Sustainability

16 pages, 3502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Use Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity—Distribution Dynamic Evolution of Rural Living Space in Chongqing, China

by Huikun Hong, Deti Xie, Heping Liao, Bo Tu and Jun Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040444 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5310

Abstract

Research on the land use efficiency of rural living spaces is at the core of conflicts about current rural land use and ecological environment construction in China. It can be effectively dealt with through the rational and healthy use of rural land, by [...] Read more.

Research on the land use efficiency of rural living spaces is at the core of conflicts about current rural land use and ecological environment construction in China. It can be effectively dealt with through the rational and healthy use of rural land, by promoting sustainable development and urban and rural coordination. Building on the foundation of ecosystem metabolism and sustainable development theories, this paper utilizes the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Malmquist productivity index to divide the land use efficiency total factor productivity (LUTFP) into Malmquist–Luenberger technical change (MLTECH) and Malmquist–Luenberger efficiency change (MLEFFCH) from the perspective of scale change, and uses Kernel Function to measure and study the distribution characteristics of the dynamic evolution and land use efficiency (LUE) in different functional and productive areas and living space subsystem. The results show that, in the process of land use, desirable output growth in the Chongqing city rural living space is lower than the undesirable output reduction rate. Rural human settlement and construction management appears to damage the environment. The LUE in the obtained results showcases an obvious agglomeration effect in Chongqing. Also, there is a very significant “match-up” effect between the LUE and economic development level. In addition, the paper also finds that the technical change index and efficiency change index work together in rural living space LUTFP. The results presented in this paper can provide a basis for the optimization of regional development strategies and rural land utilization. Full article

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12 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Urbanization on Rural Drinking Water Quality in Beijing, China

by Lan Zhang, Shenghua Gao, Binggan Wei, Yonghua Li, Hairong Li, Li Wang and Bixiong Ye

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040461 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7962

Abstract

Urbanization is an inevitable trend in historical development, but eco-environmental problems, including drinking water safety, have gradually become more and more outstanding during the process of rural urbanization. Ten districts in rural areas of Beijing, China were selected to study the effects of [...] Read more.

Urbanization is an inevitable trend in historical development, but eco-environmental problems, including drinking water safety, have gradually become more and more outstanding during the process of rural urbanization. Ten districts in rural areas of Beijing, China were selected to study the effects of urbanization on drinking water quality. The relation between the urbanization index and drinking water quality indicators were explored. The influence of the urbanization process on drinking water quality showed that housing construction, population urbanization, energy consumption, and industrialization during urban development were closely related to drinking water quality. The paired t-test showed the total electricity consumption, living electricity consumption, tertiary industry, and the GDP growth rate had boundary (p = 0.06) or significantly positive (p < 0.05) relations with the qualified rate of rural drinking water. The grey correlation analysis showed that the growth rates of the value-added of housing construction areas were the most important factor affecting comprehensive water quality of Beijing rural areas, followed by the growth rates of the value-added by secondary industry and total electricity consumption, and then the growth rates of the value-added by the tertiary industry and GDP. Urbanization had a significant impact on individual water quality indicators. The results of this study provided some supports for drinking water security in the face of urbanization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and responses to population health and urbanization in the 21st century)

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12 pages, 404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Tourism and Hospitality Sector Electricity Consumption in Spanish Provinces (1999–2013)

by María del P. Pablo-Romero ,,, Rafael Pozo-Barajas and Javier Sánchez-Rivas

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040480 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4953

Abstract

The EU is committed to a 40% reduction in their domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. In order to reach this ambitious target, new measures affecting all economic sectors would be needed. This paper focuses on the tourism sector. Using econometric panel data [...] Read more.

The EU is committed to a 40% reduction in their domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. In order to reach this ambitious target, new measures affecting all economic sectors would be needed. This paper focuses on the tourism sector. Using econometric panel data techniques, the relationships between tourist overnight stays and the hospitality sector electricity consumption is studied for the Spanish provinces during the period 1999–2013. With this aim, an Energy-Tourism Kuznets Curve hypothesis is tested. The results show that the Energy-Tourism Kuznets Curve hypothesis is not supported. An increasing positive relationship between the hospitality sector electricity consumption and overnight stays is observed. Results also show that the hospitality sector electricity consumption elasticity values, with respect to tourist overnight stays, differ among the provinces, the values being within a range of 0.1–0.5 during the period. The highest values are observed for the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Gerona, Tarragona and Malaga. Energy efficiency measures, the adoption of renewable energy systems and the development of energy management capabilities are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment, Tourism and Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Policies and Measures for Sustainable Management of Solar Panel End-of-Life in Italy

by Ornella Malandrino, Daniela Sica, Mario Testa and Stefania Supino

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040481 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 10485

Abstract

The purpose of this work is to carry out a review of the main technical-economic and environmental implications associated with the production of photovoltaic (PV) energy, one of the renewable sources for the production of electricity which currently presents the highest rate of [...] Read more.

The purpose of this work is to carry out a review of the main technical-economic and environmental implications associated with the production of photovoltaic (PV) energy, one of the renewable sources for the production of electricity which currently presents the highest rate of growth worldwide—particularly in Europe and in Italy. The review provides a detailed exploration of the most important initiatives taken at the national level for the end-of-life management of the modules, and highlights issues associated with the disposal and/or recycling of obsolete photovoltaic panels in terms of techno-economic and socio-environmental sustainability. The paper highlights the main critical elements and potential opportunities deriving from the technological, managerial, and organizational options available to enhance recovery and recycling rates of PV panels in Italy. Results point out the importance of a circular economy perspective, through the involvement and awareness of the actors in the process, in order to render an even greener photovoltaic energy life cycle. Full article

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17 pages, 4087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low Cost, Edge Computing, All-Sky Imager for Cloud Tracking and Intra-Hour Irradiance Forecasting

by Walter Richardson, Hariharan Krishnaswami, Rolando Vega and Michael Cervantes

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040482 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7988

Abstract

With increasing use of photovoltaic (PV) power generation by utilities and their residential customers, the need for accurate intra-hour and day-ahead solar irradiance forecasting has become critical. This paper details the development of a low cost all-sky imaging system and an intra-hour cloud [...] Read more.

With increasing use of photovoltaic (PV) power generation by utilities and their residential customers, the need for accurate intra-hour and day-ahead solar irradiance forecasting has become critical. This paper details the development of a low cost all-sky imaging system and an intra-hour cloud motion prediction methodology that produces minutes-ahead irradiance forecasts. The SkyImager is designed around a Raspberry Pi single board computer (SBC) with a fully programmable, high resolution Pi Camera, housed in a durable all-weather enclosure. Our software is written in Python 2.7 and utilizes the open source computer vision package OpenCV. The SkyImager can be configured for different operational environments and network designs, from a standalone edge computing model to a fully integrated node in a distributed, cloud-computing based micro-grid. Preliminary results are presented using the imager on site at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, CO, USA during the fall of 2015 under a variety of cloud conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Electric Power Systems Research)

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16 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Exploratory Study of the Mechanism of Sustainable Value Creation in the Luxury Fashion Industry

by Yefei Yang, Han Han and Peter K. C. Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040483 - 23 Mar 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 19235

Abstract

In recent years, increasing numbers of luxury groups have adopted sustainable practices in their supply chains (sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, servicing, waste and recycling). However, the report from Greenpeace International organization (2014) indicates that some luxury brands/companies did not actively conduct sustainable practices [...] Read more.

In recent years, increasing numbers of luxury groups have adopted sustainable practices in their supply chains (sourcing, manufacturing, logistics, distribution, servicing, waste and recycling). However, the report from Greenpeace International organization (2014) indicates that some luxury brands/companies did not actively conduct sustainable practices to produce items, which is likely attributed to the cost and risks caused by such practices outweighing the benefits. This, to some extent, is due to the failure of developing collaborative practices. Specifically, some luxury brands may fail to develop collaborative practices to create value that are able to benefit multiple stakeholders. Thus, in our study, we explore the value creation mechanism to create sustainable value that benefits not only brands’ shareholders, but also other stakeholders, including producers, customers, other stakeholders in the society (e.g., marginalized people) and the environment. In addition, based on a case study from Stella McCartney and Kering and the literature on value creation, we develop a novel model for guiding sustainable value creation (i.e., value co-creation model), where the conceptual building blocks and specific practices are presented. Our contribution lies in extending the knowledge of the value co-creation model from co-creation with customers to co-creation with multiple stakeholders and elaborating systematically and empirically sustainable value co-creation mechanisms including the building blocks and specific practices. In addition, this study offers significant managerial insights for luxury brands/companies to effectively achieve sustainable value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Issues in the Textile and Apparel Supply Chains)

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19 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Influence Factors of Electric Vehicles Charging Station Location Based on ISM and FMICMAC

by Han Wu and Dongxiao Niu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040484 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7322

Abstract

Along with the rapid growth in the number of electric vehicles, there is urgent need to construct electric vehicles charging stations (EVCSs) to satisfy the charging demand. However, during the process of carrying out quantitative and qualitative analysis on location decisions, it is [...] Read more.

Along with the rapid growth in the number of electric vehicles, there is urgent need to construct electric vehicles charging stations (EVCSs) to satisfy the charging demand. However, during the process of carrying out quantitative and qualitative analysis on location decisions, it is necessary to make clear the relationships and role between various factors which make impacts on charging station location. Studies are inadequate in analyzing the influence factors with regard to this respect. This study aims to identify the influence factors, as well as the driving and dependence power of these factors and to analyze the interactions among them. This work proposes to use interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and Matriced'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement (fuzzy cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification) (FMICMAC) based approach which is a novel effort in this sector. Moreover, rankings of the identified factors have also been obtained. Based on review of literature and brainstorming among experts in the EVCS field and academia, this paper puts forward 12 factors that impact EVCS location in five aspects. After ISM and FMICMAC analysis, it is concluded that area attribute and geographical environment are defined as key factors while construction cost and annual operation and maintenance cost are the objective factors. The developed integrated structured model will be beneficial in understanding the interrelationship and dependency among the identified factors. Full article

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14 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocultural Homogenization in Urban Settings: Public Knowledge of Birds in City Parks of Santiago, Chile

by Juan L. Celis-Diez, Cesar E. Muñoz, Sebastián Abades, Pablo A. Marquet and Juan J. Armesto

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040485 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7304

Abstract

An understudied consequence of growing urbanization is the rapid and concurrent loss of native biological and cultural diversity. Here, we measured the concordance between avian species richness in public green areas of the city of Santiago, Chile, and the corresponding knowledge of local [...] Read more.

An understudied consequence of growing urbanization is the rapid and concurrent loss of native biological and cultural diversity. Here, we measured the concordance between avian species richness in public green areas of the city of Santiago, Chile, and the corresponding knowledge of local citizens of this avian diversity. To assess this correspondence, we sampled avian species richness in 10 representative city parks and surveyed the awareness of avian diversity by park visitors as well as their ability to identify bird species. We found no significant relationship between estimated bird diversity from field sampling and their perception by park visitors, suggesting that visitors underestimate avian diversity in city parks because they perceive only a small fraction of the overall diversity, with their awareness especially biased towards the most abundant species. Exotic bird species comprise the majority of the latter group. This result was observed regardless of whether the city park had high or low bird diversity. Public knowledge of birds did not relate to the species richness present at city parks, and was strongly biased towards the most abundant, widely distributed, and primarily exotic species. This result agrees with the biocultural homogenization hypothesis, documenting the role of urban areas in this global process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Framework for Sustainable Business in a Software Factory in the Financial Sector

by César Álvarez Pérez, Vicente Rodríguez Montequín, Francisco Ortega Fernández and Joaquín Villanueva Balsera

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040486 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9857

Abstract

A balanced scorecard (BSC) framework for a factory that develops software for banking was proposed by us at the end of 2015 to ensure its sustainability, and was focused on improving its productivity and cost. Based on this framework, the aim of this [...] Read more.

A balanced scorecard (BSC) framework for a factory that develops software for banking was proposed by us at the end of 2015 to ensure its sustainability, and was focused on improving its productivity and cost. Based on this framework, the aim of this study is to construct an approach using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and BSC for evaluating a factory’s performance in order for it to become a sustainable business. In this study, AHP is proposed to prioritise and determine weights for the perspectives and indicators included in the BSC for a financial software factory (FSF). The combination of these weights with different indicator measures produces a model that provides an effective assessment tool for FSF managers. The results of the study, which are shown both globally and disaggregated according to the different roles of FSF stakeholders, show that user satisfaction is the main pillar for making decisions. In addition, the result considering roles shows differences according to the relationship of each stakeholder with the software factory. The current study has been validated in a Spanish factory that develops software for several financial entities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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28 pages, 5850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformation Planning for Resilient Wildlife Habitats in Ecotourism Systems

by Yun Eui Choi, Kihwan Song, Min Kim and Junga Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040487 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10249

Abstract

An ecotourism system that is based on wildlife habitats in ecological systems is considered a social-ecological system that has a feedback relationship with social systems. Increases in socioeconomic activities and tourism infrastructure construction are not conducive to the resilience of wildlife habitats, thereby [...] Read more.

An ecotourism system that is based on wildlife habitats in ecological systems is considered a social-ecological system that has a feedback relationship with social systems. Increases in socioeconomic activities and tourism infrastructure construction are not conducive to the resilience of wildlife habitats, thereby stressing the ecological system and threatening sustainable ecotourism. Managing resilient wildlife habitats by developing transformation plans that can be used to construct new systems through self-organization and the absorption of stress is paramount to perpetuating sustainable ecotourism systems. This study aims to establish transformation plans to enhance the resilience of systems thinking regarding wildlife habitats. Such thinking involves the sequential application of dynamic thinking, causal thinking, closed-loop thinking, and the discovery of strategies. This study examines the case study of Eulsukdo Island in South Korea, and the following transformation plans are derived: (1) high-quality eco-education programs to help tourists become hard ecotourists; (2) subsidies for foraging area restoration; (3) ecosystem services of wildlife habitats; and (4) governance organization led by multiple actors. The results of this study can provide guidelines for the effective use of natural resources at ecotourism destinations and for the ecotourism development of damaged wildlife habitats. Full article

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14 pages, 2816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimates of Economic Loss of Materials Caused by Acid Deposition in China

by Yinjun Zhang, Qian Li, Fengying Zhang and Gaodi Xie

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040488 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10290

Abstract

China is facing severe acid deposition. Acid deposition can cause economic loss, corrosion, and damage to materials, and the reduction of material life span. In this study, the administrative areas (including municipalities, prefecture-level cities, regions, autonomous prefectures, and leagues—hereinafter referred to the cities) [...] Read more.

China is facing severe acid deposition. Acid deposition can cause economic loss, corrosion, and damage to materials, and the reduction of material life span. In this study, the administrative areas (including municipalities, prefecture-level cities, regions, autonomous prefectures, and leagues—hereinafter referred to the cities) at and above the prefecture level were selected as research areas. Monitoring results of acid precipitation and ambient air sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from the China National Environmental Monitoring Network were used, research findings available domestically and abroad were summarized, and a set of material exposure inventory per capita was established, based on urban and rural areas in Eastern, Central, and Western China regions. Losses of construction materials caused by acid deposition in the cities were assessed by using the said materials’ acid rain exposure response functions available. The results showed that, material loss caused by acid deposition in China was 32.165 billion yuan (RMB, similarly hereinafter) in 2013, accounting for 0.057% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and 3.4% of the total investment for environmental pollution governance this year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and responses to population health and urbanization in the 21st century)

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19 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Firm-Level Climate Change Mitigation Targets in the European Union and the United States

by Derek Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040489 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4302

Abstract

While the debate on global and national carbon emission targets has dominated every major climate change conference, setting firm-level climate change mitigation targets has become an increasingly important issue. In this paper we present illustrative evidence on cross-country and cross-industry differences of the [...] Read more.

While the debate on global and national carbon emission targets has dominated every major climate change conference, setting firm-level climate change mitigation targets has become an increasingly important issue. In this paper we present illustrative evidence on cross-country and cross-industry differences of the firm-level mitigation targets among some of the largest corporations in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) with regard to five aspects, i.e., target adoption, target metric, target scope, target stringency, and target completion. We find that overall 25% of the firms have not set up emission targets. The EU firms are significantly more likely to use intensity targets than the US firms. The EU firms are twice as likely as the US firms to incorporate indirect emissions from the supply chain into the scope of their targets. The Energy and Materials sectors in the EU set significantly more stringent targets than their US counterparts. The energy sectors of the EU and the US in general have not made satisfactory progress toward accomplishment of the targets. Based on these findings, we discuss the most pressing issues that should be addressed by policymakers and firm managers in different regions and sectors with regard to target-setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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21 pages, 4657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Holistic Sustainability Assessment Method for Urban Food System Governance

by Jan Landert, Christian Schader, Heidrun Moschitz and Matthias Stolze

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040490 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 12498

Abstract

A growing number of people live in cities. Urban food systems and their impacts on ecosystems and socio-economic conditions are becoming increasingly important. To address the challenge of making urban food systems more sustainable, a rising number of assessments of urban food systems [...] Read more.

A growing number of people live in cities. Urban food systems and their impacts on ecosystems and socio-economic conditions are becoming increasingly important. To address the challenge of making urban food systems more sustainable, a rising number of assessments of urban food systems have been published. Some used large quantitative datasets while others were descriptive in nature and/or do not address the whole thematic spectrum of sustainability. In this study, an indicator set was developed, which uses widely available data to address all dimensions of sustainability. The indicators focus on policies and measures of public administration and local politics and are based on the guidelines for Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems (SAFA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). To operationalize the SAFA-Guidelines, we developed, in a participatory process, a multi-criteria assessment method with 97 indicators for evaluating 51 of the 58 SAFA subthemes, which were deemed relevant for the context of an urban food system. The first application of this method in the city of Basel, Switzerland, revealed concrete areas of improvement relating to the sustainability of the food system. In combination with cost-effectives analysis, stakeholder consultation, and monitoring measures, the results of the assessment method can be used to initiate the process of moving towards more sustainable urban food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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15 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment for Distribution Systems Using an Improved PEM-Based Method Considering Wind and Photovoltaic Power Distribution

by Qingwu Gong, Jiazhi Lei, Hui Qiao and Jingjing Qiu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040491 - 24 Mar 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4825

Abstract

The intermittency and variability of permeated distributed generators (DGs) could cause many critical security and economy risks to distribution systems. This paper applied a certain mathematical distribution to imitate the output variability and uncertainty of DGs. Then, four risk indices—EENS (expected energy not [...] Read more.

The intermittency and variability of permeated distributed generators (DGs) could cause many critical security and economy risks to distribution systems. This paper applied a certain mathematical distribution to imitate the output variability and uncertainty of DGs. Then, four risk indices—EENS (expected energy not supplied), PLC (probability of load curtailment), EFLC (expected frequency of load curtailment), and SI (severity index)—were established to reflect the system risk level of the distribution system. For the certain mathematical distribution of the DGs’ output power, an improved PEM (point estimate method)-based method was proposed to calculate these four system risk indices. In this improved PEM-based method, an enumeration method was used to list the states of distribution systems, and an improved PEM was developed to deal with the uncertainties of DGs, and the value of load curtailment in distribution systems was calculated by an optimal power flow algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness and advantages of this proposed PEM-based method for distribution system assessment were verified by testing a modified IEEE 30-bus system. Simulation results have shown that this proposed PEM-based method has a high computational accuracy and highly reduced computational costs compared with other risk assessment methods and is very effective for risk assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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12 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ecopreneurship and Ecopreneurs: Limits, Trends and Characteristics

by Cristina Santini

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040492 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 12543

Abstract

The research topic of Ecopreneurship is growing and new questions emerge, whilst others remain unanswered. This paper provides an extensive literature review and aims to highlight research outputs and trends in ecopreneurship. Besides a reflection on the main features, motivations and typologies of [...] Read more.

The research topic of Ecopreneurship is growing and new questions emerge, whilst others remain unanswered. This paper provides an extensive literature review and aims to highlight research outputs and trends in ecopreneurship. Besides a reflection on the main features, motivations and typologies of ecopreneurs, the paper provides a focus on the relationship between agribusiness and ecopreneurship in order to outline issues that hopefully will be further investigated and extended to other businesses. By following the main trends within the academic debate, the paper provides insights into the defining the distinguishing traits of ecopreneurship when compared to traditional entrepreneurship. The author provides an overview of research issues that could be explored in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How does Market Demand for Sustainability Shape Business Strategies? Exploring Innovation Paths in Agribusiness)

41 pages, 7330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multicriteria Model for Optimization of Maintenance in Thermal Energy Production Systems in Hospitals: A Case Study in a Spanish Hospital

by María Carmen Carnero and Andrés Gómez

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040493 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5514

Abstract

Health Care Organizations are large consumers of energy resources. This is due to the large number of services they must offer continuously, the strict requirements of temperature and humidity for patients and comfort for all visitors. Facilities for thermal energy production are critical [...] Read more.

Health Care Organizations are large consumers of energy resources. This is due to the large number of services they must offer continuously, the strict requirements of temperature and humidity for patients and comfort for all visitors. Facilities for thermal energy production are critical as they guarantee the proper working of care services by producing primary air, eliminating legionella, and providing air conditioning to theatres, emergency areas, ICUs, neonatology departments, etc. Nonetheless, despite the importance of thermal energy production systems, there is no prior literature analysing the best maintenance to be applied to these systems. This study describes an innovative multicriteria model designed with the Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) approach and Markov chains, in choosing the best combination of maintenance policies to guarantee the best quality of care. The model was created with the co-operation of a decision group made up of those in charge of different areas of a Health Care Organization. This gives the current availability of the thermal energy production systems, and the availability that would be achieved by applying other alternatives. In the system that produces hot water for the air conditioning units, the best alternative is found to be corrective and preventive maintenance. In the cold-water production system for air conditioning, the model recommends the use of corrective, preventive and predictive maintenance, monitored by vibration analysis. For the systems producing hot domestic water and hot and cold water for other systems, corrective and preventive maintenance is recommended. In the legionella treatment system, it is best to apply corrective, preventive and periodic predictive maintenance (quarterly by combustion analysis). Finally, the implications for quality of care of changing the maintenance alternatives are considered. This research was carried out on thermal energy production systems currently operational in the University General Hospital of Ciudad Real (Spain). The methodology used in this study, together with the criteria, descriptors, weightings, etc., may serve as a standard for other Health Care Organizations, with the final goal of improving quality of care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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21 pages, 4391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Policies and Mobility Trends in Italian Smart Cities

by Francesco Pinna, Francesca Masala and Chiara Garau

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040494 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 11931

Abstract

This study uses indicators to evaluate the progress made by Italian cities in the smart mobility sector, in order to understand how these cities have approached the new guidelines imposed by the European Union, and how they have implemented the European changes. Specifically, [...] Read more.

This study uses indicators to evaluate the progress made by Italian cities in the smart mobility sector, in order to understand how these cities have approached the new guidelines imposed by the European Union, and how they have implemented the European changes. Specifically, this study analyses the evolution of public transportation systems, using a sample of twenty-two Italian cities for three successive time periods (2005, 2010, and 2015). The outcomes identified are then linked to funding provided for the implementation of projects related to smart mobility in the cities studied, in order to verify possible correlations between the growth of these services and European and national financial investments. The data analysis shows remarkable progress in the field of sustainable mobility, especially between 2010 and 2015 as well as how this progress is linked to significant financial support that favours the realization of projects related to smart mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Sustainability and Planning Support Systems)

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11 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Fuzzy DEA for Green Suppliers Selection Considering Carbon Footprints

by Min-Chun Yu and Min-Hong Su

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040495 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4892

Abstract

Due to increasing global environmental awareness, supply chains that consider environmental protection tend to be favored by green-minded customers. In addition to adapting to the technology required for green supply chains and developing contingency plans, organizations must consider reducing their carbon footprint to [...] Read more.

Due to increasing global environmental awareness, supply chains that consider environmental protection tend to be favored by green-minded customers. In addition to adapting to the technology required for green supply chains and developing contingency plans, organizations must consider reducing their carbon footprint to meet corporate objectives and reducing their carbon footprint. To address this issue, this paper aims at establishing a decision-making process for buyers with sustainability in mind. A fuzzy data envelopment analysis (FDEA) model was developed to select the most suitable supplier. Production costs, lead time, and supply chain carbon footprints were used as the input criteria, and quality and demand quantity were used as the output criteria. Buyer-seller supply chains and non-cooperative and cooperative models were employed separately to calculate associative efficiency. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand the effects carbon footprints have on efficiency. This study found that suppliers with low carbon footprints exhibited poor efficiency, which may be attributed to the additional effort required to select raw materials. Additionally, suppliers with different supply chain operation models exhibited differing efficiencies. Therefore, suppliers must consider the balance between carbon footprint reduction and costs, and buyers must consider environmental criteria when selecting green suppliers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic and Management Systems: Perspectives of Uncertainty and Data Driven Optimization)

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24 pages, 3791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic City Branding in China: the Multi-Level Governance of Municipal Self-Promotion in the Greater Pearl River Delta

by Haiyan Lu, Martin De Jong and Yawei Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040496 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7800

Abstract

In the urban development policy in China, city brands play an important role in setting targets for Chinese cities. These economic city brands, however, are not produced in an institutional vacuum: they are embedded in the visions national, provincial and municipal governments have [...] Read more.

In the urban development policy in China, city brands play an important role in setting targets for Chinese cities. These economic city brands, however, are not produced in an institutional vacuum: they are embedded in the visions national, provincial and municipal governments have for these cities, i.e., on multi-level governance. In this paper, a data-intense analysis of economic city branding practices has been conducted in the Greater Pearl River Delta, taking into account national, provincial and municipal documents in socio-economic, urban and land use planning. Evidence of economic and ecological initiatives through branding at the level of symbolic urban projects, such as new towns, has also been examined. It transpires that Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou and Shenzhen have adopted more sophisticated economic brand identities than the others and the reflection of brand-related targets from their actual projects is also more credible. While China’s national plans focus primarily on Hong Kong and Macau, provincial documents place more emphasis on the wealthier cities on the mainland (Shenzhen and Guangzhou). The other cities attract less attention and have more freedom to adopt economic city brands, but their efforts to live up to their promise are quite limited due to their weak financial position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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22 pages, 3181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Competitive Intelligence Analysis of Augmented Reality Technology Using Patent Information

by Byeongki Jeong and Janghyeok Yoon

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040497 - 25 Mar 2017

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8818

Abstract

Augmented reality has recently achieved a rapid growth through its applications in various industries, including education and entertainment. Despite the growing attraction of augmented reality, trend analyses in this emerging technology have relied on qualitative literature review, failing to provide comprehensive competitive intelligence [...] Read more.

Augmented reality has recently achieved a rapid growth through its applications in various industries, including education and entertainment. Despite the growing attraction of augmented reality, trend analyses in this emerging technology have relied on qualitative literature review, failing to provide comprehensive competitive intelligence analysis using objective data. Therefore, tracing industrial competition trends in augmented reality will provide technology experts with a better understanding of evolving competition trends and insights for further technology and sustainable business planning. In this paper, we apply a topic modeling approach to 3595 patents related to augmented reality technology to identify technology subjects and their knowledge stocks, thereby analyzing industrial competitive intelligence in light of technology subject and firm levels. As a result, we were able to obtain some findings from an inventional viewpoint: technological development of augmented reality will soon enter a mature stage, technologies of infrastructural requirements have been a focal subject since 2001, and several software firms and camera manufacturing firms have dominated the recent development of augmented reality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Predictive Analytics for Sustainability)

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13 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Worldview among Urban Design Professionals

by Marita Wallhagen and Peter Magnusson

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040498 - 26 Mar 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7124

Abstract

The built environment is responsible for a large proportion of the global use of energy, natural resources, and emissions. Architects and other urban design professionals are key actors in the building process whose behavior and decisions will influence these impacts. Because environmental attitudes [...] Read more.

The built environment is responsible for a large proportion of the global use of energy, natural resources, and emissions. Architects and other urban design professionals are key actors in the building process whose behavior and decisions will influence these impacts. Because environmental attitudes are linked to pro-environmental behavior, this study aims to measure environmental worldview among urban design professionals involved in the architectural competition ‘A New City Center for Kiruna’. The mean score registered for the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale was 3.68 (standard deviation 0.51) and there were no significant differences with regard to age (mean 41.3 years) or gender (64.7% males). The ecological worldview of the participants was similar to most other samples from diverse countries, but a lower score was reported in comparison to environmentalists. The score ranged from 2.53 to 4.67 which shows heterogeneity at an individual level. Thus, future efforts to improve environmental attitudes among urban design professionals are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture and Design)

19 pages, 2165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Co-Effects on Air Pollutants and CO₂ Emissions Generated by End-of-Pipe Measures of Pollution Control in China’s Coal-Fired Power Plants

by Haijun Zhao, Weichun Ma, Hongjia Dong and Ping Jiang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040499 - 26 Mar 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8975

Abstract

China is now facing great challenges resulting from climate change and air pollution, driven by the processes of industrialization and urbanization. Greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions produced by the coal-fired power industry represent approximately 70% of the total emissions in China’s industrial [...] Read more.

China is now facing great challenges resulting from climate change and air pollution, driven by the processes of industrialization and urbanization. Greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions produced by the coal-fired power industry represent approximately 70% of the total emissions in China’s industrial sector. In this study, 39 coal-fired power plants built in China between 2014 and 2015 were analyzed in regards to the co-effects oncarbon dioxide and air pollutant emissions generated directly and indirectly by end-of-pipe measures of pollution control. After completing the quantitative analysis with input data from 83units of power plants, we found that co-effects were positive only for air pollutant reductions through the implementation of desulfurization, denitrification, and dedusting measures, but co-effects were negative for carbon dioxide production because of the corresponding electricity use and chemical reactions that led to the increases in carbon dioxide emissions. We also performed an assessment of the synergistic coefficients to better understand the degree of co-effects. It will be important for researchers to take a comprehensive view of China’s coal-fired power plants and look for solutions that can maximize positive co-effects and achieve overall co-benefits of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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11 pages, 3903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Total Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Dianshan Lake, China: The External Loading and Self-Purification Capability

by Guohua Xiong, Guochen Wang, Dongqi Wang, Weilin Yang, Yuanyuan Chen and Zhenlou Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040500 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4705

Abstract

In this article, long-term data, statistical analysis, and spatial interpolation method were applied to the analyses of the spatial and temporal changes of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Dianshan Lake. We also estimated the self-purification capability of TN and TP [...] Read more.

In this article, long-term data, statistical analysis, and spatial interpolation method were applied to the analyses of the spatial and temporal changes of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Dianshan Lake. We also estimated the self-purification capability of TN and TP in Dianshan Lake. The results showed that interannual variability of the average concentration of TN in Dianshan Lake changed significantly, showing a characteristic increase before a decline, and the average concentration of TN showed an obvious downward trend, especially after 2007. Interannual variability of the average concentration of TP in Dianshan Lake fluctuated, and the average concentration of TP showed a downward trend after 2007. The seasonal variations of TN and TP in Dianshan Lake were similar. Higher TN concentration occurred in winter and spring, while higher TP concentration appeared in summer, autumn, and winter. The spatial distribution of TN and TP in Dianshan Lake were similar, showing a characteristic which decreased from north to south and west to east. The highest TN and TP values were mainly distributed in the inlet monitoring sites, while the lowest TP values were distributed in the outlet monitoring sites. The self-purification capability of TN and TP were about 2289.97 t/yr and 112.16 t/yr, which suggested a deterioration of natural water quality. Our research showed that Dianshan Lake was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed a substantial improvement from 1996 to 2015. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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14 pages, 6772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Movement of Septic Water Chloride through a Soil Profile

by Shawkat Kochary, Tom Byl and Bahzad Noori

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040501 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3899

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the movement of chloride through a vadose zone located under failed and non-regulated septic tanks of Duhok city, Kurdistan of Iraq, potentially contaminating its groundwater. A physical vadose model (PVM) of a vertical flow direction [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the movement of chloride through a vadose zone located under failed and non-regulated septic tanks of Duhok city, Kurdistan of Iraq, potentially contaminating its groundwater. A physical vadose model (PVM) of a vertical flow direction was built in the laboratory to represent the city soil profile. The size of the PVM was 210 × 122 × 9.7 cm (height, width, and depth). Preliminary soil tests were conducted to better represent the lithology of study area. The PVM was then packed with regional silt clay soil, after modifying its texture, using an innovative packing procedure to preserve natural soil density and porosity. The model was run for a period of three months with newly collected septic water (black water from a septic tank) as an exclusive source of contaminants. Water samples from eight vertically arranged portals representing 12.5, 37.5, 62.5, 87.5, 112.5, 137.5, 162.5, and 187.5 cm levels in the subsurface soil profile were collected on a daily basis and analyzed weekly. Logistic regression and logarithmic models were developed to spatially predict the movement of chloride ions at different sampling depths in the soil profile until the system had reached the equivalent chloride concentration of the septic water or had stabilized. There was a good agreement between the physical model and the statistical models, however each model had its strengths and weaknesses. This study demonstrated that there is a potential for septic water to reach the water table within a 2–3 weeks period. Dilution and dispersion appear to play important roles in the fate and transport of septic water. This study has the potential to help the local authorities predict percolation rates and establish strategies for groundwater management in order to protect the public health. Full article

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11 pages, 1371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model for the Material Flow of Resonant Wood Production

by Patrik Aláč and Martin Čulík

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040502 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4569

Abstract

This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making model, for the selection and evaluation of the most valuable wooden input—resonant wood. Application of a given model can improve the process of input valuation as well as impact and improve particular economic indicators for the resonant [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making model, for the selection and evaluation of the most valuable wooden input—resonant wood. Application of a given model can improve the process of input valuation as well as impact and improve particular economic indicators for the resonant wood manufacturer. We have tried to describe and evaluate the supply chain of resonant wood manufacturing and production of musical instruments. Particular value-added and non-value-added activities have been chosen according to the logical sequence of technology. Then, concrete criteria were specified and their significance weightings. Another important part of our paper is the description of resonant wood, specifications, and demands on log and wood species. There are some important physical and mechanical properties which should be taken into account and evaluated during the production of musical instruments. By the application of this model, a particular enterprise can reach an enhanced tool for the continuous evaluation of the product flowing through the supply chain. Visibility of particular operations and their logical sequence, presented by Petri nets, can lead to easier detection of possible defects in these operations and their origin. So, the main purpose of the paper lies in the suggestion of an objective and quantified managerial tool for the decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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17 pages, 7134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

E-Waste Supply Chain in Mexico: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management

by Samantha E. Cruz-Sotelo, Sara Ojeda-Benítez, Jorge Jáuregui Sesma, Karla I. Velázquez-Victorica, Néstor Santillán-Soto, O. Rafael García-Cueto, Víctor Alcántara Concepción and Camilo Alcántara

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040503 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 17866

Abstract

Electronic waste is a widespread environmental problem. From all waste streams, e-waste is registering one of the largest growing rates (between 3% and 5%). In Mexico, the e-waste recovery system comprises a mix of formal and informal sectors not well known to date. [...] Read more.

Electronic waste is a widespread environmental problem. From all waste streams, e-waste is registering one of the largest growing rates (between 3% and 5%). In Mexico, the e-waste recovery system comprises a mix of formal and informal sectors not well known to date. The goal of this article was to analyze electronic waste in Mexico through the active actors in the recovery chain. This article presents the evolution of studies on electronic waste in Mexico. The legal regulations and public policies were analyzed, as were the existing practices of electronic waste handling, and some challenges facing this country for waste flow management. A management model is proposed which highlights components that must be considered in the model and the opportunities and challenges to transition from an unbundled handling, which still has practices that lack environmental and technical support, to sustainable management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Management)

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12 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GHG Emissions from the Production of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles in China

by Han Hao, Zhexuan Mu, Shuhua Jiang, Zongwei Liu and Fuquan Zhao

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040504 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 137 | Viewed by 44510

Abstract

With the mass market penetration of electric vehicles, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with lithium-ion battery production has become a major concern. In this study, by establishing a life cycle assessment framework, GHG emissions from the production of lithium-ion batteries in China [...] Read more.

With the mass market penetration of electric vehicles, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with lithium-ion battery production has become a major concern. In this study, by establishing a life cycle assessment framework, GHG emissions from the production of lithium-ion batteries in China are estimated. The results show that for the three types of most commonly used lithium-ion batteries, the (LFP) battery, the (NMC) battery and the (LMO) battery, the GHG emissions from the production of a 28 kWh battery are 3061 kgCO₂-eq, 2912 kgCO₂-eq and 2705 kgCO₂-eq, respectively. This implies around a 30% increase in GHG emissions from vehicle production compared with conventional vehicles. The productions of cathode materials and wrought aluminum are the dominating contributors of GHG emissions, together accounting for around three quarters of total emissions. From the perspective of process energy use, around 40% of total emissions are associated with electricity use, for which the GHG emissions in China are over two times higher than the level in the United States. According to our analysis, it is recommended that great efforts are needed to reduce the GHG emissions from battery production in China, with improving the production of cathodes as the essential measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management)

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21 pages, 4433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Projections of Future Land Use in Bangladesh under the Background of Baseline, Ecological Protection and Economic Development

by Shaikh Shamim Hasan, Xiangzheng Deng, Zhihui Li and Dongdong Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040505 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 83 | Viewed by 17677

Abstract

Land is one of the important input resources in a highly populous and land-scarce country such as Bangladesh. When different factors change (such as, geophysical, proximity, socioeconomic and climatic), there are dramatic changes in the spatial pattern of land uses. Thus, shedding light [...] Read more.

Land is one of the important input resources in a highly populous and land-scarce country such as Bangladesh. When different factors change (such as, geophysical, proximity, socioeconomic and climatic), there are dramatic changes in the spatial pattern of land uses. Thus, shedding light on the dynamics of land use and land cover changes has great importance for finding the changing pattern of land use in Bangladesh. In the present study, we predicted the land use and land cover changes from 2010 to 2030 under baseline, ecological protection priority and economic growth scenarios in Bangladesh. On this basis, we applied a previously developed Dynamics of Land Systems (DLS) model to simulate the changes in land uses according to the driving mechanisms. The findings indicate that cultivated land declines and built-up area expansion is common under all three scenarios. However, the future land use demand shows differences under different scenarios. The results under the ecological protection priority scenario shows that forest area and grassland will increase more, while under economic growth scenario, built-up area will expand dramatically in the future. The present research results furnish meaningful decision-making information for planners to conserve and/or exploit land resources in Bangladesh in a more sustainable manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Use in China)

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18 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Solid Waste Management in China: Status, Problems and Challenges

by Aiqin Wang, Linxiu Zhang, Yaojiang Shi, Scott Rozelle, Annie Osborn and Meredith Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040506 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 12432

Abstract

This paper seeks to describe the overall state of Rural Solid Waste Management (RSWM) in China in three main areas: waste collection services, waste transportation services and waste disposal services. Given China’s urbanization, industrialization, and the subsequent improvement of household living standards, the [...] Read more.

This paper seeks to describe the overall state of Rural Solid Waste Management (RSWM) in China in three main areas: waste collection services, waste transportation services and waste disposal services. Given China’s urbanization, industrialization, and the subsequent improvement of household living standards, the amount of solid waste generated in rural China has increased rapidly. Based on primary data collected in 2016 from 100 villages across five provinces in China, we find that the proportion of villages with waste collection, waste transportation, and waste disposal services in 2015 is 80%, 55% and 22%, respectively. The differences in shares of villages with these services across provinces are statistically significant. Using descriptive and econometric analyses, the authors show that richer villages are more likely to provide rural solid waste (RSW) collection and transportation services. Villages with new (newly elected or appointed) village leaders are more likely to supply RSW disposal services. While the majority of villages report that they offer waste collection services (installing waste collection facilities and employing waste collection workers), the vast majority of villages do not transport their waste to treatment plants. Even fewer villages report using centralized disposal methods to dispose of waste, as required by law or regulation. This study represents the first effort to describe the state and determinants of waste management services in rural China in the wake of increased investment in and new policies regarding RSWM released in 2015. Additionally, we provide evidence-based suggestions that might be useful for policy makers interested in improving RSWM in China. These suggestions include increasing investments in waste collection facilities and worker services; encouraging local residents to classify and recycle waste; designing optimal waste transportation networks and routes; and improving on-site waste disposal technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Economics and the Regional Sustainable Economic Growth)

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16 pages, 4915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Configuration and Novel Reclosing Procedure of Distribution System for Utilization of BESS as UPS in Smart Grid

by Hun-Chul Seo

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040507 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4619

Abstract

This paper proposes a new configuration and novel reclosing procedure of a distribution system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) used as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in a smart grid. The proposed new configurations of the distribution systems are the installation [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new configuration and novel reclosing procedure of a distribution system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) used as an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) in a smart grid. The proposed new configurations of the distribution systems are the installation of a circuit breaker (CB) on both sides of the distribution line, the replacement of the recloser with a CB and protective relay, and the requirement of a communication method. The proposed reclosing procedure performs the reclosing of the CB at the load side and then judges the fault clearance using the load current. If the fault is cleared, the synchronism checking between the main source and the BESS is performed. After completing this, the CB at the main source side is reclosed. The smart grid environment, including a new distribution system, BESS, and reclosing method are modeled with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)/ATPDraw. To verify the proposed method, the various simulations according to the fault clearance time are performed and analyzed. The simulation results show that the BESS can be operated as a UPS and successful reclosing is possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid)

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15 pages, 1203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heuristic vs. Meta-Heuristic Optimal Energy Design for an Office Building

by Won-Jun Suh and Cheol-Soo Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040508 - 27 Mar 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3757

Abstract

In this paper, an application of heuristic vs. meta-heuristic approaches to the design of an office building is presented. The building was first optimized by a heuristic approach based on the designers’ expertise, prior experiences and intuitions with the use of a whole [...] Read more.

In this paper, an application of heuristic vs. meta-heuristic approaches to the design of an office building is presented. The building was first optimized by a heuristic approach based on the designers’ expertise, prior experiences and intuitions with the use of a whole building simulation tool, EnergyPlus. Then, a meta-heuristic approach was completed in MATLAB platform where EnergyPlus and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were coupled. M-script files were developed to automate execution of EnergyPlus simulation runs (reading output files and overwriting input files of EnergyPlus) in integration to GA. Based on a comparison between the heuristic and the meta-heuristic approach, it is shown that GA performs much better in finding a global optimum even under a constrained search space than the heuristic approach. The heuristic approach has advantages, such as reflection of a design context in decision-making and fast communication between stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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16 pages, 1592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Energy Project as a Source of Innovation in Rural Communities: Lessons from the Periphery

by Sorin Cebotari and Jozsef Benedek

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040509 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7457

Abstract

Renewable energy projects (REPs) are viewed as a resource for the development of rural, peripheral communities. Going beyond the simplistic understanding of renewable energy technology as an independent variable, the current study looks into what the interaction between renewables and host communities brings [...] Read more.

Renewable energy projects (REPs) are viewed as a resource for the development of rural, peripheral communities. Going beyond the simplistic understanding of renewable energy technology as an independent variable, the current study looks into what the interaction between renewables and host communities brings in terms of innovation and development. Relying on a combination of primary and secondary data, both qualitative and quantitative, we observed that for the case of northwest Romania the fast development of REPs had no impact on classic economic indicators such as employment or revenue to the local budget. Looking closely at the impact on innovation as an important explanatory factor of peripheralization, in the majority of researched cases we saw no technical nor policy-related innovation associated with REPs. The presence of a privately-owned project in the territory of the community acted as a possible catalyst for considering developing their own REPs however. Owning a renewable energy project at the same time proved to have a positive impact on policy-related innovation. Moreover, communities that developed and manage their own REPs seem also to be more interested in changing the existing technological arrangements as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience to Natural and Man-Made Disasters)

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14 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of Organic and Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies for Reducing Soil N₂O Emissions

by Rebecca F. Graham, Sam E. Wortman and Cameron M. Pittelkow

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040510 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 8345

Abstract

To prevent nutrient limitations to crop growth, nitrogen is often applied in agricultural systems in the form of organic inputs (e.g., crop residues, manure, compost, etc.) or inorganic fertilizer. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer has large environmental and economic costs, particularly for low-input smallholder farming [...] Read more.

To prevent nutrient limitations to crop growth, nitrogen is often applied in agricultural systems in the form of organic inputs (e.g., crop residues, manure, compost, etc.) or inorganic fertilizer. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer has large environmental and economic costs, particularly for low-input smallholder farming systems. The concept of combining organic, inorganic, and biological nutrient sources through Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is increasingly promoted as a means of improving nutrient use efficiency by matching soil nutrient availability with crop demand. While the majority of previous research on INM has focused on soil quality and yield, potential climate change impacts have rarely been assessed. In particular, it remains unclear whether INM increases or decreases soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions compared to organic nitrogen inputs, which may represent an overlooked environmental tradeoff. The objectives of this review were to (i) summarize the mechanisms influencing N₂O emissions in response to organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources, (ii) synthesize findings from the limited number of field experiments that have directly compared N₂O emissions for organic N inputs vs. INM treatments, (iii) develop a hypothesis for conditions under which INM reduces N₂O emissions and (iv) identify key knowledge gaps to address in future research. In general, INM treatments having low carbon to nitrogen ratio C:N (<8) tended to reduce emissions compared to organic amendments alone, while INM treatments with higher C:N resulted in no change or increased N₂O emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change)

9 pages, 492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Study on Biomass Fraction Estimation for Waste Incinerated in Korea: A Case Study

by Seongmin Kang, Seungjin Kim, Deakyeom Lee, Jeongwoo Lee, Ki-Hyun Kim and Eui-Chan Jeon

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040511 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4277

Abstract

In this study, to determine the biomass fraction to apply to the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the waste incineration sector, municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and sewage sludge incineration facilities were selected and analyzed, and the biomass fractions found in [...] Read more.

In this study, to determine the biomass fraction to apply to the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the waste incineration sector, municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and sewage sludge incineration facilities were selected and analyzed, and the biomass fractions found in these facilities were compared. The biomass fractions of Municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and sewage sludge in incineration facilities were shown to be 57%, 41%, and 78%, on average, respectively. In the case of municipal solid waste and industrial waste incineration facilities, the values were similar to those of previous studies. However, the biomass fraction of wastes and sewage sludge except for municipal solid waste was found to be significantly different from the IPCC default. Accordingly, we believe that the biomass fractions used to estimate the GHG emissions of different incineration facilities should reflect the characteristics of each waste type. At present, the basic value given by the IPCC for biomass fraction is used in Korea to estimate the GHG emissions of each waste incineration facility. Some studies have found a difference between the value obtained using the basic value given by the IPCC and the value obtained using values that reflect the characteristics of Korea. In common with previous studies, in this study the biomass fraction of waste incineration facilities and sewage sludge incineration facilities except for municipal solid wastes showed a large difference, which is also expected to affect the estimation of GHG emissions. If further studies collect additional data on the biomass fraction of each waste type, this study along with the additional data collected will assist in the development of a state level greenhouse gas emission factor and contribute to the improvement of the reliability of the national GHG inventory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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26 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Transfer in the Food Sector by Applying a Target Audience-Centered Approach—The Development of a Nonprofit Marketing Campaign Guide Based on a Case Study of the LAV Platform

by Christina Strotmann, Linda Niepagenkemper, Christine Göbel, Fara Flügge, Silke Friedrich, Judith Kreyenschmidt and Guido Ritter

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040512 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6771

Abstract

This article presents a marketing campaign guide to support nonprofit and governmental organizations, such as academic research institutes or governmental agencies, that wish to develop support tools for the food industry. It offers a systematic and target audience-centered approach which guides nonprofits through [...] Read more.

This article presents a marketing campaign guide to support nonprofit and governmental organizations, such as academic research institutes or governmental agencies, that wish to develop support tools for the food industry. It offers a systematic and target audience-centered approach which guides nonprofits through the various steps of a marketing campaign, from defining the required values of a new product or service to ultimately launching it. The text also explains how a target audience-centered marketing approach was applied in a case study of developing and transferring the LAV platform (LAV—Avoiding Food Waste, from the German “Lebensmittel Abfall Vermeiden”), a website that has been specifically set up and targeted to small- and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in the German food sector that wish to reduce food waste in their operations. Currently, there are more than 500 tools available in the English or German language which attempt to support companies in the food sector in their food waste reduction efforts. However, so far there has been no platform that could gather all these tools to facilitate SMEs’ access to them. The LAV platform compiles various relevant tools from academia as well as from industry and makes the most suitable tools available in a toolbox published on the Internet platform. Here, the tools are structured by topic and market segment; its user-friendliness was tested applying participatory methods which involved SMEs and industry organizations. The LAV platform, as well as target audience-centered marketing approaches more generally, could act as role models for other international projects that also have the goal of setting up and promoting tool-gathering systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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19 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SH-SecNet: An Enhanced Secure Network Architecture for the Diagnosis of Security Threats in a Smart Home

by Saurabh Singh, Pradip Kumar Sharma and Jong Hyuk Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040513 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 11580

Abstract

The growing demand for an independent and comfortable lifestyle has motivated the development of the smart home, and providing security is a major challenge for developers and security analysts. Enhancing security in the home environment has been recognized as one of the main [...] Read more.

The growing demand for an independent and comfortable lifestyle has motivated the development of the smart home, and providing security is a major challenge for developers and security analysts. Enhancing security in the home environment has been recognized as one of the main obstacles to realizing the vision of creating energy-efficient smart homes and buildings. Understanding the risks associated with the use and potential exploitation of information about homes, end-users, and partners, as well as forming techniques for integrating security assessments into the design, is not straightforward. To address this challenge, we propose enhanced secure network architecture (SH-SecNet) for the diagnosis of security threats in the smart home. In our architecture, we use the Multivariate Correlation Analysis (MCA) technique to analyze the network flow packet in the network layer, as this classifies the network traffic by extracting the correlation between network traffic features. We evaluated the performance of our architecture with respect to various parameters, such as CPU utilization, throughput, round trip time, and accuracy. The result of the evaluation shows that our architecture is efficient and accurate in detecting and mitigating attacks in the smart home network with a low performance overhead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advent of Smart Homes)

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17 pages, 4086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Emissions Reduction and Energy Efficiency Improvements in Paper Making Drying Process Control by Sensors

by Luis Miguel Calvo and Rosario Domingo

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040514 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5876

Abstract

The drying process of paper has many production parameters that can influence both the energy consumed and the characteristics of paper produced. It was found that most of the previous studies conducted on this process assume that the conditions of the facilities are [...] Read more.

The drying process of paper has many production parameters that can influence both the energy consumed and the characteristics of paper produced. It was found that most of the previous studies conducted on this process assume that the conditions of the facilities are always appropriate. The control of the variables associated with air circulating inside the drying hood is essential to obtain a paper with adequate quality and obtain low ratios of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. This article proposes a new indirect method based on the study of the enthalpy of the airflows inside the production hall and thermographic images that helps to analyze the maintenance state of the enclosure hood drying section in a general process, whereby it can also estimate the emissions and energy losses. The combined use of sensors and equipment has helped to identify energy losses and potential savings in CO₂ emissions. The developed method is applied to a paper manufacturing plant that has ratios of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions very close to the product benchmark set by the European Authorities. The study corroborates that it can be identified as a significant energy loss in paper making drying process. Analyzing facilities that are in apparently good maintenance conditions, leaks are evident. These energy losses are very significant compared with the theoretical energy consumption, and it can affect the paper moisture profile. Full article

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17 pages, 1228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Front-End Innovation Decisions for Self-Organized Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics—A Case Study on Lignin Utilization

by Magdalena Gabriel, Josef-Peter Schöggl and Alfred Posch

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040515 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5387

Abstract

The emergence of self-organized industrial symbiosis (IS) is based on the expectations of industrial actors regarding financial and/or environmental benefits through symbiotic inter-company linkages. One such linkage is the exchange of by-products as substitutes for primary raw materials. However, the company generating the [...] Read more.

The emergence of self-organized industrial symbiosis (IS) is based on the expectations of industrial actors regarding financial and/or environmental benefits through symbiotic inter-company linkages. One such linkage is the exchange of by-products as substitutes for primary raw materials. However, the company generating the by-product may even not be aware of potential application fields in other industries. In cases where the by-product triggers an innovation, the very early phase of the innovation process (“early front-end”—EFE) is extremely important, as it is here that a first rough picture of future application fields must be defined. In contrast to traditional market innovations of industries, the EFE of IS innovations is triggered by the existence of a certain by-product. As conventional innovation models are not very helpful in supporting the EFE decisions in IS innovations, our paper aims to establish a link between self-organized IS and innovation by creating a specific theoretical framework for the support of EFE decisions. We thus introduce the “stage-gate model of self-organized IS innovations” and place a particular emphasis on the early phases within this model. Subsequently, we illustrate the application of the early phases of the model in a case study on lignin utilization in the Austrian paper and pulp industry (P&P industry). In this way, the study contributes to a better understanding of the peculiarities and conditions of EFE decisions in IS innovations and their significance in the emergence of self-organized IS networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diverse Dynamics of Industrial Symbiosis: Emergence and Development)

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17 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Remanufacturing Certification Contracts in the Electrical and Electronic Industry

by Huihui Liu, Xiaohang Yue, Hui Ding and G. Keong Leong

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040516 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4658

Abstract

While remanufacturing is highly encouraged worldwide, some original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the electrical and electronics industry are still not willing to embrace remanufacturing, for fear of expensive investment or the cannibalization of existing products. Meanwhile, third-party remanufacturers’ (TPRs) remanufactured products are developing [...] Read more.

While remanufacturing is highly encouraged worldwide, some original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the electrical and electronics industry are still not willing to embrace remanufacturing, for fear of expensive investment or the cannibalization of existing products. Meanwhile, third-party remanufacturers’ (TPRs) remanufactured products are developing quickly. Due to quality reasons, consumers usually have a higher preference for OEM-certified remanufactured products than uncertified ones. As such, remanufacturing certification has become a strategy that OEMs can use to benefit from product remanufacturing. Our paper focuses on the remanufacturing certification contract between an OEM and a TPR. Once certified, the TPR makes payments to the OEM. These payment terms will affect their enthusiasm for participating in remanufacturing certification. By establishing game models among an OEM, a certified TPR, and an uncertified TPR, our paper explores three certification contracts, namely, the lump-sum payment, profit-sharing payment, and piece-rate payment. We identify the conditions for the OEM and certified TPR to reach a win-win outcome. Our results show that when TPRs have a high profit margin and there is no significant difference in consumers’ preferences between certified and non-certified remanufacturing channels, the profit-sharing payment contract yields the highest profit; otherwise, the piece-rate payment contract is best for the OEM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic and Management Systems: Perspectives of Uncertainty and Data Driven Optimization)

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19 pages, 2467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Industry Interdependence Dynamics and Structure Change Causal Analysis: An Empirical Study on China’s Shipbuilding Industry

by Xiaofeng Xu, Jun Hao and Yirui Deng

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040517 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5548

Abstract

Based on empirical evidence from Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Circum-Bohai-Sea region, this study applies the Input-Output (I-O) model and ArcGIS to analyze the interdependence and its dynamic evolution of the shipbuilding industry. In order to study the change cause of [...] Read more.

Based on empirical evidence from Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Circum-Bohai-Sea region, this study applies the Input-Output (I-O) model and ArcGIS to analyze the interdependence and its dynamic evolution of the shipbuilding industry. In order to study the change cause of shipbuilding industrial structure, we decompose the I-O model to obtain the influential factors including domestic final demand, overseas export demand, intermediate input, intermediate demand import and final demand import. The results indicate that (1) the shipbuilding industry has a significant interdependence, which has showed the characteristics of high integration and interaction. Among the three different regions, the degree of interdependence of the Yangtze River Delta is most significant, followed by the Pearl River Delta and the Circum-Bohai region. (2) The interaction and integration of the shipbuilding industry have the trend of synchronous development. From the initial S-shapes of coastal distribution, the interaction gradually expands to inland cities radially. (3) The dependence of the shipbuilding industry has reduced but the self-supporting effect continuously strengthened, and industrialization is accelerating, which indicates the shipbuilding industry will further promote the optimization of industrial structure. (4) Shipbuilding industry has been expanding a lot, the main causes of changes in industrial structure are different, and the effect of intermediate inputs change plays a significant role in the Yangtze River Delta. In the Pearl River Delta, it is the changes effect of foreign export demand that counts. However, it is the effect of the final demand that makes contribution to the industrial structure change in Circum-Bohai-Sea region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic and Management Systems: Perspectives of Uncertainty and Data Driven Optimization)

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19 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening Indicators for the Sustainable Child Development Index (SCDI)

by Ya-Ju Chang, Annekatrin Lehmann and Matthias Finkbeiner

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040518 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6291

Abstract

Since children are the key stakeholders supporting and being affected by sustainable development, the framework for the Sustainable Child Development Index (SCDI) was proposed. It addresses social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development by considering seven relevant themes of child development, i.e., [...] Read more.

Since children are the key stakeholders supporting and being affected by sustainable development, the framework for the Sustainable Child Development Index (SCDI) was proposed. It addresses social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development by considering seven relevant themes of child development, i.e., health, education, safety, economic status, relationship, environmental aspects and participation. However, an indicator set for initiating the SCDI is still missing. In this study, indicators for the themes, subthemes and criteria of SCDI are identified from literature and then analyzed regarding data availability. Sixty-six indicators with statistical data covering at least 100 countries are selected as the indicator set for the SCDI. The results indicate that data availability is best for indicators describing the themes of health and education, and worst for indicators addressing the themes of relationship and participation. Furthermore, 21 subthemes and 50 criteria described by indicators with limited data availability are identified for future indicator and data development. By providing an initial indicator set and screening the indicators with regard to data availability, the practicality of the SCDI framework is expected. Furthermore, the indicator set can serve as a potential indicator pool for other child and sustainable development related studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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15 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Motivates Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change? The Case of Apple Farmers of Shaanxi in China

by Xiaolong Feng, Mingyue Liu, Xuexi Huo and Wanglin Ma

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040519 - 29 Mar 2017

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7761

Abstract

Past studies showing that barriers to farmers’ adaptation behaviors are focused on their socio-economic factors and resource availability. Meanwhile, psychological and social considerations are sparingly mentioned, especially for the related studies in developing countries. This study investigates the impact of psychological factors and [...] Read more.

Past studies showing that barriers to farmers’ adaptation behaviors are focused on their socio-economic factors and resource availability. Meanwhile, psychological and social considerations are sparingly mentioned, especially for the related studies in developing countries. This study investigates the impact of psychological factors and social appraisal on farmers’ behavioral intention to adopt adaptation measures for the aforementioned reason, due to climate change and not to anthropogenic climate change. Drawing on the protection motivation theory, a threat, coping, social appraisal, maladaptation and behavioral intention to adopt adaptation measures (TCSMBI) model was proposed to predict farmers’ adaptation. A structural equation model was then employed to analyze the relationships between variables in the TCSMBI model with 658 apple farmers in Shaanxi province, China. The empirical results showed that threat appraisal and coping appraisal have positive and significant impacts on behavioral intention to climate change. Moreover, threat appraisal reduces the occurrence of maladaptation, and social appraisal tends to have significantly positive impacts on threat appraisal and coping appraisal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Chinese Economy—In Search of New Sources of Growth: A Sustainable Approach)

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23 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Engineering Design in Technological and 21st Century Competencies Capacity Building: Comparative Case Study in the Middle East, Asia, and Europe

by Mahmoud Abdulwahed and Mazen O. Hasna

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040520 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5225

Abstract

Engineering design is considered an effective means for developing engineering technical skills. Normally, engineering design is conducted in teams and is a collaborative open-ended approach under constraints. This nature of engineering design involves engagement of several interpersonal, cognitive, and management skills or competencies [...] Read more.

Engineering design is considered an effective means for developing engineering technical skills. Normally, engineering design is conducted in teams and is a collaborative open-ended approach under constraints. This nature of engineering design involves engagement of several interpersonal, cognitive, and management skills or competencies such as teamwork, communications, decision making, problem solving, etc. While modern engineers are supposed to be technically competent, they need to posses a wide set of interpersonal, cognitive, and management competencies to function effectively in the workplace. Increasingly there has been more deployment of engineering design competitions (EDCs) in engineering education to address some gaps in current curricula system. In this study, the impact of a complex engineering design competition on developing 21st century competencies of engineering and technology talent is investigated. A mix of quantitative and qualitative methods in the approach to self-reporting perceptions were utilized. Data was collected through interviews from students and faculty, and through surveys from students. Triangulating quantitative and qualitative data from students and faculty indicate that the investigated EDC have positive impact on a large set of 21st century engineering and technology competencies, this has been consistent across groups of students from the EU, Middle East, and Asia, as well as across genders. This is one of the few available investigations that sheds light in further depth on the impact of engineering design on non-technical skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science, Technology and Innovation Reforms for Sustainable Development of the GCC Countries)

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18 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Landfill Tax and Subsidy Policies for the Emergence of Industrial Symbiosis Networks: An Agent-Based Simulation Study

by Luca Fraccascia, Ilaria Giannoccaro and Vito Albino

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040521 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6746

Abstract

Despite the theoretical value of industrial symbiosis (IS), this approach appears to be underdeveloped in terms of practical applications. Different attempts to stimulate IS in practice are noticed, one of them consisting in the application of adequate policy measures. This paper explores the [...] Read more.

Despite the theoretical value of industrial symbiosis (IS), this approach appears to be underdeveloped in terms of practical applications. Different attempts to stimulate IS in practice are noticed, one of them consisting in the application of adequate policy measures. This paper explores the efficacy of two specific policies (landfill tax and economic subsidy for IS exchanges) in supporting the emergence of self-organized industrial symbiosis networks (ISNs). We frame the ISNs as complex adaptive systems and we design an agent-based model to simulate their emergence. We use a real case study and, by means of the simulation model, we assess how the two policy measures are able to enhance the formation of spontaneous IS relationships, thereby forcing the emergence of the ISN. Results show that both policy measures have a positive effect in all scenarios considered, but the extent is strictly dependent on the environmental conditions in which IS relationships occur. The economic implications for the government are finally discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diverse Dynamics of Industrial Symbiosis: Emergence and Development)

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20 pages, 1497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Barriers to Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Shenzhen China

by Fa-Ping Wang, Jia-Li Yu, Peng Yang, Li-Xin Miao and Bin Ye

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040522 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10554

Abstract

China promoted the large-scale adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in its 13th five-year plan; however, this target faces many obstacles. This paper analyzes the main barriers to widespread adoption of EVs through a survey in Shenzhen, which has the biggest EVs market share [...] Read more.

China promoted the large-scale adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in its 13th five-year plan; however, this target faces many obstacles. This paper analyzes the main barriers to widespread adoption of EVs through a survey in Shenzhen, which has the biggest EVs market share out of China’s major cities. Based on previous research, this paper conducted a new study using 406 approved questionnaires among 500 participants. Our study proposed five hypotheses to examine the main barriers to widespread adoption of EVs. The analysis was conducted using statistical method that included two-way frequency tables, chi-square test, and factor analysis. The results indicated that perception of advantages of EVs and access to recharging EVs remained the main barriers in large-scale penetration. Furthermore, our study revealed that a drop in financial incentives would not cause a significant decline in the future adoption of EVs. The study provides suggestions to car manufacturers and government policy advisors based on our analysis and discussion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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23 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modeling and 3D Investigation of INWAVE Device

by Seung Kwan Song, Yong Jun Sung and Jin Bae Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040523 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4630

Abstract

In this article, numerical studies on a tightly moored point absorber type wave energy converter called INWAVE are presented. This system consists of a buoy, subsea pulleys, and a power take off (PTO) module. The buoy is moored by three ropes that pass [...] Read more.

In this article, numerical studies on a tightly moored point absorber type wave energy converter called INWAVE are presented. This system consists of a buoy, subsea pulleys, and a power take off (PTO) module. The buoy is moored by three ropes that pass through the subsea pulleys to the PTO module. Owing to the counterweight in the PTO module, a constant tension, which provides a horizontal restoring force to the buoy, is constantly applied to the rope. As waves pass by, the buoy is subjected to six degrees of freedom motion, consisting of surge, heave, sway, roll, pitch, and yaw, which causes reciprocating motion in the three mooring ropes. The PTO module converts the motion of the ropes into electric power. This process is expressed as a dynamic equation based on Newtonian mechanics and the performance of the device is analyzed using time domain simulation. We introduce the concept of virtual torsion spring in order to prevent the impact error in the ratchet gear modules which convert bidirectional motion of rope drum into unidirectional rotary motion. The three-dimensional geometrical relationship between the ropes and the buoy is investigated, and the effects of the angle of the mooring rope and the direction of wave propagation are addressed to determine the interaction between the tension of the rope and the buoy. Results have shown that the mooring rope angle has a large impact on the power extraction. The simulation results present a useful starting point for future experimental work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Energy Converters)

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17 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Policy Analysis to Reduce Climate Change-Induced Risks in Urban and Rural Areas in Korea

by Tae Hoon Moon, Dong-Hwan Kim, Chang Sug Park and Dong-Sung Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040524 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8550

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to project changes in climate change-induced risks over time and to investigate policy alternatives to mitigate the risks from increases in sea level, heavy rains, and heat waves in urban and rural areas. System dynamics simulation was [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to project changes in climate change-induced risks over time and to investigate policy alternatives to mitigate the risks from increases in sea level, heavy rains, and heat waves in urban and rural areas. System dynamics simulation was used to build a model and conduct policy analysis for a simulation period over the years 2000–2050. The model was built with a focus on the interaction among three factors: damage restoration costs from heavy rains, heat waves, and sea level rise; the total cost of food imports due to decreases in arable land and agricultural productivity; and changes in the government budget to respond to climate change problems. A policy experiment was conducted with the model under four scenarios mainly based on the government budget for climate change. The results indicated, firstly, that the climate budget needs to be increased to at least 13 trillion Korean Won (US $11.6 billion) per year. Secondly, an earlier budget increase would more effectively reduce the total disaster restoration cost than a delayed budget increase. Third, if an earlier budget increase is difficult, the next best alternative would be to allocate a greater fraction of the climate budget to urban rather than to rural areas. Lastly, an early response to climate change would more effectively reduce food import costs, maintain agricultural productivity, and improve infrastructure for climate change adaptation than a delayed response. In conclusion, an earlier increase in the climate change budget would be more effective than a delayed budget increase of the same amount, and allocating a larger fraction of the climate budget to urban areas could be more cost-effective than increasing the budget, if urban and rural parties could agree on the method of allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Open Innovation Capabilities of Firms for Value Chain Development)

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22 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perspective of Sustainable Rural Tourism in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK): Comparative Study of β and σ Convergence in the Economic Development Regions

by Gina Ionela Butnaru and Alina Petronela Haller

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040525 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9977

Abstract

Tourism is an activity which globally develops proportionally with the evolution of progress. The opportunities we enjoy are bigger than ever, but their price should be lowered in order for the global society to develop its wealth. This can be performed by sustainability, [...] Read more.

Tourism is an activity which globally develops proportionally with the evolution of progress. The opportunities we enjoy are bigger than ever, but their price should be lowered in order for the global society to develop its wealth. This can be performed by sustainability, a concept which will join in the future all economic activities, not only tourism. Our analysis is focused on the specific case of the UK, one of the main tourist destinations in the world. It is well known that cultural tourism is the form attracting the highest number of foreign visitors. However, we can see the importance given to rural tourism. The main methods used to perform the present analysis are β and σ convergence. They proved their efficiency in other research studies, which led to a high degree of accuracy of the results. β and σ convergence analysis is performed on a sample of 12 Economic Development Regions from the UK, among which we will determine the degree of convergence and divergence of sustainable rural tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism, Rural Development and Rural Resilience)

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15 pages, 956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Knowledge Intensive Business Services on Romania’s Economic Revival and Modernization at the Regional Level

by Cristian Busu and Mihail Busu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040526 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3928

Abstract

Knowledge intensive business services have recently become one of the most important themes addressed by researchers in the field. Their interest in such a subject is due primarily to the impact they have in terms of growth rate, especially for the economies of [...] Read more.

Knowledge intensive business services have recently become one of the most important themes addressed by researchers in the field. Their interest in such a subject is due primarily to the impact they have in terms of growth rate, especially for the economies of emerging countries. The literature in the field brings a series of persuasive arguments about the role that these services have both at national and regional levels. In this paper, the authors make a radiography of the Romanian research system which is passing through a transition phase from the ruins of communism to the challenges of globalization. Moreover, the authors analyse the role of performance-based services in Romania’s regional development in correlation with the economic growth target at the national scale. Quantitative methods used during the present paper highlight the disparities between Romania’s geographic regions in terms of technological development and research. In addition, the econometric model developed in the study emphasizes the cohesion degree corresponding to the European Union Member States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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23 pages, 4816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Strategy Map, and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) for a Sustainability Business Framework: A Case Study of a Spanish Software Factory in the Financial Sector

by César Álvarez Pérez, Vicente Rodríguez Montequín, Francisco Ortega Fernández and Joaquín Villanueva Balsera

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040527 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 11460

Abstract

This paper presents a case study of how a Spanish financial software factory (FSF) has determined the weights of the indicators and objectives included in their strategy map with the aim of ensuring its business sustainability. A strategy map is a graphical representation [...] Read more.

This paper presents a case study of how a Spanish financial software factory (FSF) has determined the weights of the indicators and objectives included in their strategy map with the aim of ensuring its business sustainability. A strategy map is a graphical representation of the cause-effect relationships between strategic objectives and indicators of a balanced scorecard (BSC). The detailed description of the strategy map development and deployment is not part of the aim of this work as it was described in a former paper. In this study, FAHP, a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method using the concepts of fuzzy set theory and hierarchical structure analysis, was used to calculate the weights. The analysis was carried out considering the points of view of different groups of stakeholders (shareholders, top management, middle managers, other employees, customers and some experts in the field of software factories) and the results are presented grouped by role to get a better understanding of the preferences of each kind of stakeholder. The conclusions of this study give a better insight of the corporative sustainability strategies of this kind of firms as well as the different vision of each stakeholder, what could be very valuable to the software factory managers for the decision-making and the strategic management of their organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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23 pages, 8757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailor-Made Feedback to Reduce Residential Electricity Consumption: The Effect of Information on Household Lifestyle in Japan

by Akito Ozawa, Ryota Furusato and Yoshikuni Yoshida

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040528 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5923

Abstract

Residential smart metering and energy feedback have attracted worldwide attention toward reducing energy consumption and building a sustainable society. Many theoretical studies have suggested the importance of personalized information; however, few feedback demonstrations have focused on household lifestyle. This paper presents a pilot [...] Read more.

Residential smart metering and energy feedback have attracted worldwide attention toward reducing energy consumption and building a sustainable society. Many theoretical studies have suggested the importance of personalized information; however, few feedback demonstrations have focused on household lifestyle. This paper presents a pilot program of energy feedback reports based on analytical methods to show the relationship between electricity consumption and household lifestyle in Japan. One type of report was for households with a night-oriented lifestyle, which were classified by means of frequency analysis; it was evident that such households should shift to a healthy, environmentally friendly, morning-oriented lifestyle. Another type of report was based on cluster analysis: it pinpointed the dates and times when the household consumed much more electricity than with its regular routine. Through panel data regression analysis, it was found that the reports contributed to reducing daily household electricity consumption—as long as a boomerang effect could be avoided. It was also found that the feedback effect was enhanced by activation of consciousness, norms, and motives. It was observed that activation required a good understanding of the characteristics of electricity consumption and lifestyles of each household. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Electric Power Systems Research)

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20 pages, 7753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revived Beauty: Research into Aesthetic Appreciation of Materials to Valorise Materials from Waste

by Marita Sauerwein ,, Elvin Karana and Valentina Rognoli

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040529 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8232

Abstract

The use of materials derived from waste is one of the prominent ways to contribute to sustainable product design. However, there is a stark gap in literature concerning how people appraise such materials. In this paper, we present our initial attempts to understand [...] Read more.

The use of materials derived from waste is one of the prominent ways to contribute to sustainable product design. However, there is a stark gap in literature concerning how people appraise such materials. In this paper, we present our initial attempts to understand the aesthetic appreciation of materials, in particular those derived from discarded raw materials, i.e., revived materials. Two studies were conducted for which we took the aesthetic principle unity-in-variety as the departure point. In the first study, we explored material appraisals by testing whether different visual and tactile qualities interrelate with each other in a similar or contradictory way. Based on these findings, two revived materials were modified and our main assumptions were further explored in Study 2. We outline our findings and show that the aesthetic appreciation of a material can be influenced by the (in)congruity between visual and tactile qualities of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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21 pages, 5798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of an Integrated Heat Pump with Air-Conditioning System for the Existing Hospital Building Application

by Chen-Yu Chiang, Ru Yang, Kuan-Hsiung Yang and Shin-Ku Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040530 - 30 Mar 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 10885

Abstract

In this study, a complete evaluation procedure of energy-saving and efficiency improvement for a large-scale hospital retrofit project has been established and successfully validated in Taiwan. The retrofit scheme, in integrating the alternative hot water system, namely, a water source heat pump (WSHP), [...] Read more.

In this study, a complete evaluation procedure of energy-saving and efficiency improvement for a large-scale hospital retrofit project has been established and successfully validated in Taiwan. The retrofit scheme, in integrating the alternative hot water system, namely, a water source heat pump (WSHP), with the existing HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning) system, enables the capability to meet the cooling and hot water demand simultaneously with a larger safety margin as well as saving energy. In addition, it has been found that the integrated system provides a new source for cooling which can be utilized as a system redundancy in avoiding system shutdown. This is very useful when considering in specific areas in the hospital, such as intensive care unit, or operation rooms, where cooling should not be interrupted on any occasion. In this study, it is validated that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the newly added WSHP system, under heating and cooling mode, is 3.62 and 2.62, respectively. The recorded annual cost reduction by this integrated system is $102,564, with a payback of 1.2 years. The hospital after retrofit has been operating safer, with more redundancy, and more energy-efficient which warrants tremendous potential for implementation in the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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16 pages, 921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Second Homes and Their Impacts on Rural Development: A Case Study in East Iran

by Seyed Davood Hajimirrahimi, Elham Esfahani, Veronique Van Acker and Frank Witlox

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040531 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5494

Abstract

Previously, rural tourism has developed due to population growth, urbanization, development of transportation, and communication routes. In this context, rural second homes (RSHs) are considered as one of the main instruments of permanent and temporary residency tourism. This study intended to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Previously, rural tourism has developed due to population growth, urbanization, development of transportation, and communication routes. In this context, rural second homes (RSHs) are considered as one of the main instruments of permanent and temporary residency tourism. This study intended to evaluate the impacts that “rural second homes” have on rural development in the Khorashad village in the South Khorasan province of Iran. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Using a random sampling method, 146 permanent rural residents were selected. Results showed that in the view of the respondents, the most important positive and negative impacts of RSHs were, respectively, the physical-environment and socio-cultural aspects of the area. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between job type, gender, and purchase/construction year of the RSHs and people’s perceptions toward the impacts of RSHs. The study concluded that the most important strategies to reduce negative impacts and increase positive impacts of the RSHs are to, respectively, improve public policies and design geographical distribution patterns in order to develop RSHs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment, Tourism and Sustainable Development)

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23 pages, 4422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of the Renewable Energy Power Industry under Feed-In Tariff and Renewable Portfolio Standard: A Case Study of China’s Photovoltaic Power Industry

by Yuzhuo Zhang, Xingang Zhao, Yi Zuo, Lingzhi Ren and Ling Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040532 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 8324

Abstract

Among the regulatory policies, feed-in tariffs (FIT) and renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are the most popular to promote the development of renewable energy power industry. They can significantly contribute to the expansion of domestic industrial activities in terms of sustainable energy. In this [...] Read more.

Among the regulatory policies, feed-in tariffs (FIT) and renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are the most popular to promote the development of renewable energy power industry. They can significantly contribute to the expansion of domestic industrial activities in terms of sustainable energy. In this paper, we synthetically consider various important factors with the analysis of the existing literature, and use system dynamics (SD) to establish models of long-term development of the renewable energy power industry under FIT and RPS schemes. The model not only clearly shows the complex logical relationship between the factors but also reveals the process of coordination between the two policy tools in the development of the renewable energy power industry. In addition, as an example of development of renewable energy industry, the paper studies the development of China’s photovoltaic power industry under different scenarios. The models proposed in this paper can provide a reference for scholars to study development of the renewable energy power industry in different countries, thereby facilitating an understanding of the renewable energy power’s long-term sustainable development pattern under FIT and RPS schemes, and helping to provide references for policy-making institutions. The results show that in the perfect competitive market, the implementation of RPS can promote long-term and rapid development of China’s photovoltaic power industry given the constraints and actions of the mechanisms of RPS quota proportion, the TGC valid period, and fines, compared with FIT. At the end of the paper, policy implications are offered as references for the government. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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15 pages, 10331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid Mapping for Spatial Pattern Analyses of Recurrent Urban Traffic Congestion Based on Taxi GPS Sensing Data

by Yang Liu, Xuedong Yan, Yun Wang, Zhuo Yang and Jiawei Wu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040533 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 8108

Abstract

Traffic congestion is one of the most serious problems that impact urban transportation efficiency, especially in big cities. Identifying traffic congestion locations and occurring patterns is a prerequisite for urban transportation managers in order to take proper countermeasures for mitigating traffic congestion. In [...] Read more.

Traffic congestion is one of the most serious problems that impact urban transportation efficiency, especially in big cities. Identifying traffic congestion locations and occurring patterns is a prerequisite for urban transportation managers in order to take proper countermeasures for mitigating traffic congestion. In this study, the historical GPS sensing data of about 12,000 taxi floating cars in Beijing were used for pattern analyses of recurrent traffic congestion based on the grid mapping method. Through the use of ArcGIS software, 2D and 3D maps of the road network congestion were generated for traffic congestion pattern visualization. The study results showed that three types of traffic congestion patterns were identified, namely: point type, stemming from insufficient capacities at the nodes of the road network; line type, caused by high traffic demand or bottleneck issues in the road segments; and region type, resulting from multiple high-demand expressways merging and connecting to each other. The study illustrated that the proposed method would be effective for discovering traffic congestion locations and patterns and helpful for decision makers to take corresponding traffic engineering countermeasures in order to relieve the urban traffic congestion issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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18 pages, 4999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Geo-Event-Based Geospatial Information Service: A Case Study of Typhoon Hazard

by Yu Zhang, Wenzhou Wu, Qi Wang and Fenzhen Su

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040534 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5003

Abstract

Social media is valuable in propagating information during disasters for its timely and available characteristics nowadays, and assists in making decisions when tagged with locations. Considering the ambiguity and inaccuracy in some social data, additional authoritative data are needed for important verification. However, [...] Read more.

Social media is valuable in propagating information during disasters for its timely and available characteristics nowadays, and assists in making decisions when tagged with locations. Considering the ambiguity and inaccuracy in some social data, additional authoritative data are needed for important verification. However, current works often fail to leverage both social and authoritative data and, on most occasions, the data are used in disaster analysis after the fact. Moreover, current works organize the data from the perspective of the spatial location, but not from the perspective of the disaster, making it difficult to dynamically analyze the disaster. All of the disaster-related data around the affected locations need to be retrieved. To solve these limitations, this study develops a geo-event-based geospatial information service (GEGIS) framework and proceeded as follows: (1) a geo-event-related ontology was constructed to provide a uniform semantic basis for the system; (2) geo-events and attributes were extracted from the web using a natural language process (NLP) and used in the semantic similarity match of the geospatial resources; and (3) a geospatial information service prototype system was designed and implemented for automatically retrieving and organizing geo-event-related geospatial resources. A case study of a typhoon hazard is analyzed here within the GEGIS and shows that the system would be effective when typhoons occur. Full article

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18 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Agroecology, Public Policies and Labor-Driven Intensification: Alternative Development Trajectories in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

by Paulo F. Petersen and Luciano M. Silveira

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040535 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5971

Abstract

The institutional recognition obtained by family farming in Brazil over recent decades has translated into the launching of a broad and diverse set of public policies specifically aimed towards this sociopolitical category. However, the design of these policies was heavily influenced by the [...] Read more.

The institutional recognition obtained by family farming in Brazil over recent decades has translated into the launching of a broad and diverse set of public policies specifically aimed towards this sociopolitical category. However, the design of these policies was heavily influenced by the productivist bias derived from the agricultural modernization paradigm, making the sector increasingly dependent on input and capital markets. In this same movement of institutional evolution, policies consistent with the agroecological approach created new margins for maneuvering for development trajectories founded on the use of local resources self-controlled by rural families and communities. Taking as a reference the recent trajectory of rural development in Brazil’s semi-arid region, the article analyses the role of the agroecological perspective in the strategic combination between territorially endogenous rural resources and public resources redistributed by the State. Based on the analysis of the economy of agroecosystems linked to two sociotechnical networks structured by contrasting logics of productive intensification, the study demonstrates agroecology’s potential as a scientific-technological approach for the combined attainment of various Sustainable Development Goals, starting with the economic and political emancipation of the socially most vulnerable portions of the rural population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology at the Crossroads: Challenges for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems)

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14 pages, 20359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographic Changes and Real Estate Values. A Quantitative Model for Analyzing the Urban-Rural Linkages

by Massimiliano Bencardino and Antonio Nesticò

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040536 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6415

Abstract

Vast metropolitan areas include both urban areas and rural outskirts. Between these areas, there are strong links to the point which they cannot be examined separately. There is a contemporary presence of residential function and working activity in the rural outskirts, as well [...] Read more.

Vast metropolitan areas include both urban areas and rural outskirts. Between these areas, there are strong links to the point which they cannot be examined separately. There is a contemporary presence of residential function and working activity in the rural outskirts, as well as in the typical sector of agriculture. Therefore, the production of goods and services for the city requires a combined analysis, due to the large territory which it has to consider. The evolution of the population of such a large territory can be studied in great detail, with reference to the single census area and with the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This means that such a demographic development produces an effect on the values of the urban real estate. This work demonstrates the existing interconnections between urban areas and rural outskirts. Data collection on trends of the population living in the Naples metropolitan area and the house prices associated with this area, and the post spatial processing of such data, allows for the establishment of thematic maps according to which a model capable of interpreting the population development is defined. A study of the statistical correlations shows the consequences that the population dynamics produce for property prices. In addition, the diachronic analysis of the sales prices of residential buildings demonstrates that economic functions, exclusive of certain urban or rural territories, end up distributing and integrating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decipher the Present to Shape the Future- Rethinking the Urban–Rural Nexus)

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26 pages, 41488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coherences and Differences among EU, US and PRC Approaches for Rural Urban Development: Interscalar and Interdisciplinary Analysis

by Roberto De Lotto, Tiziano Cattaneo, Emanuele Giorgi and Elisabetta M. Venco

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040537 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5111

Abstract

The main goal of this paper is to translate the indexing of a projects’ Data Base, based on EU vocabulary on rural urban development, into different lexicons. Built on the groundwork laid in previous researches, the authors want to enlarge the methodology applied [...] Read more.

The main goal of this paper is to translate the indexing of a projects’ Data Base, based on EU vocabulary on rural urban development, into different lexicons. Built on the groundwork laid in previous researches, the authors want to enlarge the methodology applied in European Union (EU) territory and defined with Rural Architectural Intensification (RAI) and Rural Architectural Urbanism (RAU) to other contexts, in particular People’s Republic of China (PRC) and United States (US), keeping, however, this research at theoretical and methodological definition level. The study of coherences and differences between EU, US and China for rural urban development implies an interscalar and interdisciplinary analysis approach. It must be in complete adherence with national and specific directives and objectives in all the different selected countries. The analysis of main literature and national and federal laws of Europe, United States and China allows the definition of the Strategic Objectives and Main Goals for Rural Development identifying indicators and criteria. They permit to measure intensification’s outcomes in a qualitative way through the description and interpretation of operative tools for architecture and landscape design. Finally, the organized database and the territorial results can be considered as guidelines to support decision makers in rural-urban context. In addition, the whole procedure presented along with the projects’ database is a significant research package for further interdisciplinary applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decipher the Present to Shape the Future- Rethinking the Urban–Rural Nexus)

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20 pages, 4432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis on the Energy and Environmental Impact of the Korean National Energy R&D Roadmap a Using Bottom-Up Energy System Model

by Sang Jin Choi, Dong Gu Choi, Paul Friley, Hyunkeong Kim and Sang Yong Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040538 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6613

Abstract

According to the Paris Agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties, 196 member states are obliged to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) for every 5 years. As a member, South Korea has already proposed the reduction target and need to [...] Read more.

According to the Paris Agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties, 196 member states are obliged to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) for every 5 years. As a member, South Korea has already proposed the reduction target and need to submit the achievement as a result of the policies and endeavors in the near future. In this paper, a Korean bottom-up energy system model to support the low-carbon national energy R&D roadmap will be introduced and through the modeling of various scenarios, the mid-to long-term impact on energy consumptions and CO₂ emissions will be analyzed as well. The results of the analysis showed that, assuming R&D investments for the 11 types of technologies, savings of 13.7% with regards to final energy consumptions compared to the baseline scenario would be feasible by 2050. Furthermore, in the field of power generation, the generation proportion of new and renewable energy is expected to increase from 3.0% as of 2011 to 19.4% by 2050. This research also suggested that the analysis on the Energy Technology R&D Roadmap based on the model can be used not only for overall impact analysis and R&D portfolio establishment, but also for the development of detailed R&D strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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14 pages, 4242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monte Carlo vs. Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation for Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analysis

by Young-Jin Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040539 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9228

Abstract

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been widely used for the uncertainty propagations of building simulation tools. In general, most unknown inputs for the MCS are regarded as single probability distributions based on experts’ subjective judgements and assumptions, when simulation information and measured data [...] Read more.

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been widely used for the uncertainty propagations of building simulation tools. In general, most unknown inputs for the MCS are regarded as single probability distributions based on experts’ subjective judgements and assumptions, when simulation information and measured data are inaccurate and insufficient. However, this can lead to meaningless and untrustworthy results, since the results are obtained using only single probability distributions without considering reducible possibilities of some unknown inputs. This paper introduces a fuzzy MCS for dealing with the aforementioned problems. In comparison with the MCS, the fuzzy MCS has the advantage of considering the aleatory and epistemic uncertainty, and can provide a family of probability distributions. This paper also discusses how fuzzy MCS could be effectively used for uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Driving Factors for Extended Producer Responsibility by Using Interpretative Structure Modelling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (ANP)

by Xiong Zheng, Fangchao Xu and Lipan Feng

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040540 - 31 Mar 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5655

Abstract

The establishment of an efficient reverse supply chain is important, especially in the electronics industry, considering the environmental and resource pressures worldwide. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), an important environmental policy approach, has been adopted extensively in various countries, and the effectiveness of its [...] Read more.

The establishment of an efficient reverse supply chain is important, especially in the electronics industry, considering the environmental and resource pressures worldwide. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), an important environmental policy approach, has been adopted extensively in various countries, and the effectiveness of its implementation has been proven through practical application. However, the establishment and development of EPR are lacking in most developing countries where collection and recycling systems are underdeveloped. This study addresses this problem by exploring the hierarchical relationship among the driving factors of EPR in the electronics industry in China and by identifying and ranking the factors that are critical in EPR implementation. As important managerial conclusions, research results show that EPR-related laws and regulations, the consciousness of senior executives, and corporate image are the three most important driving factors of EPR implementation. Full article

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28 pages, 3155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Interdependence of Collaborative R&D-Typology and Association of International Co-Patenting

by Hsin-Ning Su

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040541 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7913

Abstract

Economic globalization implies a growing interdependence of resources across countries. Technological R&D and cross-border collaboration are often identified as the primary driving forces in the process. This study aims to holistically analyze global landscape of international collaboration and identify influential countries and the [...] Read more.

Economic globalization implies a growing interdependence of resources across countries. Technological R&D and cross-border collaboration are often identified as the primary driving forces in the process. This study aims to holistically analyze global landscape of international collaboration and identify influential countries and the interdependencies among countries. A total of 458,381 international patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from 1976 to 2013 are analyzed and the structure of international collaboration network is created. It is found that highly developed and small countries usually show a higher degree of internationalization. However, emerging countries such as China present high collaborative influences. The highly skewed collaboration distribution indicates significant inequality of internationalization, which is indeed a hurdle to a country’s technological mobility. It can be observed that most pairs of interdependent countries are neighboring or even bordering countries because of their similar historical, linguistic and cultural heritages. Several contributions of this study are summarized as follows: (1) this study first proposes the II, IA, II-IA, IA-AA, and II-IA-AA system for classifying international patent; (2) all international patents (38-year time span) from USPTO are examined without sampling; (3) association rule mining is used to evaluate the interdependency of international collaboration; and (4) network structures illustrating 38 years international co-patenting are visually presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are They Neck and Neck in the Affordable Housing Policies? A Cross Case Comparison of Three Metropolitan Cities in China

by Xiang Cai, Chin-Chang Tsai and Wei-Ning Wu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040542 - 1 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5793

Abstract

Many municipal governments have adopted affordable housing policies to benefit people whose socio-economic status is not commensurate with the price of housing. However, the effects and the functions of these policies in the city on sustainable development and living remains limited. Using a [...] Read more.

Many municipal governments have adopted affordable housing policies to benefit people whose socio-economic status is not commensurate with the price of housing. However, the effects and the functions of these policies in the city on sustainable development and living remains limited. Using a comparative case study, this study explores the characteristics and effects of affordable housing policies in three metropolitan cities in China: Beijing, Tianjin, and Guangshou. This study finds that these cities have their unique affordable housing policies and have experienced various challenges in implementing those policies. Conclusions and implications for other cities in China are addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Chinese Economy—In Search of New Sources of Growth: A Sustainable Approach)

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21 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of CEOs’ Negative Traits on Corporate Social Responsibility

by Jae Kyu Myung, Yoon Hyuk Choi and Jong Dae Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040543 - 3 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8783

Abstract

The dark triad, composed of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism, refers to negative personality traits, which may influence business processes. While negative traits could be an important factor explaining the relationship between a CEO’s immoral and unethical behavior and corporate social responsibility (CSR), there [...] Read more.

The dark triad, composed of Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism, refers to negative personality traits, which may influence business processes. While negative traits could be an important factor explaining the relationship between a CEO’s immoral and unethical behavior and corporate social responsibility (CSR), there has been minimal research focusing on this relationship. This paper thus attempts to investigate how a CEO exhibiting these negative traits affects CSR, and if an employee’s perception of ethics and social responsibility would mediate the relationship. In addition, this paper considers the moderating effects of an individual performance-based compensation system (IPBCS) between employee’s CSR perception and CSR activities. The data are collected through a survey conducted on 165 employees (companies) in twelve industries. The regression result indicates an inverse relationship between the negative traits of a CEO and an employee’s perception of ethics and social responsibility and CSR activities, and the mediating effect of the perception in the relationship between the negative traits and CSR activities. It also indicates that an IPBCS moderates the relationship between CSR perception and activities. Implications for the study, future research directions, and management approach are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 4072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on User-Oriented and Intelligent Service Design in Sustainable Computing: A Case of Shipbuilding Industry Safety

by Taehee Joe and Hangbae Chang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040544 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6207

Abstract

Most business services based on Ubiquitous Computing are being designed with a sole focus on the technological sector, without considering business elements. In light of this trend, this study was intended to design a user-oriented u-Business service for preventing and promptly responding to [...] Read more.

Most business services based on Ubiquitous Computing are being designed with a sole focus on the technological sector, without considering business elements. In light of this trend, this study was intended to design a user-oriented u-Business service for preventing and promptly responding to industrial disasters at shipbuilding sites using a systematic methodology. Specifically, major danger elements of disasters in need of preferential preventive and responsive measures were derived as business opportunities unfulfilled by the current process, and then a u-Business service was developed to prevent/respond to such dangers. Statistical analysis was performed on the developed services according to evaluation models, and the final u-Business service was selected based on this analysis. Resources and information systems were designed to support the chosen service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous and Sustainable Computing for preparing the Internet of Things Environment)

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23 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic vs. Non-Organic Food Products: Credence and Price Competition

by Yi Wang, Zhanguo Zhu and Feng Chu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040545 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13577

Abstract

We analyze the organic and non-organic production choices of two firms by considering customers’ trust in organic food products. In the context of customers’ possible willingness to pay a premium price and their mistrust in organic food products, two firms first make choices [...] Read more.

We analyze the organic and non-organic production choices of two firms by considering customers’ trust in organic food products. In the context of customers’ possible willingness to pay a premium price and their mistrust in organic food products, two firms first make choices on offering organic and non-organic food products. If offering organic products, a firm can further invest in the credence system to increase customers’ trust in their organic products. At the final stage, two firms determine prices. We provide serval insights. First, we characterize the market conditions in which only one firm, both firms or neither firm will choose to offer organic food products. We find that the higher the production costs or credence investment costs for organic food products are, the more likely firms are to choose to produce non-organic food products. Second, if it is expensive enough to invest in organic credence, offering organic food products may still be uncompetitive, even if organic production cost appears to have no disadvantage compared to non-organic food products. Third, we highlight how the prices of organic food products in equilibrium are affected by market parameters. We show that when only one firm offers organic food products, this firm tends to offer a relatively low price if organic credence investment is expensive. Fourth, we highlight how one firm’s credence investment decision in equilibrium can be affected by the product type choice of the other firm. We find that the investment in organic credence is lower when both firms offer organic food products compared with the case when only one firm offers organic food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Food Supply Chain and Food Industry)

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25 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Ecosystem Services Framework for Tropical Catchment Management: A Review

by N. Zafirah, N. A. Nurin, M. S. Samsurijan, M. H. Zuknik, M. Rafatullah and M. I. Syakir

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040546 - 4 Apr 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10420

Abstract

The monsoon season is a natural phenomenon that occurs over the Asian continent, bringing extra precipitation which causes significant impact on most tropical watersheds. The tropical region’s countries are rich with natural rainforests and the economies of the countries situated within the region [...] Read more.

The monsoon season is a natural phenomenon that occurs over the Asian continent, bringing extra precipitation which causes significant impact on most tropical watersheds. The tropical region’s countries are rich with natural rainforests and the economies of the countries situated within the region are mainly driven by the agricultural industry. In order to fulfill the agricultural demand, land clearing has worsened the situation by degrading the land surface areas. Rampant land use activities have led to land degradation and soil erosion, resulting in implications on water quality and sedimentation of the river networks. This affects the ecosystem services, especially the hydrological cycles. Intensification of the sedimentation process has resulted in shallower river systems, thus increasing their vulnerability to natural hazards (i.e., climate change, floods). Tropical forests which are essential in servicing their benefits have been depleted due to the increase in human exploitation. This paper provides an overview of the impact of land erosion caused by land use activities within tropical rainforest catchments, which lead to massive sedimentation in tropical rivers, as well as the effects of monsoon on fragile watersheds which can result in catastrophic floods. Forest ecosystems are very important in giving services to regional biogeochemical processes. Balanced ecosystems therefore, play a significant role in servicing humanity and ultimately, may create a new way of environmental management in a cost-effective manner. Essentially, such an understanding will help stakeholders to come up with better strategies in restoring the ecosystem services of tropical watersheds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable River Basin Management)

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17 pages, 790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Access to Sanitation Facilities among Nigerian Households: Determinants and Sustainability Implications

by Ismaila Rimi Abubakar

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040547 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 17193

Abstract

Access to improved sanitation facilities is key to the socioeconomic wellbeing and sustainable development of any society. This study examines access to sanitation facilities in Nigeria and explores the socioeconomic and locational factors that influence the type of facility used by households. The [...] Read more.

Access to improved sanitation facilities is key to the socioeconomic wellbeing and sustainable development of any society. This study examines access to sanitation facilities in Nigeria and explores the socioeconomic and locational factors that influence the type of facility used by households. The study utilizes cross-sectional data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, and employs descriptive and inferential statistics for data analyses. The results indicated that 44.2% of households used various kinds of pit latrines, followed by toilets that flush to septic tanks (10.3%). While only 5.3% of the respondents used toilets that connect to sewer systems, about a third (31.5%) lacked sanitation facility and the remaining 8.7% used other types of sanitation facilities. Results from chi-square analysis and ANOVA revealed significant statistical differences between the type of sanitation facility households used and their place of residence, geopolitical zone, ethnicity, educational attainment and wealth. Multivariate regression results indicated that the type of household sanitation facility is significantly associated with the mentioned factors as well as household size, gender of the head of the household, type of water sources, number of rooms and access to electricity. Age of the head of the household and type of cooking fuel used were not significant. The study concludes by underscoring the implications of using unimproved sanitation facilities on human health and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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14 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Low-Carbon Innovation and Its Heterogeneous Components on CO₂ Emissions

by Zheming Yan, Lan Yi, Kerui Du and Zhiming Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040548 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5576

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the impact of low-carbon innovation on CO₂ emissions. Using patent statistics, we measured low-carbon innovations for 15 major economies during the period of 1992–2012. Then, we classified low-carbon technology into clean and gray technology according to the [...] Read more.

This paper aims to investigate the impact of low-carbon innovation on CO₂ emissions. Using patent statistics, we measured low-carbon innovations for 15 major economies during the period of 1992–2012. Then, we classified low-carbon technology into clean and gray technology according to the patent classification system. Following the empirical Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, we explored the effects of low-carbon innovation and its components on CO₂ emissions. We did not find any evidence of significant influence of low-carbon innovation. Through further estimations, a significantly negative effect of clean innovation was found while the effect of gray innovation is not clear. Heterogeneous impacts within low-carbon technology provide an explanation for the insignificant impact of low-carbon innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management)

21 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring

by Li Sun, Wouter Spekkink, Eefje Cuppen and Gijsbert Korevaar

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040549 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7273

Abstract

This paper aims to contribute to understanding the dynamics of industrial symbiosis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of anchoring as they can be observed in the Chinese context of eco-industrial development. We define anchoring as those activities that (typically local) actors [...] Read more.

This paper aims to contribute to understanding the dynamics of industrial symbiosis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of anchoring as they can be observed in the Chinese context of eco-industrial development. We define anchoring as those activities that (typically local) actors perform to create local physical and institutional conditions conducive to the emergence and further development of industrial symbiosis in a specific regional industrial system. We argue that, in the study of industrial symbiosis dynamics, it is conceptually more useful to focus on anchoring as an activity, rather than anchor tenants as actors. Based on a systematic literature review, we distinguish two types of anchoring activities: institutional and physical. We analyze anchoring dynamics in the case of Qijiang Industrial Symbiosis (Chongqing Municipality) in China. We have identified the physical and institutional anchoring activities, the actors responsible for these activities, and how different anchoring activities build on each other over time. Our case study shows that the attempt to bring about industrial symbiosis in the Qijiang industrial park can be described in a richer way than just ‘governmental planning’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diverse Dynamics of Industrial Symbiosis: Emergence and Development)

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21 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pioneering Renewable Energy in an Economic Energy Policy System: The History and Development of Dutch Grassroots Initiatives

by Marieke Oteman, Henk-Jan Kooij and Mark A. Wiering

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040550 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 10158

Abstract

The first grassroots initiatives for renewable energy in The Netherlands were a small number of wind cooperatives that developed in the 1980s and 1990s. After a few years without developments, new initiatives started emerging after 2000, and after 2009 the movement boomed, growing [...] Read more.

The first grassroots initiatives for renewable energy in The Netherlands were a small number of wind cooperatives that developed in the 1980s and 1990s. After a few years without developments, new initiatives started emerging after 2000, and after 2009 the movement boomed, growing from around 40 to over 360 initiatives. These initiatives form an active, large and diverse movement that uses various motivations, technologies and connections, which have changed over time. This article uses a mixed methodology, aiming to map the development of these different “waves of initiatives” and relate them to the way in which the initiatives fit with their institutional environment. Institutional changes—such as the liberalization of the energy market, changing energy policies and discourses and a policy field that became increasingly multi-actor and multi-level—have influenced the presence and activities of grassroots initiatives. The article concludes that the growth and increasing visibility of the movement can be attributed to a large institutional fit at the decentral level, but that the low priority for grassroots initiatives and the economic rationale of the national government have hindered the political influence and installed capacity of renewable energy production facilities of the initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in the European Energy Sector and Regulatory Responses to It)

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15 pages, 5316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Growing-Season NDVI and Its Response to Permafrost Degradation in Northeast China

by Jinting Guo, Yuanman Hu, Zaiping Xiong, Xiaolu Yan, Chunlin Li and Rencang Bu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040551 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6015

Abstract

Permafrost is extremely sensitive to climate change. The degradation of permafrost has strong and profound effects on vegetation. The permafrost zone of northeastern China is the second largest region of permafrost in China and lies on the south edge of the Eurasian cryolithozone. [...] Read more.

Permafrost is extremely sensitive to climate change. The degradation of permafrost has strong and profound effects on vegetation. The permafrost zone of northeastern China is the second largest region of permafrost in China and lies on the south edge of the Eurasian cryolithozone. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of the growing-season Normalization Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the permafrost zone of northeastern China and analyzed the correlation between NDVI and ground surface temperatures (GST) during the years 1981–2014. Mean growing-season NDVI (MGS-NDVI) experienced a marked increase of 0.003 year⁻¹ across the entire permafrost zone. The spatial dynamics of vegetation cover had a high degree of heterogeneity on a per pixel scale. The MGS-NDVI value increased significantly (5% significance level) in 80.57%, and this increase was mostly distributed in permafrost zone except for the western steppe region. Only 7.72% experienced a significant decrease in NDVI, mainly in the cultivated and steppe portions. In addition, MGS-NDVI increased significantly with increasing growing-season mean ground surface temperature (GS-MGST). Our results suggest that a warming of GS-MGST (permafrost degradation) in the permafrost region of northeastern China played a positive role in increasing plant growth and activities. Although increasing ground surface temperature resulted in increased vegetation cover and growth in the short time of permafrost degradation, from the long term point of view, permafrost degradation or disappearance may weaken or even hinder vegetation activities. Full article

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18 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional-Level Carbon Allocation in China Based on Sectoral Emission Patterns under the Peak Commitment

by Qianting Zhu and Wenwu Tang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040552 - 5 Apr 2017

Viewed by 3722

Abstract

The Chinese government has committed to reaching its carbon emissions peak by 2030, which is a major undertaking. However, traditional carbon allocation processes may face a suite of difficulties, including the dynamics of the allocation principle, the independence of the allocation entities and [...] Read more.

The Chinese government has committed to reaching its carbon emissions peak by 2030, which is a major undertaking. However, traditional carbon allocation processes may face a suite of difficulties, including the dynamics of the allocation principle, the independence of the allocation entities and data availability. Considering these difficulties, in this study, we developed a multi-level carbon allocation model that integrates five sectors and 30 provinces in China. Based on the clustering of the sectoral carbon emission of major countries (or regions), the model simulates and analyzes carbon allocation at the provincial level in China under the peak commitment. The results of this study are as follows: First, in contrast to allocating national carbon allocations (NCAs) to provinces, the grandfather principle is the only option for allocating NCAs to sectors. In the future, China’s carbon emissions pattern will be dominated by the contribution from electricity and heat production sectors. This carbon emission pattern can be further divided into three categories: Pattern M, where the manufacturing and construction sectors significantly contribute to total emissions; Pattern R, where the residential buildings and commercial and public services sectors have a significant contribution to total emissions; and Pattern T, where the contribution of the transport sector to total emissions is substantial. Second, emission patterns affect the allocation of sectoral carbon allocations at the national level (SCANs). Although the preferences vary from sector to sector, they are consistent between the national and provincial levels. Third, compared with sectoral preferences, provincial preferences are more complex. Sixteen provinces, including Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, prefer Pattern T. There are nine provinces, for example, Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu, whose preferred pattern is M; and five provinces, represented by Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, have a preference for Pattern R. Last, but not least, to achieve China’s peak commitment, different provinces face alternative peak pressures. It is worth mentioning that, in patterns R and T, provinces with a high proportion of manufacturing and construction sector emissions, such as Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, may have to increase the share of carbon emissions from the transport sector or from residential buildings and commercial and public services sectors to postpone their peak year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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15 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Political Regime and Learning Outcomes of Stakeholder Participation: Cross-National Study of 81 Biosphere Reserves

by Alba Mohedano Roldán

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040553 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3887

Abstract

Stakeholder participation in natural resource management has spread widely, even to nondemocracies, driven by expectations of beneficial outcomes such as multidirectional learning. However, can we expect participation to be equally effective in achieving multidirectional learning in democracies and nondemocracies? Unsurprisingly, previous studies indicate [...] Read more.

Stakeholder participation in natural resource management has spread widely, even to nondemocracies, driven by expectations of beneficial outcomes such as multidirectional learning. However, can we expect participation to be equally effective in achieving multidirectional learning in democracies and nondemocracies? Unsurprisingly, previous studies indicate the relevance of power distribution for learning. Higher levels of repression and accumulation of political capital in nondemocracies should limit the distribution of power across stakeholders. Yet, the relationship between political regime, participation, and learning has rarely been studied empirically. I address this gap by analysing multidirectional learning in stakeholder participation in 81 Man and the Biosphere reserves across 35 countries using ordinary least squares regression, Firth logistic regression, and heat maps. The results suggest that the amount of stakeholders sharing knowledge and learning is similar in both regimes. However, a closer analysis reveals differences in the impact different stakeholders have on the learning process. More concretely, local actors share knowledge more often and have a greater impact on stakeholders’ learning in democracies, while state actors display similar behavior across regimes in terms of learning and sharing knowledge. Thus, although there are notable similarities across regimes, multidirectional learning through stakeholder participation is influenced by the political context. Full article

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26 pages, 3980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Threat and Vulnerability Management: The SVIDT Method

by Roland W. Scholz

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040554 - 5 Apr 2017

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 11455

Abstract

The Digital Revolution is inducing major threats to many types of human systems. We present the SVIDT method (a Strengths, Vulnerability, and Intervention Assessment related to Digital Threats) for managing the vulnerabilities of human systems with respect to digital threats and changes. The [...] Read more.

The Digital Revolution is inducing major threats to many types of human systems. We present the SVIDT method (a Strengths, Vulnerability, and Intervention Assessment related to Digital Threats) for managing the vulnerabilities of human systems with respect to digital threats and changes. The method first performs a multilevel system–actor analysis for assessing vulnerabilities and strengths with respect to digital threats. Then, the method identifies threat scenarios that may become real. By constructing, evaluating, and launching interventions against all identified digital threats and their critical negative outcomes, the resilience of a specific human system can be improved. The evaluation of interventions is done when strengthening the adaptive capacity, i.e., a system’s capability to cope with negative outcomes that may take place in the future. The SVIDT method is embedded in the framework of coupled human–environment systems, the theory of risk and vulnerability assessment, types of adaptation (assimilation vs. accommodation), and a comprehensive sustainability evaluation. The SVIDT method is exemplarily applied to an enterprise (i.e., a Swiss casino) for which online gaming has become an essential digital-business field. The discussion reflects on the specifics of digital threats and discusses both the potential benefits and limitations of the SVIDT method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Digital Environment)

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12 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Explore the Buffering Effects of Perceived Hidden Inflation on Survival of Mobile Phone Service Providers in Taiwan

by Sheng-Wen Liu, Ying-Chieh Yang and Ralph Norcio

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040555 - 6 Apr 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4672

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of perceived hidden inflation on the relationships between service quality, brand trust and brand loyalty. All data collected from the target population are analyzed through two-step structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderated [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of perceived hidden inflation on the relationships between service quality, brand trust and brand loyalty. All data collected from the target population are analyzed through two-step structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderated multiple regression (MMR) to examine the hypotheses. 1,050 questionnaires are randomly distributed at 21 telecommunication service stores in Taiwan. Findings indicated that service quality has no direct impact on behavioral loyalty but it has a significant indirect impact on behavioral loyalty through brand trust or attitudinal loyalty. Moreover, findings identify perceived hidden inflation as the moderating role in the service quality–brand trust–brand loyalty chain. Besides the need for empirical confirmation of the hypotheses given, finally, there are several practical implications for service marketers and future research directions for scholars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Economic and Management Systems: Perspectives of Uncertainty and Data Driven Optimization)

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17 pages, 3319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Consumers Willing to Pay More for a “Made in” Product? An Empirical Investigation on “Made in Italy”

by Lucio Cappelli, Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Luisa Natale, Francesca Rossetti, Roberto Ruggieri and Domenico Vistocco

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040556 - 6 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 11905

Abstract

The paper aims to explore consumer behavior towards “Made in” products in order to determine the associated quality and value-attributes related to the purchasing intention of consumers. In particular, the article presents the comments and results deriving from an empirical investigation on “Made [...] Read more.

The paper aims to explore consumer behavior towards “Made in” products in order to determine the associated quality and value-attributes related to the purchasing intention of consumers. In particular, the article presents the comments and results deriving from an empirical investigation on “Made in Italy”. The research questions addressed are: (1) Does recognition really exist in terms of qualitative characterization of “Made in Italy” products? And if yes; (2) Does willingness to pay a “premium price” for such products exist in quantitative terms? The study is characterized by two phases. From a theoretical standpoint, the main literature on the topic is presented through the identification and deepening of the scientific strand of reference, such as the Country of Origin, the Country Image and the Brand Image, placing them in a broader context on Willingness to Pay. From an experimental standpoint, the research group investigates the existence and the type of relationship between the perception of quality and the willingness to pay for “Made in Italy” products. The summarized main findings show (1) “Made in Italy” is well established as a conceptual category in the minds of consumers; and (2) there is a significant “premium price” recognized by consumers for “Made in Italy” in the three sectors analyzed (food, fashion and furnishings). The “premium price” is not homogeneously recognized for the various product sectors analyzed, although for all the sectors the most commonly encountered value is relative to 10–30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality and Innovation for a Circular Economy and a Sustainable Future)

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7 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Applying Biomass Fraction for Greenhouse Gases Emission Estimation of a Sewage Sludge Incinerator in Korea: A Case Study

by Seongmin Kang, Seungjin Kim, Jeongwoo Lee, Youngjae Jeon, Ki-Hyun Kim and Eui-chan Jeon

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040557 - 6 Apr 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4500

Abstract

According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines, when calculating CO₂ emissions, CO₂ emissions from biomass should be excluded from the total amount of CO₂ emissions and should be separately reported due to their “carbon neutrality”. Sewage sludge [...] Read more.

According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines, when calculating CO₂ emissions, CO₂ emissions from biomass should be excluded from the total amount of CO₂ emissions and should be separately reported due to their “carbon neutrality”. Sewage sludge is one of the representative biomass fuels. It is mixed with fossil fuels to achieve greenhouse gas reduction or is used by itself as a fuel to replace fossil fuels. According to the results of this study, biomass fractions of both the sewage sludge and the sewage sludge incineration exhaust gases did not amount to 100%. At present, in many countries (South Korea, Japan, and Germany), when calculating greenhouse gas emissions from sewage sludge incinerators, all CO₂ emissions from sewage sludge are judged to be biomass and only the greenhouse gas emissions that correspond to non-CO₂ gases are calculated as greenhouse gas emissions. However, since, according our results, the content of sewage sludge is not 100% biomass, if CO₂ emissions are excluded according to the existing greenhouse gas emission calculation method, the amount of emissions may be underestimated. Therefore, to accurately calculate greenhouse gas emissions from a sewage sludge incinerator, CO₂ emissions should be calculated in consideration of the fossil carbon fractions of sewage sludge. Full article

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19 pages, 5378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Spatial Dimension of Automobile Ownership and Its Associations with Household Characteristics and Land Use Patterns: A Case Study in Three Counties, South Florida (USA)

by Jie Song and Ruoniu Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040558 - 6 Apr 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5089

Abstract

Motorization and increased levels of car ownership have partly contributed to traffic congestion and air pollution, which is a prime concern in the era of climate change. Therefore, vehicle ownership-related topics have been extensively explored by transportation scholars, economists, and planning researchers. However, [...] Read more.

Motorization and increased levels of car ownership have partly contributed to traffic congestion and air pollution, which is a prime concern in the era of climate change. Therefore, vehicle ownership-related topics have been extensively explored by transportation scholars, economists, and planning researchers. However, relatively fewer scientists have investigated the spatial patterns and socioeconomic factors of car ownership simultaneously within a large geographic scale. Thus, the goal of this article is to illuminate how high levels of auto ownership may cluster spatially and what factors relate to such phenomena by developing an integrative framework and applying it in three counties in South Florida (US). Specifically, this study first evaluated whether vehicle ownership is spatially autocorrelated using Global and Local Moran’s I statistics. It then justified significant factors associated with car ownership by employing Poisson and Corrected Poisson regression models. The findings, using raw data, show that there exist locally spatial clusters of the households with high levels of automobile ownership, while globally the patterns of auto ownership are statistically random. Furthermore, the results suggest that the number of drivers, the number of workers, household income level, housing tenure, the proximity to schools, and net house density significantly influence car ownership levels. The results can assist urban planners and local governments in developing planning schemes that aim at transit, cycling, walking, and other non-motorized travel modes, thereby furthering environmentally friendly communities. Full article

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13 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Ozone and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease Mortalities Due to Ozone in Shenzhen

by Li Wang, Yu Bai, Fengying Zhang, Wuyi Wang, Xiaojian Liu and Thomas Krafft

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040559 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4849

Abstract

In order to explore the temporal-spatial patterns and possible health effects of ozone in Shenzhen, daily concentrations of ozone and the daily mortality caused by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were collected. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and SPSS, the spatial and temporal patterns [...] Read more.

In order to explore the temporal-spatial patterns and possible health effects of ozone in Shenzhen, daily concentrations of ozone and the daily mortality caused by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were collected. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and SPSS, the spatial and temporal patterns of ozone in Shenzhen were illustrated. Using a generalized additive model (GAM), the associations between ozone and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases causing mortality were analyzed, adjusted for meteorological factors and other major air pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO), and stratified by lag, age, and gender. The results showed that, during 2013, ozone was the second main air pollutant in Shenzhen apart from PM_2.5, with average daily concentrations of 95.9 µg/m³ and 76.8 µg/m³ for the ozone 1-h mean and the daily ozone 8-h maximum concentration, respectively. The daily level of ozone had a higher concentration from September to October, and relatively low concentration from May to June. Obviously, a higher concentration was found in central parts of Shenzhen with the largest population, indicating higher risks. The excess risk (ER) percentage of the cardio-respiratory mortality rate showed a clearly accumulative effect at L03, with the highest ER percentage of 1.08 (0.88–1.27) per 10 µg/m³ increase in the ozone 8-h maximum concentration for all the population. Males were found to be more sensitive to ozone compared with females, and the elderly were more susceptible to ozone exposure than younger people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and responses to population health and urbanization in the 21st century)

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14 pages, 2469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Green Open Space on Community Attachment—A Case Study of Three Communities in Beijing

by Yuemei Zhu, Junxiang Ding, Qing Zhu, Yang Cheng, Qiuchen Ma and Xuze Ji

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040560 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8089

Abstract

With the development of urbanization in China, the quality of urban life and community attachment have attracted increasing attention of the governments and society. Existing research on community attachment has mainly examined how individual characteristics affect community attachment, such as their length of [...] Read more.

With the development of urbanization in China, the quality of urban life and community attachment have attracted increasing attention of the governments and society. Existing research on community attachment has mainly examined how individual characteristics affect community attachment, such as their length of residence and socioeconomic status. However, some scholars have become interested in exploring the effects of green open space on community attachment. This research examined whether the distribution of green open space in communities had significant effects on community attachment, and both the impact and path were also investigated. Through a questionnaire survey, relevant data in three communities of Beijing were collected. The impact of green open space layout on community attachment was evaluated by using hierarchical regression, and the impact path was examined by using a structural equation model. The results showed that green open space in a community had significant effects on the community attachment, with centralized green open space layout having a greater effect than that of dispersed green open space. Moreover, the more complex the shape of green open space is, the greater the impact is. The degree of satisfaction with the green open space had direct effects on the community attachment. The accessibility and perceived area of green open space could indirectly have an impact on the community attachment by affecting the degree of satisfaction with the green open space. Nevertheless, residents’ perceived importance of green open space could affect the community attachment directly and indirectly, as it affects the degree of satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and responses to population health and urbanization in the 21st century)

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20 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization and Analysis of a Manufacturing–Remanufacturing–Transport–Warehousing System within a Closed-Loop Supply Chain

by Sadok Turki, Stanislav Didukh, Christophe Sauvey and Nidhal Rezg

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040561 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8314

Abstract

This paper deals with the optimization of a manufacturing–remanufacturing–transport–warehousing closed-loop supply chain, which is composed of two machines for manufacturing and remanufacturing, manufacturing stock, purchasing warehouse, transport vehicle and recovery inventory. The proposed system takes into account the return of used end-of-life products [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the optimization of a manufacturing–remanufacturing–transport–warehousing closed-loop supply chain, which is composed of two machines for manufacturing and remanufacturing, manufacturing stock, purchasing warehouse, transport vehicle and recovery inventory. The proposed system takes into account the return of used end-of-life products from the market. Manufactured and re-manufactured products are stored in the manufacturing stock. The used end-of-life products are stored in the recovery inventory for remanufacturing. The vehicle transports products from the manufacturing stock to the purchasing warehouse. The objective of this work is to simultaneously evaluate the optimal capacities of manufacturing stock, purchasing warehouse and the vehicle, as well as the optimal value of returned used end-of-life products. Those four decision variables minimize the total cost function. A discrete flow model, which is supposed to be the most realistic, is used to describe the system. An optimization program, based on a genetic algorithm, is developed to find the decision variables. Numerical results are presented to study the influence of transportation time, unit remanufacturing cost and configuration of the manufacturing/remanufacturing machines on the decision variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Supply Chain Management)

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9 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Natural Light vs. Cold LED Lighting in Installations for the Recovery of Victims of Gender Violence: Impact on Energy Consumption and Victims’ Recovery

by Raquel Amorim, Juan Carlos López, Valentín Molina-Moreno and Antonio Peña-García

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040562 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3513

Abstract

The efficiency of lighting installations is a major challenge concerning Governments, productive sectors and individuals. However, the importance of accurate lighting in some areas, especially those related to Health and Wellbeing is so critical that the constraints of energy efficiency and sustainability are [...] Read more.

The efficiency of lighting installations is a major challenge concerning Governments, productive sectors and individuals. However, the importance of accurate lighting in some areas, especially those related to Health and Wellbeing is so critical that the constraints of energy efficiency and sustainability are not always a priority. This situation has become more critical with the current boom in the application of non-visual effects of light to these areas. In this study, the effects oftwo different kinds of lighting on femalevictims of gender violence are compared and analyzed in terms of positive results and impact on energy consumption and sustainability. The lighting technologies used are integrated in facilities where these women carry out different activities aimed at their integration into daily life after their traumatic experiences. The results are expected to become a tool for professionals working with these collectives and for installation designers. In spite of the well-known effects of cold light, especially for tasks involving arousal, sleepiness and other critical variables, it is demonstrated that daylight, which is obviously cheaper from productive and environmental perspectives, is better for this application. Full article

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17 pages, 5043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Expansion and Soil Organic Carbon Storage Changes of Croplands in the Sanjiang Plain, China

by Weidong Man, Hao Yu, Lin Li, Mingyue Liu, Dehua Mao, Chunying Ren, Zongming Wang, Mingming Jia, Zhenghong Miao, Chunyan Lu and Huiying Li

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040563 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

Soil is the largest pool of terrestrial organic carbon in the biosphere and interacts strongly with the atmosphere, climate and land cover. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of croplands and soil organic carbon [...] Read more.

Soil is the largest pool of terrestrial organic carbon in the biosphere and interacts strongly with the atmosphere, climate and land cover. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of croplands and soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in the Sanjiang Plain, to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Results show that croplands increased with 10,600.68 km² from 1992 to 2012 in the Sanjiang Plain. Area of 13,959.43 km² of dry farmlands were converted into paddy fields. Cropland SOC storage is estimated to be 1.29 ± 0.27 Pg C (1 Pg = 10³ Tg = 10¹⁵ g) in 2012. Although the mean value of SOCD for croplands decreased from 1992 to 2012, the SOC storage of croplands in the top 1 m in the Sanjiang Plain increased by 70 Tg C (1220 to 1290). This is attributed to the area increases of cropland. The SOCD of paddy fields was higher and decreased more slowly than that of dry farmlands from 1992 to 2012. Conversion between dry farmlands and paddy fields and the agricultural reclamation from natural land-use types significantly affect the spatio-temporal patterns of cropland SOCD in the Sanjiang Plain. Regions with higher and lower SOCD values move northeast and westward, respectively, which is almost consistent with the movement direction of centroids for paddy fields and dry farmlands in the study area. Therefore, these results were verified. SOC storages in dry farmlands decreased by 17.5 Tg·year⁻¹ from 1992 to 2012, whilst paddy fields increased by 21.0 Tg·C·year⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Geography and Environmental Sustainability)

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20 pages, 5316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Knowledge in Environmental Analysis: A New Approach to Soundscape Ecology

by Flavia Milone and Domenico Camarda

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040564 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4805

Abstract

Planning activities are inherently technical, political and organizational exercises, being both constructions of action optimization over time and “social” organizations promoting action. Thus, they require organization and consensus. In this context, the concept of processes that develop based on diffused interactions between different [...] Read more.

Planning activities are inherently technical, political and organizational exercises, being both constructions of action optimization over time and “social” organizations promoting action. Thus, they require organization and consensus. In this context, the concept of processes that develop based on diffused interactions between different agents appears useful and rather effective. Cognitive agents and reactive agents coexist in a system of relations and interactions. This allows the context in which environmental management and/or planning processes take place to be modeled in its essential parts. Scholars and researchers have often wondered if behavioral proxies of the environment-agent can be singled out for possible inclusion in a multi-agent system (MAS) layout. This challenge is of particular interest today, considering the potential offered by the spread of intelligent sensor networks, able to represent and model various “behaviors” of the environment-agent. Today’s growing interest in research in the field of planning is enhanced by an awareness of the complexity issue embedded in planning. In this framework, this paper is realized as a pilot study on the knowledge of sound and soundscapes as elements characterizing the environment-agent in the context of environmental planning processes. The study reflects a contextual difficulty of collecting extensive data in uneasy conditions: nevertheless it reports results and suggestions useful in an innovative MAS-oriented perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decipher the Present to Shape the Future- Rethinking the Urban–Rural Nexus)

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10 pages, 3160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Invasive Eichhornia crassipes Affects the Capacity of Submerged Macrophytes to Utilize Nutrients

by Jian Zhou, Xu Pan, Haiting Xu, Qi Wang and Lijuan Cui

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040565 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4717

Abstract

Invasion by free-floating species, such as Eichhornia crassipes, is one of the most critical threats to the biodiversity and sustainability of wetland ecosystems, where all plants experience spatial heterogeneity in substrate nutrients. However, few studies have focused on the effects of free-floating [...] Read more.

Invasion by free-floating species, such as Eichhornia crassipes, is one of the most critical threats to the biodiversity and sustainability of wetland ecosystems, where all plants experience spatial heterogeneity in substrate nutrients. However, few studies have focused on the effects of free-floating invaders on the capacity of submerged plants to utilize substrate nutrients. A 10-week greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the effects of free-floating invasive E. crassipes (presence or absence) on the growth of Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum, and their capacity to use heterogeneous and homogeneous substrate nutrients. We found that the invasion of E. crassipes could significantly decrease the growth of both submerged C. demersum and M. spicatum and that substrate nutrient heterogeneity increased the growth of C. demersum (approximately 30% in total biomass and 40% in the number of nodes) but not of M. spicatum. The two submerged species have different strategies to address invasion by E. crassipes. These results indicate that E. crassipes can prevent the growth of submerged plants even if the submerged plants can effectively use heterogeneous nutrients. For the effective conservation of submerged macrophytes in wetlands, measures should be taken to restrict the spread of invasive free-floating species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wetland Ecology, Conservation and Sustainability: Applications of Geospatial Techniques)

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26 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ex-Post Evaluation of Agricultural Extension Programs for Reducing Fertilizer Input in Shaanxi, China

by Chunlin Hua, Richard T. Woodward and Liangzhi You

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040566 - 7 Apr 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7093

Abstract

It is difficult to control agricultural Non-point Source (NPS) pollution, caused by overusing of chemical fertilizer, through laws alone. An agricultural extension program is an alternative way to reduce fertilizer input. This paper estimates the average change in fertilizer use of farmers, which [...] Read more.

It is difficult to control agricultural Non-point Source (NPS) pollution, caused by overusing of chemical fertilizer, through laws alone. An agricultural extension program is an alternative way to reduce fertilizer input. This paper estimates the average change in fertilizer use of farmers, which is attributable to their participation in the agricultural extension program. The Inverse-Probability Weighted matching method is used to evaluate the average treatment effect for the farmers who engaged in the program and, to a limited extent, evaluate the impact of individual elements of the program. Surprisingly, we find that farmer-to-farmer training may have had a counterproductive effect while the posters may be the most effective program element in reducing fertilizer use in the context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Methods for Environmental Assessment and Policy in Agriculture)

28 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomass Energy Technological Paradigm (BETP): Trends in This Sector

by Meihui Li, Na Luo and Yi Lu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040567 - 8 Apr 2017

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 10484

Abstract

Renewable energy plays a significant role in the world for obvious environmental and economic reasons with respect to the increasing energy crisis and fossil fuel environmental problems. Biomass energy, one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, has drawn increasing attention in recent [...] Read more.

Renewable energy plays a significant role in the world for obvious environmental and economic reasons with respect to the increasing energy crisis and fossil fuel environmental problems. Biomass energy, one of the most promising renewable energy technologies, has drawn increasing attention in recent years. However, biomass technologies still vary without an integrated framework. Considering the theory of a technological paradigm and implementing a literature analysis, biomass technological development was found to follow a three-stage technological paradigm, which can be divided into: BETP (biomass energy technological paradigm) competition, BETP diffusion, and BETP shift. Further, the literature review indicates that waste, like municipal solid waste (MSW), has the potential to be an important future trend in the world and waste-to-energy (WTE) is designed for sustainable waste management. Among WTE, anaerobic digestion has the potential to produce energy from waste sustainably, safely, and cost-effectively. The new BETP technological framework proposed in this paper may offer new research ideas and provide a significant reference for scholars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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18 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO₂ Emissions in Transitional Countries

by Petar Mitić, Olja Munitlak Ivanović and Aleksandar Zdravković

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568 - 8 Apr 2017

Cited by 112 | Viewed by 10585

Abstract

This paper analyses the relationship between real GDP and CO₂ emissions for 17 transitional economies based on a series of annual data from 1997 to 2014. The analysis was conducted using Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) [...] Read more.

This paper analyses the relationship between real GDP and CO₂ emissions for 17 transitional economies based on a series of annual data from 1997 to 2014. The analysis was conducted using Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) approaches. The results clearly suggest the existence of a statistically significant long-run cointegrating relationship between CO₂ emissions and real GDP. A 1% change in GDP leads to around a 0.35% change of CO₂ emission on average for the considered group of countries. Close values of long-run coefficients for all estimations confirm the robustness of the estimated results. The authors state that transitional economies need to follow global policy incentives, and try to implement new mechanisms and instruments for the purpose of reducing CO₂ emissions, such as environmental taxes, emissions-trading schemes, and carbon capture and storage, if they want to achieve future CO₂ emission reductions, while attaining economic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Economics and the Regional Sustainable Economic Growth)

16 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Study of China’s Provincial Carbon Responsibility Sharing: Provincial Value Chain Perspective

by Rui Xie, Chao Gao, Guomei Zhao, Yu Liu and Shengcheng Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040569 - 8 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4706

Abstract

Against the background of global warming, China has vowed to meet a series of carbon emissions reduction targets and plans to launch a national carbon emissions rights trading market by 2017. Therefore, from the provincial value chain perspective, using input-output tables from China [...] Read more.

Against the background of global warming, China has vowed to meet a series of carbon emissions reduction targets and plans to launch a national carbon emissions rights trading market by 2017. Therefore, from the provincial value chain perspective, using input-output tables from China in 2002, 2007, and 2010, this study constructs models to calculate the CO₂ emissions responsibility of each province under the production, consumption, and value capture principles, respectively. Empirical results indicate that Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Henan bear the most responsibility for CO₂ emissions under the three principles in China, while Hainan and Qinghai have the least responsibility. However, there is a great difference in the proportion of carbon emissions responsibility for each province during the same period under different principles or different periods under the same principle. For consumption-oriented areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong, the production principle is more favorable, and the consumption principle is more beneficial for production-oriented provinces such as Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Shaanxi. However, the value capture principle strikes a compromise of the CO₂ emissions responsibility of each province between the production and consumption principles, and it shares the CO₂ emissions responsibility based on the actual value captured by each province in the provincial value chain. The value capture principle is conducive to the fair and reasonable division of CO₂ emissions rights of each province by sectors, as well as the construction of a standardized carbon emissions rights trading market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Governance in Northeast Asia: Challenges for Sustainable Frontier)

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19 pages, 1757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Develop Eco-Friendly Enterprise: Aligning Enablers with Strategy

by Ching-Torng Lin, Yu-Hsuan Chang and Chuanmin Mi

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040570 - 8 Apr 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6390

Abstract

Environmental friendliness has been regarded as a fundamental characteristic of sustainability and competitiveness, yet such eco-friendliness is often not performed well. Based on the relationship matrix in the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method and fuzzy logic, this paper presents an original integrated approach [...] Read more.

Environmental friendliness has been regarded as a fundamental characteristic of sustainability and competitiveness, yet such eco-friendliness is often not performed well. Based on the relationship matrix in the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method and fuzzy logic, this paper presents an original integrated approach that, by linking competitive bases, green capabilities, and providers, aims at identifying the most appropriate providers to be implemented by companies starting from competitive characteristics. As an illustration, an international electronics-related manufacturing firm’s eco-friendliness developing project is cited which provides evidence of a robust method that can improve the eco-friendliness of an enterprise and enhance competitive advantage. The approach allows for avoiding the risk of misalignments between green providers and competition requirements for practitioners that seek to implement green supply chain management systems. Full article

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19 pages, 3041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Environmental Regulation on Industrial Activities: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Chinese Prefectures

by Bin Chen and Yuk-shing Cheng

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040571 - 9 Apr 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 11241

Abstract

We assess the effectiveness of China’s Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy, an environmental policy that tightens the control of acid rain and the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in targeted areas. To identify the effect of the policy on industrial activities, [...] Read more.

We assess the effectiveness of China’s Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy, an environmental policy that tightens the control of acid rain and the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in targeted areas. To identify the effect of the policy on industrial activities, we use the difference-in-differences (DID) method to study industry-level activities in China’s prefectures based on a unique firm-level data set covering the period from 1999–2009. We find that stricter environmental regulation led to a lower level of polluting industrial activities in TCZ prefectures, which was associated with more closures of polluting firms in targeted prefectures and more new polluting firms in non-targeted locations. In addition, our findings suggest that the TCZ policy had more pronounced effects in the coastal areas and became more effective after China changed its assessment criteria for the performance of local officials in the late 2000s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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25 pages, 37941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Open Data for Monitoring Risks and Preserving Archaeological Areas and Landscape: Case Studies at Kom el Shoqafa, Egypt and Shush, Iran

by Rosa Lasaponara, Beniamino Murgante, Abdelaziz Elfadaly, Mohamad Molaei Qelichi, Saeed Zanganeh Shahraki, Osama Wafa and Wael Attia

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040572 - 9 Apr 2017

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 9570

Abstract

Instrumental to the concept of sustainability must be the search for feasible ways to implement sustainability, especially connecting heritage and tourism. This should be understood in relationship with the persistence in time and the current and future conception of the human-made environment. This [...] Read more.

Instrumental to the concept of sustainability must be the search for feasible ways to implement sustainability, especially connecting heritage and tourism. This should be understood in relationship with the persistence in time and the current and future conception of the human-made environment. This study deals with the spatial characterization over time of the urban sprawl close to and around two important archaeological areas: Kom el Shoqafa, Egypt and Shush, Iran. For both of the investigated sites, change detection analyses have been conducted using satellite declassified Corona and multidate Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery available for free from the USGS Earth Explorer. The study involves the collection of Corona 1964, Landsat TM 1984, Landsat ETM+ 1998 and L8 2016. The past and current urban and agricultural areas have been extracted by using consolidated classification techniques. Analyses and quantification of the spatial dimension of the urban expansion showed that, for both the study sites, urban areas have expanded to a significant percentage. In particular, the analysis of Corona and Landsat TM, ETM+, L8 imagery in Kom el Shoqafa revealed that, for the urban area, the evaluation of the change detection presented generally increasing chronology in both of the study areas, but for the agriculture lands, we can see that the changes sometimes decreased and sometimes increased. As a whole, outputs from our investigations clearly highlight that the current availability free of charge of long term satellite time series provides an excellent low cost tool for several applications including environmental monitoring and change detection to observe and quantify urban and land use changes from a global down to a local scale. We examine the capabilities of integrating remote sensing and GIS and suggest some innovative solutions to preserve the archaeological sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decipher the Present to Shape the Future- Rethinking the Urban–Rural Nexus)

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18 pages, 2018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Rock Mass Classifications and Tunnel Support Systems in Unconsolidated Sedimentary Rock

by Junyoung Ko and Sangseom Jeong

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040573 - 9 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7512

Abstract

This paper presents new valuable field data and a comprehensive approach to the determination of the rock mass classification and tunnel support systems for tunnels in unconsolidated sedimentary rocks as a special soil condition. The main objective of this study is to investigate [...] Read more.

This paper presents new valuable field data and a comprehensive approach to the determination of the rock mass classification and tunnel support systems for tunnels in unconsolidated sedimentary rocks as a special soil condition. The main objective of this study is to investigate and present the characteristics of the unconsolidated sedimentary rock by using the point load tests and slake durability tests. In addition, the appropriate rock mass classification and tunnel support system for the unconsolidated sedimentary rock tunnel are proposed, based on the results of experimental tests. The proposed rock mass classification and tunnel support system are validated through comparison against results from measuring the convergence of a tunnel under the construction. The proposed tunnel support system is appropriate for the unconsolidated sedimentary rocks, since the convergence factors, such as the maximum displacement and velocity of displacement, satisfy the criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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29 pages, 7750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Dynamic Evolutionary Behavior of American Heating Oil Spot and Futures Price Fluctuation Networks

by Huan Chen, Lixin Tian, Minggang Wang and Zaili Zhen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040574 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4674

Abstract

Heating oil is an extremely important heating fuel to consumers in northeastern United States. This paper studies the fluctuations law and dynamic behavior of heating oil spot and futures prices by setting up their complex network models based on the data of America [...] Read more.

Heating oil is an extremely important heating fuel to consumers in northeastern United States. This paper studies the fluctuations law and dynamic behavior of heating oil spot and futures prices by setting up their complex network models based on the data of America in recent 30 years. Firstly, modes are defined by the method of coarse graining, the spot price fluctuation network of heating oil (HSPFN) and its futures price fluctuation network (HFPFN) in different periods are established to analyze the transformation characteristics between the modes. Secondly, several indicators are investigated: average path length, node strength and strength distribution, betweeness, etc. In addition, a function is established to measure and analyze the network similarity. The results show the cumulative time of new nodes appearing in either spot or futures price network is not random but exhibits a growth trend of straight line. Meanwhile, the power law distributions of spot and futures price fluctuations in different periods present regularity and complexity. Moreover, these prices are strongly correlated in stable fluctuation period but weak in the phase of sharp fluctuation. Finally, the time distribution characteristics of important modes in the networks and the evolution results of the topological properties mentioned above are obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management)

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28 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Not Only Health: Environmental Pollution Disasters and Political Trust

by Xun Gong, Shenggang Yang and Min Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040575 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7233

Abstract

Over the past 30 years, the economy of China has sustained rapid growth. However, the extensive development pattern severely deteriorates the ecological environment, which has been recognized as adverse effects on citizens’ physical and mental health. Simultaneously, the political trust in China has [...] Read more.

Over the past 30 years, the economy of China has sustained rapid growth. However, the extensive development pattern severely deteriorates the ecological environment, which has been recognized as adverse effects on citizens’ physical and mental health. Simultaneously, the political trust in China has been in decline after staying at a high level for a long time. In this paper, we state that, in addition to health issues, environmental pollution can also lead to important political consequences. Using statistics on the occurrence of environmental pollution disasters and a nationally representative survey database in China, we find that environmental pollution disasters can negatively affect citizens’ trust of the government. This relationship persists after a series of endogenous tests and robustness checks. Path analysis indicates that this relationship can be partially mediated by the increase in citizens’ environmental awareness. The cross-sectional analyses on individual characteristics demonstrate that the negative effect of environmental pollution disasters on political trust is less pronounced for female citizens and citizens who are communist party members. Finally, we report that the government’s positive attitudes and activities in resolving environmental pollution problems can partially offset the negative effect of environmental pollution disasters on political trust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Lubricant Oil Plastic Containers in Brazil

by Maria Clara Oliveira and Alessandra Magrini

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040576 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7025

Abstract

Brazil, like many emerging countries, has experienced a fast growth in the demand for automobiles in recent decades. This has produced a significant increase in the amount of hazardous waste to be disposed of, including used lubricant oil. Restrictive regulations are being used [...] Read more.

Brazil, like many emerging countries, has experienced a fast growth in the demand for automobiles in recent decades. This has produced a significant increase in the amount of hazardous waste to be disposed of, including used lubricant oil. Restrictive regulations are being used by many nations to deal with this problem, focusing on treatments, such as recycling, to avoid resource depletion. Specific rules for disposal of used lubricant oil already exist in various countries, including Brazil, but not for its containers. Using the life cycle assessment methodology, this article evaluates different management options for the destination of Lubricant Oil Plastic Containers (LOPCs), comparing recycling and incineration to disposal in an industrial landfill. Results show that reducing the proportion of LOPCs destined to the landfill has positive impacts in lowering the burdens caused in the life cycle of LOPCs. Incineration, which is not a technology used for destination of LOPCs in Brazil, proved to be a promising option when combined with recycling for treatment of this kind of waste. Combining different destinations is also a good option as long as economic, logistics and the environment are taken into consideration. The present paper concludes that emerging countries are able to manage hazardous waste provided that there is adequate legislation and political will along with cooperation from the private sector. This study can be helpful to the decision-making processes concerning hazardous waste, especially for industrial strategies and policy makers. Full article

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17 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Causal Drivers Influence Carbon Storage in Shanghai, China’s Urban and Peri-Urban Forests?

by Xin Yao, Min Zhao and Francisco J. Escobedo

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040577 - 10 Apr 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5874

Abstract

Studies have documented many biophysical factors that are correlated with urban forest carbon storage. This urban forest function is also increasingly being promoted as a nature-based solution for cities. While urbanization affects both the structure and function of urban forest ecosystems, quantitative analyses [...] Read more.

Studies have documented many biophysical factors that are correlated with urban forest carbon storage. This urban forest function is also increasingly being promoted as a nature-based solution for cities. While urbanization affects both the structure and function of urban forest ecosystems, quantitative analyses of specific casual drivers of carbon storage in urban versus peri-urban forests are scarce. To address this lack of information, we used field data of random plots located along an urban to rural gradient in Shanghai, China, region-specific biomass equations, and path analysis of commonly studied urban forest socioeconomic and ecological drivers to analyze their effects on above ground tree carbon storage. An urbanization index was also developed to quantitatively differentiate urban from peri-urban sites along the transect. Results show that in both urban and peri-urban forests, percent tree and shrub cover had a significant and positive effect on tree and shrub carbon, but tree and shrub density had an even greater effect. Further, tree and shrub species diversity had no effects on carbon storage, while the effects of species composition on tree and shrub carbon in urban forests was different from those in peri-urban areas. Peri-urban forests also exhibited a significant effect of percent tree and shrub cover on tree and shrub species diversity. This approach, using a path analysis of field and plot data and site-specific dendrometric and urbanization information, can be used to quantitatively identify little explored causal dependences between drivers and ecosystem services without relying exclusively on spatial land cover data often not available in developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Challenges)

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18 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review

by Timothy E. Crews and Brian E. Rumsey

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040578 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 120 | Viewed by 16745

Abstract

Over the last century, researchers and practitioners with diverse backgrounds have articulated the importance of improving soil organic matter (SOM) contents in agricultural soils. More recently, climate change scientists interested in CO₂ sinks, and agroecologists interested in ecological intensification have converged on [...] Read more.

Over the last century, researchers and practitioners with diverse backgrounds have articulated the importance of improving soil organic matter (SOM) contents in agricultural soils. More recently, climate change scientists interested in CO₂ sinks, and agroecologists interested in ecological intensification have converged on the goal of building SOM stocks in croplands. The challenge is that agriculture itself is responsible for dramatic losses of SOM. When grassland or forest ecosystems are first converted to agriculture, multiple mechanisms result in SOM declines of between 20% and 70%. Two of the most important mechanisms are the reduction in organic matter inputs from roots following the replacement of perennial vegetation with annual crop species, and increases in microbial respiration when tillage breaks open soil aggregates exposing previously protected organic matter. Many agricultural practices such as conservation tillage and integration of cover crops have been shown to achieve some degree of SOM improvement, but in general adoption of these practices falls short of accumulating the SOM stocks maintained by grasslands, forests or other native ecosystems that agriculture replaced. Two of the overarching reasons why native terrestrial ecosystems have achieved greater soil organic matter levels than human agroecosystems are because they direct a greater percentage of productivity belowground in perennial roots, and they do not require frequent soil disturbance. A growing body of research including that presented in this review suggests that developing perennial grain agroecosystems may hold the greatest promise for agriculture to approach the SOM levels that accumulate in native ecosystems. We present calculations that estimate potential soil organic carbon accumulation rates in fields converted from annual to perennial grains of between 0.13 and 1.70 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues on Soil Management and Conservation)

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29 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long Distance Trade, Locational Dynamics and By-Product Development: Insights from the History of the American Cottonseed Industry

by Pierre Desrochers and Joanna Szurmak

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040579 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8033

Abstract

Using the historical development of the American cottonseed value chain as a case study, we show that the factors usually deemed significant in the spontaneous development of localized industrial symbiosis (e.g., high volumes of potentially valuable yet environmentally problematic residuals, an economically diverse [...] Read more.

Using the historical development of the American cottonseed value chain as a case study, we show that the factors usually deemed significant in the spontaneous development of localized industrial symbiosis (e.g., high volumes of potentially valuable yet environmentally problematic residuals, an economically diverse industrial base, as well as personal interactions and short mental distances between economic actors) have long been observed at much larger geographical scales. Like cereal grains and livestock, but unlike unprocessed residuals (e.g., residual steam and gas), the development of by-products out of cottonseed further involved numerous intermediaries and steps through which a complex raw material was broken down into various components that were then often (re)combined with other materials in remote locations. Additionally, because of the insufficient size and/or demand by domestic consumers, distant markets proved crucial at an early stage. We suggest that self-organizing and market-driven long-distance recovery linkages warrant more attention on the part of industrial symbiosis theorists, especially in terms of the technical, economic, geospatial, social and institutional conditions required for their emergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diverse Dynamics of Industrial Symbiosis: Emergence and Development)

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17 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessReview

A World without Hunger: Organic or GM Crops?

by Fatemeh Taheri, Hossein Azadi and Marijke D’Haese

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040580 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 32692

Abstract

It has been estimated that the world population will increase to 9.2 billion by 2050; supplying the growing population with food will require a significant increase in agricultural production. A number of agricultural and ecological scientists believe that a large-scale shift to organic [...] Read more.

It has been estimated that the world population will increase to 9.2 billion by 2050; supplying the growing population with food will require a significant increase in agricultural production. A number of agricultural and ecological scientists believe that a large-scale shift to organic farming (OF) would not only increase the world’s food supply, but might be the only way to eradicate hunger sustainably. Nevertheless, OF has recently come under new scrutiny, not just from critics who fear that a large-scale shift in this direction would cause billions to starve but also from farmers and development agencies who question whether such a shift could improve food security. Meanwhile, the use of genetically modified (GM) crops is growing around the world, leading to possible opportunities to combat food insecurity and hunger. However, the development of GM crops has been a matter of considerable interest and worldwide public controversy. So far, no one has comprehensively analyzed whether a widespread shift to OF or GM would be the sole solution for both food security and safety. Using a literature review from databases of peer-reviewed scientific publications, books, and official publications, this study aims to address this issue. Results indicate that OF and GM, to different extents, are able to ensure food security and safety. In developed countries, given that there are relatively few farmers and that their productivity, even without GMOs, is relatively high, OF could be more a viable option. However, OF is significantly less efficient in land-use terms and may lead to more land being used for agriculture due to its lower yield. In developing countries, where many small-scale farmers have low agricultural productivity and limited access to agricultural technologies and information, an approach with both GM and OF might be a more realistic approach to ensure food security and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Farming and Gene Manipulation)

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17 pages, 3680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Desertification and Environmental Variables Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Hogno Khaan, Mongolia

by Munkhnasan Lamchin, Woo-Kyun Lee, Seong Woo Jeon, Jong-Yeol Lee, Cholho Song, Dongfan Piao, Chul Hee Lim, Akhmadi Khaulenbek and Itgelt Navaandorj

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040581 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6219

Abstract

In this paper, we used Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) data from 1990, 2002, and 2011 to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of desertification using seven factors; the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the topsoil grain size index [...] Read more.

In this paper, we used Landsat thematic mapper (TM) and enhanced thematic mapper (ETM) data from 1990, 2002, and 2011 to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of desertification using seven factors; the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the topsoil grain size index (TGSI), land surface albedo, the topographic wetness index (TWI), land surface temperature (LST), the perpendicular drought index (PDI), and the elevation of Hogno Khaan, which lies in a semiarid region of central Mongolia. We normalized the indicators, determined their weights, and defined five levels of desertification; none, low, medium, high, and severe. Sets of rules were constructed, and a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) approach was used to assess desertification and test the correlations between the seven variables in comparison to the different levels of desertification, with field and reference data used for accuracy. We provide a review of the literature on MCE applied to desertification assessment issues based on satellite data. At the first step, major desertification factors were computed for satellite data. The next step was the construction of pairwise comparison matrix. Then, the weight of each factor was determined by the contribution of an analytical hierarchy process. Finally, the susceptible areas to desertification in the study area were identified using a multi-criteria evaluation method. We found that more than 15% of the total land area in Hogno Khaan suffered from severe desertification in 2011, increasing from 7% in 1990. Our analysis showed that the highest correlations were between TGSI and albedo, PDI and TGSI, and PDI and albedo at all levels of desertification. LST was less strongly correlated with TGSI, albedo, and PDI. The correlation of TWI with PDI and NDVI in the non- and low desertification areas produced R values of 0.15 and 0.58, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between TWI and both NDVI and PDI for all years in non- and low desertification areas. Comparing elevation and NDVI, the highest correlation was found for severe desertification in 2002, although correlations for severe desertification were lower in 1990 and 2011. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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18 pages, 3719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Smart Water Metering in Spain: Insights from the Experience of Remote Meter Reading in Alicante

by Hug March, Álvaro-Francisco Morote, Antonio-Manuel Rico and David Saurí

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040582 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11046

Abstract

Since the past few years, the smart city paradigm has been influencing sustainable urban water resources management. Smart metering schemes for end users have become an important strategy for water utilities to have an in-depth and fine-grained knowledge about urban water use. Beyond [...] Read more.

Since the past few years, the smart city paradigm has been influencing sustainable urban water resources management. Smart metering schemes for end users have become an important strategy for water utilities to have an in-depth and fine-grained knowledge about urban water use. Beyond reducing certain labor costs, such as those related to manual meter reading, such detailed and continuous flow of information is said to enhance network efficiency and improve water planning by having more detailed demand patterns and forecasts. Research focusing on those initiatives has been very prolific in countries such as Australia. However, less academic attention has been paid to the development of smart metering in other geographies. This paper focuses on smart water metering in Spain and, more particularly, documents and reflects on the experience of the city of Alicante (southeastern Spain), a pioneer case of massive deployment of remote reading of water meters at the household level and for large urban customers. Through data and interviews with water managers from the water utility, we shed light on the costs and early benefits, as well as the potentialities and (unexpected) problems of this technology to contribute to more sustainable urban water cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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29 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fuzzy Logic-Based Tool for the Assessment of Corporate Sustainability: A Case Study in the Food Machinery Industry

by Eleonora Bottani, Maria Carmen Gentilotti and Marta Rinaldi

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040583 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9440

Abstract

This paper develops a quantitative tool for the assessment of sustainability at the company’s level, taking into account its three key perspectives, i.e., economic, environmental and social. The proposed framework is grounded on fuzzy logic and in particular on a monotonic hierarchical fuzzy [...] Read more.

This paper develops a quantitative tool for the assessment of sustainability at the company’s level, taking into account its three key perspectives, i.e., economic, environmental and social. The proposed framework is grounded on fuzzy logic and in particular on a monotonic hierarchical fuzzy inference tool, as an effective means to gather the judgements and scores against the key performance indicators (KPIs) of each sustainability perspective into an aggregated index. In developing the fuzzy inference tool, we also solve some typical issues related to the assessment of sustainability, e.g., the identification of benchmark values to rate the company’s performance against each sustainability KPI. The architecture of the fuzzy inference tool was embodied in an ad hoc software developed in Microsoft Excel^TM (Microsoft Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA), which makes it easy to use the proposed framework in practical situations. The potential of the software tool developed is illustrated by means of a case study, targeting a food machinery company, for which the overall evaluation of sustainability is carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution Characteristics of Landscape Ecological Risk Patterns in Coastal Zones in Zhejiang Province, China

by Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Hongbo Gong, Xu Luo, Mengyao Ye and Baixiang Feng

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040584 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 85 | Viewed by 5320

Abstract

Analyzing evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risk patterns would help establish ecological risk early warning mechanism, reduce the ecological risk probability and promote coastal landscape pattern optimization. In this study, landscape pattern indices were first calculated by using multitemporal Landsat TM images acquired [...] Read more.

Analyzing evolution characteristics of landscape ecological risk patterns would help establish ecological risk early warning mechanism, reduce the ecological risk probability and promote coastal landscape pattern optimization. In this study, landscape pattern indices were first calculated by using multitemporal Landsat TM images acquired in years 1990, 2000 and 2010, then landscape ecological risk pattern evolution models and the spatiotemporal evolutions of ecological risk patterns of coastal zones in Zhejiang province, China were constructed and analyzed. The results demonstrate that (1) greater changes have taken place in landscape structures during the two decades, and (2) the areas of cropland, sea, woodland and water surface have decreased significantly, while the areas of built-up land, unused land and aquaculture land have increased. In 1990, coastal landscapes were mainly occupied by extremely low and low ecological risk areas. However, by 2010, the low ecological risk area apparently decreased compared to that in 1990, while extremely high and high ecological risk areas increased significantly, occupying spatial regions where originally the extremely low and low ecological risk zones located. Transition rates of ecological risk grades in the second ten years (2000–2010) were significantly lower than in the first ten years (1990–2000). The result suggests that people who originally urged to accelerate coastal landscape exploitation and development have started to concern the ecological environment protection and to pursue a mode that economic development and ecological protection are synchronously conducted. Full article

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17 pages, 2712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The PeRvasive Environment Sensing and Sharing Solution

by Paolo Bellavista, Carlo Giannelli and Riccardo Zamagna

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040585 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

To stimulate better user behavior and improve environmental and economic sustainability, it is of paramount importance to make citizens effectively aware of the quality of the environment in which they live every day. In particular, we claim that users could significantly benefit from [...] Read more.

To stimulate better user behavior and improve environmental and economic sustainability, it is of paramount importance to make citizens effectively aware of the quality of the environment in which they live every day. In particular, we claim that users could significantly benefit from cost-effective efficient Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions that provide them with up-to-date live information about air pollution in the areas where they live, suitably adapted to different situations and with different levels of dynamically selected granularities (e.g., at home/district/city levels). Our PeRvasive Environment Sensing and Sharing (PRESS) project has the ambition of increasing users’ awareness of the natural environment they live in, as a first step towards improved sustainability; the primary target is the efficient provisioning of real-time user-centric information about environmental conditions in the surroundings, and in particular about air pollution. To this purpose, we have designed, implemented, and thoroughly evaluated the PRESS framework, which is capable of achieving good flexibility and scalability while integrating heterogeneous monitoring data, ranging from sensed air pollution to user-provided quality perceptions. Among the elements of technical originality, PRESS exploits extended Kura IoT gateways with novel congestion detection and recovery mechanisms that allow us to optimize bandwidth allocation between in-the-field PRESS components and the cloud. The reported performance results show the feasibility of the proposed solution, by pointing out not only the scalability and efficiency of the adopted message-based solution that uses Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and WebSockets, but also the capability of PRESS to quickly identify and manage traffic congestions, thus, ensuring good quality levels to final users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advent of Smart Homes)

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14 pages, 9884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of Thermally Activated Building System Considering Zone Load Characteristics

by Woong June Chung, Sang Hoon Park, Myoung Souk Yeo and Kwang Woo Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040586 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5231

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the thermally activated building system (TABS) mechanism for appropriate use of the system and to apply the proper concept of TABS for each zone by using different TABS control strategies. In order to examine the [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the thermally activated building system (TABS) mechanism for appropriate use of the system and to apply the proper concept of TABS for each zone by using different TABS control strategies. In order to examine the TABS mechanism, dynamic simulation with EnergyPlus was used to model the office building with TABS, because the radiant heat exchange characteristics of the TABS according to the time variable was critical. The typical control concept of TABS, self-regulation, was applied in the simulation by setting the supply water temperature as room setpoint temperature. As a result, the advantage of self-regulation can be amplified by utilizing the entire thermal mass of the TABS, which can be executed by customizing to target a specific type of load. Since the large area of the office building may comprise different loads in different zones, the TABS control according to the different zone loads were proposed. By separating the control strategy from zone to zone, the proposed control strategy improved the thermal comfort by 5%, reduced peak heating load by 10%, reduced cooling load by 36%, and decrease the total energy consumption by 13%. This study demonstrated a possible improvement on self-regulation of TABS with separate zone controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resource–Efficient Homes and Communities)

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20 pages, 21397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Walkable Spaces with Natural Elements for Urban Regeneration: A Focus on Cases in Seoul, South Korea

by Ekaterina Shafray and Seiyong Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040587 - 11 Apr 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10676

Abstract

environmental protection issues and the monitoring of pollution, especially for the largest cities in Asia, are becoming increasingly prominent factors for inclusive urban planning of public open spaces. Recently, a walkability concept was implemented in many cities, and in 2016 it became a [...] Read more.

environmental protection issues and the monitoring of pollution, especially for the largest cities in Asia, are becoming increasingly prominent factors for inclusive urban planning of public open spaces. Recently, a walkability concept was implemented in many cities, and in 2016 it became a campaign direction for development in Seoul. This paper considers conditions of implementation for the walkability concept, using examples of pedestrian walkway-making initiatives, and regeneration of existing walkways along water streams in urban case studies in Seoul, South Korea. The role of nature-based solutions was considered in relation to aesthetics, and social and environmental characteristics (e.g., air pollution, oxygenation through greenery) obtained through literature reviews for the case studies. Considering the complexity of the situation, with factors such as Air Quality Index (AQI) warning conditions, and the general positive impact of walkability on enhancing a healthy life style and social interaction and on reducing congestion, this study contributes to the discussion on walkability, and the importance of nature-based urban regeneration projects for densely populated areas in cities. The results of particular cases in this paper suggest the need for careful monitoring and consideration of various factors for urban regeneration walkable design projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Challenges)

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10 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies to Introduce n-Butanol in Gasoline Blends

by Magín Lapuerta, Rosario Ballesteros and Javier Barba

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040589 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5455

Abstract

The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is [...] Read more.

The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is ethanol, which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions but presents a series of drawbacks such as a low heating value and a high hygroscopic tendency, which cause higher fuel consumption and corrosion problems, respectively. This paper shows the most relevant properties when replacing ethanol by renewable n-butanol, which presents a higher heating value and a lower hygroscopic tendency compared to the former. The test matrix carried out for this experimental study includes, on the one hand, ethanol substitution by n-butanol in commercial blends and, on the other hand, either ethanol or gasoline substitution by n-butanol in E85 blends (85% ethanol-15% gasoline by volume). The results show that the substitution of n-butanol by ethanol presents a series of benefits such as a higher heating value and a greater interchangeability with gasoline compared to ethanol, which makes n-butanol a promising fuel for SIEs in commercial blends. However, the use of n-butanol in E85 blends substituting either gasoline or ethanol may cause cold-start problems due to the lower vapor pressure of n-butanol. For this reason, a combined substitution of n-butanol by both gasoline and ethanol is proposed so that n-butanol can be used without start problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Development: Selected Papers from 2016 Energy and Environment Knowledge Week)

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10 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Novel Composite Coagulants for Arsenic Removal from Waters—Experimental Insight for the Application of Polyferric Sulfate (PFS)

by Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis, Nikolaos M. Tzollas, Athanasia K. Tolkou, Manassis Mitrakas, Mathias Ernst and Anastasios I. Zouboulis

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040590 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4407

Abstract

In the present study, several pre-polymerized coagulants of iron and aluminum were tested for their efficiency towards As(V) and As(III) removal from water sources. The results showed that the pre-polymerized coagulants of iron, such as poly-ferric sulfate and poly-ferric silicate chloride, were very [...] Read more.

In the present study, several pre-polymerized coagulants of iron and aluminum were tested for their efficiency towards As(V) and As(III) removal from water sources. The results showed that the pre-polymerized coagulants of iron, such as poly-ferric sulfate and poly-ferric silicate chloride, were very efficient for As(V) removal. With regard to As(III) removal, among all examined coagulants, including the conventional ferric chloride, only the poly-ferric sulfate (PFS) was able to reduce As(III) to concentrations below the drinking water regulation limit of 10 μg/L. In contrast, all tested composite coagulants based on aluminum were not capable of removing efficiently both species of arsenic. PFS addition in water containing 4 mM of alkalinity and 25 μg/L of As(V) and As(III) (i.e., total arsenic concentration 50 μg/L) resulted in finished water with less than 5 μg/L arsenic, only by dosing 5 mg Fe-PFS/L at pH 7, whereas, simultaneously, the residual iron concentration was found well below its drinking water regulation limit of 200 μg/L. The use of PFS could provide a viable alternative for As(III) and As(V) removal at household treatment level for application in vulnerable communities, without the need of any additional treatment, such as oxidation of As(III) to As(V). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances for Water and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse with Emphasis in Applications in Vulnerable Communities)

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21 pages, 2326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An ESCO Business Model Using CER for Buildings’ Energy Retrofit

by Hyein Yi, Sanghyo Lee and Jaejun Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040591 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6429

Abstract

This study proposes an Energy Service Company (ESCO) business model to which Certified Emission Reduction (CER) is applied mainly for guaranteed savings. To verify the effectiveness of this ESCO business model, option theory is used. Notably, along with call and put options, which [...] Read more.

This study proposes an Energy Service Company (ESCO) business model to which Certified Emission Reduction (CER) is applied mainly for guaranteed savings. To verify the effectiveness of this ESCO business model, option theory is used. Notably, along with call and put options, which are appropriate for profit structure evaluation of existing guaranteed savings contract, an up and knock-out option was used to analyze the option of securing profit from CER. Based on this analysis, the values of the guarantee acquired by an energy user from the change in the amount of energy savings and the values of an ESCO’s right to profit from energy savings and CER, were calculated. Through these valuations, the profit sharing ratio between energy users and the ESCO was estimated. When the model proposed in this paper was applied to a project case, the profit sharing ratio was 16.37%. The model proposed in this paper is useful for motivating ESCOs to save more energy during operating periods by effectively using profit from CER. Additionally, this model will contribute to the expansion of ESCO market and the effectiveness of energy performance projects in Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Built Environment of Post-Carbon Era (Sustainable Built Environment 2016 Seoul Conference))

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13 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Semi-Intensive Aquaponics System, with and without Bacterial Biofilter in a Tropical Location

by Laura Silva, Edgardo Escalante, David Valdés-Lozano, Martha Hernández and Eucario Gasca-Leyva

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040592 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6083

Abstract

This study compares the aquaponics Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)—pak choi (Brassica chinensis) system with and without a bacterial biofilter (BF and NBF) in a tropical location. The aim was to determine whether a semi-intensive aquaponics system NBF could offer [...] Read more.

This study compares the aquaponics Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)—pak choi (Brassica chinensis) system with and without a bacterial biofilter (BF and NBF) in a tropical location. The aim was to determine whether a semi-intensive aquaponics system NBF could offer a production alternative for small-scale farmers in this region, both technically and biologically. The Tilapia aquaponics culture was continuously recirculated and water was added (influent) and removed (effluent) from the plant aquaponics culture every 24 h. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N) were analysed in the plant aquaponics culture influent and effluent. At the end of the experiment the individual fresh total weight, dry total weight, edible weight, height and diameter of the pak choi plants were measured. None of the pak choi variables showed significant differences between treatments. TAN and NO₂⁻-N were higher in the NBF influent than in the BF influent. TAN and NO₂⁻-N in the effluent of both treatments were similar and lower than in the influent. The plant aquaponics culture therefore works as a biofilter and the NBF aquaponics system could be used for small-scale farmers in the tropics, with easier management and less costs than a BF aquaponics system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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12 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphical Methodology of Global Pollution Index for the Environmental Impact Assessment Using Two Environmental Components

by Corneliu Cojocaru, Diana Mariana Cocârţă, Irina Aura Istrate and Igor Creţescu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040593 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4889

Abstract

One of the applied methods for environmental impact assessment is the index of global pollution (I_GP) proposed by Rojanschi in 1991. This methodology enables the global estimation for the ecosystem state affected more or less by human activities. Unfortunately, Rojanschi’s [...] Read more.

One of the applied methods for environmental impact assessment is the index of global pollution (I_GP) proposed by Rojanschi in 1991. This methodology enables the global estimation for the ecosystem state affected more or less by human activities. Unfortunately, Rojanschi’s method has a limitation; it can be applied only if at least three environmental components are considered. Frequently, many environmental impact assessment applications rely on analysis of only two environmental components. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a new graphical method to extend Rojanschi’s approach for the case of two environmental components. The proposed method avoids the average value of evaluation grades and uses only the graphical correspondence for calculation of the index of global pollution. A right-angle triangle graph methodology was proposed, where bases represented the values of evaluation grades. Thus, for the case of two environmental components, the index of global pollution was calculated as the relation between the ideal and real ecosystem states represented by the ratio between areas of external and enclosed right triangles. The developed graphical method was tested and validated for real case studies: the environmental impact assessment from a refinery located on the Romanian Black Sea Coast considering Air and Water environmental components and from a coal-fired thermoelectric power plant from Eastern Romania regarding Air and Soil environmental components. In this way, it was provided a reliable and faster tool to be used for the pollution characterization of human-derived chemicals for better decisions in risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience to Natural and Man-Made Disasters)

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28 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing Sustainability Co-Creation between Universities and Society: A Typology-Based Understanding

by Gregory Trencher, Masafumi Nagao, Chiahsin Chen, Kentaro Ichiki, Tobai Sadayoshi, Mariko Kinai, Mio Kamitani, Shojiro Nakamura, Aiko Yamauchi and Masaru Yarime

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040594 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10151

Abstract

Universities are under mounting pressure to partner with societal stakeholders and organizations to collaboratively create and implement sustainability-advancing knowledge, tools, and societal transformations. Simultaneously, an increasing number of societal organizations are reaching out to partner with universities to achieve organizational objectives and increase [...] Read more.

Universities are under mounting pressure to partner with societal stakeholders and organizations to collaboratively create and implement sustainability-advancing knowledge, tools, and societal transformations. Simultaneously, an increasing number of societal organizations are reaching out to partner with universities to achieve organizational objectives and increase the effectiveness of strategies to further societal sustainability. Using a conceptual framework of “sustainability co-creation”, this study empirically examines the historical and ongoing experiences of five organizations in Japan that actively partner with universities to enhance sustainability activities and strategies to transform society. We examine motivations for partnering with universities, innovative models of practice, factors hampering the co-creative potential of the university, and desired changes to overcome these. Our empirical study leads to the proposal of a typology that might assist in categorizing and understanding key attributes of differing types of sustainability co-creation. We build our typology from two perspectives: First, in terms of the primary objective of the co-creation (ranging from knowledge production to the transformation of society), and second, in terms of the approach taken (ranging from either socially or technologically-centered). We then reflect on the organizations’ experiences to offer several strategies that could increase the effectiveness of the university when partnering with stakeholders in sustainability co-creation. We also highlight several factors effecting the university’s capacity to move beyond knowledge production towards implementation measures to transform society with external stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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21 pages, 1936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Redistributing Phosphorus in Animal Manure from a Livestock-Intensive Region to an Arable Region: Exploration of Environmental Consequences

by Ola Stedje Hanserud, Kari-Anne Lyng, Jerke W. De Vries, Anne Falk Øgaard and Helge Brattebø

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040595 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7178

Abstract

Specialized agricultural production between regions has led to large regional differences in soil phosphorus (P) over time. Redistribution of surplus manure P from high livestock density regions to regions with arable farming can improve agricultural P use efficiency. In this paper, the central [...] Read more.

Specialized agricultural production between regions has led to large regional differences in soil phosphorus (P) over time. Redistribution of surplus manure P from high livestock density regions to regions with arable farming can improve agricultural P use efficiency. In this paper, the central research question was whether more efficient P use through manure P redistribution comes at a price of increased environmental impacts when compared to a reference system. Secondly, we wanted to explore the influence on impacts of regions with different characteristics. For this purpose, a life cycle assessment was performed and two regions in Norway were used as a case study. Several technology options for redistribution were examined in a set of scenarios, including solid–liquid separation, with and without anaerobic digestion of manure before separation. The most promising scenario in terms of environmental impacts was anaerobic digestion with subsequent decanter centrifuge separation of the digestate. This scenario showed that redistribution can be done with net environmental impacts being similar to or lower than the reference situation, including transport. The findings emphasize the need to use explicit regional characteristics of the donor and recipient regions to study the impacts of geographical redistribution of surplus P in organic fertilizer residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Methods for Environmental Assessment and Policy in Agriculture)

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10 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Method for Short-Term Wind Speed Forecasting

by Jinliang Zhang, YiMing Wei, Zhong-fu Tan, Wang Ke and Wei Tian

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040596 - 12 Apr 2017

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4586

Abstract

The accuracy of short-term wind speed prediction is very important for wind power generation. In this paper, a hybrid method combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), adaptive neural network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and seasonal auto-regression integrated moving average (SARIMA) is presented [...] Read more.

The accuracy of short-term wind speed prediction is very important for wind power generation. In this paper, a hybrid method combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), adaptive neural network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and seasonal auto-regression integrated moving average (SARIMA) is presented for short-term wind speed forecasting. The original wind speed series is decomposed into both periodic and nonlinear series. Then, the ANFIS model is used to catch the nonlinear series and the SARIMA model is applied for the periodic series. Numerical testing results based on two wind sites in South Dakota show the efficiency of this hybrid method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management)

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15 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Ecological Footprints in Northwest China from 2005 to 2014

by Yunhe Yin, Xiang Han and Shaohong Wu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040597 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4001

Abstract

Global change is becoming increasingly evident, and human activities are also causing severe damage to natural resources and the environment. Therefore, it is increasingly important to study regional sustainability in order to guide human decisions and actions. The ecological footprint is a useful [...] Read more.

Global change is becoming increasingly evident, and human activities are also causing severe damage to natural resources and the environment. Therefore, it is increasingly important to study regional sustainability in order to guide human decisions and actions. The ecological footprint is a useful indicator with which to quantify the pressures imposed by humans on natural resources and regional capacities for sustainable development. This paper analyzed the variations in the ecological footprints and capacity for regional development of five provinces in Northwest China in 2005–2014, based on the Wackernagel ecological footprint method, using the standard measurement of the national hectare. The ecological footprints of the five provinces were quite different, mainly because of the differences in arable land and fossil energy resources. The average ecological footprint in Shanxi was relatively high over the study period, at 22,549.86 thousand NHA, which had the greatest demand for natural resources, whereas that of Qinghai was relatively low, at 4163.20 thousand NHA. The ecological footprint in Northwest China increased from 57,770.19 thousand NHA in 2005 to 96,501.66 thousand NHA in 2014, predominantly attributed to the growth of the fossil energy ecological footprint (coal accounted for 72.88%, crude oil accounted for 14.97%, and coke accounted for 6.67%). The changes in the ecological footprint per 10,000 CNY gross domestic product, the ecological footprint diversity index, and the development capacity index in the study period revealed an increase in the comprehensive development capacity in this region, which should improve the regional capacity for sustainable development, but the stability of the eco-economic systems in Shanxi, Ningxia, and Xinjiang require improvement. This analysis provides the reference information for the construction of an ecologically viable civilization in Northwest China and the scientific foundation for the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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19 pages, 5772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Residents’ Preferences of the Land Use Program Surrounding Forest Park, Taiwan

by Chun-Hung Lee and Chiung-Hsin Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040598 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6224

Abstract

This paper aims to build up a preference function to evaluate the public benefits of the type of agricultural farming, biodiversity, water provisions, land use type, ecotourism modes, and a monetary attribute (willingness to pay and willingness to work) associated with an ecosystem [...] Read more.

This paper aims to build up a preference function to evaluate the public benefits of the type of agricultural farming, biodiversity, water provisions, land use type, ecotourism modes, and a monetary attribute (willingness to pay and willingness to work) associated with an ecosystem service and land use program in a forest park. This study used choice experiments to build a random utility model, analyze the average preference for the above land use attributes based on the conditional logit (CL) and used a latent class model to test the residents’ heterogeneous preferences for land use planning in the forest park. We also estimated the welfare derived from various land use programs. The empirical result has shown that: (1) increasing organic farming area, increasing the surface water provision, increasing the area of custom flora, increasing the wetland area, and setting up an integrated framework for ecotourism increase the public’s preference for the land use program; (2) farmer and non-farmers do not have the same land use preferences, attributes, marginal willingness to pay and willingness to work; and (3) the ecotourism development program incorporating biodiversity, organic farming, ethnobotany, and wetland area with integrated ecotourism has the highest values when compared to other land use program scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Forest Management)

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31 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decision Support Tools and Strategies to Simulate Forest Landscape Evolutions Integrating Forest Owner Behaviour: A Review from the Case Studies of the European Project, INTEGRAL

by Christophe Orazio, Rebeca Cordero Montoya, Margot Régolini, José G. Borges, Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo, Susana Barreiro, Brigite Botequim, Susete Marques, Róbert Sedmák, Róbert Smreček, Yvonne Brodrechtová, Vilis Brukas, Gherardo Chirici, Marco Marchetti, Ralf Moshammer, Peter Biber, Edwin Corrigan, Ljusk Ola Eriksson, Matteo Favero, Emil Galev, Geerten M. Hengeveld, Marius Kavaliauskas, Gintautas Mozgeris, Rudolf Navrátil, Maarten Nieuwenhuis, Ivan Paligorov, Davide Pettenella, Andrius Stanislovaitis, Margarida Tomé, Renats Trubins, Ján Tuček, Matteo Vizzarri, Ida Wallin, Hans Pretzsch and Ola Sallnäs Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040599 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8167

Abstract

For forest sustainability and vulnerability assessment, the landscape scale is considered to be more and more relevant as the stand level approaches its known limitations. This review, which describes the main forest landscape simulation tools used in the 20 European case studies of [...] Read more.

For forest sustainability and vulnerability assessment, the landscape scale is considered to be more and more relevant as the stand level approaches its known limitations. This review, which describes the main forest landscape simulation tools used in the 20 European case studies of the European project “Future-oriented integrated management of European forest landscapes” (INTEGRAL), gives an update on existing decision support tools to run landscape simulation from Mediterranean to boreal ecosystems. The main growth models and software available in Europe are described, and the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches are discussed. Trades-offs between input efforts and output are illustrated. Recommendations for the selection of a forest landscape simulator are given. The paper concludes by describing the need to have tools that are able to cope with climate change and the need to build more robust indicators for assessment of forest landscape sustainability and vulnerability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Support for Forest Ecosystem Management Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Natural Gas and Renewable Energy in Curbing Carbon Emission: Case Study of the United States

by Rongrong Li and Min Su

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040600 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 7493

Abstract

This paper adopts the vector auto-regression model (VAR) to study the dynamic effect of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions. Our model is based on a given level of primary energy consumption, economic growth and natural gas consumption in the US, from [...] Read more.

This paper adopts the vector auto-regression model (VAR) to study the dynamic effect of renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions. Our model is based on a given level of primary energy consumption, economic growth and natural gas consumption in the US, from 1990 to 2015. Our results indicate that a long-running equilibrium relationship exists between carbon emissions and four other variables. According to the variance decomposition of carbon dioxide emissions, the use of primary energy has a positive and notable influence on CO₂ emissions, compared to other variables. From the Impulse Response Function (IRF) results, we find that the use of renewable energy would remarkably reduce carbon emissions, despite leading to an increase in emissions in the early stages. Natural gas consumption will have a negative impact on CO₂ emissions in the beginning, but will have only a modest impact on carbon emission reductions in the long run. Finally, our study indicates that the use of renewable forms of energy is an effective solution to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The findings of our study will help policy makers develop energy-saving and emission-reduction policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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21 pages, 488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Sustainability Logic on Carbon Disclosure in the Global Logistics Industry: The Case of DHL, FDX and UPS

by David M. Herold and Ki-Hoon Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040601 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 13242

Abstract

As a significant contributor to carbon emissions, global logistics companies are under scrutiny from various stakeholders, and respond by disclosing carbon-related information in the form of carbon reports. Carbon disclosure is, however, a mainly voluntary practice that allows for a broad range of [...] Read more.

As a significant contributor to carbon emissions, global logistics companies are under scrutiny from various stakeholders, and respond by disclosing carbon-related information in the form of carbon reports. Carbon disclosure is, however, a mainly voluntary practice that allows for a broad range of interpretation from the management field, which leads to different approaches to the measurement and reporting of carbon-related information. From a theoretical perspective, these different carbon-disclosure approaches in global logistics companies can be attributed to the underlying construct of competing logics, namely the market and the sustainability logic. While competing logics are frequently discussed in the current literature, little is known about their influence on shaping carbon-disclosure practices. The aim of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences in the measurement and reporting of carbon-related information in order to capture the underlying logic that drives carbon-disclosure behaviour in the global logistics industry. We adopt an interpretative content analysis approach and examine the carbon-related information using the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) reports of DHL, FDX and UPS. The analysis reveals significant differences in the applied carbon-disclosure strategies, as well as in the degree of transparency between the three companies. The results also indicate that the carbon-disclosure practices of FDX are dominated by a market logic that emphasizes the economic benefits of carbon reductions, while DHL and UPS have prioritized the sustainability logic to gain a competitive advantage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainability Accounting and Management: Selected Papers from the 4th EMAN Africa Conference on Sustainability Accounting & Management (including related invited papers))

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16 pages, 3234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Natural Gas, Heat, and Power Dispatch Considering Wind Power and Power-to-Gas

by Jun Ye and Rongxiang Yuan

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040602 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5656

Abstract

A large amount of wind power has to be curtailed due to the inflexibility of the combined heat and power (CHP) system in the heating season in northern China. The power-to-gas (P2G) technology, which uses electricity to produce hydrogen or synthetic natural gas, [...] Read more.

A large amount of wind power has to be curtailed due to the inflexibility of the combined heat and power (CHP) system in the heating season in northern China. The power-to-gas (P2G) technology, which uses electricity to produce hydrogen or synthetic natural gas, has become a promising energy conversion option for the utilization of surplus power energy. In this paper, an integrated natural gas, heat, and power dispatch (INGHPD) model which balances natural gas, heat, and power demand considering wind power and a P2G unit, is proposed. A natural gas network and P2G are modeled and integrated into the dispatch model. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, an integrated energy system consisting of a six-bus power system, a six-node natural gas system, and a district heating system is simulated. The benefits of P2G are investigated in terms of reducing wind power curtailment, as well as system operation cost and CO₂ emissions. The results in the deterministic model show that with the introduction of 40 MW P2G, the wind power curtailment rate decreases from 24.0% to 9.7%. The daily wind power energy consumed by P2G reaches 256 MWh and the daily CO₂ emissions reduction reaches 46,080 kg. Additionally, the impact of the power and heat demand on the gas production of P2G and of the P2G capacity on the wind power curtailment are also investigated. P2G tends to generate more natural gas when the power demand is low and the heat demand is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Electric Power Systems Research)

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25 pages, 3252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Public Rental Housing Community Based on a Hybrid Method of AHP-Entropy Weight and Cloud Model

by Guangdong Wu ,, Kaifeng Duan, Jian Zuo, Xianbo Zhao and Daizhong Tang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040603 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 85 | Viewed by 9809

Abstract

As an essential part of a city, community is significant to the sustainable development of the city. At present, research on community sustainability assessment systems is relatively scarce. The existing community sustainability assessment systems often lack integrated consideration of community sustainability. For example, [...] Read more.

As an essential part of a city, community is significant to the sustainable development of the city. At present, research on community sustainability assessment systems is relatively scarce. The existing community sustainability assessment systems often lack integrated consideration of community sustainability. For example, these systems especially place emphasis on the ecological and environmental aspects, but the economic and social aspects of sustainability are partially ignored. In order to comprehensively evaluate the sustainability of a community, this paper draws on the “participatory philosophy” and constructs an integrated assessment indicator system that includes five dimensions: environment; economy; society; institution; and culture. On this basis, a new hybrid evaluation method based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight and the cloud model is proposed to evaluate community sustainability. This method combines AHP and the entropy weight method to determine index weight, thus making full use of their respective advantages. At the same time, it makes use of the superiority of the cloud model to transform qualitative remarks into quantitative representations and to reflect fuzziness and randomness. To verify the feasibility of this method, a case study is carried out on the “Minxinjiayuan” public rental housing community in Chongqing, China. The results show that the overall sustainability of the community lies between the “middle” and “good” level, and closer to the “middle” level. The level of the economic and social sustainability is higher than that of the environmental, institutional and cultural sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Assessments of Buildings)

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15 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Public Health Surveillance in India: Using Routinely Collected Electronic Emergency Medical Service Data for Early Warning of Infectious Diseases

by Eva Pilot, Ramana Roa, Biranchi Jena, Boris Kauhl, Thomas Krafft and GVS Murthy

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040604 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10378

Abstract

Infectious disease surveillance, timely detection and early warning of outbreaks present a complex challenge to health authorities in India. Approaches based on the use of unexplored data sources, like emergency medical services (EMS) data, can contribute to the further advancement of public health [...] Read more.

Infectious disease surveillance, timely detection and early warning of outbreaks present a complex challenge to health authorities in India. Approaches based on the use of unexplored data sources, like emergency medical services (EMS) data, can contribute to the further advancement of public health surveillance capacities in India and support and strengthen the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) strategy. This research followed a mixed method approach including a series of semi-structured interviews and fever data analysis of the EMS operating dispatch system in Andra Pradesh, India. In this paper, we explore whether routinely collected EMS health data can improve sustainable infectious disease surveillance and early warning capacity. The result highlights the need for improved surveillance systems for early warning of infectious diseases in India. The data availability at the EMS dispatch centre includes patient data and spatial information and can be used for near real-time analysis. Routine data relevant for health surveillance can be extracted to provide timely health information that supplements and enhances more traditional surveillance mechanisms and thus provides a cost-efficient, near real-time early warning system for the operating states. The designed intervention is sustainable and can improve infectious disease surveillance to potentially help the government officials to appropriately prioritize timely interventions to prevent infectious disease spread. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and responses to population health and urbanization in the 21st century)

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15 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life and Death of Industrial Ecosystems

by Weslynne S. Ashton, Shauhrat S. Chopra and And Rahul Kashyap

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040605 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5427

Abstract

Self-organized industrial ecosystems (SOIEs) refer to communities of firms in diverse industries that spontaneously engage in Industrial Symbiosis (IS); that is, firms independently develop bilateral and multi-lateral interactions involving material, energy, and knowledge sharing for individual and collective benefit. Like biological ecosystems, self-organized [...] Read more.

Self-organized industrial ecosystems (SOIEs) refer to communities of firms in diverse industries that spontaneously engage in Industrial Symbiosis (IS); that is, firms independently develop bilateral and multi-lateral interactions involving material, energy, and knowledge sharing for individual and collective benefit. Like biological ecosystems, self-organized industrial ecosystems must constantly respond to external perturbations. Resilience of SOIEs, or the ability of systems to maintain structure and function in response to perturbations, has been the focus of a few recent studies. However, these studies have only examined the network characteristics for resilience of IS in a static manner. The current study contributes to this emerging literature by examining the dynamics associated with growth (life) and demise (death) of self-organized industrial ecosystems in light of changing network dynamics and external perturbations, with emphasis on material and socio-economic aspects of connectivity between firms. This research is grounded in real world cases, but expands beyond these through hypothetical network models in order to ascertain the network characteristics that lead to more resilient structures and outcomes. A key distinction is made between SOIEs that include an anchor firm versus scavenger firms. The former typically involve a scale-free network structure where new member firms preferentially connect to actors with the most connections, while the latter involve more random, fully-connected networks where new member firms connect with multiple existing actors. The results imply that resilience of SOIEs do not arise from intrinsic properties of the system alone, but from the interplay of network topology with external social and ecological constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diverse Dynamics of Industrial Symbiosis: Emergence and Development)

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22 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality Associated with High Ambient Temperatures, Heatwaves, and the Urban Heat Island in Athens, Greece

by John Paravantis, Mat Santamouris, Constantinos Cartalis, Chrysanthi Efthymiou and Nikoletta Kontoulis

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040606 - 13 Apr 2017

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 9486

Abstract

Abstract: Climate change looms as the biggest threat of the 21st century, and its effect on urban mortality is exacerbated by urban heat islands. This study analyzes the impact of high temperatures, heatwaves, and the urban heat island on the cardiovascular and [...] Read more.

Abstract: Climate change looms as the biggest threat of the 21st century, and its effect on urban mortality is exacerbated by urban heat islands. This study analyzes the impact of high temperatures, heatwaves, and the urban heat island on the cardiovascular and respiratory mortality of people over 65 years of age for the years 2002 to 2012. The area of application is Athens, Greece, an urban agglomeration experiencing an urban heat island of high intensity. The correlation of the daily cardiovascular and respiratory mortality count of people over 65 years of age with various temperature measures confirmed a U-shaped exposure response curve, with fewer deaths in the range of moderate temperatures. At high and very high temperatures, this mortality increased by 20 to 35% correspondingly, at a 99.9% significance level. Mortality was further investigated with ordinary least squares, Poisson, and negative binomial times series models, which, although suffering from poor fit, showed a one-day lag for the maximum temperature effect on mortality. Finally, cluster analysis for observations confined to May to September, confirmed by multiple discriminant analysis, showed the existence of six clusters, with the highest excess mortality count of 23% for the cluster that included the hottest days and 20.6% for the heatwave cluster. To this end, it is recommended that policies target high ambient temperatures and heatwaves as a priority. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Heat Island)

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21 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relating Knowledge and Perceptions of Sustainable Water Management to Preferences for Smart Irrigation Technology

by Dong Hee Suh, Hayk Khachatryan, Alicia Rihn and Michael Dukes

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040607 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4880

Abstract

Water quantity and quality concerns in urban environments have prompted conservation groups, governmental agencies, and policy makers to develop and promote residential water conservation programs, including restrictions on residential landscape irrigation practices and incentives for the adoption of water-efficient appliances. Previous literature links [...] Read more.

Water quantity and quality concerns in urban environments have prompted conservation groups, governmental agencies, and policy makers to develop and promote residential water conservation programs, including restrictions on residential landscape irrigation practices and incentives for the adoption of water-efficient appliances. Previous literature links household characteristics, financial incentives, and demographic characteristics to the adoption of water-efficient appliances and overall water use. However, relatively little attention has been given toward understanding how homeowners’ perceptions and knowledge of smart irrigation technologies affect their preferences or stated purchase likelihood of such irrigation equipment. To address this gap in the literature, this paper identifies perception- and knowledge-related factors that are correlated with the purchase likelihood of smart irrigation controllers. The generalized logit regression model results suggest that knowledge about irrigation systems and residential landscaping are positively correlated with purchase likelihood. Similarly, homeowners’ perceptions about conservation efforts, water restrictions, and their neighbors’ irrigation habits all increase purchase likelihood. Combined with statistically-significant correlations of several socio-demographic variables and purchase likelihood, these results have theoretical and practical implications, which are summarized in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Landscape Management)

21 pages, 10179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Supply Chain Risk via Sustainability Using Big Data Analytics: Evidence from the Manufacturing Supply Chain

by Venkatesh Mani, Catarina Delgado, Benjamin T. Hazen and Purvishkumar Patel

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040608 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 128 | Viewed by 18439

Abstract

The use of big data analytics for forecasting business trends is gaining momentum among professionals. At the same time, supply chain risk management is important for practitioners to consider because it outlines ways through which firms can allay internal and external threats. Predicting [...] Read more.

The use of big data analytics for forecasting business trends is gaining momentum among professionals. At the same time, supply chain risk management is important for practitioners to consider because it outlines ways through which firms can allay internal and external threats. Predicting and addressing the risks that social issues cause in the supply chain is of paramount importance to the sustainable enterprise. The aim of this research is to explore the application of big data analytics in mitigating supply chain social risk and to demonstrate how such mitigation can help in achieving environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The method involves an expert panel and survey identifying and validating social issues in the supply chain. A case study was used to illustrate the application of big data analytics in identifying and mitigating social issues in the supply chain. Our results show that companies can predict various social problems including workforce safety, fuel consumptions monitoring, workforce health, security, physical condition of vehicles, unethical behavior, theft, speeding and traffic violations through big data analytics, thereby demonstrating how information management actions can mitigate social risks. This paper contributes to the literature by integrating big data analytics with sustainability to explain how to mitigate supply chain risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Predictive Analytics for Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residential Fuel Choice in Rural Areas: Field Research of Two Counties of North China

by Jingwen Wu, Bingdong Hou, Ruo-Yu Ke, Yun-Fei Du, Ce Wang, Xiangzheng Li, Jiawei Cai, Tianqi Chen, Meixuan Teng, Jin Liu, Jin-Wei Wang and Hua Liao

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040609 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7327

Abstract

Solid fuels are still widely used in rural China though the living standard has improved greatly. Energy poverty is an obvious indicator of poverty, which has serious effects on economic development, environment, and health. In this paper, we conducted a detailed analysis on [...] Read more.

Solid fuels are still widely used in rural China though the living standard has improved greatly. Energy poverty is an obvious indicator of poverty, which has serious effects on economic development, environment, and health. In this paper, we conducted a detailed analysis on fuel choice and usage behavior of different end-use activities in rural residential energy consumption. Using 717 household observations from micro-survey data in two counties of Shandong and Hebei province in 2016, we find that biomass is the dominant fuel used for cooking among all energy sources despite of obvious decreasing trend in recent years, accounting for 44%. Clean energy used to cook increased markedly with a proportion of nearly 50%. Solar energy is an ordinary fuel used for water heating except for biomass. Almost 90% of households rely on coal for space heating in winter, and one-third of households have space heating for fewer than two months. Ownership of home appliances for basic needs is higher than that for hedonistic needs, and usage behaviors of some appliances are economical. Fuel accessibility of commercial energy have improved noticeably in rural areas, and the high proportion usage of biomass is affected by family income, usage habits, local resources, environmental recognition, education, and age. Since the negative effects of using solid fuels, it is urgent to cleanse biomass, develop new energy, and improve residents’ cognition about the consequences of using solid fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 7th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management)

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13 pages, 1666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Implementation of Green Infrastructure: Relating a General Concept to Context and Site

by Gunilla Lindholm

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040610 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 14086

Abstract

In the quest for more sustainable urban landscape development, the concept of “green infrastructure” (GI) has become central in policy documents and as a multifunctional general planning tool. GI is not, however, a simple and unambiguous solution. While in policy documents there are [...] Read more.

In the quest for more sustainable urban landscape development, the concept of “green infrastructure” (GI) has become central in policy documents and as a multifunctional general planning tool. GI is not, however, a simple and unambiguous solution. While in policy documents there are claims for more and connected GI, actual urban development takes another direction. The densifying imperative is hard to combine with an increased and more connected GI. This paper argues for a critical and diversified approach to the concept of GI, in order to facilitate its implementation in urban planning and management. Any kind of GI will not deliver all ecosystems services in any place, not without land use conflicts, investments and long term operating costs. This calls for a GI concept linked to actors and mediating conflicting values. Linguistic as well as spatial definitions of the two relevant dichotomies of “green-grey” and “public-private” are crucial in GI location, design, construction and management, it is argued. Overarching representations of GI will be needed, but not only pictured as a separate system, but also displayed with necessary integration to the whole urban landscape. Development over time will need an intersectorial implementation and management program. Some of the GI intentions may be implemented in planning processes, some through re-organization and redesign of public space, and some by agreements with landowners. To reach out to implementation in ordinary urban development, GI needs to be described in a way that establishes points of connection to a variety of relevant actors and organizations taking part in implementation of GI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Challenges)

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15 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Diagnosis Accuracy of Hydrothermal Aging Degree of V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ Catalyst in SCR Control System Using an GS–PSO–SVM Algorithm

by Jie Hu, Jiawei Zeng, Li Wei and Fuwu Yan

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040611 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5398

Abstract

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the most effective technologies used for eliminating NO_x from diesel engines. This paper presents a novel method based on a support vector machine (SVM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with grid search (GS) to diagnose [...] Read more.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the most effective technologies used for eliminating NO_x from diesel engines. This paper presents a novel method based on a support vector machine (SVM) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with grid search (GS) to diagnose the degree of aging of the V₂O₅/WO₃–TiO₂ catalyst in the SCR system. This study shows the aging effect on the performance of a NH₃ slip based closed-loop SCR control system under different aging factors (α), which are defined by the SCR reaction rate (

R_{scr}

). A diagnosis of the performance of GS–PSO–SVM has been presented as compared to SVM, GS–SVM and PSO–SVM to get reliable results. The results show that the average prediction diagnosis accuracy of the degree of catalytic aging is up to 93.8%, 93.1%, 92.9% and 92.0% for GS–PSO–SVM, PSO–SVM, GS–SVM and SVM respectively. It is demonstrated that GS–PSO–SVM is able to identify the SCR catalyst’s degree of aging, to ultimately assist with fault tolerance in the aging of the SCR catalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Chemical Engineering and Technology)

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20 pages, 1489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Livelihood Strategies and Implication for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Central Nepal

by Shanta Paudel Khatiwada, Wei Deng, Bikash Paudel, Janak Raj Khatiwada, Jifei Zhang and Yi Su

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040612 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 127 | Viewed by 20868

Abstract

Understanding household livelihood strategies is pivotal to minimize rural poverty in the least developed countries like Nepal. This study is an attempt to assess livelihood strategies pursued by rural households, investigate the most remunerative strategy, and identify the factors that influence a household’s [...] Read more.

Understanding household livelihood strategies is pivotal to minimize rural poverty in the least developed countries like Nepal. This study is an attempt to assess livelihood strategies pursued by rural households, investigate the most remunerative strategy, and identify the factors that influence a household’s choice of better strategies in rural Nepal. Primary data collected in 453 households from three villages of central Nepal are analyzed quantitatively within a sustainable livelihood framework. This study categorized households into five main livelihood strategy groups. The results showed that the majority (61%) of the households diversified their income to non-farm sources. Livelihood diversification to business/enterprise strategies adopted by 16% of the households is the most remunerative strategy followed by commercial farming that includes 13% of the sample and are more relevant to poverty reduction. Land holding, education, agriculture and skill training, access to credit, and proximity to the road and market center are the major influencing factors on the adoption of higher returning livelihood strategies. Stimulating poor households to follow market-oriented farm and non-farm activities by improving access to education, vocational training, rural credit, and rural infrastructures is momentous for reducing poverty in the rural areas of central Nepal. Full article

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24 pages, 8238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Assessment around Malè and Magoodhoo Island (Maldives)

by Pasquale Contestabile, Enrico Di Lauro, Paolo Galli, Cesare Corselli and Diego Vicinanza

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040613 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 11669

Abstract

The Maldives are situated in the remote equatorial Indian Ocean, covering 900 km from north to south. The 26 coral atolls forming the archipelago are composed of sand and coral with a maximum height of about 2.30 m above the mean sea level. [...] Read more.

The Maldives are situated in the remote equatorial Indian Ocean, covering 900 km from north to south. The 26 coral atolls forming the archipelago are composed of sand and coral with a maximum height of about 2.30 m above the mean sea level. Periodic flooding from storm surges and the frequent freshwater scarcity are perceived by the population and the economic operators as the major environmental stresses. Moreover, the strong dependence on imported fossil fuels increases, even more, the environmental concerns. Diesel, in fact, still represents the main source of power generation, typically through privately managed small diesel sets. The real challenge for this area is to promote the environmental quality with socioeconomic growth. The present study aims to evaluate the strategic effectiveness to face these issues by wave and offshore wind energy. Resources using a 10-year hindcast dataset are here examined. The annual offshore wave power was found to range between 8.46 kW/m and 12.75 kW/m, while the 10 m and 100 m mean wind power density is respectively 0.08 kW/m² and 0.16 kW/m². Based on these results, an environmentally and socio-economically sustainable best-case scenario is constructed and two atoll islands (Malè and Magoodhoo) are specifically investigated. As a result, multifunctional structures and multi-use systems, which combine power generation, desalinization and coastal defence, are strongly recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave Energy Converters)

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17 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions of China’s Residential Sector: The Importance of Considering Energy Transition

by Rui Xing, Tatsuya Hanaoka, Yuko Kanamori and Toshihiko Masui

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040614 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5465

Abstract

This study focuses on China’s residential sector and examines energy use growth resulting from income increases and urbanization development. We also look at the energy transition (from primitive fuels to advanced fuels) caused by economic development, as well as the mitigation potential of [...] Read more.

This study focuses on China’s residential sector and examines energy use growth resulting from income increases and urbanization development. We also look at the energy transition (from primitive fuels to advanced fuels) caused by economic development, as well as the mitigation potential of greenhouse gas and air pollutants emissions. Several studies have provided evidence of a positive correlation between income and per capita final energy use at the national level. In addition to income, demographic factors such as household size and education level have also been suggested to have influences on urban energy use. In this study, we consider various socio-economic indicators to analyze their influences on household energy use. Considering the economic and climate diversity across China’s provincial regions, our analysis is based on the 31 provincial regions and examines the emissions pathways of 31 provincial regions. We first apply a multiple linear regression analysis on historical panel data to determine the correlations between socio-economic indicators and domestic energy sources. Next, we use the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM/Enduse) to estimate mitigation potential due to energy transition and sustainable policies. The results suggest that income and education levels are major drivers that have a significant impact on household energy choices both in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, climate and energy resource potential also have an impact on the choices of biomass energy use. Without consideration of energy transition constraints, future estimation of energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions can be greatly overestimated or underestimated depending on the socioeconomic status of the province. It is important to note that the way that we consider energy transition constraints also significantly affects the air pollutants’ emissions of the household sector due to biomass consumption, especially on particulate matter 2.5 microns or less (PM_2.5) emissions. Furthermore, implementation of efficient technologies contributes to achieving China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and brings the co-benefits of air pollutants’ emission reductions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resource–Efficient Homes and Communities)

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12 pages, 2387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjusting Sowing Dates Improved Potato Adaptation to Climate Change in Semiarid Region, China

by Qi Hu, Ning Yang, Feifei Pan, Xuebiao Pan, Xiaoxiao Wang and Pengyu Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040615 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6094

Abstract

Yields of rainfed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in China’s semiarid region are restricted by limited precipitation. Climate change could cause significant fluctuation in the rain-fed agricultural production due to the spatiotemporal changes in temperature and precipitation. As adjusting sowing dates proved to [...] Read more.

Yields of rainfed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in China’s semiarid region are restricted by limited precipitation. Climate change could cause significant fluctuation in the rain-fed agricultural production due to the spatiotemporal changes in temperature and precipitation. As adjusting sowing dates proved to be an important management technique for improving grain yields, we examined how potato production can be improved by altering planting date in China’s semiarid region, thus improving potato adaptation to climate change. Field trials with five target sowing dates (from late April to early June) were carried out in Inner Mongolia, China during four growing seasons (2010–2013), and the effects of sowing dates on potato development, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were estimated. Results showed that although delayed sowing shortened the duration of potato growth period, non-significant thermal time differences after flowering stage was found among the treatments. However, greater precipitation was shown in three intermediate treatments. Potato yield was significantly affected by sowing dates, and intermediate sowing dates showed greater yield compared to the earlier or later sowing dates. Delayed sowing dates significantly improved WUE in a drier year. As for a normal year, earlier sowing dates promoted WUE because of less water consumption, but these increases came at the cost of reducing yields. Under the current climate conditions in the study area, the flexible sowing time for potato was determined as from early May to early June, and optimum sowing time was between 10 May and 27 May. In conclusion, adjusting sowing date affected duration, thermal time, and precipitation over potato growth period, and the optimal sowing date exhibited higher yield by obtaining greater precipitation, which could improve potato adaption to climate change. Full article

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16 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A System-of-Systems Framework for Improved Human, Ecologic and Economic Well-Being

by Ash M. Genaidy, Ronald L. Huston, Dionysios D. Dionysiou and Waldemar Karwowski

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040616 - 15 Apr 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4141

Abstract

“Advances in technology and management not keeping pace with the ever-increasing urban problems” is attributed in this research to the poor understanding of person-focused governance of societal, environmental and economic entities. The objective of this paper is to present an adaptive institutional model [...] Read more.

“Advances in technology and management not keeping pace with the ever-increasing urban problems” is attributed in this research to the poor understanding of person-focused governance of societal, environmental and economic entities. The objective of this paper is to present an adaptive institutional model of person-driven effectiveness and ineffectiveness. The model proposes that human, ecologic and economic outcomes are heavily influenced by a complex system of systems, spanning from individually unique “non-physical influencers” to a broader set of social and environmental influencers that have a common impact on the larger society-environment-economy (SEE) system. At the heart of the model is an analytic formulation that explains the phenomena of non-physical blocker, enhancer and indifferent, which are responsible for the adaptation and maladaptation of social agents and, accordingly, for the sustainability and unsustainability of SEE systems. Examples are provided to illustrate the model applications: (a) the non-physical and maladaptive syndromes as antecedents of multi-morbidity; and (b) the broadened and narrowed minds as sources of sustainability and unsustainability at the SEE system level within the context of emerging technologies such as engineered nanomaterials. Full article

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18 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy R&D towards Sustainability: A Panel Analysis of Government Budget for Energy R&D in OECD Countries (1974–2012)

by Inkyoung Sun and So Young Kim

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040617 - 15 Apr 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5948

Abstract

Energy transition is one of the greatest challenges for sustainability. However, the overall composition of the world energy supply has not changed much since the late 1970s, with fossil fuels providing 81% of the world’s total primary energy supply. While political leaders increasingly [...] Read more.

Energy transition is one of the greatest challenges for sustainability. However, the overall composition of the world energy supply has not changed much since the late 1970s, with fossil fuels providing 81% of the world’s total primary energy supply. While political leaders increasingly call for proactive policies to innovate the energy sector in the face of climate change, governments around the world commit vastly different levels of budgets to energy R&D. This research examines the potential determinants of cross-national variations in government budget allocations for energy R&D with three perspectives. With the panel data analysis of OECD countries (1974–2012), we check the supply-side, demand-side, and institutional factors inducing government investment in R&D for energy in general as well as for renewable energy. Among the multitude of factors tested in our analysis, gross domestic R&D expenditure, refinery output, and the rightist orientation of the governing party show significantly positive influences on government R&D budgets for energy in general. However, refinery output shows the negative effect on government R&D budget for renewables. This contrasting finding about the impact of refinery output on government investment in energy R&D in general vs. renewable energy R&D suggests that policymakers and scholars need to better appreciate the complex roles of the oil sector in driving public R&D investment in energy. It also calls for more proactive renewable energy policy to make progress towards sustainable energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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8 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Large-Scale Screening of Intact Tomato Seeds for Viability Using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)

by Ho-Sun Lee, Young-Ah Jeon, Young-Yi Lee, Gi-An Lee, Sebastin Raveendar and Kyung Ho Ma

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040618 - 15 Apr 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4455

Abstract

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-destructive and rapid analytical method, was used to examine the possibility of replacing a method for the large-scale screening of tomato seed viability. A total of 368 tomato seed samples were used for development and validation of [...] Read more.

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-destructive and rapid analytical method, was used to examine the possibility of replacing a method for the large-scale screening of tomato seed viability. A total of 368 tomato seed samples were used for development and validation of an NIRS calibration model. The accelerating aging method (98 ± 2% R.H., 40 °C) was employed for preparation of a calibration set (n = 268) and a validation set (n = 100) with wider seed viability. Among the tomato NIRS calibration models tested, the modified partial least square (MPLS) regression produced the best equation model. Specifically, this model produced a higher RSQ (0.9446) and lower SEC (6.5012) during calibration and a higher 1-VR (0.9194) and lower SECV (7.8264) upon cross-validation compared to the other regression methods (PLS, PCR) tested in this study. Additionally, the SD/SECV was 3.53, which was greater than the criterion point of 3. External validation of this NIRS equation revealed a significant correlation between reference values and NIRS-estimated values based on the coefficient of determination (R2), the standard error of prediction (SEP (C)), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD = SD/SEP (C)), which were 0.94, 6.57, and 3.96, respectively. The external validation demonstrated that this model had predictive accuracy in tomato, indicating that it has the potential to replace the germination test. Full article

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15 pages, 5720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Limitation of Coastal Dykes in Jakarta: The Need for Prioritizing Actions against Land Subsidence

by Hiroshi Takagi, Daisuke Fujii, Miguel Esteban and Xiong Yi

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040619 - 16 Apr 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 13534

Abstract

Jakarta has been experiencing severe land subsidence over the last few decades. A questionnaire survey of local inhabitants revealed that seawater is already overtopping coastal dykes and flooding a vulnerable community along Jakarta’s waterfront. The present study projects coastal floods around Jakarta until [...] Read more.

Jakarta has been experiencing severe land subsidence over the last few decades. A questionnaire survey of local inhabitants revealed that seawater is already overtopping coastal dykes and flooding a vulnerable community along Jakarta’s waterfront. The present study projects coastal floods around Jakarta until the year 2050 to understand the long term effectiveness of proposed dykes under continuing rapid land subsidence scenarios. This is done through a hydrodynamic model that considers land subsidence, sea-level rise, and tides. The analysis confirms that, if high enough, coastal dykes will help to prevent flooding, though their effectiveness will eventually disappear as land subsidence continues. For example, a 3-m dyke, which is expected to be sufficiently high to cope with present-day conditions, could completely lose its ability to stop floods by the year 2040. Moreover, higher dykes can also bring about other problems, because if they are overtopped, they actually prolong flooding, essentially trapping a higher volume of water inland. On the other hand, a small 1-m dyke can be expected to stop coastal floods if land subsidence can be stopped. This study demonstrates that actions to stop land subsidence would be the most effective countermeasure to mitigate coastal floods from the middle of the 21st century onwards, emphasizing the need to prioritize such actions among the range of countermeasures being proposed for Jakarta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Assessment of Refining Enterprises Using a DEA-Based Model

by Hui Li, Kangyin Dong, Renjin Sun, Jintao Yu and Jinhong Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040620 - 16 Apr 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5843

Abstract

As one of the basic industries supporting the national economy development and energy demand, the refining industry is expected to provide combustion energy, reduce pollution emission, and improve utilization efficiency. With more stringent requirement for environmental protection, refining enterprises have to insist on [...] Read more.

As one of the basic industries supporting the national economy development and energy demand, the refining industry is expected to provide combustion energy, reduce pollution emission, and improve utilization efficiency. With more stringent requirement for environmental protection, refining enterprises have to insist on the sustainable development to achieve industrial optimization. Evaluation of the sustainability of enterprises can help them understand their situation more objectively and guide them to establish modes for sustainable development. In this study, the evaluation system is firstly built from perspectives of economic, ecological, and social sustainability, including six second-grade indexes and seventeen third-grade indexes, which can accurately reflect the entire sustainability contents of refining enterprises. Then, a DEA-based model is constructed, which selects seven input indexes (e.g., the asset–liability ratio and comprehensive energy consumption per unit of output) and nine output indexes (e.g., return on assets, asset turnover, and science and technology investment strength). The DEA-based model can not only objectively evaluate the sustainability level, but also find out the restriction factors for further optimization. Third, to demonstrate the validity of the model, 15 enterprises are selected for case studies, among which only four are identified as having strong sustainability. For the other 11 enterprises, projection analyses are implemented, and the DMU values of three enterprises characterized by low efficiency are adjusted to find out the restriction factors, which reflect the model’s efficiency and its potentially wide application in the future. Finally, specific suggestions are proposed for the enhancement of sustainability of refining enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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15 pages, 5543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Respiration Response to Long-Term Freezing Saline Water Irrigation with Plastic Mulching in Coastal Saline Plain

by Xiaoguang Li, Kai Guo, Xiaohui Feng, Haiman Liu and Xiaojing Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040621 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4183

Abstract

The technology of freezing saline water irrigation (FSWI) with plastic mulching has been regarded as an effective way to reclaim the highly saline soil in coastal plains, which enabled the growth of crops in heavy saline soil that was not suitable for any [...] Read more.

The technology of freezing saline water irrigation (FSWI) with plastic mulching has been regarded as an effective way to reclaim the highly saline soil in coastal plains, which enabled the growth of crops in heavy saline soil that was not suitable for any crop growth before. However, after long-term treatment with FSWI, the microenvironment of the soil has been found to be affected by the growth of crops, which will directly influence the balance of soil carbon emissions. In this study, the characteristics of soil respiration in a typical saline field (planted with cotton) under four treatments (FSWI in Winter with plastic mulching, FSWI + Mulch; FSWI in Winter without plastic mulching, FSWI; plastic mulching in Spring without FSWI, mulch; no plastic mulching and no FSWI, CK) were investigated between June and November from 2015 to 2016. The results suggested that the soil surface temperature was an important factor that affected the soil respiration rate in each treatment during the growth period of cotton. FSWI + Mulch can reduce the soil surface salinity to 0.4% during the seedling stage, which increased the survival rate and the abundance of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the cotton field and subsequently increased soil respiration. By examining the effects of FWSI and mulching on soil respiration and its influencing factors, this study provides practical and theoretical insight into the sustainable development of agriculture in coastal saline plains. Full article

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12 pages, 580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adjustable Green Defaults Can Help Make Smart Homes More Sustainable

by Nicole D. Sintov and P. Wesley Schultz

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040622 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9925

Abstract

Smart home technologies offer exciting opportunities to promote more efficient uses of energy. For instance, programmable thermostats, centralized lighting controls, and rooftop solar panels all have potential for energy conservation and efficiency. However, these technologies alone will not guarantee energy savings. Whereas previous [...] Read more.

Smart home technologies offer exciting opportunities to promote more efficient uses of energy. For instance, programmable thermostats, centralized lighting controls, and rooftop solar panels all have potential for energy conservation and efficiency. However, these technologies alone will not guarantee energy savings. Whereas previous research on smart homes has focused on the technologies themselves, relatively little work has addressed the factors that shape the human-technology interface. In this review paper, we argue that in order to ensure any savings, smart home technologies must first be adopted by end-users, and once adopted, they must be used in ways that promote energy efficiency. We focus on three areas of behavioral research with implications for smart home technologies: (1) defaults; (2) perceived adjustability or control; and (3) trust in automation. Linking these areas, we propose a new concept for improving the efficiency gains of smart homes. First, although smart device controls can help save energy, considerably larger energy efficiency gains can be realized through smart automation. But importantly, the default settings of systems should be “green”, to maximize energy savings. Second, many people have concerns around relinquishing decision-making to technologies, which can reduce the likelihood of adoption. People want to be, or at least to feel, in control of their homes, even if they do not adjust settings post-installation. Further, consumer trust in technologies encourages adoption in the first place; trust also impacts consumer interactions with installed devices and can impact default acceptance. Combining these concepts, we recommend that smart home technologies build consumer trust and come pre-programmed with adjustable green defaults, which permit consumers to change initial green settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advent of Smart Homes)

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28 pages, 11437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early-Stage Design Considerations for the Energy-Efficiency of High-Rise Office Buildings

by Babak Raji, Martin J. Tenpierik and Andy Van den Dobbelsteen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040623 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11211

Abstract

Decisions made at early stages of the design are of the utmost importance for the energy-efficiency of buildings. Wrong decisions and design failures related to a building’s general layout, shape, façade transparency or orientation can increase the operational energy tremendously. These failures can [...] Read more.

Decisions made at early stages of the design are of the utmost importance for the energy-efficiency of buildings. Wrong decisions and design failures related to a building’s general layout, shape, façade transparency or orientation can increase the operational energy tremendously. These failures can be avoided in advance through simple changes in the design. Using extensive parametric energy simulations by DesignBuilder, this paper investigates the impact of geometric factors for the energy-efficiency of high-rise office buildings in three climates contexts: Amsterdam (Temperate), Sydney (Sub-tropical) and Singapore (Tropical). The investigation is carried out on 12 plan shapes, 7 plan depths, 4 building orientations and discrete values for window-to-wall ratio. Among selected options, each sub-section determines the most efficient solution for different design measures and climates. The optimal design solution is the one that minimises, on an annual basis, the sum of the energy use for heating, cooling, electric lighting and fans. The results indicate that the general building design is an important issue to consider for high-rise buildings: they can influence the energy use up to 32%. For most of the geometric factors, the greatest difference between the optimal and the worst solution occurs in the sub-tropical climate, while the tropical climate is the one that shows the smallest difference. In case of the plan depth, special attention should be paid in the case of a temperate climate, as the total energy use can increase more than in other climates. Regarding energy performance, the following building geometry factors have the highest to lowest influence: building orientation, plan shape, plan depth, and window-to-wall ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture and Design)

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14 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Firm Characteristics and the Disclosure of Sustainability Reporting

by Mao-Chang Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040624 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 9136

Abstract

Stakeholder theory is a major approach to research on sustainability management. Firm characteristics, including corporate governance and business characteristics, can be represented in terms of their effects on stakeholders. In this study, a multi-regression model is used to examine the relationship between firm [...] Read more.

Stakeholder theory is a major approach to research on sustainability management. Firm characteristics, including corporate governance and business characteristics, can be represented in terms of their effects on stakeholders. In this study, a multi-regression model is used to examine the relationship between firm characteristics and the disclosure of sustainability reporting for the Taiwan 50 Index-listed companies. Least-squares regression, panel data regression, and logistic regression analyses are applied. The results show that seven corporate governance and business characteristics, namely the size of the board of directors, ratio of independent directors, audit committee, ratio of export income, percentage of foreign shareholders’ holdings, fixed asset staleness, and firm growth are positively related to the disclosure of sustainability reporting, whereas the percentage of director holdings and stock price per share are negatively related to the disclosure of sustainability reporting. This study supports the notion that stakeholder involvement is related to the disclosure of sustainability reporting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

27 pages, 1850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Household Waste Separation Behaviour: Testing the Roles of Moral, Past Experience, and Perceived Policy Effectiveness within the Theory of Planned Behaviour

by Lin Xu, Maoliang Ling, Yujie Lu and Meng Shen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040625 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 190 | Viewed by 21936

Abstract

Due to the increasing waste generation over the years in China, there is an urgent need to addressing this major problem by implementing effective household waste separation programs. Although past studies have tried to explain the waste behaviour from social and psychological motivations, [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing waste generation over the years in China, there is an urgent need to addressing this major problem by implementing effective household waste separation programs. Although past studies have tried to explain the waste behaviour from social and psychological motivations, there is little understanding as to the impact of individual moral obligation and past experience on forming waste separating intention. The aim of this study is to investigate key determinants influencing household waste separation intention and behaviour. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model, we designed a survey questionnaire by taking account of determinants including residents’ attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, moral obligation, past behaviour, and demographic factors, with the prediction of household waste separation behaviour in mind. After obtaining 628 valid questionnaires from households in the city of Hangzhou, the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of each construct. The results indicate that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, past behaviour and intention significantly predict household waste separation behaviour, with past behaviour being the most significant construct to predict individuals’ intention and behaviour. Additional analysis on the moderating effect of different kinds of people in terms of their genders, ages, income levels and perceived policy effectiveness, to further evoke household waste separation behaviours is also discussed. The findings suggest insightful future policies that can focus on residents’ habit formation by providing the convenient location of waste separation and collection facilities, encouraging market-driven recycling programs and traders, promoting community campaigns and education which help residents to form favourable habits for protecting the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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15 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expert Evaluation of Subsidies for the Management of Fragmented Private Forest in Regards to National Biodiversity Goals—The Case of Kochi Prefecture, Japan

by Dennis Gain and Tsunemi Watanabe

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040626 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

This paper presents an expert evaluation of the subsidy scheme for private forest plantations in Kami City, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, to determine whether the twelve currently available subsidies are designed to realize national biodiversity goals. Subsidies for forestry practices are often criticized for [...] Read more.

This paper presents an expert evaluation of the subsidy scheme for private forest plantations in Kami City, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, to determine whether the twelve currently available subsidies are designed to realize national biodiversity goals. Subsidies for forestry practices are often criticized for rarely achieving planned outcomes and for environmental threats. Threats to natural balance of private forest have been observed in Kochi Prefecture, suggesting that current forestry subsidies may not be achieving national objectives. The utilization objectives, type of management, requirements, area, intensity, and subsidy rates were contrasted to the three forest multifunctionality objectives of the National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan (NBSJ) 2012–2020, to identify subsidy weaknesses. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted in the study site, as well as Bavaria, Germany and Steiermark, Austria, to get a big picture of how experts in these comparable management areas evaluate the Kochi subsidy scheme. Analyses were performed based on a combination of framework analysis and constant comparison analysis. It was found that realization of vertical multifunctionality is hindered due to lack of site-specific management. A six-point proposal for restructuring the subsidy scheme, leaned on results, and the Bavarian subsidy scheme was made. To improve vertical multi-functionality, subsidy schemes should focus on forest owner integration and site-specific, long-term oriented forest works. Full article

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15 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperative Downlink Listening for Low-Power Long-Range Wide-Area Network

by Byoungwook Kim and Kwang-il Hwang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040627 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6827

Abstract

Recently, the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications has become more active with the emergence of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), which has the advantages of low-power and long communication distance. Among the various LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN, or LoRa) [...] Read more.

Recently, the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications has become more active with the emergence of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), which has the advantages of low-power and long communication distance. Among the various LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN, or LoRa) is considered as the most mature technology. However, since LoRa performs uplink-oriented communication to increase energy efficiency, there is a restriction on the downlink function from the network server to the end devices. In this paper, we propose cooperative downlink listening to solve the fundamental problem of LoRa. In particular, the proposed scheme can be extended to various communication models such as groupcasting and geocasting by combining with the data-centric model. Experiments also show that the proposed technology not only significantly reduces network traffic compared to the LoRa standard, but also guarantees maximum energy efficiency of the LoRa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced IT based Future Sustainable Computing)

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9 pages, 1640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Biogeophysical Effects of Revegetation around Mining Areas: A Case Study of Dongsheng Mining Areas in Inner Mongolia

by Guoqing Chen, Mingjiu Wang, Zhengjia Liu and Wenfeng Chi

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040628 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4216

Abstract

The biogeophysical effects of land cover change (LCC) on land surface temperature are largely understood, especially in tropical and boreal zones, but fewer studies have reported the biogeophysical consequences of ecological restoration of mining areas located in arid and semi-arid temperate zones. In [...] Read more.

The biogeophysical effects of land cover change (LCC) on land surface temperature are largely understood, especially in tropical and boreal zones, but fewer studies have reported the biogeophysical consequences of ecological restoration of mining areas located in arid and semi-arid temperate zones. In this study, we employed 2000–2015 satellite-based net radiation (Rn) and latent heat flux (LE) data from mining areas (taking Dongsheng in Inner Mongolia as an example) and adjacent ecological restoration areas to understand the biogeophysical effect of revegetation around mining areas. The results showed that revegetation increased Rn (0.25 ± 0.17 W/m²) and LE (0.43 ± 0.26 W/m²). The warming effect of increased Rn (∆Rn), however, was completely offset by the cooling effect of increased LE (∆LE), thus revegetation caused an overall cooling effect of −0.18 ± 0.17 W/m². Land surface temperature (LST) from mining areas and adjacent ecological restoration areas also showed that revegetation decreased LST (∆LST being −0.2 ± 0.1 K). The difference of ∆Rn and ∆LE explained 27% of the ∆LST variations. These findings reinforce our understanding for the potential climatic benefits of the ecological restoration around mining areas in arid and semi-arid temperate zones. Full article

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17 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Dynamics of Reclaimed Coal Mine Soil under Agricultural Use: A Chronosequence Study in the Dongtan Mining Area, Shandong Province, China

by Jun-Feng Qu, Yu-Le Hou, Meng-Yu Ge, Kun Wang, Shu Liu, Shao-Liang Zhang, Gang Li and Fu Chen

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040629 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4833

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an essential role in the early stages of pedogenisis and ecological restoration in reclaimed mine soils. Dynamic changes in the SOC content are essential for assessing the quality of reclaimed mine soils and the effect of ecological restoration. [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an essential role in the early stages of pedogenisis and ecological restoration in reclaimed mine soils. Dynamic changes in the SOC content are essential for assessing the quality of reclaimed mine soils and the effect of ecological restoration. To objectively assess the carbon dynamics of reclaimed soils, we selected the surface (0–20 cm) soil of farmland under agricultural use (soybean–wheat rotation) from a reclamation chronosequence (R4: 4 years of reclamation, R7: 7 years of reclamation, R10: 10 years of reclamation and R13: 13 years of reclamation) in the Dongtan Mining Area, Shandong Province, China. The adjacent normal, unaffected farmland was used as a control (CK). The results showed that the SOC content gradually increased with the reclamation age until it reached 7.98 g·kg⁻¹ for R13, which accounted for 76% of that of the CK. However, the total carbon contents of the reclaimed soils did not significantly differ from and even appeared higher than that of the CK. This is mainly because the inorganic carbon contents of the reclaimed soils ranged from 2.98 to 12.61 g·kg⁻¹, all of which were significantly higher than the 0.87 g·kg⁻¹ obtained for the CK. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content and the microbial quotient significantly increased with the reclamation age of the soil, and both parameters were markedly higher for R13 than for the CK. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content and its ratio to the SOC were significantly higher for R4–R13 than for the CK and DOC/SOC gradually decreased with the reclamation age. Both the reclamation age and the temperature had positive effects on the soil basal respiration (SBR). The SBR rate constantly increased with the reclamation age and was markedly higher at 25 °C than at 15 °C. The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of the SBR showed a clearly decreasing trend for the reclamation chronosequence, but its value remained higher for R13 than for the CK (2.37). The metabolic quotient constantly decreased with the reclamation age, which suggests that the survival pressure imposed on soil microbes by the soil environment gradually decreased. These results indicate that it takes a long time for organic carbon to accumulate in reclaimed mine soil and that rational agricultural use contributes to sustained improvement of the quality of reclaimed soil. Full article

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17 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Irrigation Strategies for Improved Agricultural Water Productivity in Irrigated Maize Production through Crop Simulation Modelling

by Geneille E. Greaves and Yu-Min Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040630 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5848

Abstract

Identifying irrigation strategies that improve agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) have a pivotal role to play in sustainable water development. In this study, the AquaCrop model was used to examine the impact of different irrigation scheduling options on yields to identify viable strategies [...] Read more.

Identifying irrigation strategies that improve agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) have a pivotal role to play in sustainable water development. In this study, the AquaCrop model was used to examine the impact of different irrigation scheduling options on yields to identify viable strategies to enhance WUE for irrigated maize. Two scheduling scenarios at water application depths ranging from 20 to 50 mm were investigated: schedules based on allowable depletion of total available water (TAW) in the root zone and interval schedules based on irrigating at predefined daily intervals. For both scenarios, simulated yields, seasonal water applied and percent percolation loss were within the range of 9.16 to 10.22 ton/ha, 180 to 950 mm and 0–61%, respectively. The WUE in terms of water applied (WUE_Irr) and crop evapotranspiration (WUE_ET) ranged from 1.07 to 5.48 kg/m³ and 2.42 to 4.42 kg/m³, respectively. The results revealed that depletion levels of 40–50% TAW at water depths of 20–40 mm could be used to obtain high WUE without significant yield penalty. Moreover, a good balance between yield, improved WUE_ET and percolation reduction was observed at water depths of 30–40 mm for daily intervals with water applied during the vegetative-reproductive stage of 7–5, 10–5 and 10–7. The identified strategies can contribute to the development of best management practices for water conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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16 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Good Governance Relate to Quality of Life?

by Ana Cárcaba, Eduardo González, Juan Ventura and Rubén Arrondo

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040631 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8325

Abstract

This paper explores the relationship between the practices of good governance and the quality of life at the municipal level in Spain. A composite indicator of the quality of life of 393 Spanish municipalities in 2011 is estimated using varied statistical information. For [...] Read more.

This paper explores the relationship between the practices of good governance and the quality of life at the municipal level in Spain. A composite indicator of the quality of life of 393 Spanish municipalities in 2011 is estimated using varied statistical information. For this purpose, we follow a benefit of the doubt approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis. Then three dimensions of good governance are considered: transparency, participation, and accountability. The results show a significant positive relationship between quality of life and participation and financial accountability. However, transparency seems to be unrelated to quality of life. Full article

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10 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Performance Evaluation Study of Human Resources in Low-Carbon Logistics Enterprises

by Qunzhen Qu, Wenjing Wang, Mengxue Tang, Youhu Lu, Sang-Bing Tsai, Jiangtao Wang, Guodong Li and Chih-Lang Yu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040632 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5115

Abstract

With China’s rapid economic development, restructuring the economy will require a development model based on high-to-low carbon transition. The development of logistics enterprises has its own characteristics associated with the trend of low carbon. This article discusses the significance of structuring a human [...] Read more.

With China’s rapid economic development, restructuring the economy will require a development model based on high-to-low carbon transition. The development of logistics enterprises has its own characteristics associated with the trend of low carbon. This article discusses the significance of structuring a human resource performance evaluation system for low-carbon logistics enterprises. We used an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and triangle-definite weighted functions as the technology platform to determine the performance evaluation and measure corporate status quo. The results can serve as a reference for companies to make the best talent decisions and achieve long-term development strategies. In addition, this study helps to make up for a lack of relevant research in this area. Full article

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17 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Regional Inequality from Sectoral Structure, Spatial Policy and Economic Development: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

by Xiaosu Ye, Lie Ma, Kunhui Ye, Jiantao Chen and Qiu Xie

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040633 - 17 Apr 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6599

Abstract

Inequality is a large challenge to sustainable development, and achieving equity has already become one of the top goals in sustainable development of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda. Located in the western inland region of China, Chongqing is characterized by “big city, big [...] Read more.

Inequality is a large challenge to sustainable development, and achieving equity has already become one of the top goals in sustainable development of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda. Located in the western inland region of China, Chongqing is characterized by “big city, big countryside, big mountain area, big reservoir area” and its regional inequality is more serious. This paper is to explore Chongqing’s regional inequality from sectoral structure, spatial policy and economic development by constructing, decomposing, and calculating the inter-county per capita GDP Gini Coefficient. Through this study, it is mainly found that: (1) Chongqing has experienced a dynamic evolution from unbalanced development to balanced development, and its regional inequality has been decreasing steadily in recent years; (2) the Tertiary Sector gradually contributes most to regional inequality; (3) inequality between regions is the main section of regional inequality; (4) the spatial policy as per regional division of Five Function Areas is more rational than the division of the main urban and suburb areas; and (5) economic development is the best way to reduce the regional inequality. Based on the results of empirical study and the reality of Chongqing, targeted and systematic policy suggestions are proposed to reduce regional inequality and promote sustainable development. Full article

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13 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of China’s Carbon Emissions Base on Carbon Flow in Four Main Sectors: 2000–2013

by Xin Li, Xiandan Cui and Minxi Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040634 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4630

Abstract

Reducing carbon emissions is a major way to achieve green development and sustainability for China’s future. This paper elaborates the detailed features of China’s carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and shows the changing characteristics of China’s CO₂ flow [...] Read more.

Reducing carbon emissions is a major way to achieve green development and sustainability for China’s future. This paper elaborates the detailed features of China’s carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and shows the changing characteristics of China’s CO₂ flow from the viewpoint of specific sectors and energies from 2000 and 2013. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2013, China’s CO₂ emissions approximately grew by 9% annually, while the CO₂ intensity of China diminished at different rates. (2) The CO₂ emissions from the secondary industry are prominent from the perspective of four main sectors, accounting for 83.5% of emissions. Manufacturing plays an important part in the secondary industry with 45% of the emissions, in which the “smelting and pressing of metal” takes up a large percentage of about 50% of the emissions from manufacturing. (3) The CO₂ emissions produced by coal consumption are dominant in energy-related emissions with a contribution of 65%, which will decrease in the future. (4) From the aspect of different sectors, the CO₂ emissions mainly come from the “electricity and heating” sector and the “smelting, pressing and manufacturing of metals” sub-sector. It is essential and urgent to propose concrete recommendations for CO₂ emissions mitigation. Firstly, the progression of creative technology is inevitable and undeniable. Secondly, the government should make different CO₂ emissions reduction policies among different sectors. For example, the process emissions play an important role in “non-metallic minerals” while in “smelting and manufacturing of metals” it is energy emissions. Thirdly, the country can change the energy structure and promote renewable energy that is powered by wind or other low-carbon energy sources. Alternatively, coke oven gas can be a feasible substitution. Finally, policy makers should be aware that the emissions from residents have been growing at a fast rate. It is effective to involve the public in energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, such as reducing the time of personal transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Duration Prediction Using a Material-Based Progress Management Methodology for Construction Operation Plans

by Yongho Ko and Seungwoo Han

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040635 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5611

Abstract

Precise and accurate prediction models for duration and cost enable contractors to improve their decision making for effective resource management in terms of sustainability in construction. Previous studies have been limited to cost-based estimations, but this study focuses on a material-based progress management [...] Read more.

Precise and accurate prediction models for duration and cost enable contractors to improve their decision making for effective resource management in terms of sustainability in construction. Previous studies have been limited to cost-based estimations, but this study focuses on a material-based progress management method. Cost-based estimations typically used in construction, such as the earned value method, rely on comparing the planned budget with the actual cost. However, accurately planning budgets requires analysis of many factors, such as the financial status of the sectors involved. Furthermore, there is a higher possibility of changes in the budget than in the total amount of material used during construction, which is deduced from the quantity take-off from drawings and specifications. Accordingly, this study proposes a material-based progress management methodology, which was developed using different predictive analysis models (regression, neural network, and auto-regressive moving average) as well as datasets on material and labor, which can be extracted from daily work reports from contractors. A case study on actual datasets was conducted, and the results show that the proposed methodology can be efficiently used for progress management in construction. Full article

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20 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability and Risk Disclosure: An Exploratory Study on Sustainability Reports

by Elisa Truant, Laura Corazza and Simone Domenico Scagnelli

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040636 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 17180

Abstract

Recent policy changes in sustainability reporting, such as the ones related to the new European Directive on non-financial disclosure (2014/95/EU), the standards issued by the American Sustainability Accounting Standard Board (SASB), the G4 guidelines issued by the Global Sustainability Standard Board (GSSB), and [...] Read more.

Recent policy changes in sustainability reporting, such as the ones related to the new European Directive on non-financial disclosure (2014/95/EU), the standards issued by the American Sustainability Accounting Standard Board (SASB), the G4 guidelines issued by the Global Sustainability Standard Board (GSSB), and the framework of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) stress the importance of extending the disclosure of ethical, social, and environmental risks within financial and social-environmental reporting. Institutional pressure has notably increased among organizations, in setting up risk management tools to understand sustainability risks within managerial and reporting practices. Given such institutional pressure, the corporate reaction in providing additional sustainability risk disclosure calls for attention and scrutiny. Therefore, this study aims at addressing such issues from an exploratory perspective. We based our analysis on a sample of large Italian organizations that issued sustainability disclosure in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), G4 guidelines, and we tested the relationship between their level of risk disclosure and other relevant variables. Consistently with the literature, we found that “experienced” sustainable reporters provide a significant volume of disclosure, and that disclosure quality on risk is positively influenced by their international presence and reporting experience. However, when accounting for specific risk-related areas of disclosure, only a few of them seem to adopt a managerial perspective linking strategy, risk metrics, and disclosure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainability Accounting and Management: Selected Papers from the 4th EMAN Africa Conference on Sustainability Accounting & Management (including related invited papers))

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18 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Green Growth Efficiency for Chinese Manufacturing Industries

by Ying Qu, Ying Yu, Andrea Appolloni, Mengru Li and Yue Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040637 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 6657

Abstract

As a pillar industry in supporting Chinese economy, Chinese manufacturing industry consumes a large amount of energy and causes serious environmental pollutants. Better understanding the greening level of manufacturing industry is important to promote its green growth. Hence first this study, measures the [...] Read more.

As a pillar industry in supporting Chinese economy, Chinese manufacturing industry consumes a large amount of energy and causes serious environmental pollutants. Better understanding the greening level of manufacturing industry is important to promote its green growth. Hence first this study, measures the green growth efficiency for Chinese manufacturing industries by applying the EBM measuring model; second, to better understand the differences and similarity in green growth among those industries, this study categorizes those industries into different types by using cluster analysis. The result shows that within the past nine years, green growth efficiency value for Chinese manufacturing industries rises steadily year by year, and Chinese manufacturing industries have huge promotion potentials in resource saving and environment pollutant reduction. And the characteristics of each different type are analyzed. Finally, policies and suggestions are put forward to promote the green growth of manufacturing industries in China. This study objectively evaluates the green growth level of Chinese manufacturing industry, which is helpful to understand the status quo and also explore green growth path for Chinese manufacturing industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 6727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peri-Urban Matters. Changing Olive Growing Patterns in Central Italy

by Anna Laura Palazzo and Ottavia Aristone

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040638 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6662

Abstract

For centuries, olive growing has played a major role in the central regions of Italy, with hectares of olive groves surrounding hill towns and hamlets as part of a strong deep-rooted farming tradition. With reference to Lazio and Abruzzo, this article makes use [...] Read more.

For centuries, olive growing has played a major role in the central regions of Italy, with hectares of olive groves surrounding hill towns and hamlets as part of a strong deep-rooted farming tradition. With reference to Lazio and Abruzzo, this article makes use of historical documentation, geographical surveys and in-depth interviews with professionals and experts, in order to provide evidence of how olive growing, once of the mixed type, now with specialized cultivations, has somehow challenged the structural features of traditional landscapes. In some cases, this ancient farming tradition has been awarded the ‘Protected Designation of Origin Brand’ according to strict technical production policies. Besides intensive crops, today also practiced on flat ground, for some years now, olive trees have been cultivated by ‘hobby farmers’. This is frequent in fringe areas, threatened by urban sprawl, within small plots belonging to detached family homes conferring a sense of rural ‘revival’. Whether all these diverse settlement patterns are socially and economically sustainable is debatable. Definitely, such persistence in land use, which now and again can be read even as a material survival of certain tree specimens, allows for olive farming as an enduring cultural practice in the face of increasing urbanization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Development)

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13 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring the Economic Impact of Rural Tourism Membership on Local Economy: A Korean Case Study

by Hio-Jung Shin, Hyun No Kim and Jae-Young Son

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040639 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6435

Abstract

The implementation of rural tourism membership can aid in boosting economic growth in rural areas. This study examines households’ preferences for rural tourism experience in association with sales of local agricultural products. Using a choice experiment method developed by experimental designs, this paper [...] Read more.

The implementation of rural tourism membership can aid in boosting economic growth in rural areas. This study examines households’ preferences for rural tourism experience in association with sales of local agricultural products. Using a choice experiment method developed by experimental designs, this paper examines households’ preferences to trade off purchasing costs of local agricultural products against various benefits provided by the rural tourism membership. The methods utilized in this paper represent an effective approach to evaluate the value of local tourism resources and the influence of these resources on the local economy. In empirical estimation we applied econometric approaches that allow for different preferences by incorporating income and residence effects into the models. Findings reveal that respondents place a premium on tourism attributes such as invitation seats and outdoor adventure tickets when choosing a tourism membership. We also find that the economic impacts associated with inducing higher-level tourism membership are substantial. This paper illustrates the potential for the development of a strategy associated with rural tourism management to enhance the local economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism, Rural Development and Rural Resilience)

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18 pages, 5780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Green Roof and Orientation on the Energy Performance of Buildings: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia

by Hassan Saeed Khan and Muhammad Asif

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040640 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 14038

Abstract

Saudi Arabia is one of the largest countries in the Middle East region in terms of population, geographic area and scale of economy. It has a fast growing energy sector with over 76% of the total electricity being consumed in the building sector. [...] Read more.

Saudi Arabia is one of the largest countries in the Middle East region in terms of population, geographic area and scale of economy. It has a fast growing energy sector with over 76% of the total electricity being consumed in the building sector. Domestic buildings account for 51% of total electricity consumption. Predominantly due to hot climatic conditions, most of the energy consumption in buildings is attributed to the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) loads. In terms of supply mix, the country entirely relies on oil and gas to meet its energy requirements. The high growth in energy demand is imposing stringent energy, environmental and economic challenges for Saudi Arabia. The present work aims to explore prospects of energy saving in buildings through the application of green roof technology. With the help of ECOTECT modelling, the work examines the effectiveness of green roof on considering modern faculty homes built in the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals situated in the hot-humid climatic conditions of the Easter Province of the country. The same building has also been investigated for the hot-dry climate of Riyadh, the capital city. The work also examines the impact of orientations on the energy performance of buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 11577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Perceptions about the Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security in the Mountainous Region of Nepal

by Shobha Poudel, Shinya Funakawa and Hitoshi Shinjo

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040641 - 18 Apr 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8739

Abstract

This study tried to understand the mountainous households’ perception of climate change and its impacts on food security in the Lamjung district of Nepal. The study attempted to find out changes in households food security and daily activities in the face of climate [...] Read more.

This study tried to understand the mountainous households’ perception of climate change and its impacts on food security in the Lamjung district of Nepal. The study attempted to find out changes in households food security and daily activities in the face of climate change for the last twenty years. The study started with the 150 household surveys along with participatory rural appraisal to understand the climate change perception of local people and its impact on dimensions of food security. Households expressed different levels of perception in terms of climate change on food security. The result shows that most of the mountainous households experienced increased temperature, less rainfall in winter, an increasing number of natural disasters and the emergence of insects for the last twenty years. They perceived the role of climate change in decreased crop production, decreased dairy products and increased household work. The situation of food security is likely to be more vulnerable to climate change in the future. It was also observed that households have been using different autonomous adaptation measures, such as high yielding crop varieties, enhanced irrigation systems and fertilizers, to cope with the changing climate. Finally, the study recommended policy instruments to enhance food security in the mountainous region amidst changing climate. Full article

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11 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decision Model to Predict the Optimal Size of the Diversified Management Industry from the View of Profit Maximization and Coordination of Industrial Scale

by Chong-Mao Li, Tao Cui, Rui Nie, Yuli Shan, Juan Wang and Xiangyan Qian

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040642 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4803

Abstract

To avoid the risk of single and homogeneous development, China’s coal enterprises have explored a diversified development model and are actively developing coal-based industries such as electric power, coal chemical, coal equipment manufacturing, logistics, and building materials. In previous studies of the diversification [...] Read more.

To avoid the risk of single and homogeneous development, China’s coal enterprises have explored a diversified development model and are actively developing coal-based industries such as electric power, coal chemical, coal equipment manufacturing, logistics, and building materials. In previous studies of the diversification strategy, the focus has been placed on the motivation for diversification, the measurement of diversification, and the relationship between diversification and enterprise performance. From an enterprise strategic decision, we predicted the optimal size of each industry by considering the limited enterprise capital, human resources, the synergetic relationship among industrial clusters (mainly the scale coordination), and policy factors. The optimal decision model for diversified industrial management was constructed using linear programming methods. The decision target was to maximize the enterprise’s profit, but to also consider the social and environmental benefits. One of the largest listed coal enterprises in China, China Coal Energy (also a typical diversified enterprise), was selected as a case for analysis. Data were collected from surveys and annual reports from 2010 to 2014. The optimal scales of coal, electric power, chemical, and equipment manufacturing were predicted, and could be used as a reference for future enterprise production decisions. Furthermore, this decision model can be used as a reference for other diversified enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adapting Nonprofit Resources to New Social Demands: The Food Banks in Spain

by Jorge Coque and Pilar L. González-Torre

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040643 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6124

Abstract

Food banks make up an increasing phenomenon of nonprofit organizations answering to new social needs related to the global socioeconomic crisis. In order to explore if they are suitably adapting to their environments in Spain, one of the countries most seriously affected by [...] Read more.

Food banks make up an increasing phenomenon of nonprofit organizations answering to new social needs related to the global socioeconomic crisis. In order to explore if they are suitably adapting to their environments in Spain, one of the countries most seriously affected by the crisis in South Europe, this work assumes a hybrid qualitative–quantitative structure composed of an exploratory case study based on semi-structured interviews followed by a survey addressed to all the Spanish food banks. Much of the academic literature has concerned the appropriateness of food banks as a delivery mechanism in the context of welfare state withdrawal. This paper takes this in a different direction by examining Spanish food banks from an organizational management point of view. Wary of concerns about the institutionalization of food charity, on the one hand, and recognizing the escalating daily reliance on food banks, on the other, this paper seeks to address potential technical supply problems and challenges food banks face and open debate about the organizational networks of food banks more generally. The results show nonprofit entities based on a voluntary workforce who run supply chains in order to join both social and business targets. Their situation, performance, resources, mutual relationships and the links with other entities are described, paying special attention to the changes induced by the latest contextual changes. In short, food banks are efficiently organized and well established in their territories as a coherent social movement, although they should improve in their strategic view, coordination, resources and sources of these, to satisfy more adequately their increasingly complex demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Food Waste Management and Utilization)

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17 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Evaluation of Social Science Research in Higher Education Institutions Based on Data Envelopment Analysis

by Xianmei Wang and Hanhui Hu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040644 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3877

Abstract

This paper divides the typical social scientific research process into two stages: the research development stage and the research innovation stage, with personnel as a shared input between them. We construct an input-shared multi-period two-stage DEA (data envelopment analysis) model as measurement of [...] Read more.

This paper divides the typical social scientific research process into two stages: the research development stage and the research innovation stage, with personnel as a shared input between them. We construct an input-shared multi-period two-stage DEA (data envelopment analysis) model as measurement of sustainability capacities of social scientific research, and then measure both the overall efficiencies and the stage efficiencies of scientific research of 18 HEIs (higher education institutions) in Jiangsu province of China from 2010 to 2014. There are some revelatory traits among the overall efficiencies and stage efficiencies of HEIs. As for the HEIs, the efficiencies of the first stage of certain HEIs that are better in social science are higher than those which have advantage in natural science. The results are the opposite in the second stage. Additionally, in virtue of common-weight global MPI (Malmquist Productivity Index), we figure out the dynamic efficiencies within and between HEIs. Finally, we appeal to administration departments to establish academic sharing systems and construct interdisciplinary ecosystems among HEIs, which aims to pool the knowledge, experience, and capacities of the region’s academic actors and improve the sustainable development and innovation abilities of social scientific research. In addition, collaborating with industrial organizations is also a strategic avenue to improve their research abilities, which can push the boundaries of sustainable development and also bring vigor in social scientific research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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9 pages, 2136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical and Thermal Evaluation of Carbon Particles Recovered at the Cyclone of a Downdraft Biomass Gasification System

by Nwabunwanne Nwokolo, Sampson Mamphweli and Golden Makaka

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040645 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6026

Abstract

Gasification of biomass gives off syngas that is contaminated mostly by carbon particulates and tars. The degree of contamination is attributed to factors such as gasification process, type of gasifier and type of biomass material. Downdraft gasifier minimizes the production of tar to [...] Read more.

Gasification of biomass gives off syngas that is contaminated mostly by carbon particulates and tars. The degree of contamination is attributed to factors such as gasification process, type of gasifier and type of biomass material. Downdraft gasifier minimizes the production of tar to a tolerable limit for engine applications; however, carbon particles still pose a challenge particularly with the integration of a heat exchanger for the purpose of heat recovery from the product gas. The presence of carbon particles in the syngas does influence the heat recovery process and materials used in the recovery. Hence, there is need for the characterization of these carbon particles to ascertain their chemical compositions, thermal properties and morphological features. This study was aimed at evaluating the characteristic features of carbon particles recovered from the syngas stream during gas cleaning at the cyclone. The elemental analysis of the carbon particle samples was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. An electron beam from scanning electron microscopy was passed through the sample surface at a magnification of 1000× and an accelerating voltage of 15 kV to determine the morphological features of the carbon particles. Their thermal properties were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 10°C/min. A weight loss of approximately 5.4 wt % was recorded at the maximum temperature of 900 °C. Silicon, oxygen and carbon were found to be the dominating elements in the carbon particulate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Initiatives towards Poverty Alleviation)

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17 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Factor Energy Efficiency of China’s Industrial Sector: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis

by Xiaobo Shen and Boqiang Lin

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040646 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5761

Abstract

Based on stochastic frontier analysis and translog input distance function, this paper examines the total factor energy efficiency of China’s industry using input-output data of 30 sub-industries from 2002 to 2014, and decomposes the changes in estimated total factor energy efficiency into the [...] Read more.

Based on stochastic frontier analysis and translog input distance function, this paper examines the total factor energy efficiency of China’s industry using input-output data of 30 sub-industries from 2002 to 2014, and decomposes the changes in estimated total factor energy efficiency into the effects of technical change, technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and input-mix effect. The results show that during this period the total factor energy efficiency in China’s industry grew annually at a rate of 3.63%; technical change, technical efficiency change and input-mix effect contributed positively to the change in total factor energy efficiency; while scale efficiency change contributed negatively to it. Full article

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18 pages, 7145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exclusive Contexts Resolver: A Low-Power Sensing Management System for Sustainable Context-Awareness in Exclusive Contexts

by Dusan Baek and Jung-Won Lee

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040647 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4738

Abstract

Several studies focus on sustainable context-awareness of a mobile device to which power is supplied from a limited battery. However, the existing studies did not consider an unnecessary sensing operation in exclusive contexts wherein it is not possible for the exclusive contexts to [...] Read more.

Several studies focus on sustainable context-awareness of a mobile device to which power is supplied from a limited battery. However, the existing studies did not consider an unnecessary sensing operation in exclusive contexts wherein it is not possible for the exclusive contexts to logically exist at the same time and are instead occasionally inferred practically due to the inaccuracy of the context-awareness. Simultaneously inferring two or more exclusive contexts is semantically meaningless and leads to inefficient power consumption, and thus, it is necessary to handle this problem for sustainable context-awareness. To this end, in the present study, an exclusive contexts resolver (ExCore), which is a low-power sensing management system, is proposed for sustainable context-awareness in exclusive contexts. The ExCore takes the sensor behavior model to the developer and identifies the sensing operation inferring the exclusive contexts through unnecessary sensing operation search rules. It also generates low-power sensing operations. The application and middleware were evaluated with the low-power sensing operations generated by the ExCore. The results indicated an average power efficiency improvement of 12–62% depending on the test scenario. The ExCore helps application developers or middleware developers in providing sustainable context-aware service in exclusive contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced IT based Future Sustainable Computing)

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15 pages, 3270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Collective Strategies of Major Stakeholders in Land Expropriation: A Tripartite Game Analysis of Central Government, Local Governments, and Land-Lost Farmers

by Qiuxiang Li, Haijun Bao, Yi Peng, Haowen Wang and Xiaoling Zhang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040648 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5703

Abstract

Land expropriation, during the rapid urbanization process in China, results in rural conflicts and presents barriers in sustainable development. Collective strategies of major stakeholders should be clearly understood for finding effective measures to cope with conflicts. However, the existing studies usually assume two [...] Read more.

Land expropriation, during the rapid urbanization process in China, results in rural conflicts and presents barriers in sustainable development. Collective strategies of major stakeholders should be clearly understood for finding effective measures to cope with conflicts. However, the existing studies usually assume two types of stakeholders, which overlook the complicated practices as, at least central, government, local governments, and land-lost farmers are three major stakeholders. This research aims to explore the collective strategies of the three major stakeholders and examine how various factors contribute to conflicts with a tripartite evolutionary game model. The tripartite model is established based on the evolutionary game theories and relationships among the central and local governments, and land-lost farmers. A simulation analysis is also conducted on the MATLAB platform, which shows that serious asymmetry of information between stakeholders leads to the low efficiency of the game or serious conflicts. Thorough discussions on the influencing factors have also been conducted. The findings can provide good references for the central and local governments to reduce conflicts during land expropriation. Full article

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16 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

San Antonio 360: The Rise and Decline of the Concentric City 1890–2010

by Ian Caine, Rebecca Walter and Nathan Foote

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040649 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8401

Abstract

This paper catalogs the suburban expansion of San Antonio, Texas by decade between the years 1890 and 2009, a time frame that saw the city reorganize its morphological structure four times. The city inhabited a 36-square mile grid until the late nineteenth century; [...] Read more.

This paper catalogs the suburban expansion of San Antonio, Texas by decade between the years 1890 and 2009, a time frame that saw the city reorganize its morphological structure four times. The city inhabited a 36-square mile grid until the late nineteenth century; expanded radially along streetcar lines during the early twentieth century; grew concentrically along automotive ring roads during the mid-twentieth century; and has assumed a polycentric organization within the past two decades. This research places San Antonio’s recent demographic and geographic boom into historical perspective, utilizing construction completions in host Bexar County to answer the following question: how did the form, location, and type of suburban growth shift over 120 years? The research reveals three trends: first, that historically concentric growth patterns began to assume a polycentric configuration in the late twentieth century; second, that patterns of centrifugal expansion began to accelerate dramatically during the same time period; and third, that the relative increase of multifamily completions has surpassed that of single-family completions in five of the last six decades. These findings suggest that the City of San Antonio, in order to establish a sustainable growth model, must prioritize the opportunities and constraints associated with polycentric suburban expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustaining Suburbia: Reassessing the Policies, Systems, and Form of Decentralized Growth)

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13 pages, 1510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Supplier Evaluation and Selection in Apparel Manufacturing Using a Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

by Zhaoxia Guo, Haitao Liu, Dongqing Zhang and Jing Yang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040650 - 20 Apr 2017

Cited by 87 | Viewed by 11919

Abstract

With the increasing environmental awareness, apparel manufacturers have begun to consider environmental issues in supplier evaluation and selection. It is crucial to assess suppliers based on their environmental performance along with other criteria for supplier selection. This paper addresses the green supplier evaluation [...] Read more.

With the increasing environmental awareness, apparel manufacturers have begun to consider environmental issues in supplier evaluation and selection. It is crucial to assess suppliers based on their environmental performance along with other criteria for supplier selection. This paper addresses the green supplier evaluation and selection problem in global apparel manufacturing by developing a methodological framework for green supplier evaluation and selection based on the triple bottom line principle and a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model. First, a green supplier evaluation criteria hierarchy based on the triple bottom line principle is established based on comprehensive literature review, on-site investigation and policy analysis. Then, a fuzzy MCDM model is presented to evaluate and select the best material supplier. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Results show that the proposed framework can handle green supplier evaluation and selection in apparel manufacturing effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Issues in the Textile and Apparel Supply Chains)

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25 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Problems with Firm-Led Voluntary Sustainability Schemes: The Case of Direct Trade Coffee

by Finlay MacGregor, Vasna Ramasar and Kimberly A. Nicholas

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040651 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 12703

Abstract

Ensuring sustainable consumption and production is one of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable consumption can be supported through regulatory processes. Voluntary private regulatory schemes claiming to contribute to sustainability are a rapidly growing form of regulation. We study one such voluntary [...] Read more.

Ensuring sustainable consumption and production is one of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable consumption can be supported through regulatory processes. Voluntary private regulatory schemes claiming to contribute to sustainability are a rapidly growing form of regulation. We study one such voluntary sustainability scheme in order to look at the opportunities and challenges this type of regulatory process poses using Abbot and Snidal’s regulatory standard-setting framework (2009). Specifically, we examine direct trade voluntary schemes in the coffee industry. To do this, we selected six leading direct trade firms in the US and Scandinavia, analyzed firms’ websites in 2015 and 2016 and conducted interviews with four of the firms. We found direct trade as a voluntary scheme was an attempt to market and codify good sourcing practices. US-based founding firms have distanced themselves from the term due to perceived co-optation, which we conceptualize as the failure of industry to self-regulate and argue was enabled by the re-negotiation of standards without the power to enforce or penalize misuse of the term. Firms reacted to co-optation by releasing data to consumers directly; we argue this puts too much responsibility on consumers to monitor and enforce standards. By contrast, Scandinavian firms maintained standards enforced through trademark nationally. Both US and Scandinavian contexts demonstrate a weakness of firm-led agenda-setting for sustainable development in that schemes may be optimized for a particular business concern—in this case quality—rather than to achieve sustainable development goals. This is problematic if schemes are marketed on contribution to the public good when incentives within the scheme are not aligned to produce an optimal result for the public good. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 3334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approach to Evaluating Light Pollution in Residential Zones: A Case Study of Beijing

by Xueting Jin, Yu Li, Jinzhou Zhang, Ji Zheng and Huiping Liu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040652 - 19 Apr 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7946

Abstract

Outdoor lighting is becoming increasingly widespread, and residents are suffering from serious light pollution as a result. Residents’ awareness of their rights to protection has gradually increased. However, due to the sometimes-inaccessible nature of residential vertical light incidence intensity data and the high [...] Read more.

Outdoor lighting is becoming increasingly widespread, and residents are suffering from serious light pollution as a result. Residents’ awareness of their rights to protection has gradually increased. However, due to the sometimes-inaccessible nature of residential vertical light incidence intensity data and the high cost of obtaining specific measurements, there is no appropriate hierarchic compensation for residents suffering from different degrees of light pollution. It is therefore important to measure light pollution levels and their damage at the neighborhood scale to provide residents with basic materials for proper protection and to create more politically-suitable solutions. This article presents a light pollution assessment method that is easy to perform, is low-cost and has a short data-processing cycle. This method can be used to monitor residential zone light pollution in other cities. We chose three open areas to test the spatial variation pattern of light intensity. The results are in accordance with spatial interpolation patterns and can be fit, with high precision, using the inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW) method. This approach can also be used in three dimensions to quantitatively evaluate the distribution of light intensity. We use a mixed-use zone in Beijing known as The Place as our case study area. The vertical illumination at the windows of residential buildings ranges from 2 lux to 23 lux; the illumination in some areas is far higher than the value recommended by CIE. Such severe light pollution can seriously interfere with people's daily lives and has a serious influence on their rest and health. The results of this survey will serve as an important database to assess whether the planning of night-time lighting is scientific, and it will help protect the rights of residents and establish distinguished compensation mechanisms for light pollution. Full article

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16 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multicriteria Model to Evaluate Strategic Plans for the Nautical and Naval Industry in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

by Hannia Gonzalez-Urango and Mónica García-Melón

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040653 - 20 Apr 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4969

Abstract

The evaluation of urban development plans is a key concern of the strategic planning of the city of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) due to the pressure exerted by both public and private sectors. Any strategic planning requirement deserves the inclusion of clear terms [...] Read more.

The evaluation of urban development plans is a key concern of the strategic planning of the city of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia) due to the pressure exerted by both public and private sectors. Any strategic planning requirement deserves the inclusion of clear terms of coordination and cooperation among sectors, including local communities and the scientific sector. In this paper, we present a methodology for the sustainable evaluation of strategic nautical and naval projects for the development of the city of Cartagena de Indias. The methodology is based on the multicriteria technique Analytic Network Process, which allows considering political, socio-cultural and environmental aspects. The aim is to provide answers and guide the decision makers towards the optimal selection of strategies. Results provide some important insights into the overall conception of what sustainable evaluation means for the experts consulted. The procedure enhances participation and transparency and becomes a support for their decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Excessive Product Packaging on Green Brand Attachment: The Mediation Roles of Green Brand Attitude and Green Brand Image

by Yu-Shan Chen, Shu-Tzu Hung, Ting-Yu Wang, A-Fen Huang and Yen-Wen Liao

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040654 - 20 Apr 2017

Cited by 100 | Viewed by 20829

Abstract

This study develops an original framework to explore the influence of excessive product packaging on green brand attachment and to discuss the mediation roles of green brand attitude and green brand image. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to verify the research framework. [...] Read more.

This study develops an original framework to explore the influence of excessive product packaging on green brand attachment and to discuss the mediation roles of green brand attitude and green brand image. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to verify the research framework. The results from a dataset of 238 valid questionnaires show that excessive product packaging has no direct effect on green brand attachment. However, green brand attitude and green brand image fully mediate the negative relationship between excessive product packaging and green brand attachment. Managerially, this study helps firms understand that excessive product packaging may bring damage to green brand attitude and green brand image, which positively relate to green brand attachment. Thus, committing to promoting the functional benefit of green products, firms must not neglect the negative effects of excessive product packaging. Full article

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13 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Willingness to Adopt Biochar in Agriculture: The Producer’s Perspective

by Agnieszka E. Latawiec, Jolanta B. Królczyk, Maciej Kuboń, Katarzyna Szwedziak, Adam Drosik, Ewa Polańczyk, Katarzyna Grotkiewicz and Bernardo B. N. Strassburg

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040655 - 24 Apr 2017

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 10552

Abstract

Most research on biochar has focused either on the mechanistic or the biophysical aspects, and there has been relatively little research into the social applicability and acceptance of biochar as a soil enhancer in agriculture. However, whether to adopt biochar in their practice [...] Read more.

Most research on biochar has focused either on the mechanistic or the biophysical aspects, and there has been relatively little research into the social applicability and acceptance of biochar as a soil enhancer in agriculture. However, whether to adopt biochar in their practice is ultimately the farmers’ decision, and their willingness to do so is crucial. Here, we show the producer’s perspective on adopting biochar, using Polish farmers as a case study. Poland is an interesting case study because biochar has only recently attracted the attention of researchers, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders there. We performed standardized, semi-structured interviews with 161 Polish farmers to evaluate the socioeconomic potential of biochar application in practice. We found that 27% of the respondents claimed to be familiar with biochar. The respondents with a technical, non-agricultural level of education were most familiar with the term ‘biochar’ (36%), followed by the group of respondents with a higher-level agricultural education (31%). It was surprising that among the latter respondents, the majority (69%) did not know the term ‘biochar’, either in the context used for this study or in any other context. Twenty percent of the respondents expressed an interest in using biochar, while 43% were not willing to adopt it in their agricultural practice (37% ‘did not know yet’). If a farmer was familiar with the concept of sustainable agriculture, the probability of familiarity with biochar increased by 16% (p < 0.05). In addition, farmers interested in using biochar indicated that sustainable agriculture might improve the financial situation of their farms (52%). The perceived benefits of biochar that drive the willingness to adopt it included improved soil quality and increased income due to increased yields, while the constraints on its adoption were associated mainly with high costs. Our results also point to the necessity of information flow as well as engaging farmers in participatory research to adjust the research to their needs. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of transparency with the farmers and appropriate dissemination and presentation of both the positive and the negative aspects of biochar adoption. We urge those studying biochar to engage in more interdisciplinary research and to go beyond laboratory and field research. Many innovations, even those that work, will not be adopted if socioeconomic considerations are not incorporated into the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Development)

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14 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peripherization of Indemnificatory Housing Community under Land-Centered Urban Transformation: The Case of Nanjing, China

by Dan Ye, Jingxiang Zhang and Guoliang Xu

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040656 - 20 Apr 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4964

Abstract

Indemnificatory housing programs—a kind of state-backed urban low-end and nonmarket housing programs which used to be welfare—have now increasingly evolved to be the vehicle to promote capital accumulation. Most of these housing communities show peripherization with high rates of unemployment, low income, poverty, [...] Read more.

Indemnificatory housing programs—a kind of state-backed urban low-end and nonmarket housing programs which used to be welfare—have now increasingly evolved to be the vehicle to promote capital accumulation. Most of these housing communities show peripherization with high rates of unemployment, low income, poverty, and social exclusion, which violates their sustainability. This paper examines the impacts of land-centered urban transformation on indemnificatory housing communities, and analyzes the causes of unsustainable outcomes in political economy discourse. To achieve this, the social and economic conditions of a longstanding suburban indemnificatory housing community in Nanjing were analyzed. Survey data collected from March to April 2016 was evaluated to determine the peripherization of the residents within it. We found that for many residents, high rates of unemployment, low income, and poverty were mainly caused by their individual demographic and socioeconomic disadvantages, with the peripheral physical and social location contributing by exacerbating their vulnerabilities. It is concluded that local governments’ land-centered urban transformation and the central government’s affordable housing policies aimed at social and economic crisis mitigation combine to produce suburban indemnificatory housing communities, driving low-income relocated residents into more disadvantaged situations. This finding creates important lessons for the sustainable development of Chinese indemnificatory housing communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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12 pages, 2377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simplified I-V Characteristic Tester for Photovoltaic Modules Using a DC-DC Boost Converter

by Tamer Khatib, Wilfried Elmenreich and Azah Mohamed

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040657 - 20 Apr 2017

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6885

Abstract

In this paper, an efficient testing system for measuring a PV module’s I-V curve is proposed. The proposed system is based on a controlled DC-DC boost converter. The advantage of using a DC-DC converter is that this converter is typically used in PV [...] Read more.

In this paper, an efficient testing system for measuring a PV module’s I-V curve is proposed. The proposed system is based on a controlled DC-DC boost converter. The advantage of using a DC-DC converter is that this converter is typically used in PV systems to track the maximum power point and to control the charging of the battery. Consequently, this device is utilized for I-V curve extraction without the need for further external devices. The I-V curve is extracted by modifying the duty cycle of the triggering signal of the boost converter’s switch. The proposed system has been tested experimentally using a 120 Wp PV module. The results show that the proposed system can successfully extract I-V curves of PV module. Notably, the performance of the tested module, as measured by this study’s system as well as with a reference system, was found to be in the range of 61–67% of the performance given in the datasheet. Hence, this result highlights the importance of considering a measurement of the actual performance of PV modules when designing any PV system so as to avoid an undersized system. The proposed I-V testing system can be used as a simple tool to diagnose any shortages or low performance problems in PV system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Photovoltaic Electricity)

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15 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Sustainability in an Ageing Chinese Society: Towards an Integrative Conceptual Framework

by Yafei Liu, Martin Dijst, Stan Geertman and Can Cui

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040658 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8228

Abstract

Social sustainability is a relatively underexposed dimension of the sustainability debate. Diversified and discipline-specific study perspectives and the lack of contextualization make it difficult to gain a comprehensive understanding of social sustainability in non-Western societies. In examining the problems facing a rapidly ageing [...] Read more.

Social sustainability is a relatively underexposed dimension of the sustainability debate. Diversified and discipline-specific study perspectives and the lack of contextualization make it difficult to gain a comprehensive understanding of social sustainability in non-Western societies. In examining the problems facing a rapidly ageing Chinese society, this paper aims to construct an integrative conceptual framework of social sustainability, taking into account the Chinese contextual interpretations and elderly population in particular. This paper proposes an integrative conceptual framework composed of two key contextualized components: well-being and social justice. Well-being, according to Lindenberg, is the ultimate goal of life and is achieved by relevant themes organized in a hierarchical system. Social justice relating to the equal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rights is also significant for the achievement of well-being. Interpretations of social sustainability are explored within Chinese socio-cultural (Confucianism, collectivism), institutional (welfare regime, hukou system), and demographic (population ageing) contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Sustainability and Justice)

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19 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Management of Plant Quarantine Pests: The Case of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome

by Andrea Luvisi, Francesca Nicolì and Luigi De Bellis

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040659 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8663

Abstract

The disease outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain CoDiRO (Complesso del Disseccamento Rapido dell’Olivo) in Salento (Apulia, South Italy) associated with severe cases of olive quick decline syndrome may represent not just a new disease paradigm, but a challenge for [...] Read more.

The disease outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain CoDiRO (Complesso del Disseccamento Rapido dell’Olivo) in Salento (Apulia, South Italy) associated with severe cases of olive quick decline syndrome may represent not just a new disease paradigm, but a challenge for policy formulation and science communication in plant pathology. Plant health management can be achieved by applying a technocratic model, in which objective science is thought to directly inform policy-making, or via decisionistic or inclusive models, in which scientific considerations drive risk assessment. Each could be applied to X. fastidiosa and CoDiRO strain management, thanks to consistent literature related to pathogen/host interactions, hosts, vectors, and diagnostic tools, reviewed here. However, consensus among stakeholders seems to be necessary in order to avoid plant health management failures or gridlocks, due to environmental, economic, and social implications in the X. fastidiosa threat. Here we discuss the role of consensus in building scientific opinion, reporting different approaches of governance after severe disease outbreaks in Europe. These case studies, and the available risk analysis for Xylella strains, should drive policy formulations towards more cooperative networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Development)

18 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience and Livelihoods in Supply Chains (RELISC): An Analytical Framework for the Development and Resilience of the UK Wood Fuel Sector

by Damiete Emmanuel-Yusuf, Stephen Morse and Matthew Leach

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040660 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7349

Abstract

Bioenergy is an important renewable energy source in the UK, but the bioenergy industry and in particular the wood fuel sub sector, is relatively under-developed. Socioeconomic factors have been identified as critical for facilitating deployment levels and sustainable development. However, previous studies have [...] Read more.

Bioenergy is an important renewable energy source in the UK, but the bioenergy industry and in particular the wood fuel sub sector, is relatively under-developed. Socioeconomic factors have been identified as critical for facilitating deployment levels and sustainable development. However, previous studies have mostly assessed these factors using quantitative methods and models, which are limited in assessing pertinent contextual factors such as institutional/regulatory governance, supply chain structure and governance, capital resource availability as well as actor decisions. As a step further, this research engages with these under-explored aspects of the system by developing a new analytical framework: the Resilience and Livelihoods in Supply Chains (RELISC) framework, which was designed by linking Value Chain Analysis, the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and a supply chain resilience framework. Its application to a UK wood fuel supply chain produced useful insights. For example, the structure of the chain revealed a high level of dependency on a particular end user and contractor. Key institutional governance was critical in sustaining natural resources and providing access to finance. Internal supply chain governance was limited in ensuring the sustainability of resources and lack of actor awareness and interest were also limiting factors. In addition, five capital analyses revealed gaps in skills, networking and physical infrastructure. Finally, the design of the novel RELISC framework enables it to engage with diverse aspects of the system holistically and its application generated practical recommendations and strategies for supply chain resilience and sector growth, which are useful and applicable to other emerging sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Policy and Policy Implications—Good Examples and Critical Reflections)

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18 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Efficiency Evaluation Considering Environmental Stringency

by Pyoungsoo Lee and You-Jin Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040661 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6558

Abstract

This paper proposes an extended data envelopment analysis (DEA) model for deriving eco-efficiency. In order to derive eco-efficiency, the proposed model utilizes the concepts of operational efficiency and environmental efficiency. Since DEA can separately measure operational efficiency and environmental efficiency, the treatment for [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an extended data envelopment analysis (DEA) model for deriving eco-efficiency. In order to derive eco-efficiency, the proposed model utilizes the concepts of operational efficiency and environmental efficiency. Since DEA can separately measure operational efficiency and environmental efficiency, the treatment for constructing the unified indicator is required to ultimately evaluate eco-efficiency through balancing operational and environmental concerns. To achieve this goal, we define the environmental stringency as the business condition reflecting the degree of enforcing environmental regulations across the firms or particular industries in different countries. The proposed model provides flexibility, as required by the pollution-intensity of industry, in that it allows the decision maker to evaluate DMU’s (decision-making unit) eco-efficiency appropriately depending on the business environment. We present a case of agricultural production systems to help readers understand what eco-efficiency becomes when we vary the stringency conditions. Through the illustrative example, this paper presents the potential application by which different environmental stringencies can successively be incorporated in DEA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Sustainability: Modeling and Applications)

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17 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvements in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Capacities after Shrub Planting to Stabilize Sand Dunes in China’s Horqin Sandy Land

by Yuqiang Li, Yinping Chen, Xuyang Wang, Yayi Niu and Jie Lian

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040662 - 23 Apr 2017

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6230

Abstract

Caragana microphylla, a native perennial leguminous shrub, is widely used for desertification control in China’s Horqin Sandy Land. We investigated the effects of afforestation using C. microphylla in areas with fixed and active dunes on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage [...] Read more.

Caragana microphylla, a native perennial leguminous shrub, is widely used for desertification control in China’s Horqin Sandy Land. We investigated the effects of afforestation using C. microphylla in areas with fixed and active dunes on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the soil total and light-fraction (LF) organic matter. Compared to the values in the control areas, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage to a depth of 100 cm increased by 88%, 74%, and 145% at 9, 15, and 31 years after shrub planting, respectively; the corresponding values were 68%, 61%, and 195% for total nitrogen (TN) storage, 109%, 199%, and 202% for LF organic carbon storage, and 203%, 337%, and 342% for LF nitrogen storage. The soil light-fraction (LF) organic matter contributed significantly to total SOC and TN storage, despite the low proportion of total soil mass accounted for by the LF dry matter. Thus, afforestation using C. microphylla was an effective way to sequester C and to restore degraded soils, but the process was slow; it would take more than 100 years to fully restore SOC storage in active dunes through afforestation with C. microphylla in the Horqin Sandy Land. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Forest Management)

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16 pages, 2808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergy Evaluation of Dwelling Operation in Five Housing Units of Montreal Island, Canada

by Ricardo Enrique Vega-Azamar, Rabindranarth Romero-López, Norma Angélica Oropeza-García, Mathias Glaus, Robert Hausler and Herlinda Del Socorro Silva-Poot

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040663 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5710

Abstract

Sustainability of cities and the environmental implications of high resource utilization by the domestic sector are growing concerns related to urban regions. Well-informed urban planning decision-making is an essential tool to help in the task and, for that, an important point to consider [...] Read more.

Sustainability of cities and the environmental implications of high resource utilization by the domestic sector are growing concerns related to urban regions. Well-informed urban planning decision-making is an essential tool to help in the task and, for that, an important point to consider is the influence of parameters like residential density and housing typology on the intensity of resource utilization. Emergy synthesis, a life-cycle energy analysis methodological approach that considers the interaction of natural and human-made flows, was used to evaluate the environmental support for dwelling operational stage in five typical present-day housing units on the island of Montreal. As expected, resource utilization, measured as total emergy used, was positively correlated to housing unit size both with respect to number of occupants and dwelling size. Results suggest that variables affecting notably the intensity of resource utilization are per household income and per dweller habitable space and, while a higher income increased per capita emergy in all cases, increasing space availability per resident did not result in a decrease of empower density after 50 m²/person. Future work should consider lower and higher densities and analyses at the scale of blocks, neighborhoods and urban planning zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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16 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Thermal Distribution and Airflow for Efficient Energy Consumption in a Small Data Centers

by Jing Ni, Bowen Jin, Bo Zhang and Xiaowei Wang

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040664 - 21 Apr 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 7218

Abstract

Data centers have become ubiquitous in the last few years in an attempt to keep pace with the processing and storage needs of the Internet and cloud computing. The steady growth in the heat densities of IT servers leads to a rise in [...] Read more.

Data centers have become ubiquitous in the last few years in an attempt to keep pace with the processing and storage needs of the Internet and cloud computing. The steady growth in the heat densities of IT servers leads to a rise in the energy needed to cool them, and constitutes approximately 40% of the power consumed by data centers. However, many data centers feature redundant air conditioning systems that contribute to inefficient air distribution, which significantly increases energy consumption. This remains an insufficiently explored problem. In this paper, a typical, small data center with tiles for an air supply system with a raised floor is used. We use a fluent (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) to simulate thermal distribution and airflow, and investigate the optimal conditions of air distribution to save energy. The effects of the airflow outlet angle along the tile, the cooling temperature and the rate of airflow on the beta index as well as the energy utilization index are discussed, and the optimal conditions are obtained. The reasonable airflow distribution achieved using 3D CFD calculations and the parameter settings provided in this paper can help reduce the energy consumption of data centers by improving the efficiency of the air conditioning. Full article

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14 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Changes in Ecosystem Services in European Cities in the Continental Biogeographical Region in the Period from 1990–2012

by Iwona Szumacher and Piotr Pabjanek

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040665 - 22 Apr 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5653

Abstract

Ecosystem services (ES) in cities and surrounding suburban areas are one of the major factors which guarantee quality of life. Most studies directly referring to urban ecosystem services are conducted on a local scale or for selected cities. There are few studies which [...] Read more.

Ecosystem services (ES) in cities and surrounding suburban areas are one of the major factors which guarantee quality of life. Most studies directly referring to urban ecosystem services are conducted on a local scale or for selected cities. There are few studies which focus on temporal changes of the provision of ecosystem services across a large number of cities. This paper analyzes selected land use type (forest, green urban area), soil sealing, selected ecosystem services (food provisioning, climate regulation, recreation), and biodiversity potential in 85 large cities (over 100,000 citizens) from the Continental (Central and Eastern) biogeographical region in Europe. We used the Corine Land Cover (CLC) data for 1990, 2000, 2006, and 2012. Our main findings are as follows: (1) The increase of forest areas was the highest in 2006–2012, and of urban green areas in 2000–2006, mostly in cities in Germany and the western part of the Czech Republic; (2) The process of soil sealing growth occurred in all studied cities and the rate was the most intense in Polish cities; (3) There was a decrease of food production and biodiversity potential in all the analyzed cities; (4) climate regulating services experienced only slight changes; (5) There was a very positive trend of the recreation indicator in most core zones of the cities in Germany and several cities in the Czech Republic, Poland, and Denmark. Moreover, our results of the temporal changes of land use and ES in European cities in the Continental biogeographical region indicate how important it is to monitor CLC and ES for potential spatial planning and regional policy interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maintaining Ecosystem Services to Support Urban Needs)

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18 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Competitiveness Measurement of Chinese Cities Based on a Structural Equation Model

by Zhiyuan Yuan, Xinqi Zheng, Lulu Zhang and Guoliang Zhao

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040666 - 22 Apr 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6745

Abstract

In the current era, competition among countries and regions is in fact among cities. Thus, how to measure urban competitiveness precisely is a basic and important question. The two main approaches to this are comprehensive evaluation based on a set of indicators and [...] Read more.

In the current era, competition among countries and regions is in fact among cities. Thus, how to measure urban competitiveness precisely is a basic and important question. The two main approaches to this are comprehensive evaluation based on a set of indicators and network analysis based on inter-city relations. However, both have shortcomings. In this study, we introduced structural equation model (SEM) into urban competitiveness measurement to integrate the two approaches. We built a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS–SEM) according to the analysis of causal relationship among urban attribute indicators → urban functions → urban competitiveness → urban flow intensities. Following the processes of algorithm selection, model building, fitting and assessment, and modification in PLS-SEM modeling, we measured the urban competitiveness of Chinese cities in 2010 and analyzed its distribution quantitatively and spatially. The results revealed relationships between factors contained in the model and urban competitiveness and proved that the PLS-SEM urban competitiveness measurement approach we proposed is theoretically reliable and statistically valid. Full article

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17 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Higher Carbon Intensity of Loans, the Higher Non-Performing Loan Ratio: The Case of China

by Rong Guan, Haitao Zheng, Jie Hu, Qi Fang and Ruoen Ren

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040667 - 22 Apr 2017

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7027

Abstract

In response to the call of the Chinese government to support low-carbon development, the issue has come to the view gradually as to whether the behaviors of banks’ green credit will contribute to easing their own credit risk. To reflect the behaviors of [...] Read more.

In response to the call of the Chinese government to support low-carbon development, the issue has come to the view gradually as to whether the behaviors of banks’ green credit will contribute to easing their own credit risk. To reflect the behaviors of green credit of banks in detail, an indicator, named the carbon intensity of loans (CIL), is first proposed in this paper to measure the carbon emissions with association of the loans for commercial banks, on basis of the series of the input–output table. Then, a panel data model is used to explore the relationship between CIL and non-performing loan ratio, which measures the credit risk of banks. Based on the data of China’s commercial banks from 2007 to 2014, an empirical study has been conducted to investigate the impacts of CIL upon the non-performing loan ratio from a microscopic-level perspective. The result indicates that CIL has a positive effect on the non-performing loan ratio of banks. Since CIL is considered a significant indicator for the banks’ green credit, this paper comes to a conclusion that the green credit policy not only contributes to achieving of the emission-reduction targets for the society, but also promotes the development of banks’ credit risk. Full article

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17 pages, 816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Conservation in China’s Cement Industry

by Boqiang Lin, Zihan Zhang and Fei Ge

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040668 - 22 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8658

Abstract

China, as the world’s largest cement producer, accounts for more than 60% of global cement production. With the continuous development of the Chinese economy, resource and environmental constraints are becoming increasingly serious, and energy saving and emission reduction has become one of the [...] Read more.

China, as the world’s largest cement producer, accounts for more than 60% of global cement production. With the continuous development of the Chinese economy, resource and environmental constraints are becoming increasingly serious, and energy saving and emission reduction has become one of the choices with which all industries are faced in the process of development. The cement industry is one of the major sources of China’s carbon dioxide emissions and its effect on energy saving and emissions’ reduction determines the realization of the national goals of energy conservation and emissions reduction. Taking China’s cement industry as the main focus, this paper carries out quantitative analysis of the relationship between energy consumption in the cement industry and a number of variables: energy structure, energy prices, energy efficiency and total output value of the cement industry based on a cointegration model. The study further analyzes the energy saving potential of the cement industry by assuming different scenarios. The research results show that the energy saving potential of the cement industry is 19.06% and 33.69%, with medium and high energy efficiency, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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22 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Transition to Which Bioeconomy? An Exploration of Diverging Techno-Political Choices

by Daniel Hausknost, Ernst Schriefl, Christian Lauk and Gerald Kalt

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040669 - 23 Apr 2017

Cited by 142 | Viewed by 10298

Abstract

To date the concept of the bioeconomy—an economy based primarily on biogenic instead of fossil resources—has largely been associated with visions of “green growth” and the advancement of biotechnology and has been framed from within an industrial perspective. However, there is no consensus [...] Read more.

To date the concept of the bioeconomy—an economy based primarily on biogenic instead of fossil resources—has largely been associated with visions of “green growth” and the advancement of biotechnology and has been framed from within an industrial perspective. However, there is no consensus as to what a bioeconomy should effectively look like, and what type of society it would sustain. In this paper, we identify different types of narratives constructed around this concept and carve out the techno-political implications they convey. We map these narratives on a two-dimensional option space, which allows for a rough classification of narratives and their related imaginaries into four paradigmatic quadrants. We draw the narratives from three different sources: (i) policy documents of national and supra-national authorities; (ii) stakeholder interviews; and (iii) scenarios built in a biophysical modelling exercise. Our analysis shows that there is a considerable gap between official policy papers and visions supported by stakeholders. At least in the case of Austria there is also a gap between the official strategies and the option space identified through biophysical modelling. These gaps testify to the highly political nature of the concept of the bioeconomy and the diverging visions of society arising from it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment and Potential for Its Adoption at an Automotive Company

by Peter Tarne, Marzia Traverso and Matthias Finkbeiner

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040670 - 23 Apr 2017

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 11187

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to guide the next steps of a PhD thesis through a structured review of the state of the art and implementation of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA), and to identify challenges and potentials for its adoption at [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to guide the next steps of a PhD thesis through a structured review of the state of the art and implementation of Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA), and to identify challenges and potentials for its adoption at an automotive company. First, the structured literature review was conducted on LCSA to screen the current methodological and practical implementations and to identify the main research needs in the field. Second, a research on the current status of LCSA within the automotive industry was carried out by means of investigation of published sources of 15 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). By combining the results of both steps and consulting with decision makers, the challenges and potential for adopting LCSA at an automotive company were identified. The main challenges for adoption of LCSA were found to be: (1) the consistent execution of the three life cycle based assessment methods; (2) the comparatively low maturity of Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA); and (3) the adequate presentation and interpretation of results. Next steps towards implementation would be a case study to gather experience on the combined execution of the three life cycle based assessments at an automotive company. Furthermore, it should be determined what the needs of decision makers at an automotive company are regarding the aggregation and interpretation of environmental, social, and economic impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Quality Practices Affect the Results?: The Experience of Thalassotherapy Centres in Spain

by José Álvarez-García, María De la Cruz Del Río-Rama and María Del Mar Miras-Rodríguez

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040671 - 24 Apr 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5274

Abstract

Most thalassotherapy centres in Spain do not have any quality certification but they are carrying out several actions of quality management in an attempt to obtain better results. Consequently, the aim of this research is to study if the implementation of quality practices [...] Read more.

Most thalassotherapy centres in Spain do not have any quality certification but they are carrying out several actions of quality management in an attempt to obtain better results. Consequently, the aim of this research is to study if the implementation of quality practices on thalassotherapy centres has the same impact on companies’ results as on the results of those companies that got the quality certifications. In addition, the relationships between different factors considered are going to be studied. Our sample is composed of Spanish thalassotherapy centres, and the statistical technique used is based on structural equation modelling, in particular partial least squares (PLS) regression. The data were provided by the answers given by 31 managers (70.45% of the selected sample) to a structured questionnaire based on previous research and statistically validated. The results of this research allow us to conclude that these kinds of organizations have implemented informal practices to improve the quality of the service in terms of leadership, personnel management, alliances, and resources and show that the practices that have been carried out by these centres to enhance the quality of the service have an impact on companies’ results. Managers of these kinds of establishments that want to improve customer results should focus their efforts on continuous improvement, whereas, if they are pursuing enhancement of other results, their efforts should be focused on process management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Urban Spatial Form and CO₂ in Chinese Cities

by Yanchun Yi, Sisi Ma, Weijun Guan and Ke Li

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040672 - 24 Apr 2017

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 5900

Abstract

Although several studies have explained the effect of urbanization on China’s carbon emissions, most have focused on population urbanization, while ignoring the urban spatial form. This study investigates the impact of urban spatial form, measured by residential density, on the evolution of carbon [...] Read more.

Although several studies have explained the effect of urbanization on China’s carbon emissions, most have focused on population urbanization, while ignoring the urban spatial form. This study investigates the impact of urban spatial form, measured by residential density, on the evolution of carbon emissions of 108 cities from 2003 to 2013 in China. The main results are as follows: (1) although urbanization significantly increases CO₂ emissions, urban spatial form measured by residential density produces a negative effect on CO₂ emissions in China.; (2) China has not become the “pollution haven” of foreign direct investment (FDI), instead, green FDI has reduced carbon emissions significantly; (3) the environmental dividends of low-carbon transformation have been observed in eastern and middle cities, but not in western ones. Therefore, establishing compact cities and traversing a low-carbon path is both feasible and necessary. Full article

18 pages, 2438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EH-GC: An Efficient and Secure Architecture of Energy Harvesting Green Cloud Infrastructure

by Saurabh Singh, Pradip Kumar Sharma, Seo Yeon Moon and Jong Hyuk Park

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040673 - 24 Apr 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6307

Abstract

Nowadays, the high power consumption of data centers is the biggest challenge to making cloud computing greener. Many researchers are still seeking effective solutions to reduce or harvest the energy produced at data centers. To address this challenge, we propose a green cloud [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the high power consumption of data centers is the biggest challenge to making cloud computing greener. Many researchers are still seeking effective solutions to reduce or harvest the energy produced at data centers. To address this challenge, we propose a green cloud infrastructure which provides security and efficiency based on energy harvesting (EH-GC). The EH-GC is basically focused on harvesting the heat energy produced by data centers in the Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) infrastructure. A pyroelectric material is used to generate the electric current from heat using the Olsen cycle. In order to achieve efficient green cloud computing, the architecture utilizes a genetic algorithm for proper virtual machine allocation, taking into consideration less Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations. The architecture utilizes Multivariate Correlation Analysis (MCA) correlation analysis based on a triangular map area generation to detect Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in the data center layer of the IaaS. Finally, the experimental analysis is explained based on the energy parameter, which proves that our model is efficient and secure, and that it efficiently reuses the energy emitted from the data center. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced IT based Future Sustainable Computing)

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27 pages, 2334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Technical Progress on Sulfur Dioxide Kuznets Curve in China: A Spatial Panel Data Approach

by Zhimin Zhou, Xinyue Ye and Xiangyu Ge

Sustainability 2017, 9(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040674 - 24 Apr 2017

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 6134

Abstract

This paper aims to reveal the nexus for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission and income, as well as the effects of technical progress on SO₂ emission in China based on environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The spatial panel technique is used [...] Read more.

This paper aims to reveal the nexus for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emission and income, as well as the effects of technical progress on SO₂ emission in China based on environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. The spatial panel technique is used in case the coefficient estimates are biased due to the negligence of spatial dependence. With the provincial panel data of China from 2004 to 2014, this is the first research that finds an inverse N-trajectory of the relationship between SO₂ emission and economic growth and confirms the beneficial impacts of technical advancement on SO₂ emission abatement. The empirical results also suggest that the industrial structure change is an important driving force of the SO₂ EKC. In addition, the direct and spillover effects of determinants on sulfur emission are clarified and estimated by a correct approach. Finally, we check the stability of our conclusions on the EKC shape for SO₂ and technical progress effects when controlling for different variables and specifications, through which we find the turning points are sensitive to variables selections. Full article

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Sustainability, Volume 9, Issue 4 (April 2017) – 197 articles

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