fabiana P. M. Schiavon¹, Vanessa R. Vilela¹, Marcos L. Bruschi² and Roberto Barbosa Bazotte^1,*

¹ Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State 87020-900, Brazil

² Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State 87020-900, Brazil

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4520-4530; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104520 - 21 Oct 2014

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6171

Abstract

We compared the effects of oral administration of high-dose or low-dose glutamine dipeptide (GDP), alanine (ALA), glutamine (GLN), and ALA + GLN on the blood availability of amino acids in rats submitted to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Insulin detemir (1 U/kg) was intraperitoneally injected [...] Read more.

We compared the effects of oral administration of high-dose or low-dose glutamine dipeptide (GDP), alanine (ALA), glutamine (GLN), and ALA + GLN on the blood availability of amino acids in rats submitted to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Insulin detemir (1 U/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to produce IIH; this was followed by oral administration of GDP, GLN + ALA, GLN, or ALA. We observed higher blood levels of GLN, 30 min after oral administration of high-dose GDP (1000 mg/kg) than after administration of ALA (381 mg/kg) + GLN (619 mg/kg), GLN (619 mg/kg), or ALA (381 mg/kg). However, we did not observe the same differences after oral administration of low-dose GDP (100 mg/kg) compared with ALA (38.1 mg/kg) + GLN (61.9 mg/kg), GLN (61.9 mg/kg), or ALA (38.1 mg/kg). We also observed less liver catabolism of GDP compared to ALA and GLN. In conclusion, high-dose GDP promoted higher blood levels of GLN than oral ALA + GLN, GLN, or ALA. Moreover, the lower levels of liver catabolism of GDP, compared to ALA or GLN, contributed to the superior performance of high-dose GDP in terms of blood availability of GLN. Full article

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21 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrigenomics of Body Weight Regulation: A Rationale for Careful Dissection of Individual Contributors

by Jaap Keijer^*

, Femke P. M. Hoevenaars, Arie Nieuwenhuizen and Evert M. Van Schothorst

Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4531-4551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104531 - 21 Oct 2014

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 19218

Abstract

Body weight stability may imply active regulation towards a certain physiological condition, a body weight setpoint. This interpretation is ill at odds with the world-wide increase in overweight and obesity. Until now, a body weight setpoint has remained elusive and the setpoint theory [...] Read more.

Body weight stability may imply active regulation towards a certain physiological condition, a body weight setpoint. This interpretation is ill at odds with the world-wide increase in overweight and obesity. Until now, a body weight setpoint has remained elusive and the setpoint theory did not provide practical clues for body weight reduction interventions. For this an alternative theoretical model is necessary, which is available as the settling point model. The settling point model postulates that there is little active regulation towards a predefined body weight, but that body weight settles based on the resultant of a number of contributors, represented by the individual’s genetic predisposition, in interaction with environmental and socioeconomic factors, such as diet and lifestyle. This review refines the settling point model and argues that by taking body weight regulation from a settling point perspective, the road will be opened to careful dissection of the various contributors to establishment of body weight and its regulation. This is both necessary and useful. Nutrigenomic technologies may help to delineate contributors to body weight settling. Understanding how and to which extent the different contributors influence body weight will allow the design of weight loss and weight maintenance interventions, which hopefully are more successful than those that are currently available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient: Gene Interactions)

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39 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Prevalence of Food Addiction as Assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: A Systematic Review

by Kirrilly M. Pursey¹, Peter Stanwell²

, Ashley N. Gearhardt³, Clare E. Collins¹

and Tracy L. Burrows^1,*

¹ School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

² School of Health Sciences, Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

³ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4552-4590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104552 - 21 Oct 2014

Cited by 413 | Viewed by 37352

Abstract

Obesity is a global issue and it has been suggested that an addiction to certain foods could be a factor contributing to overeating and subsequent obesity. Only one tool, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been developed to specifically assess food addiction. [...] Read more.

Obesity is a global issue and it has been suggested that an addiction to certain foods could be a factor contributing to overeating and subsequent obesity. Only one tool, the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) has been developed to specifically assess food addiction. This review aimed to determine the prevalence of food addiction diagnosis and symptom scores, as assessed by the YFAS. Published studies to July 2014 were included if they reported the YFAS diagnosis or symptom score and were published in the English language. Twenty-five studies were identified including a total of 196,211 predominantly female, overweight/obese participants (60%). Using meta-analysis, the weighted mean prevalence of YFAS food addiction diagnosis was 19.9%. Food addiction (FA) diagnosis was found to be higher in adults aged >35 years, females, and overweight/obese participants. Additionally, YFAS diagnosis and symptom score was higher in clinical samples compared to non-clinical counterparts. YFAS outcomes were related to a range of other eating behavior measures and anthropometrics. Further research is required to explore YFAS outcomes across a broader spectrum of ages, other types of eating disorders and in conjunction with weight loss interventions to confirm the efficacy of the tool to assess for the presence of FA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Addiction)

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19 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessReview

Animal Models of Compulsive Eating Behavior

by Matteo Di Segni^1,2,†

, Enrico Patrono^3,†, Loris Patella³, Stefano Puglisi-Allegra^1,2 and Rossella Ventura^1,2,*

¹ Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00181 Roma, Italy

² IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Roma, Italy

³ Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito 2) Coppito, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4591-4609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104591 - 22 Oct 2014

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 11798

Abstract

Eating disorders are multifactorial conditions that can involve a combination of genetic, metabolic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Studies in humans and laboratory animals show that eating can also be regulated by factors unrelated to metabolic control. Several studies suggest a link between stress, [...] Read more.

Eating disorders are multifactorial conditions that can involve a combination of genetic, metabolic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Studies in humans and laboratory animals show that eating can also be regulated by factors unrelated to metabolic control. Several studies suggest a link between stress, access to highly palatable food, and eating disorders. Eating “comfort foods” in response to a negative emotional state, for example, suggests that some individuals overeat to self-medicate. Clinical data suggest that some individuals may develop addiction-like behaviors from consuming palatable foods. Based on this observation, “food addiction” has emerged as an area of intense scientific research. A growing body of evidence suggests that some aspects of food addiction, such as compulsive eating behavior, can be modeled in animals. Moreover, several areas of the brain, including various neurotransmitter systems, are involved in the reinforcement effects of both food and drugs, suggesting that natural and pharmacological stimuli activate similar neural systems. In addition, several recent studies have identified a putative connection between neural circuits activated in the seeking and intake of both palatable food and drugs. The development of well-characterized animal models will increase our understanding of the etiological factors of food addiction and will help identify the neural substrates involved in eating disorders such as compulsive overeating. Such models will facilitate the development and validation of targeted pharmacological therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Addiction)

15 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on the Hypoglycemic and Antioxidative Effects of Fermented Paste (Doenjang) Prepared from Soybean and Brown Rice Mixed with Rice Bran or Red Ginseng Marc in Mice Fed with High Fat Diet

by Soo Im Chung

, Catherine W. Rico and Mi Young Kang^*

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Plus, Kyungpook National Universiy, 1370 Sankyuk-ong, Degu 702-701, Korea

Nutrients 2014, 6(10), 4610-4624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104610 - 22 Oct 2014

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8957

Abstract

The effects of fermented paste made from soybean, brown rice, or brown rice in combination with rice bran or red ginseng marc on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative defense system in high fat-fed mice were investigated. The mice were given experimental diets for [...] Read more.

The effects of fermented paste made from soybean, brown rice, or brown rice in combination with rice bran or red ginseng marc on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative defense system in high fat-fed mice were investigated. The mice were given experimental diets for eight weeks: Normal control, high fat, and high fat supplemented with soybean fermented paste, brown rice fermented paste, brown rice-rice bran fermented paste, or brown rice-red ginseng marc fermented paste. The high fat group showed markedly higher blood glucose level and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation than the normal control group. Diet supplementation of fermented paste inhibited the high fat-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress via regulation of the glucose-regulating and antioxidant enzymes activities. The soybean and brown rice-red ginseng marc fermented pastes were the most effective in improving the glucose metabolism and antioxidant defense status in mice under high fat diet condition. These findings illustrate that brown rice, in combination with red ginseng marc, may be useful in the development of fermented paste with strong hypoglycemic and antioxidative activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Fortification and Human Health)

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Nutrients, Volume 6, Issue 10 (October 2014) – 35 articles , Pages 3981-4639

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