Nutrients

14 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Skin Carotenoid Levels Among Japanese Adults in the Workplace

by Emiko Okada and Hidemi Takimoto

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030550 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 197

Background/Objectives: Skin carotenoid measurements have been proposed as an indicator to reflect of fruit and vegetable intake, but evidence from occupational settings remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and skin carotenoid [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Skin carotenoid measurements have been proposed as an indicator to reflect of fruit and vegetable intake, but evidence from occupational settings remains limited. The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between fruit and vegetable intake and skin carotenoid levels in the workplace. The secondary aim was to examine the association of skin carotenoid levels with blood glucose levels and blood pressure (BP). Methods: This cross-sectional study included Japanese workers aged ≥20 years between 2022 and 2023. Skin carotenoid levels were measured, dietary intake was assessed using self-administered questionnaires, and data from workplace health check-up records were collected. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between skin carotenoid levels and fruit and vegetable intake in 210 participants. Associations between skin carotenoid levels and log-transformed glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), systolic BP, and diastolic BP levels were examined in 162, 158, and 183 participants, respectively. Results: Skin carotenoid levels were positively associated with the number of vegetable dishes consumed and the frequency of fruit intake. A slight positive association was observed with HbA1c levels (partial regression coefficient = 0.00012), whereas no associations were found with FBG or BP. Conclusions: Skin carotenoid levels reflect self-reported fruit and vegetable intake, supporting their potential use as a non-invasive dietary assessment tool in workplace nutrition education. However, the associations observed with HbA1c were very small and of limited clinical significance, and the results should be interpreted with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

22 pages, 10006 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatic UGT2B-Mediated Testosterone Clearance Promotes Lipid Accumulation in High-Fat-Diet-Induced MASLD

by Liping Zhou, Yingzhuan Zheng, Yujie Qiao, Xin Xu, Duoli Zhang, Yongqiong Shi, Yuanmeng Huang, Hongxiang Zeng, Ting Zeng, Xi Li and Linqiang Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030549 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Background and Objective: Male individuals diagnosed with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) frequently present with decreased blood testosterone concentrations concomitant with increased levels of hepatic cholesterol, the fundamental substrate for testosterone synthesis; however, the mechanistic relationship between these phenomena remains inadequately [...] Read more.

Background and Objective: Male individuals diagnosed with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) frequently present with decreased blood testosterone concentrations concomitant with increased levels of hepatic cholesterol, the fundamental substrate for testosterone synthesis; however, the mechanistic relationship between these phenomena remains inadequately elucidated. This study aimed to examine the involvement of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and testosterone metabolism in the pathogenesis of MASLD. Methods: An MASLD model was established in male C57BL/6J mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). Comprehensive analyses, including hepatic transcriptomics, metabolomics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, were conducted. Additionally, in vitro experiments were performed using AML-12 hepatocytes treated with oleic acid and testosterone, with or without the presence of a uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase family 2 member B (UGT2B) enzyme inhibitor. Results: The HFD elevated cholesterol levels and activated cholesterol synthesis and testosterone metabolic pathways, notably characterized by upregulation of UGT2B enzymes and their transcriptional regulator, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Blood testosterone increased initially but decreased after 24 weeks of HFD. In vitro, testosterone alone did not affect oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, but inhibiting UGT2B enabled testosterone levels to reduce lipid deposition and downregulate lipid uptake and synthesis pathways. Conclusions: The HFD induces dynamic, UGT2B-mediated hepatic testosterone metabolism. Compensatory early testosterone increase is offset by enhanced UGT2B-mediated clearance, resulting in eventual testosterone depletion and the loss of its protective effects against hepatic lipid accumulation. This explains the clinical paradox and suggests targeting the hepatic UGT2B enzymes as a potential MASLD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3820 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Polyphenols Curcumin and Resveratrol Exert Selective Anticancer Effects in Melanoma Cells

by Moon-Kyun Cho, Yeji Lee, Ki Dam Kim, Min Hyuk Choi, Sang-Han Lee, Dongsic Choi, Hae-Seon Nam and Yoon-Jin Lee

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030548 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 302

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although curcumin (CUR) and resveratrol (RSV) are natural polyphenolic compounds with reported anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, their combined anticancer effects in melanoma cells remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of CUR and RSV, individually, and in combination, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although curcumin (CUR) and resveratrol (RSV) are natural polyphenolic compounds with reported anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, their combined anticancer effects in melanoma cells remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of CUR and RSV, individually, and in combination, in melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes. Methods: Cell viability and intracellular ATP levels were quantified, and dose–response analyses performed. Cellular morphology and nuclear alterations were examined by phase-contrast microscopy and DAPI staining. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed by Muse™ Cell Analyzer with dedicated assay kits. Survival- and death-related signaling proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results: Combined treatment with CUR (60 μM) and RSV (40 μM) for 48 h synergistically reduced melanoma cell viability and markedly depleted intracellular ATP levels, while exerting minimal cytotoxic effects on normal melanocytes. CUR/RSV co-treatment induced pronounced morphological and nuclear alterations, significantly increased apoptotic cell populations, and modulated key signaling pathways regulating cell survival and programmed cell death in melanoma cells. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that combined CUR and RSV treatment exerts enhanced, melanoma-selective anticancer activity while sparing normal melanocytes. The results provide a strong experimental rationale for further in vivo validation of CUR/RSV-based combination strategies as a potential therapeutic approach for melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antioxidant-Rich Natural Food)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 3119 KB

Open AccessReview

Cinnamon-Derived Phytonutrients as Modulators of Ion Channels and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Metabolic Diseases

by Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata, Bayu Perkasa Rosari, Rony Abdi Syahputra, Reggie Surya and Fahrul Nurkolis

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030547 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasingly recognized as disorders of dysregulated cellular communication rather than solely enzymatic or transcriptional dysfunction. While conventional therapies primarily target metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors, growing evidence highlights ion channels and G protein-coupled [...] Read more.

Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasingly recognized as disorders of dysregulated cellular communication rather than solely enzymatic or transcriptional dysfunction. While conventional therapies primarily target metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors, growing evidence highlights ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell membrane as critical upstream regulators of glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and inflammation. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.), a widely consumed nutraceutical, has demonstrated consistent antidiabetic and antiobesity effects; however, its actions at the membrane signaling interface remain underappreciated. This review synthesizes emerging evidence that cinnamon-derived phytonutrients, particularly cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and polyphenolic compounds, modulate key ion channels and GPCR pathways involved in metabolic regulation. We discuss how cinnamon influences calcium signaling, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, and metabolite- and hormone-sensing GPCRs, thereby affecting insulin secretion, incretin release, appetite control, thermogenesis, and inflammatory tone. A central highlight of this review is the crosstalk between ion channels and GPCRs in metabolic tissues, illustrating a systems-level mechanism through which cinnamon exerts pleiotropic metabolic benefits. Translational implications are explored, including the potential of cinnamon to complement existing antidiabetic therapies and its relevance within precision nutrition frameworks. By focusing on the cell membrane as an integrative signaling hub, this review reframes cinnamon as a membrane-active nutraceutical capable of restoring metabolic balance through coordinated modulation of ion channel GPCR networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Attributes and Health Implications of Novel, Non-Conventional, and Reformulated Foods)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1042 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Self-Esteem in Adolescents: An Exploratory Questionnaire-Based Study

by Andreea Sălcudean, Bianca-Eugenia Osz, Dora-Mihaela Cîmpian, Ramona-Amina Popovici, Cristina-Raluca Bodo, Sarolta Torok, Diana-Mihaela Corodan-Comiati, Raluca Dumache, Andreea-Mihaela Kiș, Mădălina-Gabriela Cincu, Lorena-Mihaela Grebenișan and Elena-Gabriela Strete

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030546 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 236

Abstract

Background: Self-esteem plays a central role in adolescent psychological health and may be shaped by everyday health behaviors such as eating patterns and engagement in physical activity. However, evidence from Eastern European youth remains comparatively limited. Lower levels of self-worth during adolescence have [...] Read more.

Background: Self-esteem plays a central role in adolescent psychological health and may be shaped by everyday health behaviors such as eating patterns and engagement in physical activity. However, evidence from Eastern European youth remains comparatively limited. Lower levels of self-worth during adolescence have been linked to increased vulnerability to maladaptive behaviors, including substance use. The present study aimed to explore preliminary associations between lifestyle behaviors, nutritional practices, and self-esteem in a sample of Romanian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, involving 113 participants aged 14–18 years. Self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, while lifestyle behaviors were evaluated through a standardized questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated based on self-reported height and weight. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models. Results: Higher self-esteem scores were strongly associated with greater participation in physical activity and adherence to a balanced diet, while inverse relationships were observed with unhealthy dietary habits and higher BMI values. Physical activity emerged as the most influential predictor of self-esteem, accounting for over three-quarters of the variance in Rosenberg scale scores. Conclusions: In this preliminary analysis, physical activity and healthier dietary behaviors were associated with higher self-esteem scores among adolescents. Given the exploratory nature of the study, these findings should be interpreted with caution. They primarily serve to generate hypotheses and highlight the need for future studies with validated instruments, larger samples, and appropriate control for potential confounding factors to better elucidate the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and adolescent self-esteem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Children's Growth and Development: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5948 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Anxiety Profiles, Religiosity, and Sustainable Nutrition in Turkish Adults: A Latent Profile and Network Analysis

by Sedat Arslan, Hande Ongun Yilmaz and Salim Yilmaz

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030545 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Background: Eco-anxiety is increasingly viewed as a multidimensional response to the climate crisis, but its links with religiosity and sustainable nutrition behaviors in highly religious settings are unclear. We identified eco-anxiety profiles in Turkish adults; compared religiosity, sustainable nutrition behaviors, and body mass [...] Read more.

Background: Eco-anxiety is increasingly viewed as a multidimensional response to the climate crisis, but its links with religiosity and sustainable nutrition behaviors in highly religious settings are unclear. We identified eco-anxiety profiles in Turkish adults; compared religiosity, sustainable nutrition behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) across profiles; and examined the multivariate network connecting these domains. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey in Türkiye included 1105 adults (69.3% women; age 25.8 ± 8.4 years; BMI 23.5 ± 4.5 kg/m²). Participants completed the Eco-anxiety Scale, Duke University Religion Index, and Behaviors Scale Toward Sustainable Nutrition. Latent profile analysis used four eco-anxiety subscales. Between-profile differences were tested using canonical discriminant analysis and Kruskal–Wallis tests. A Gaussian graphical model estimated with EBICglasso assessed network connectivity. Results: Four profiles emerged: High (11.9%), Moderate (54.8%), Affective-dominant (8.3%), and Low (24.9%). Compared with the Low profile, the High profile showed higher sustainable nutrition scores for food preference, seasonal/local nutrition, and food purchasing (all p < 0.05); however, effect sizes were small (η²_H = 0.008–0.014), indicating modest practical differences. BMI did not differ across profiles (p = 0.211). In the network, seasonal/local nutrition had the highest strength centrality, whereas BMI was peripheral and weakly connected to other nodes. Conclusions: Eco-anxiety was heterogeneous and showed modest associations with sustainable nutrition behaviors at the group level, without differences in BMI. These preliminary findings suggest that eco-anxiety may co-occur with more sustainable food-related choices, generating hypotheses for future replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mega-Trend: Sustainable Nutrition and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1294 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Preoperative Nutrition-Based Interventions in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgeries—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Agata Stróżyk, Piotr Halicki, Maciej Kołodziej, Andrea Horvath, Michał Buczyński and Radosław Pietrzak

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030544 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 194

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative nutrition-based interventions on pre-, intra-, and postoperative outcomes in children undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. Methods: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were systematically searched for interventional and observational studies comparing [...] Read more.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative nutrition-based interventions on pre-, intra-, and postoperative outcomes in children undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. Methods: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were systematically searched for interventional and observational studies comparing any nutritional preoperative intervention with a control or alternative strategy in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery, up to July 2025. The main outcome was the postoperative length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results: Nineteen studies were included (8 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], 1 non-randomized trial, and 10 observational studies), evaluating heterogeneous interventions or exposures, including fatty acids, vitamin D supplementation, and structured preoperative nutritional protocols. Two RCTs demonstrated shorter ICU and hospital stays with extended preoperative nutritional support (2 weeks vs. 1 week; n = 40; and 1 month vs. no support; n = 80). Observational data indicated an association between preoperative nutritional support and reduced hospital length of stay (meta-analysis of four studies; n = 278), as well as fewer days to achieve full enteral feeding postoperatively (meta-analysis of three studies; n = 138). No significant difference in postoperative ICU stay was observed between groups (meta-analysis of two studies; n = 175). No intervention-related serious adverse events were reported. The overall certainty of evidence was very low. Conclusions: This systematic review provides very low-certainty evidence suggesting that preoperative nutrition-based interventions in children undergoing cardiac surgery are safe and may offer clinical benefits. Substantial heterogeneity across studies underscores the need for well-designed trials and standardized preoperative nutritional protocols. PROSPERO number: CRD420251085196. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perioperative Nutritional Intervention: Its Scope and Influence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessReview

Multimodal Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review

by Saoussen Naas, Monika Fekete, Gabriella Szendro, Tamas Komaromi, Zsolt Rozgonyi, Erik Palmer, Lorinc Polivka, Regina Bakos, Borbala Szalai, Veronika Muller and Janos Tamas Varga

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030543 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 412

Abstract

Introduction: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent yet under-recognized contributors to disability, impaired quality of life, and adverse outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Shared mechanisms, including systemic inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, malnutrition, and physical inactivity, render these syndromes important targets for multimodal intervention. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Sarcopenia and frailty are prevalent yet under-recognized contributors to disability, impaired quality of life, and adverse outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Shared mechanisms, including systemic inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, malnutrition, and physical inactivity, render these syndromes important targets for multimodal intervention. This review summarizes current evidence on exercise-based, nutritional, pharmacological, and adjunctive strategies for their management in COPD. Materials and Methods: This narrative review is based on a structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify relevant studies published between January 2000 and May 2025. Eligible publications included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and observational studies involving adults with COPD and documented sarcopenia and/or frailty. Interventions were categorized by modality, and outcomes included muscle mass, strength, physical performance, quality of life, and hospitalizations. Data were synthesized thematically. Results: Resistance and combined exercise training consistently improved muscle strength and physical function, while endurance training enhanced cardiorespiratory capacity, particularly within pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Nutritional interventions, especially protein, leucine, or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation, supported gains in lean mass and exercise tolerance. Pharmacological strategies, including anabolic hormones and myostatin inhibitors, showed early promise but require further evaluation regarding safety and long-term efficacy. Adjunctive therapies, such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation and oxygen supplementation, benefited patients unable to participate in conventional exercise training. Conclusions: An integrated, multimodal approach combining structured exercise training and targeted nutritional support should be considered a cornerstone of COPD management to prevent and treat sarcopenia and frailty. Personalized rehabilitation strategies can substantially improve functional outcomes and quality of life, while future research should prioritize biomarker-guided personalization and long-term intervention studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Respiratory Health Through Nutrition: From Prevention to Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1031 KB

Open AccessReview

Fermented Foods and the Gut–Liver Axis: Modulation of MASLD Through Gut Microbiota

by Agnieszka Wesołek-Leszczyńska, Dawid Rosiejka, Kalina Bogdańska and Paweł Bogdański

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030542 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a prevalent condition defined by hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation. Current evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota and their metabolites are associated with MASLD pathogenesis. Fermented foods, rich in live microbes and bioactive [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a prevalent condition defined by hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation. Current evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota and their metabolites are associated with MASLD pathogenesis. Fermented foods, rich in live microbes and bioactive compounds, actively modulate the gut–liver axis and influence disease progression. This narrative review provides a comprehensive summary of current evidence on the impact of fermented foods on gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, and gut–liver interactions, and demonstrates their potential role in preventing or mitigating MASLD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted. Specifically, the review focused on fermented-food interventions, modulation of gut microbiota, metabolite production, and effects on hepatic metabolism and inflammation. Results: This review found that fermented foods provide probiotics, prebiotics, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs), and bioactive compounds that enhance microbial diversity, improve intestinal barrier integrity, reduce endotoxemia, and modulate bile acid and lipid metabolism. Evidence from animal and human studies indicates that fermented food consumption can attenuate hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation, with variability depending on individual microbiome composition. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings suggest that fermented foods represent a promising adjunctive dietary strategy for MASLD by modulating the gut–liver axis and supporting metabolic and hepatic health. Personalized approaches and further long-term clinical trials are required to optimize interventions and establish evidence-based recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 837 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Dose Zinc Supplementation Therapy Does Not Improve Survival Rates in Severe Trauma Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study

by Ryota Tsushima, Takaaki Maruhashi, Muneyoshi Kim and Yasushi Asari

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030541 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hypozincemia associated with severe trauma contributes to immune dysfunction and poor prognosis; however, the clinical utility and optimal dosage of zinc supplementation remain unclear. In particular, it is unclear whether high-dose administration exceeding standard recommendations improves prognosis. Thus, we aimed to verify [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hypozincemia associated with severe trauma contributes to immune dysfunction and poor prognosis; however, the clinical utility and optimal dosage of zinc supplementation remain unclear. In particular, it is unclear whether high-dose administration exceeding standard recommendations improves prognosis. Thus, we aimed to verify this in patients with severe trauma requiring mechanical ventilation. Methods: This single-center retrospective observational study included patients with severe trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15) requiring mechanical ventilation admitted to our emergency intensive care unit (ICU) between April 2015 and March 2023. Patients were classified into three groups based on their mean daily zinc supplementation dose: low (<15 mg), medium (15–50 mg), and high (>50 mg). The primary outcome was the 30-day survival rate. Secondary outcomes included the 90-day survival rate, length of ICU stay, and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Multivariable regression evaluated the association between high-dose zinc supplementation and clinical outcomes after adjusting for confounding factors. Results: Of 196 patients, 86, 16, and 94 were in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively. The high-dose group had significantly poorer nutritional status and lower serum zinc levels, whereas no significant differences were observed in severity scores or study outcomes. High-dose zinc supplementation showed no significant association with improved 30-day survival in adjusted analyses. Conclusions: In patients with severe trauma requiring mechanical ventilation, high-dose zinc supplementation did not improve 30-day survival or other clinical outcomes compared with standard doses. These results do not support the use of high-dose zinc supplementation for severe trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 234 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perspectives on Universal Free School Meals Among Rural Middle and High School Students: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Ashley Kesack, Michele Polacsek, Alexis Schneider and Juliana F. W. Cohen

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030540 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 248

Abstract

Background/Objectives: School meals play an important role in ensuring reliable, healthy access to food, but there are many barriers to participation, especially for rural students. This study examined the perceived impact of UFSM policies and the perceptions of school meals among students [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: School meals play an important role in ensuring reliable, healthy access to food, but there are many barriers to participation, especially for rural students. This study examined the perceived impact of UFSM policies and the perceptions of school meals among students in rural areas of Maine. Methods: This mixed-methods study included surveys with n = 61 middle and high school students and interviews with n = 11 middle and high school students between 2023 and 2024. The surveys and interviews focused on potential impacts of UFSM policies as well as general barriers and facilitators to participation in school meals. Quantitative surveys were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for demographic characteristics. Interviews were analyzed using principles of content analysis. Results: Students reported that UFSM had multiple benefits, and many students perceived that providing free school meals for all helped reduce the stigma associated with school meals, in part through increased participation. Students liked the variety of foods offered, but many did not perceive school meals, especially breakfast, to be “fresh” or “healthy”. Additionally, many students perceived there to be long lunch lines and insufficient time to eat their meals. Conclusions: While students perceived multiple benefits to UFSM, opportunities to further improve the quality of school meals, as well as policies to ensure sufficient lunch period lengths, may be important complements to increase participation and consumption of school meals among rural students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping Healthy Nutrition and Lifestyles in Youth: Evidence from Schools, Camps and Community Programs)

21 pages, 1433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of 21-Day Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Secretory Factors and Inflammation Status in Young Men: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial

by Magdalena Konert, Paulina Brzezińska, Andrzej Kochanowicz, Elżbieta Piskorska, Błażej Stankiewicz, Ewa Polkowska, Tomasz Sledzinski, Adriana Mika, Jędrzej Antosiewicz and Jan Mieszkowski

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030539 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 234

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21-day dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the levels of postexercise inflammation response, oxidative stress, and selected exerkine secretion among physically active young men. Methods: In a randomized double-blind [...] Read more.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 21-day dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the levels of postexercise inflammation response, oxidative stress, and selected exerkine secretion among physically active young men. Methods: In a randomized double-blind study, 24 physically active men were assigned to two groups: a supplementation group (n = 12), receiving 3250 mg of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) daily, and a placebo group (n = 12). Blood samples were collected before and after twenty-one days of dietary supplementation to measure total fatty acids and inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, BDNF, and FGF23. Results: After 21 days of n-3 fatty acid supplementation, there were no significant changes in anaerobic performance parameters. However, significant interactions were found in the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), FGF-23, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and IL-10 in response to exercise and supplementation. Conclusions: 21 days of n-3 fatty acid supplementation modified PUFA content and influenced inflammation status, but did not affect maximal anaerobic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Ethanolic Repercolation of Larix decidua Needles: Phytochemical Profiling and In Vivo Modulation of the Oxidative–Nitrosative Axis in Acute Sterile Inflammation

by Dinu Bolunduț, Alina Elena Pârvu, Cristina Moldovan, Florica Ranga, Marcel Pârvu, Ciprian Ovidiu Dalai, Mădălina Țicolea, Andra Diana Cecan and Raluca Maria Pop

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030538 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 253

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Larix decidua has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Although their use has been recognized in alternative medicine, the scientific documentation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extracts from its needles remains insufficiently [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Larix decidua has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Although their use has been recognized in alternative medicine, the scientific documentation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extracts from its needles remains insufficiently characterized. The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of the ethanolic L. decidua extract, evaluate its in vitro antioxidant capacity, and investigate its therapeutic and prophylactic effects on oxidative–nitrosative stress and inflammation. Methods: L. decidua needles were extracted using a modified Squibb repercolation method. Polyphenol and flavonoid content were quantified, and individual phenols were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI⁺. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, H₂O₂, and NO scavenging assays. The therapeutic and prophylactic in vivo potential was evaluated in a model of acute inflammation induced with turpentine in male Wistar rats. Serum oxidative markers (TOS, TAC, OSI, MDA, AOPP, 8-OHdG, NO, 3-NT, SH) and inflammatory markers (NFκB-p65, IL-1β, IL-18) were quantified. Results: The extract contained high levels of flavonols and hydroxybenzoic acids; kaempferol glycosides and catechin were the dominant constituents. In vitro, the extract exhibited radical scavenging activities. In vivo, L. decidua attenuated oxidative and nitrosative stress, restored antioxidant defense, and reduced NFκB-p65, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels in a concentration-dependent manner. The L100 concentration most closely approximated the values produced by Trolox and diclofenac. Conclusions: The ethanolic Larix decidua needle extract exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of acute sterile inflammation, attenuating systemic oxidative–nitrosative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators in a concentration-dependent manner. These preclinical findings support further investigation of standardized L. decidua needle preparations as polyphenol-rich nutraceutical/functional ingredient candidates within preventive and adjunct nutrition strategies targeting oxidative stress-driven inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2067 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Pericarp and Leaf Tinctures Inhibit LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages and Activate Nrf2

by Restituto Tocmo, Mirielle C. Nauman, Yunying Huang, Pradeep Subedi and Jeremy James Johnson

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030537 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 206

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) have been reported to modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This work explored the anti-inflammatory potential of mangosteen in the form of tinctures. Methods: Tinctures were prepared from the pericarp [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) have been reported to modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This work explored the anti-inflammatory potential of mangosteen in the form of tinctures. Methods: Tinctures were prepared from the pericarp and leaves, characterized for their major constituents, and evaluated for their in vitro, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Results: HPLC analysis revealed eight major isoprenylated xanthones whose concentrations increased with an increasing alcohol percentage. α-Mangostin and γ-mangostin, two major xanthones present in the tinctures, were stable for 12 weeks at room and elevated (40 °C) temperatures, indicating stability of the tincture. In vitro luciferase reporter assays using HepG2-ARE revealed an alcohol concentration-dependent activation of Nrf2 by pericarp and leaf tinctures. The tinctures inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW264.7 cells. Garcinone C (GarC) and garcinone D (GarD) caused significant inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression. GarC and GarD also induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: Taken together, mangosteen tinctures are a significant source of prenylated xanthones with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Bioactive Compounds in Diet and Their Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 381 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Based Diets and Ovarian Cancer Risk

by Giovanna Esposito, Federica Turati, Silvia Mignozzi, Fabio Parazzini, Livia S. A. Augustin, Sara Vitale, Jerry Polesel, Luigino Dal Maso, Eva Negri and Carlo La Vecchia

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030536 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 350

Abstract

Objective: To assess the relationship between adherence to various plant-based diets, as measured by overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diet indices (PDI, hPDI, uPDI), and ovarian cancer risk. Methods: We obtained data on 1031 cases of ovarian cancer and 2411 controls [...] Read more.

Objective: To assess the relationship between adherence to various plant-based diets, as measured by overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diet indices (PDI, hPDI, uPDI), and ovarian cancer risk. Methods: We obtained data on 1031 cases of ovarian cancer and 2411 controls from a case-control study conducted in Italy. PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were calculated using data from a validated food frequency questionnaire. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ovarian cancer for PDI, hPDI, and uPDI, adjusting for several possible confounders. Results: PDI and hPDI were inversely related to ovarian cancer risk (OR = 0.70 for the fourth compared to the first quartile, 95% CI: 0.55–0.89, and OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.53–0.84, respectively). On the other hand, a higher uPDI was related to a higher risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.40–2.28). The estimates for a 5-point increment in the indices were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.95) for PDI, 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83–0.96) for hPDI, and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.07–1.23) for uPDI. Consistent associations for the three indices were observed across strata of age, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, educational level, parity, oral contraceptives use, and menopausal status. Conclusions: Plant-based diets favorably influence ovarian cancer risk; plant-based diets characterized by a high intake of unhealthy plant foods are linked to an increased risk. Promoting diets rich in healthy plant foods could support the reduction of ovarian cancer risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Female Reproductive Cancer: Nutrition and Wellness Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

43 pages, 6677 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an AI-Driven Computational Framework for Integrated Dietary Pattern Assessment: A Simulation-Based Proof-of-Concept Study

by Mohammad Fazle Rabbi

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030535 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 283

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Contemporary food systems face dual imperatives of ensuring nutritional adequacy while minimizing environmental resource consumption, yet conventional dietary assessment methodologies inadequately integrate these competing objectives. This simulation-based proof-of-concept study developed an artificial intelligence-driven computational framework synthesizing nutritional evaluation, environmental footprint quantification, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Contemporary food systems face dual imperatives of ensuring nutritional adequacy while minimizing environmental resource consumption, yet conventional dietary assessment methodologies inadequately integrate these competing objectives. This simulation-based proof-of-concept study developed an artificial intelligence-driven computational framework synthesizing nutritional evaluation, environmental footprint quantification, and economic accessibility assessment. Methods: The analytical architecture integrated random forest classification, dimensionality reduction, and scenario-based optimization across a simulated population cohort of 1500 individuals. Food composition data encompassed 55 representative foods across eight categories linked with greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and price parameters. Four dietary patterns (Mediterranean, Western, Plant-based, Mixed) were characterized across nutrient adequacy, greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, and economic cost. Results: Random forest classification achieved 39.1% accuracy, with cost, greenhouse gas emissions, and water consumption emerging as the most discriminating features. Dietary patterns exhibited convergent macronutrient profiles (protein 108.8–112.8 g per day, 4% variation) despite categorical distinctions, while calcium inadequacy pervaded all patterns (867–927.5 mg per day, 7–13% below requirements). Environmental footprints demonstrated limited differentiation (greenhouse gas 3.73–3.96 kg CO₂e per day, 6% range). Bootstrap resampling (n = 1000) confirmed narrow confidence intervals, with NHANES validation revealing substantial energy intake deviations (38–58% above observed means) attributable to adequacy-prioritized design rather than observed consumption patterns. Scenario modeling identified seasonally flexible dietary configurations maintaining micronutrient and protein adequacy while reducing water use to 87% of baseline at modest cost increases. Conclusions: This framework establishes a validated computational infrastructure for integrated dietary assessment benchmarked against sustainability thresholds and epidemiological reference data, demonstrating the feasibility of AI-driven evaluation of dietary patterns across nutritional, environmental, and economic dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 390 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Perceived Importance, Current Uptake, and Willingness to Adopt Healthy Sustainable Dietary Actions: A Cross-Sectional Study of UK Adults

by Danielle J. Guy, Jeffery Bray and Katherine M. Appleton

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030534 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sustainable diets are essential for public health, food system resilience, and environmental protection, yet engagement with healthy sustainable dietary actions is varied. This study investigated knowledge, perceived importance, current uptake, and willingness to adopt healthy sustainable dietary actions among the general [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sustainable diets are essential for public health, food system resilience, and environmental protection, yet engagement with healthy sustainable dietary actions is varied. This study investigated knowledge, perceived importance, current uptake, and willingness to adopt healthy sustainable dietary actions among the general UK population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-report questionnaire completed by 635 adults (205 males and 430 females; mean (SD) age = 43 (16.8) years) in the UK. Results: Considerable variation in knowledge, perceived importance, and current engagement was found across the dietary actions investigated. All three were highest for familiar, health-aligned behaviours, while actions with a stronger environmental focus that were less conventional or culturally unfamiliar were less well understood, perceived as less important, and less often engaged with. Willingness to adopt actions not currently practised was most strongly predicted by perceived importance (smallest β = 1.21, p < 0.001), with perceived value also significant for several actions (smallest β = 0.86, p < 0.001). Knowledge and perceived impact were generally non-significant. Demographic and lifestyle factors showed smaller effects, with greater willingness among younger individuals (smallest β = −0.24, p = 0.01) and those with higher education (smallest β = 0.51, p = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest some knowledge and engagement with healthy sustainable dietary actions in the UK. However, future campaigns may need to go beyond awareness-raising to emphasise the personal significance and value of these actions. These cognitive factors also showed broad applicability across demographic and lifestyle variables, suggesting potential for widely effective interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 855 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Behavior Clustering and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in a Large Population Cohort

by Mauro Lombardo, Giovanni Aulisa, Fares M. S. Muthanna, Sercan Karav, Sara Baldelli, Gianluca Tripodi and Gilda Aiello

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030533 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 250

Abstract

Background: Eating habits influence cardiometabolic health alongside traditional dietary measures. However, the links between dietary patterns, body composition, and heart-healthy food preferences remain under-explored in large cohorts. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2461 adults (aged 18 to 75 years) completed an online survey [...] Read more.

Background: Eating habits influence cardiometabolic health alongside traditional dietary measures. However, the links between dietary patterns, body composition, and heart-healthy food preferences remain under-explored in large cohorts. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 2461 adults (aged 18 to 75 years) completed an online survey on eating behaviors, food preferences, and lifestyle. Principal component analysis (PCA) of seven behaviors identified dietary profiles. A heart-healthy diet score (range −2 to 10; higher = greater preference for fruit, vegetables, legumes, fish, and less meat/processed meat) was derived from these food preferences. ANOVA and adjusted regressions linked the profiles to BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and diet score. Results: Four profiles emerged: structured, social, irregular, and disordered eaters. Structured eaters had the lowest BMI (26.8 ± 5.1 kg/m²), lowest fat mass (28.9 ± 9.4%), and highest dietary score (4.73 ± 2.0). Disorganized eaters had the highest BMI (29.0 ± 5.5 kg/m²), the highest fat mass (31.2 ± 8.8%) and the lowest score (3.93 ± 2.0); all p < 0.05. Dose–response analyses confirmed that greater disordered eating (PCA1) was associated with worse outcomes. Conclusions: Dietary profiles are associated with body composition and cardioprotective preferences. Behavioral assessment could refine the identification of cardiometabolic risk and personalize nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Dietary Therapy in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Trends and Lifestyle Habits Among University Students: Analysis of Consumption Patterns and Nutritional Risks

by Alejandra Vázquez-Aguilar, Juan Manuel Ballesteros-Torres, Anayansi Escalante-Aburto, César Huerta-Canseco, Karla Lizbet Jiménez-López and Cindy Joanna Caballero-Prado

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030532 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 319

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The global prevalence of overweight and obesity among young adults has doubled since 1975, primarily due to unhealthy dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Understanding dietary patterns (DPs) in this population is essential for designing effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The global prevalence of overweight and obesity among young adults has doubled since 1975, primarily due to unhealthy dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Understanding dietary patterns (DPs) in this population is essential for designing effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to characterize the dietary patterns and diet quality of university students and to examine their physical activity and associated health risks. Methods: A convenience sample of 136 participants (77.9% females, 22.1% males) was recruited. Data on clinical history, lifestyle behaviors, and physical activity were collected using a structured questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and three 24-h dietary recalls. Intake was analyzed by food groups, total energy, and macronutrient and fiber composition. Principal component analysis was applied to identify DPs. Results: Three major DPs were identified: Ultra-Processed Foods, Variety Foods, and Traditional Mixed Mexican. Overall, participants showed low consumption of fiber, legumes, and nuts, coupled with high intake of animal-based foods. The mean daily energy intake was 2278 kcal for men and 2008 kcal for women. Although participants demonstrated higher adherence to the Traditional Mixed Mexican pattern, a strong tendency toward the Ultra-Processed Foods pattern was observed, which is linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases and poor nutritional outcomes. Conclusions: The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted dietary interventions among university students. Strategies should emphasize increased intake of fiber-rich plant foods, moderation of protein consumption, and reduction in refined carbohydrates and added sugars to promote healthier dietary habits and prevent chronic disease development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 10214 KB

Open AccessArticle

GLP-1RA Liraglutide Attenuates Sepsis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Associated Metabolites

by Bing Gong, Zhuang’e Shi, Jialong Qi, Fuping Wang, Guobing Chen and Heng Su

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030531 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 271

Abstract

Background: Sepsis-induced organ dysfunction poses a significant clinical challenge with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide in sepsis and its underlying mechanisms, focusing on modulation of the gut microbiota-derived metabolome. Methods: Public [...] Read more.

Background: Sepsis-induced organ dysfunction poses a significant clinical challenge with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) liraglutide in sepsis and its underlying mechanisms, focusing on modulation of the gut microbiota-derived metabolome. Methods: Public transcriptomic data analysis identified overlapping targets between liraglutide and sepsis-related genes. In a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, liraglutide treatment was evaluated for its effects on survival, systemic inflammation, and organ injury. The gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolome were assessed via 16S rRNA sequencing and UPLC-MS. We also measured plasma GLP-1 in sepsis patients and examined the microbiota-dependency of liraglutide’s effects using antibiotic-depleted mice and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from liraglutide-treated mice. Additionally, citrulline, a key identified metabolite, was functionally validated both in vitro and in a clinical cohort. Results: Liraglutide significantly improved survival, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alleviated lung, liver, and colon damage in septic mice. It partially restored sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis and modulating associated metabolites, including increasing citrulline. The survival benefit of liraglutide was abolished in microbiota-depleted mice, while FMT from liraglutide-treated mice conferred protection against sepsis, confirming the gut microbiota as a critical mediator. Furthermore, citrulline exhibited direct anti-inflammatory properties in cellular assays, and its plasma levels were negatively correlated with sepsis biomarkers (PCT and CRP) in patients. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that liraglutide mitigates sepsis by modulating the gut microbiota and regulating associated metabolic pathways. Citrulline may represent a potential microbial mediator or exploratory biomarker within this axis, warranting further mechanistic investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1297 KB

Open AccessReview

From Dysbiosis to Distress: The Gut–Brain Connection in Trauma-Related Disorders

by Giuseppe Marano, Luca Lo Giudice, Elettra Specogna, Luca Chisari, Caterina Brisi, Gianandrea Traversi, Osvaldo Mazza and Marianna Mazza

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030530 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 341

Abstract

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-related disorders are increasingly recognized as complex conditions involving not only psychological and neurobiological factors but also systemic physiological alterations. Among these, growing evidence points to the crucial role of the gut–brain axis in modulating stress [...] Read more.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-related disorders are increasingly recognized as complex conditions involving not only psychological and neurobiological factors but also systemic physiological alterations. Among these, growing evidence points to the crucial role of the gut–brain axis in modulating stress responses, emotional regulation, and neuroinflammation. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize the emerging literature on the interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system in PTSD and trauma-related disorders, highlighting potential mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted across PubMed and Scopus and Web of Science as primary bibliographic databases, focusing on clinical, preclinical, and translational studies published in the last two decades. Emphasis was placed on studies exploring the microbiota’s influence on neuroendocrine and immune pathways relevant to trauma, as well as intervention studies targeting the gut–brain axis. Results: Evidence suggests that dysbiosis and gut permeability alterations are associated with PTSD symptomatology, possibly via mechanisms involving hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, neuroinflammation, vagal signaling, and altered neurotransmitter production. Preclinical models support a bidirectional relationship between early-life stress, trauma, and gut microbiota alterations. Furthermore, preliminary clinical data indicate that interventions such as probiotics, diet modulation, and psychobiotics may exert beneficial effects on trauma-related psychopathology. Conclusions: The gut–brain axis represents a promising framework for understanding the pathophysiology of PTSD and related conditions. Although research is still in its early stages, targeting gut microbiota may offer novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to validate these findings and guide clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 195 KB

Open AccessViewpoint

The Unfinished Debate on Wine and Other Alcoholic Beverages: Conflicting Evidence, Public Health Messages and the Missing Trial

by Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon, Diego Martínez-Urbistondo, María Barbería-Latasa, Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Maira Bes-Rastrollo and Miguel Ángel Martínez-González

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030529 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 354

Abstract

The overall health impact of alcohol remains controversial. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study made headlines in 2018 by stating that zero alcohol was the safest option. However, its 2022 update introduced age-specific adaptations, asserting that moderate drinking may offer net benefits [...] Read more.

The overall health impact of alcohol remains controversial. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study made headlines in 2018 by stating that zero alcohol was the safest option. However, its 2022 update introduced age-specific adaptations, asserting that moderate drinking may offer net benefits in some populations. The 2025 U.S. Surgeon General report also discouraged any alcohol intake because of associated cancer risks, but a simultaneous report by the National Academies emphasized tailoring recommendations to individual risks. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies found no health benefits and highlighted increased risks—even at low alcohol doses—challenging dozens of conventional epidemiologic findings in large observational cohorts, some of them of high methodological quality. Given these contradictions, there is a pressing need for large randomized controlled trials in drinkers promoting cessation versus moderation. While small trials have shown some metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of moderate red wine consumption, no large-scale randomized trial has yet assessed hard clinical outcomes comprehensively. Without such evidence, debates will persist. Current guidelines appropriately discourage alcohol in certain populations, but generalizations such as “no safe level of alcohol” might lack sufficient empirical support and perhaps they need a tailored and practical strategy in the context of precision medicine. A balanced, evidence-based approach—free from bias, independent of the industry and grounded in rigorous research—is essential for informed public health policy decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle, Diet, Wine and Health)

3 pages, 161 KB

Open AccessEditorial

From Lifespan to Healthspan: Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity in Healthy Ageing

by Bartłomiej K. Sołtysik

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030528 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 280

Abstract

Population ageing is no longer a future scenario but a present reality, reshaping not only the epidemiology of chronic disease but also the fundamental goals of medicine and public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in Longevity)

4 pages, 145 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advancements and Developments in Dietary Assessment Techniques

by Dazhou Zhu and Xiao Ren

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030527 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 161

Abstract

With the continuous improvement in living standards, consumers are shifting their focus from merely achieving satiety and food safety to prioritizing nutrition and health, placing greater emphasis on the nutritional value of food and healthy dietary practices [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology for Dietary Assessment)

20 pages, 333 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Disparities in the Processes Underlying Aging: Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Associations with Dynapenia, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ Levels and Quality of Life in Older Adults

by Zoraida Verde, Sara Martins, Isabel Erenas-Ondategui, Maria João Santos, Celia Chicharro Miguel, Sandra Estepa Hernández, Claudia Ollauri-Ibáñez, Bárbara Oliveiros, Ana Fernández-Araque and Manuela Grazina

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030526 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 255

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction, often reflected by a decline in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) in peripheral blood cells (PMBCs), is a key hallmark of biological aging and is linked to numerous adverse health outcomes, including frailty and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, emerging evidence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction, often reflected by a decline in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) in peripheral blood cells (PMBCs), is a key hallmark of biological aging and is linked to numerous adverse health outcomes, including frailty and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D may influence mitochondrial dysfunction. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the associations of mtDNA-CN with muscular strength, self-rated health, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) levels in a community-dwelling elderly population. Methods: A total of 149 elderly outpatients (≥65 years) from Soria, Spain, were included in this cross-sectional study. Muscular strength was assessed using the hand grip strength (HGS) test, and self-rated health-related quality of life (QoL) was measured using the EuroQoL five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and mtDNA-CN was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Serum 25(OH)D₃, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), phosphorus, calcium, albumin and other mineral metabolism markers were measured. Statistical analyses, including Spearman correlations and multivariate logistic regression, were performed to assess associations, with stratification by sex. Results: In the total population, a marginally significant positive correlation was observed between mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and serum 25(OH)D₃ levels (r = 0.210; p = 0.010), which did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. Among women, lower mtDNA-CN was significantly linked to muscle weakness (p = 0.005), mobility problems (p = 0.009), and a trend toward self-care difficulties (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association with increased mobility impairment risk (adjusted OR = 0.983; 95% CI: 0.97–1.00; p = 0.009). No significant associations were observed between mtDNA-CN and dynapenia or QoL components in the male group. Conclusions: This study identified a marginally significant positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D₃ levels and mtDNA-CN in the total population (r = 0.210; p = 0.010), which did not persist after Bonferroni correction, suggesting an exploratory link between vitamin D status and mitochondrial homeostasis in older adults. In addition, these results highlight sex-specific differences in mtDNA-CN as a potential biomarker of functional decline, particularly of mobility, in women. These findings support the idea that mtDNA-CN could serve as an integrated biomarker and that sex-specific nutrition could be used to promote healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Interventions for Healthy Longevity: An Exploration of Biomarkers, Metabolic Signatures, and Molecular Mechanisms)

17 pages, 1125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Mango Puree Supplementation on Inflammatory, Muscle Damage, and Selected T-Cell Biomarkers in Elite Beach Volleyball Players During Regular Training

by Wason Parklak, Saksayam Sawaengwaisayasuk, Nattapong Chaipatpreecha, Bandhita Wanikorn, Surat Komindr, Narongsuk Munkong, Watunyou Khamros, Teeraphan Sangkaew, Metawee Duangjinda and Surasawadee Somnuk

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030525 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 409

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mango is a tropical fruit rich in polyphenols and carotenoids that may support recovery-related physiological responses during athletic training. This study examined the effects of mango puree supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, muscle damage, and selected T-cell subsets in Thai men’s national [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mango is a tropical fruit rich in polyphenols and carotenoids that may support recovery-related physiological responses during athletic training. This study examined the effects of mango puree supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, muscle damage, and selected T-cell subsets in Thai men’s national beach volleyball players during regular training. Methods: Fifteen male athletes completed a pilot randomized, single-blind, crossover trial. Participants consumed the mango puree or placebo (600 g/day) for 4 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout period. Blood samples and physiological measurements were collected at baseline and at the end of each intervention period. Outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Mango puree supplementation was associated with lower concentrations of C-reactive protein (mean difference: −1.6 mg/L; 95% CI: −2.1 to −1.1; p < 0.001), interleukin-6 (−0.7 pg/mL; 95% CI: −1.2 to −0.3; p = 0.003), and creatine kinase (−290.1 U/L; 95% CI: −356.1 to −224.1; p < 0.001) compared with the placebo. The percentage of CD4+ T cells (9.82 percentage points; 95% CI: 5.0 to 14.6; p < 0.001) and the CD4/CD8 ratio (0.37; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.63; p = 0.007) were higher during mango puree supplementation, while CD8+ T-cell percentage did not differ between conditions. No significant treatment effects were observed for body composition parameters or blood pressure (all p > 0.05). Total energy intake remained unchanged across intervention periods (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Mango puree supplementation during regular training was associated with lower inflammatory and muscle damage biomarkers and alterations in selected T-cell subsets compared with the placebo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplements for Athletic Training and Racing)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

25 pages, 2212 KB

Open AccessArticle

Muno-IgY Supplementation Improves Respiratory Health, Immune Response, and Exercise-Induced Physiological Stress in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

by Shahna Fathima, Paul E. Kilgore, Tina Sarkar, Navneet Sharma and Huan H. Nguyen

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030524 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 411

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and exercise-induced immune perturbations are common in adults and may adversely affect quality of life, productivity, and physical performance. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a food-derived antibody with broad antimicrobial activity, has demonstrated immunomodulatory potential in preclinical and limited [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and exercise-induced immune perturbations are common in adults and may adversely affect quality of life, productivity, and physical performance. Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a food-derived antibody with broad antimicrobial activity, has demonstrated immunomodulatory potential in preclinical and limited clinical studies. This study evaluated the effects of a multi-pathogen-specific IgY supplement (Muno-IgY) on respiratory health, immune and inflammatory markers, exercise-induced physiological stress, and gut microbiome composition in healthy adults. Methods: In this 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 28 healthy adults with a history of URTI were randomly allocated to receive Muno-IgY or placebo and URTI incidence, duration, and severity were recorded daily. Serum immune and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed longitudinally and in response to a standardized exercise challenge. Gut microbiome composition was analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing at baseline and week 12. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the study. Results: URTI incidence was lower in the Muno-IgY group compared with placebo (14.3% vs. 35.7%), with shorter average duration and fewer missed workdays, though differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Following an acute exercise challenge, Muno-IgY supplementation resulted in a significant increase in serum IgA at 24 h post-exercise (p = 0.022) and a significantly greater reduction in lactate dehydrogenase at 1 h post-exercise compared with placebo (p < 0.0001). Exploratory gut microbiome analyses suggested favorable directional shifts, though these changes were not statistically tested. Conclusions: In this exploratory pilot study, Muno-IgY supplementation was safe and associated with significant improvements in selected markers of exercise-induced immune response and muscle damage. Numerical trends in URTI incidence and gut microbiome composition were observed but were not statistically significant. These findings are hypothesis-generating and support further evaluation of Muno-IgY in larger, adequately powered clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Component Nutraceutical Formulation for the Management of Vascular and Inflammatory Alterations Characteristic of the Oedema Disorders

by Maria Maisto, Adua Marzocchi, Vincenzo Piccolo, Roberto Ciampaglia, Marlo De Vivo and Gian Carlo Tenore

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030523 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 291

Abstract

Background: Oedema is a multifactorial condition arising from the interplay between increased microvascular permeability, impaired lymphatic clearance, and sustained inflammation. Conventional treatments often fail, highlighting alternative therapies. This study explores a novel nutraceutical formulation (NF) based on the combination of different natural [...] Read more.

Background: Oedema is a multifactorial condition arising from the interplay between increased microvascular permeability, impaired lymphatic clearance, and sustained inflammation. Conventional treatments often fail, highlighting alternative therapies. This study explores a novel nutraceutical formulation (NF) based on the combination of different natural extracts, i.e., Melilotus officinalis L., Olea europaea L., Morinda citrifolia L., Quercus robur L., and bromelain, aimed at reducing inflammation, a key contributor to oedema pathophysiology. In vitro assays further demonstrated that NF exhibits a marked antioxidant capacity and effectively inhibits key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, supporting its ability to counteract oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling involved in oedema pathophysiology. Methods: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of NF were assessed in vitro using radical scavenging assays and enzyme inhibition tests targeting key components of the arachidonic acid cascade. The immunomodulatory effects of NF were investigated in RAW264.7 macrophages by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR to evaluate macrophage polarisation and cytokine expression. The anti-oedematous and vascular effects were further examined in vivo using acetic acid–induced inflammation and carrageenan-induced paw oedema models in thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats (Charles River, Calco, Italy). Results: The study demonstrated that NF significantly modulates macrophage polarisation, reducing the proportion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (F4/80⁺CD11b⁺) by 3.23 times compared to control (p < 0.01). A quantitative PCR analysis further confirmed a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) by 51.3% (95% CI 48.0–58.7, p < 0.001), 64.1% (95% CI 57.0–71.2, p < 0.001), and 53.7% (95% CI 51.7–55.7, p < 0.001), respectively compared to the control, while anti-inflammatory markers (Arg-1, CD206) increased significantly, suggesting a shift towards an M2 anti-inflammatory state. The NF ability to contrast the pathological alteration characteristic of this disease was further tested in the rat oedema model of thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats. The NF treatment reduced LTB4 and plasma protein levels compared to the control group. In addition, NF could decrease the paw thickness in the rat-based carrageenan-induced oedema model (Charles River, Calco, Italy; n = 30) by 22.5% compared to the control (95% CI 11.0–34.0, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that NF may provide a multi-target approach to support the management of some physiopathological changes in complex oedema-related conditions by both modulating inflammation and restoring vascular functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals and Functional Bioactives: From Biochemical Mechanisms to Nutritional Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1753 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Daily Honey-Sweetened Yogurt Intake on Outcomes of Low-Grade Inflammation and Microbial Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women

by Yuyi Chen, Valentina Medici, Carl L. Keen and Roberta R. Holt

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030522 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 401

Abstract

Background/Objectives: After fermentation, yogurt is often supplemented with probiotics, yet sweetened with added sugars that can negatively impact cardiometabolic health. Honey provides rare sugars, oligosaccharides and phenolics that may promote gut and cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the impact of yogurt [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: After fermentation, yogurt is often supplemented with probiotics, yet sweetened with added sugars that can negatively impact cardiometabolic health. Honey provides rare sugars, oligosaccharides and phenolics that may promote gut and cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the impact of yogurt sweetened with commercial clover blossom honey on pro-inflammatory Th17 cytokines and microbial-derived metabolites in healthy postmenopausal women. Methods: In a randomized controlled crossover dietary intervention trial, postmenopausal women (45–65 years of age) consumed two 150 g servings of yogurt for breakfast for 4 weeks, with each serving sweetened with a tablespoon of clover blossom honey or an isocaloric amount of sugar. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of plasma lipids, bile acids (BA) and Th17 cytokines, along with fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The primary outcome was plasma interleukin (IL)-23. Results: Neither dietary intervention significantly changed IL-23, plasma lipids, fecal SCFA or plasma BA. Compared to sugar-sweetened yogurt, IL-33 was significantly lower after 4 weeks of honey-sweetened yogurt intake. Conclusions: In a healthy population of postmenopausal women, the daily intake for 4 weeks of honey-sweetened yogurt did not significantly impact our primary outcome of IL-23. Instead, lower plasma levels of IL-33 were observed with honey compared to sugar-sweetened yogurt intake. The impact of the intervention on this cytokine was independent of changes in fecal SCFA and plasma BA. Confirmatory studies, in a larger population with levels of honey intake within dietary recommendations for added sugar, are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2763 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome After COVID-19 or Vaccination: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Shinichiro Kodama, Mitsuko Nakata, Nafuko Konishi, Masato Yoshino, Akinori Fujisawa, Mutsuo Naganuma, Yuki Kobayashi, Yuriko Hirai, Akiko Kitagawa, Mariko Miyokawa, Ryo Mishima, Satoshi Teramukai and Masanori Fukushima

Nutrients 2026, 18(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030521 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 2378

Abstract

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) can develop as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS) or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). In our prior retrospective study, most patients with PVS who developed ME/CFS had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. We evaluated the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Background: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) can develop as post-vaccination syndrome (PVS) or Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). In our prior retrospective study, most patients with PVS who developed ME/CFS had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. We evaluated the efficacy of vitamin D replacement therapy guidance for ME/CFS symptom improvement in patients with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Methods: This open-label randomized controlled trial enrolled 91 participants with ME/CFS as PVS or PASC and serum 25(OH) vitamin D < 30 ng/mL across five clinical sites. Participants were randomized 1:1 to intervention (active vitamin D preparation plus vitamin D replacement therapy guidance: 25 μg daily supplementation, dietary counseling, sun exposure, and exercise) or control (active vitamin D preparation alone) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in ME/CFS symptom count from screening to Week 12. Results: Mean symptom change was −6.7 in the intervention group versus −1.2 in the control group (between-group difference −5.6; 95% CI: −7.2, −3.9; p < 0.001). Serum 25(OH) vitamin D improved from 18.6 to 27.1 ng/mL in the intervention group, while the control group showed a decreasing trend (between-group difference 10.2 ng/mL; 95% CI: 7.9, 12.5). Achievement of <8 symptoms (i.e., no longer meeting ME/CFS diagnostic criteria) was significantly higher in the intervention group, with 16 participants achieving this threshold compared to 1 in the control group (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses showed consistent benefit in both PVS (n = 56) and PASC (n = 29) cohorts. Conclusions: Vitamin D replacement therapy guidance significantly reduced ME/CFS symptoms along with improvement of serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency who developed ME/CFS as PVS or PASC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Nutrients, Volume 18, Issue 3 (February-1 2026) – 184 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI