The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs on Brain Function
2.1. Dementia
2.2. Depression and Cognitive Function
3. Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs on Cardiovascular System
3.1. Atherosclerosis
3.2. Arrhythmias
Function | Summary of Positive Effects | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Cognitive (9 positive studies, 3 negative studies) | Incidence of dementia ↓ | [20] |
Immediate and delayed verbal recognition memory scores ↑ | [21] | |
PAL score ↑ | [21] | |
Short-term and working memory ↑ | [22] | |
Immediate verbal memory ↑ | [22] | |
Delayed recall capability ↑ | [22] | |
12-month change in memory ↑ | [22] | |
Verbal fluency scores ↑ | [23] | |
Memory scores ↑ | [23] | |
Rate of learning ↑ | [24] | |
MMSE ↑ | [24] | |
Olfactory sensitivity assessment ↑ | [24] | |
Semantic verbal fluency ↑ | [24] | |
MNA score ↑ | [25] | |
GDS scores ↑ | [25] | |
Mental health ↑ | [25] | |
Verbal fluency ↑ | [25] | |
Working memory test ↑ | [26] | |
Immediate and delayed verbal recall ↑ | [27] | |
Time to copy complex figure ↓ | [27] | |
Learning abilities ↑ | [27] | |
Depressive symptomatology ↓ | [32] | |
Cardiovascular (9 positive studies, 3 negative studies) | Plasma tryacilglycerydes ↓ | [26] |
Systolic blood pressure ↓ | [26] | |
Coronary atherosclerosis plaque volume ↓ | [34] | |
Risk of ICAS ↓ | [36] | |
Isolated and paired premature ventricular contractions ↓ | [37] | |
Unstable ventricular tachycardia paroxysms ↓ | [37] | |
The effect of antiarrhythmic therapy ↑ | [37] | |
Hearth rate variability ↑ | [37,40] | |
Red blood cells omega-3 index ↑ | [37] | |
Glutathione peroxidase activity in atrial tissue ↑ | [39] | |
Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation ↓ | [39] | |
Cardiac autonomic modulation ↑ | [41] | |
HF-related total mortality ↓ | [41] | |
Mean RR interval ↑ | [41] | |
Standard deviation of all normal-to-normal RR intervals ↑ | [41] | |
Turbulence slope ↑ | [41] | |
Very low frequency power ↑ | [41] | |
Incident CHF risk ↓ | [42] | |
Percentage of successive normal RR intervals differing by more than 50 ms ↑ | [40] | |
EPA and DHA in platelet and atrial tissue membranes ↑ | [43] | |
Immune (7 positive studies, no negative studies) | Proliferative response of T lymphocytes ↑ | [44] |
Serum IL-10 ↑ | [45] | |
Serum Tumor necrosis factor-α ↓ | [45] | |
Serum IL-8 ↓ | [45] | |
Inflammation ↓ | [45] | |
Perioperative systemic inflammation ↓ | [43] | |
Postoperative IL-6 ↓ | [43] | |
Lymphocyte proliferation ↓ | [46,47] | |
Lymphocyte particulate phosphodiesterase activity↓ | [47] | |
Glutathione peroxidase activity ↓ | [47] | |
Natural killer cell activity ↓ | [48] | |
Prostaglandin E2 production by mononuclear cells ↓ | [49] | |
Neutrophil respiratory burst ↓ | [49] | |
Bone & Muscle (6 positive studies, no negative studies) | Muscle protein synthesis ↑ | [50] |
BMD ↑ | [51,52] | |
Knee flexor muscle thickness ↑ | [53] | |
IL-6 during resistance training ↓ | [53] | |
Grip strength ↑ | [54] | |
Lower extremity performance ↑ | [55] | |
Physical performance ↑ | [55] | |
Other (2 positive studies, 1 negative study) | Plasma glucose, lactate, blood carboxyhemoglobin after surgery ↓ | [43] |
Serum adiponectin ↑ | [56] |
4. Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs on Immune Function
4.1. Immune Cell Proliferation
4.2. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
4.3. Other Cellular Effects
5. Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs on Muscle Mass and Function
6. Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs on Bone Health
7. Other Effects of Omega-3 PUFAs
8. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molfino, A.; Gioia, G.; Fanelli, F.R.; Muscaritoli, M. The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults. Nutrients 2014, 6, 4058-4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104058
Molfino A, Gioia G, Fanelli FR, Muscaritoli M. The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2014; 6(10):4058-4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104058
Chicago/Turabian StyleMolfino, Alessio, Gianfranco Gioia, Filippo Rossi Fanelli, and Maurizio Muscaritoli. 2014. "The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults" Nutrients 6, no. 10: 4058-4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104058
APA StyleMolfino, A., Gioia, G., Fanelli, F. R., & Muscaritoli, M. (2014). The Role for Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation in Older Adults. Nutrients, 6(10), 4058-4072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6104058