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Forests, Volume 17, Issue 5

2026 May - 114 articles

Cover Story: Mould growth on steamed beech wood remains a persistent challenge during drying and storage, often degrading surface quality and limiting its practical use. This study examines two control approaches: drying temperature modification (45–55 °C) and selected antifungal agents. Mould development was assessed macroscopically using a standardised intensity scale. Results show that temperature increase alone did not significantly reduce mould growth. In contrast, chemical protection was highly effective, especially 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate (1%) and boric acid (3%), which completely inhibited surface contamination. Quaternary ammonium compounds and nano-zinc oxide provided only short-term protection. Overall, chemical treatment is essential for reliable mould resistance of steamed beech wood. View this paper
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Articles (114)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
431 Views
15 Pages

21 May 2026

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major foliar disease limiting rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) productivity. To uncover resistance mechanisms, we compared resistant and susceptible germplasm using an integrated framework combining le...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Physiology of Forest Plants: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Responses to Environmental Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
396 Views
16 Pages

21 May 2026

Dendroctonus valens LeConte represents a major invasive pest species in China. Both larvae and adults primarily feed on the phloem of the tree trunk base and roots, disrupting nutrient transport and leading to host tree mortality, which poses a sever...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood Borer Control and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
438 Views
19 Pages

Biochemical Analysis of the Effect of Light on the In Vitro Antagonistic Ability of Clonostachys rosea Against Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora × cambivora

  • Niccolò Conti,
  • Gianni Della Rocca,
  • Sara Barberini,
  • Cecilia Brunetti,
  • Roberto Danti,
  • Giovanni Emiliani,
  • Arcangela Frascella and
  • Valentina Lazazzara

21 May 2026

Clonostachys rosea is a promising biological control agent (BCA) against several plant pathogens, but its sensitivity to solar radiation limits its field efficacy. The biochemical changes occurring in C. rosea under light are still unknown, and no st...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
  • Article
  • Open Access
578 Views
20 Pages

21 May 2026

Despite the growing threat of Pythium helicoides to forest plantations in China, a nationwide assessment of climatic suitability remains unavailable, limiting the development of preventive strategies. This study applied the Maximum Entropy model comb...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi in Forests: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
364 Views
16 Pages

Investigations into the Efflorescence of the Treated Wood of the Iulia Felix Roman Wreck and Effects of Environmental Conditions on Its State

  • Elisa Pecoraro,
  • Nicola Macchioni,
  • Giorgia Musina,
  • Emma Cantisani,
  • Sveva Longo,
  • Marta Novello and
  • Benedetto Pizzo

21 May 2026

The Iulia Felix is a 2nd-century AD Roman shipwreck that was discovered off the coast of Grado in 1986. Following its recovery, the hull was dismantled and treated with high concentrations of PEG 4000 at elevated temperatures. This process was comple...

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
  • Article
  • Open Access
330 Views
20 Pages

21 May 2026

Botrytis cinerea is a globally distributed phytopathogenic fungus that causes gray mold in eucalyptus seedlings, posing a severe threat to eucalyptus nursery production. Pseudomonas eucalypticola Liu et al. NP-1 is an endophytic bacterium isolated fr...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
368 Views
28 Pages

21 May 2026

This study utilized three controlled Sitika spruce beam specimens and established a parameterized transfer-function model based on force–acceleration frequency response functions (FRFs) to characterize and reconstruct the frequency-domain modal...

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
  • Article
  • Open Access
427 Views
22 Pages

Nitrogen Addition-Induced Variations in Stoichiometric Ratio of Organic Acids from Litter Decomposition in a Temperate Forest

  • Qiangqiang Lu,
  • Xinping Cai,
  • Xiaomin Zeng,
  • Ji Chen,
  • Fan Chang,
  • Guanghua Jing,
  • Jiaqi Guo,
  • Sha Zhou,
  • Zhikun Chen and
  • Tianjiao Liu
  • + 2 authors

21 May 2026

Litter decomposition is a key regulator of soil carbon formation and nutrient cycling in the plant–soil continuum. However, the utility of structural chemical indicators for capturing the relationship between litter decomposition and environmen...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Nutrition, Soil Hydrology, and Soil Microbial Diversity and Activity in Forest Ecosystem)
  • Article
  • Open Access
446 Views
15 Pages

21 May 2026

Global warming and climate change have considerably enhanced worldwide environmental concerns since the 1970s. Therefore, researchers have extensively researched the nexus between renewable energy utilization and CO2 emissions in the literature. Howe...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)
  • Review
  • Open Access
838 Views
14 Pages

Integrating Habitat Suitability in Urban Forest Ecosystem Service Assessments: Reflections from i-Tree Wildlife

  • Susannah B. Lerman,
  • Corinne G. Bassett,
  • Daniel E. Crane,
  • David J. Nowak,
  • Alexis Ellis and
  • Jason Henning

20 May 2026

Urban forests support wildlife populations across North America and the world. Yet, challenges remain for research and practice to integrate wildlife habitat as a core component of the myriad objectives that urban foresters manage. Ecosystem services...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forests and Ecosystem Services)
  • Article
  • Open Access
820 Views
19 Pages

Production Trends and Portfolio Diversity of Non-Timber Forest Resources Under State-Controlled Forest Governance

  • Hasan Tezcan Yıldırım,
  • Pınar Topçu,
  • Özlem Yavuz,
  • Nilay Tulukcu Yıldızbaş,
  • Dalia Perkumienė,
  • Mindaugas Škėma,
  • Marius Aleinikovas and
  • Benas Šilinskas

20 May 2026

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) constitute an important component of forest-based production systems and biomass supply chains in Türkiye. Despite their growing economic and ecological significance, the long-term structural dynamics of NTFP p...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
476 Views
22 Pages

Prediction on Moisture Content of Living Trees Using a Multi-Scale One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism Based on Data Augmentation

  • Jiaxing Guo,
  • Julie Cool,
  • Chaoguang Luo,
  • Yan Zhong,
  • Fengfeng Ji,
  • Kuanjie Yu,
  • Ruixia Qin,
  • Huadong Xu and
  • Yanbo Hu

20 May 2026

A nondestructive, rapid, and portable detection method for moisture content (MC) in living tree trunks remains unavailable. Tree radar, developed based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology, represents a promising approach for tree trunk MC de...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
744 Views
29 Pages

Advancing Ecosystem Recovery with Diverse Species Plantings in Tropical Forest Restoration

  • Debra A. Hamilton,
  • Victorino Molina Rojas and
  • Therese M. Donovan

20 May 2026

Tropical forest restoration has increased in the past decades, with possible advancements given the UN declaration of the “Decade of Ecosystem Restoration”. However, robust assessments to compare ecosystem functions among restored forest...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
478 Views
28 Pages

Effects of Exogenous Hormone Treatments on Seed Germination and Transcriptome Analysis in Zelkova schneideriana

  • Xin Zhao,
  • Jianan Li,
  • Xiaohui Rao,
  • Dong Li,
  • Xueyu Liu,
  • Rongrong Zhang,
  • Jianbing Liu and
  • Jindong Yan

19 May 2026

Poor seed germination severely limits the propagation and conservation of Zelkova schneideriana (Chinese zelkova). However, the comparative effects of different exogenous phytohormones on seed germination of this species and the associated molecular...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Progress in Research on Forest Tree Genomics—The Second Edition)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,303 Views
18 Pages

19 May 2026

Wood-based panels are increasingly used in exterior applications; however, comprehensive evaluations of their durability under standardized aging conditions remain limited. This study evaluates the dimensional stability and mechanical performance of...

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
323 Views
21 Pages

19 May 2026

Forest soils serve as critical terrestrial carbon sinks. While broad hydrothermal controls on soil respiration (Rs) are established, uncertainties persist regarding high-frequency temporal dynamics and moisture-dependent variations in temperature sen...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)
  • Article
  • Open Access
535 Views
16 Pages

Roots Dynamics Assessed by Minirhizotron Is Affected by Phosphorus Fertilization and Correlates with Growth and Phosphorus Nutrition of Handroanthus heptaphyllus

  • Álvaro Luís Pasquetti Berghetti,
  • Matheus Severo de Souza Kulmann,
  • Juliana Hoepers Marchioro Tedesco,
  • Maristela Machado Araujo,
  • Lincon Oliveira Stefanello,
  • Jair Augusto Zanon,
  • Marcos Vinícius Miranda Aguilar,
  • Lucas Soares Miguez,
  • Marcos Gervasio Pereira and
  • Gustavo Brunetto
  • + 3 authors

19 May 2026

Understanding how P availability affects root turnover and P redistribution within plants is essential for optimizing fertilization strategies and sustaining forest growth under low-P soils. This study evaluated the effects of P fertilization on root...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)
  • Article
  • Open Access
528 Views
14 Pages

18 May 2026

To investigate the carbon footprint of bamboo-based activated carbon from different manufacturing pathways, this research evaluated cradle-to-gate manufacturing emissions under a unified system boundary and allocation baseline based on primary data f...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest-Based Materials, Wood Science, Biocomposite Materials and Circular Bioeconomy—Selected Papers from INNO’2026)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
441 Views
14 Pages

Leaf Silicon and Phytolith Dynamics of Castanopsis fargesii Along an Elevational Gradient in Subtropical Forests

  • Shaofei Jin,
  • Haifeng Huang,
  • Junjie Liao,
  • Yan Huang,
  • Xiaoli Liao,
  • Gaolong Zhu,
  • Xiangzhe Shangguan and
  • Dexiang Zheng

18 May 2026

Silicon (Si) plays a crucial role in forest ecosystem functioning by influencing plant nutrient cycling, stress resistance, and biogeochemical processes; however, how Si and phytolith characteristics respond to environmental gradients in subtropical...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Elemental Cycling in Forest Soils)
  • Article
  • Open Access
707 Views
21 Pages

Administrative Fragmentation Distorts Ecological Networks: Mechanisms, Scale Effects, and Optimization Paths

  • Xuan Zhang,
  • Yingxin Teng,
  • Wenjing Fu,
  • Junfeng Lou,
  • Abdul Basir and
  • Shengbin Chen

18 May 2026

Administrative fragmentation, whereby political boundaries are used as analytical extents, can disrupt ecological flows and weaken ecological network planning by creating a mismatch between governance units and ecological processes. However, the path...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
414 Views
17 Pages

18 May 2026

Background: As a transcription factor superfamily unique to plants, WRKY plays broad roles in both secondary development and secondary metabolic processes. Robinia pseudoacacia is renowned for its durable and naturally durable heartwood, which holds...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Tree Breeding: Genomics and Molecular Biology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
526 Views
19 Pages

Oblique UAV RGB Imagery Improves Rapid Detection of Wilt-Affected Pine Crowns with YOLO11

  • Yujie Liu,
  • Jinde Ji,
  • Kaihong Xie,
  • Zhongyi Zhan,
  • Lihua Tao,
  • Tingwu Li and
  • Qi Jiang

17 May 2026

Rapid detection of wilt-affected pine crowns in mountainous forests is hindered by occlusion, self-shadowing, and heterogeneous backgrounds in conventional nadir products. We evaluated whether oblique UAV RGB imagery improves crown-level detection re...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
576 Views
12 Pages

Diel Activity Patterns of the Forest Dormouse (Dryomys nitedula, Pallas, 1779) in a Lowland Forest Mosaic in Northern Greece

  • Artemis Papafoti,
  • Dimitrios Tsioutsiourigas,
  • Marialena Argyraki,
  • Christos Astaras,
  • Nikolaos Markos and
  • Dionisios Youlatos

17 May 2026

The forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) is a small, nocturnal, arboreal rodent widely distributed across Central and Eastern Europe. Yet, it remains one of the least studied European glirid species, with information on its ecology in southern populati...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Biodiversity)
  • Article
  • Open Access
528 Views
14 Pages

17 May 2026

Peatlands cover approximately 3% of the global land area but store about 44% of the world’s soil carbon, making them a major carbon sink. Indonesia alone accounts for about 37% of global tropical peat carbon stocks. However, large-scale carbon...

(This article belongs to the Topic Forest Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
428 Views
22 Pages

16 May 2026

Plant species can significantly influence soil micronutrients. We assessed how soil micronutrients (B, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) and aluminum (Al) were affected by soil depth (SD) and plant species (PS) in a secondary forest at Masako Forest Reserve. Soil samp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Soil Properties and Microbial Characteristics: Seasonal and Stand-Specific Variations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
574 Views
23 Pages

16 May 2026

To protect the endangered Northern Spotted Owl, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established extensive conservation areas across the Pacific Northwest (PNW). While this policy effectively contributed to the preservation of an endangered species, it...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
625 Views
13 Pages

Study of Residual Stand Damages During Sledge Yarding Extraction

  • Andrea Rosario Proto,
  • Stanimir Stoilov and
  • Stelian Alexandru Borz

16 May 2026

Logging causes damage on residual trees, with differing characteristics and severities. The causal agent, as well as the size and type of injury, is influenced by the type of machines, the harvesting technology adopted, and the machine operator. This...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Mechanized Timber Harvesting on Soils and Stands)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,114 Views
23 Pages

15 May 2026

Agroforestry and perennial tree crop production systems, particularly in Mediterranean regions, exhibit a high degree of integration among trees, herbaceous, and soil components. They provide essential services including provisioning, regulation, sup...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
568 Views
16 Pages

15 May 2026

This paper uses a young fruiting body harvesting experiment to examine how uncertainty affects improper behavior and how two nudges, prior selection and consequence viewing, can mitigate or shape this behavior. Uncertainty promotes improper harvestin...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
528 Views
15 Pages

The Mixedwood Free-to-Grow Dilemma in Northeast British Columbia: A Case Study

  • Christopher Hawkins,
  • Christopher Maundrell and
  • Jeffrey Beale

15 May 2026

In northeast British Columbia (BC), Canada, industrial forestry is gradually converting 10+ M ha of broadleaf–conifer (mixedwood) boreal forest to conifer plantations. This is due in part to governmental free-to-grow (FTG) regulations, which sp...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
485 Views
18 Pages

15 May 2026

As a typical mountain ecosystem in the western Tianshan Mountains, the Ili River Valley possesses abundant vegetation resources. Soil nematodes are effective biological indicators for evaluating soil micro-food webs. Nevertheless, the response mechan...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
559 Views
14 Pages

15 May 2026

Quercus baronii Skan (Q. baronii) is an ecologically important tree species in arid and soil erosion-prone areas of northern China, and also holds significant potential as a bioenergy tree species, providing substantial ecological benefits. Global cl...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
454 Views
19 Pages

15 May 2026

Forests in Poland play a key recreational role, and the growing interest in sylvaturism requires optimized management. Despite the growing body of research on forest recreation, existing studies rarely address the role of small-scale infrastructure i...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest and Human Well-Being)
  • Article
  • Open Access
564 Views
18 Pages

Mechanical Properties and Design Values of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Dimension Lumber from Japan

  • Arijit Sinha,
  • Donald Devisser,
  • Aanisa Gani,
  • Jeff Hume,
  • Yuichi Sato and
  • Hideo Kato

15 May 2026

This study evaluates the mechanical properties of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) from Japan to determine reliable design values for its application as structural dimension lumber species in the United States. A comprehensive experimental program was c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing and Assessment of Wood and Wood Products)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
783 Views
18 Pages

14 May 2026

Urban trees are increasingly exposed to persistent anthropogenic drivers that extend beyond climatic forcing and fundamentally alter the conditions of secondary growth. While climatic controls of cambial phenology and xylogenesis are well established...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological, Morphological and Anatomical Traits to Abiotic Stress in Woody Plants)
  • Article
  • Open Access
377 Views
19 Pages

14 May 2026

The response of tree growth to environmental (climatic) changes has largely been analyzed through ring width–climate relationships, yet such analyses often lack the dynamic process of radial growth in response to environmental changes. Therefor...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
337 Views
15 Pages

14 May 2026

Natural forest regeneration offers economic, ecological, and environmental advantages over artificial regeneration; however, its application is often constrained by uncertainties in stand development and management outcomes. Pre-commercial thinning (...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Disturbances on Forest Restoration and Regeneration)
  • Article
  • Open Access
409 Views
19 Pages

13 May 2026

Wildfires severely disrupt soil nitrogen (N) cycling, yet the mechanisms driving this disruption in fragile karst forest ecosystems remain poorly understood. We investigated how wildfires affect soil N transformation dynamics and the microclimatic dr...

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Hazards and Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
358 Views
19 Pages

13 May 2026

The hot-pressing process for reconstituted bamboo suffers from issues such as insufficient process monitoring, scattered quality data, difficulties in quality traceability, and a lack of intuitive on-site management. This paper designs and implements...

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
  • Article
  • Open Access
485 Views
14 Pages

13 May 2026

Screw withdrawal force is a key mechanical property related to the load-bearing capacity and reliability of mechanically fastened timber structures. This study investigates the screw withdrawal performance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology for Extraction, Processing and Testing of Forest Products)
  • Article
  • Open Access
382 Views
18 Pages

12 May 2026

Family businesses represent an important part of the wood-processing and furniture industry and may play a significant role in sustainable forest-based development. This study aims to analyze how family businesses perceive selected external determina...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
403 Views
23 Pages

12 May 2026

Urban forests (UFs) are increasingly promoted as a nature-based solution for mitigating particulate matter (PM) pollution, yet their removal performance can vary depending on surrounding emission sources and environmental conditions. Here, we quantif...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Urban Vegetation and Forests in Climate Change Adaptation: Implications for Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in Cities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
646 Views
24 Pages

Commercial Harvesters of Non-Wood Forest Products in Spain: An Exploratory Profiling

  • Elena Górriz-Mifsud,
  • Marc Rovellada Ballesteros,
  • Elisa Fernández Descalzo,
  • Adolfo Miravet,
  • Laura Ojalvo Ortega,
  • Ricardo Quiroga,
  • Aida Rodríguez-García and
  • Mariola Sánchez-González

12 May 2026

Although Non-Wood Forest Products can offer interesting economic opportunities for rural communities, little is known about their commercial harvesters. Our work aims to shed light on the labour profiles, their accessibility to new entrants, and attr...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
652 Views
22 Pages

12 May 2026

Stand-level canopy base height (Cbh) is a key variable controlling crown fire initiation, yet it is commonly computed as the mean of tree height to the base of the crown (hbc), which does not reflect the lower portion of the hbc distribution governin...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
457 Views
24 Pages

11 May 2026

Non-built-up green areas are essential for preserving the ecological functions of cities and fostering sustainable growth. Focusing on Shanghai, we developed a comprehensive framework of driving forces that integrates socioeconomic, natural, policy,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forests and Green Infrastructure: Multi-Scale Approaches to Achieving SDG 11 in Sustainable Cities)
  • Review
  • Open Access
735 Views
19 Pages

11 May 2026

The accelerated growth of cities has intensified interest in the ecosystem services provided by urban forests, increasingly conceptualized as socio-ecological systems (SESs). This study presents a structured narrative review combined with bibliometri...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)
  • Article
  • Open Access
529 Views
20 Pages

10 May 2026

Bamboo flattening technology provides an efficient approach for improving bamboo utilization, but the heterogeneous stress response and the mechanism of bamboo nodes during the flattening process remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a uni...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalization and Valorization of Wood and Bamboo Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
544 Views
14 Pages

Short-Term Physiological Responses of Black Locust Saplings to Trichoderma-Based Root Priming Under Field Drought Conditions

  • András Csótó,
  • József Csajbók,
  • Tamás Ábri,
  • Károly Pál,
  • Andrea Zabiák,
  • Kata Mihály,
  • István Attila Kocsis and
  • Erzsébet Sándor

10 May 2026

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) has exceptional growth capacity in nutrient-poor environments and is therefore widely used for afforestation and land reclamation on degraded soils. However, drought stress can restrict sapling growth, which und...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement and Plant Physiology of Robinia pseudoacacia)
  • Article
  • Open Access
428 Views
21 Pages

9 May 2026

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is pivotal to the terrestrial carbon cycle and climate regulation, yet its spatiotemporal dynamics and future climate responses across soil layers remain insufficiently understood in mountainous ecosystems. Taking the Qinlin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Dynamics of Forest Soils Under Climate Change)
  • Article
  • Open Access
404 Views
17 Pages

Sub-Canopy Topography Retrieval Using FVC-Integrated TanDEM-X Dual-Baseline InSAR

  • Zhimin Feng,
  • Huiqiang Wang,
  • Ruiping Li,
  • Xiangwei Meng,
  • Liying Zhou and
  • Xiaoming Ma

9 May 2026

Conventional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)-based sub-canopy topography retrieval models often suffer from insufficient characterization of scattering mechanisms, strong nonlinearity, and poor parameter convergence. To address these...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)

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Forests - ISSN 1999-4907