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213 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,044 Views
34 Pages

The Effect of Environment and Husbandry Practices on Sheep Welfare

  • Małgorzata Bąkowska,
  • Renata Pilarczyk,
  • Marta Juszczak-Czasnojć,
  • Beata Seremak,
  • Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak,
  • Ewa Kwita,
  • Lidia Felska-Błaszczyk and
  • Bogumiła Pilarczyk

17 November 2025

The amount of attention paid to the welfare of animals and their maintenance conditions has grown considerably in recent years. This paper examines the effects of extensive and intensive housing systems on the environmental, behavioural, health, nutr...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,326 Views
17 Pages

Positive Aspects of Welfare in Sheep: Current Debates and Future Opportunities

  • Mukhtar Muhammad,
  • Jessica E. Stokes and
  • Louise Manning

24 November 2022

The concept of positive welfare is an expansion of the traditional understanding that animal welfare is defined by minimizing stress, pain, suffering, and disease. Positive welfare shifts the animal welfare narrative from a focus on reducing negative...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
644 Views
4 Pages

Assessment of Animal Welfare in Sheep Farming in Semi-Arid Regions

  • Samia Haffaf,
  • Imene Djaalab,
  • Bachiri Nour El Houda,
  • Nadia Zikem,
  • Hadria Mansour-Djaalab and
  • Laatra Zemmouri

The welfare of farmed animals has become a major social demand in developed countries, as well as the quality of livestock products and the preservation of the environment. In Algeria, the concept of animal welfare in sheep farming remains neglected,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3,354 Views
26 Pages

Enhanced Animal Welfare and Labeling in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

  • Maria Papageorgiou,
  • Agori Karageorgou,
  • Ouranios Tzamaloukas and
  • Panagiotis Simitzis

In 2020, the European Union endorsed its “Farm-to-Fork” strategy, emphasizing the need for transparency in the food production chain and communication of the sustainability level and nutritional value of food products to the consumer thro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,618 Views
8 Pages

Assessment of Meat-Type Sheep Welfare Using Animal-Based Measures

  • Naceur M’Hamdi,
  • Cyrine Darej,
  • Khaoula Attia,
  • Hajer Guesmi,
  • Ibrahim El Akram Znaïdi,
  • Rachid Bouraoui,
  • Hajer M’Hamdi,
  • Lamjed Marzouki and
  • Moez Ayadi

16 July 2021

This study aimed to assess the welfare of Tunisian sheep in extensive sheep production systems using animal-based measures of ewe welfare. This study encompasses the first national survey of sheep welfare in which animal-based outcomes were tested. A...

  • Review
  • Open Access
25 Citations
5,699 Views
18 Pages

Animal-Based Indicators for On-Farm Welfare Assessment in Sheep

  • Romane Zufferey,
  • Adrian Minnig,
  • Beat Thomann,
  • Sibylle Zwygart,
  • Nina Keil,
  • Gertraud Schüpbach,
  • Raymond Miserez,
  • Patrik Zanolari and
  • Dimitri Stucki

15 October 2021

The value society assigns to animal welfare in agricultural productions is increasing, resulting in ever-enhancing methods to assess the well-being of farm animals. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature to obtain an overview o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,157 Views
14 Pages

Sixteen animal-based indicators of sheep welfare, previously selected by a stakeholder panel, and based on the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) Five Freedoms, were assessed in terms of the level of inter-observer agreement achieved during on-farm t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,143 Views
11 Pages

Risk Categorization in On-Farm Welfare in Different-Sized Dairy Sheep Flocks

  • Federica Salari,
  • Cristina Roncoroni,
  • Francesco Mariottini,
  • Alessandra Muzic,
  • Iolanda Altomonte,
  • Irene Sodi,
  • Susy Creatini,
  • Lorella Giuliotti,
  • Giovanni Brajon and
  • Mina Martini

7 May 2024

The objective of the present work was to categorize the risks in the on-farm welfare of dairy sheep in semi-extensive systems in order to highlight if risks in welfare vary according to the farm size. To the best of our knowledge, this study constitu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,946 Views
16 Pages

Iceberg Indicators for Animal Welfare in Rural Sheep Farms Using the Five Domains Model Approach

  • Rick Obrian Hernandez,
  • Jorge Alberto Sánchez and
  • Marlyn H. Romero

2 December 2020

Animal welfare for sheep in extensive rural farms is difficult to quantify among rural farmers due to several factors, including the lack of technology and the low level of interaction they have with the animals. The purpose of this study was to sear...

  • Review
  • Open Access
78 Citations
19,090 Views
28 Pages

Extensive Sheep and Goat Production: The Role of Novel Technologies towards Sustainability and Animal Welfare

  • Severiano R. Silva,
  • Laura Sacarrão-Birrento,
  • Mariana Almeida,
  • David M. Ribeiro,
  • Cristina Guedes,
  • José Ramiro González Montaña,
  • Alfredo F. Pereira,
  • Konstantinos Zaralis,
  • Ana Geraldo and
  • André M. de Almeida
  • + 9 authors

31 March 2022

Sheep and goat extensive production systems are very important in the context of global food security and the use of rangelands that have no alternative agricultural use. In such systems, there are enormous challenges to address. These include, for i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,947 Views
16 Pages

The Effects of Vehicle Type, Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Feeding on the Welfare of Sheep Transported in Low Temperatures

  • Francesca Carnovale,
  • Jin Xiao,
  • Binlin Shi,
  • Tanel Kaart,
  • David Arney and
  • Clive J. C. Phillips

2 June 2021

Low temperatures can provide a risk to the welfare of sheep during transport because of increased ventilation chilling the sheep, and we examined the importance of three factors—covering the vehicle, duration of transport, and feeding prior to transp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
7,499 Views
17 Pages

Associations Between Non-Steroidal and Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use, Welfare, and Milk Production in Dairy Sheep: A Multivariate Study

  • Nikolaos Tsekouras,
  • Mathis A. B. Christodoulopoulos,
  • Eleftherios Meletis,
  • Christos Kousoulis,
  • Polychronis Kostoulas,
  • Vasileios Pantazis,
  • Vasileios G. Papatsiros,
  • Konstantina Dimoveli and
  • Dimitrios Gougoulis

11 April 2025

This study examines the use of analgesic medications among sheep farmers, highlighting both their benefits and the significant gaps in their adoption. Our findings indicate that 26.7% of sheep farmers did not utilize any analgesics, a figure that con...

  • Article
  • Open Access
543 Views
25 Pages

Machine-Milking Practices, Animal Welfare-Related Reactions and Quality of Milk Produced in Dairy Sheep Farms

  • Dimitra V. Liagka,
  • George C. Fthenakis,
  • Stella N. Kalonaki,
  • Konstantina S. Dimoveli,
  • Daphne T. Lianou,
  • Vasia S. Mavrogianni,
  • Charalambia K. Michael,
  • Mariangela Caroprese,
  • Vassiliki Spyrou and
  • Natalia G. C. Vasileiou

23 October 2025

There is a scarcity of relevant information in the international literature regarding the welfare of dairy ewes during the milking process and the potential impact on the quality of the produced milk. Hence, there is a scope to further study potentia...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
6,187 Views
14 Pages

28 November 2018

Considering the public concern about the welfare of farm animals during routine husbandry practices, this study aimed to determine how husbandry practices are carried out in Chilean farms, sheep farmers’ perceptions of animal welfare and pain,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,305 Views
13 Pages

17 July 2025

This study aimed to provide an overview of the most frequent animal welfare cases documented by the authorities involved in sheep farming in Germany. A questionnaire with 26 questions was developed and sent to all German veterinary offices (superviso...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,888 Views
14 Pages

14 May 2021

The welfare of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats was assessed by measuring trauma detected during veterinary postmortem inspection at slaughterhouses. The subject of this evaluation were all bovine, porcine, ovine and caprine animals slaughtered at Czech...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
8,001 Views
20 Pages

Stakeholder Perceptions of Welfare Issues and Indicators for Extensively Managed Sheep in Australia

  • Amanda K. Doughty,
  • Grahame J. Coleman,
  • Geoff N. Hinch and
  • Rebecca E. Doyle

23 March 2017

An online survey was designed to form the basis of a framework for the welfare assessment of extensively managed sheep in Australia. The survey focused on welfare compromise and useful welfare indicators. A total of 952 people completed the survey in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
138 Citations
17,592 Views
20 Pages

Animal Welfare Implications of Digital Tools for Monitoring and Management of Cattle and Sheep on Pasture

  • Anders Herlin,
  • Emma Brunberg,
  • Jan Hultgren,
  • Niclas Högberg,
  • Anna Rydberg and
  • Anna Skarin

15 March 2021

The opportunities for natural animal behaviours in pastures imply animal welfare benefits. Nevertheless, monitoring the animals can be challenging. The use of sensors, cameras, positioning equipment and unmanned aerial vehicles in large pastures has...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,855 Views
17 Pages

29 January 2021

Abattoirs are faced with the challenge of moving livestock efficiently through the plant, while also engaging in handling practices that assure good animal welfare. Achieving optimal outcomes for both of these goals can bring them into conflict. An a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,946 Views
24 Pages

Discourses on Positive Animal Welfare by Sheep Farmers and Industry Actors: Implications for Science and Communication

  • Mukhtar Muhammad,
  • Jessica Elizabeth Stokes,
  • Louise Manning and
  • Iona Yuelu Huang

24 September 2024

This research examines how sheep farmers and industry actors in the United Kingdom (UK) understand and conceptualize what animal welfare scientists term ‘positive animal welfare’. It explores their awareness of the concept, and how they i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,788 Views
14 Pages

Environmental Quality and Compliance with Animal Welfare Legislation at Swedish Cattle and Sheep Farms

  • Jan Hultgren,
  • Matthew Hiron,
  • Anders Glimskär,
  • Eddie A. M. Bokkers and
  • Linda J. Keeling

18 January 2022

Conflicts between different goals can obstruct progress in sustainability, but interests may also coincide. We evaluated relationships between environmental quality and animal welfare on Swedish farms with grazing livestock, using publicly available...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
7,636 Views
21 Pages

16 April 2020

One of the world’s longest sea transport routes of live sheep for slaughter is from Australia to the Middle East. Heat stress is a major cause of mortality in shipments of sheep, particularly in sheep leaving Australia in the Southern Hemispher...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,110 Views
14 Pages

The Role of Prebiotic and Herbal Supplementation in Enhancing Welfare and Resilience of Kenguri Sheep Subjected to Transportation Stress

  • Veerasamy Sejian,
  • Chinnasamy Devaraj,
  • Chikamagalore Gopalakrishna Shashank,
  • Mullakkalparambil Velayudhan Silpa,
  • Artabandhu Sahoo and
  • Raghavendra Bhatta

A study was conducted to assess the efficacy of prebiotic and herbal supplements to relieve transportation stress based on changes in physiological, hematological, and molecular responses in Kenguri sheep. Thirty healthy female sheep were randomly di...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,295 Views
30 Pages

Understanding Circular RNAs in Health, Welfare, and Productive Traits of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep

  • Dimitra Kirgiafini,
  • Maria-Anna Kyrgiafini,
  • Theocharis Gournaris and
  • Zissis Mamuris

27 February 2024

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are unique noncoding RNA molecules, notable for their covalent closed-loop structures, which play a crucial role in regulating gene expression across a variety of biological processes. This review comprehensively synthesizes...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
5,066 Views
14 Pages

Intra- and Inter-Observer Reliability of Qualitative Behaviour Assessments of Housed Sheep in Norway

  • Sofia Diaz-Lundahl,
  • Selina Hellestveit,
  • Solveig Marie Stubsjøen,
  • Clare J. Phythian,
  • Randi Oppermann Moe and
  • Karianne Muri

17 August 2019

This study tested the reliability of a Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) protocol developed for the Norwegian Sheep House (FåreBygg) project. The aim was to verify whether QBA scores were consistent between different observers, i.e., int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,501 Views
17 Pages

Application of Citizen Science to Sheep as a Model to Sensitize Young Citizens to Biodiversity, Animal Welfare and the Social Utility of Research

  • Sara Moscatelli,
  • Anna Paniccià,
  • Elisa Palmioli,
  • Laura Del Gobbo,
  • Francesca Mercati and
  • Paola Scocco

14 January 2025

Citizen science activities were performed using sheep as an animal model and involving 252 students aged between 9 and 11 years. The study focused on three pillars: hill/mountain landscape biodiversity, animal welfare and the social utility of resear...

  • Review
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,940 Views
16 Pages

A Systematic Review of Heat Load in Australian Livestock Transported by Sea

  • Teresa Collins,
  • Jordan O. Hampton and
  • Anne L. Barnes

27 September 2018

The transport of animals by sea (‘live export’) is one of the most important current animal welfare issues in Australian society. Recent media attention has highlighted concerns regarding the effects of high environmental temperature and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,670 Views
21 Pages

Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil

  • Vanessa Souza Soriano,
  • Clive Julian Christie Phillips,
  • Cesar Augusto Taconeli,
  • Alessandra Akemi Hashimoto Fragoso and
  • Carla Forte Maiolino Molento

26 June 2021

We aimed to study the gaps between the law and sheep farmer and citizen opinions regarding animal maltreatment by discussing the risk of sheep maltreatment in regular farming practices in Southern Brazil. We surveyed the perception of 56 farmers and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,873 Views
11 Pages

The Effect of Climate Parameters on Sheep Preferences for Outdoors or Indoors at Low Ambient Temperatures

  • Peep Piirsalu,
  • Tanel Kaart,
  • Irje Nutt,
  • Giovanni Marcone and
  • David Arney

13 June 2020

Threshold temperatures for cold stress in sheep are not well understood, the available literature is somewhat dated and reports relate to winter temperatures that are relatively benign. Sheep’s preferences for outdoor versus indoor environments...

  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
6,108 Views
16 Pages

Animal-Based Measures to Assess the Welfare of Extensively Managed Ewes

  • Carolina Munoz,
  • Angus Campbell,
  • Paul Hemsworth and
  • Rebecca Doyle

24 December 2017

The reliability and feasibility of 10 animal-based measures of ewe welfare were examined for use in extensive sheep production systems. Measures were: Body condition score (BCS), rumen fill, fleece cleanliness, fleece condition, skin lesions, tail le...

  • Review
  • Open Access
440 Views
18 Pages

18 December 2025

The study of cognitive processes in sheep (Ovis aries) has gained interest in recent years, particularly for their potential as a model species in translational medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify, classify, and describe cognitive tasks d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
55 Citations
12,930 Views
18 Pages

31 August 2023

Products obtained from sheep have an economically important place in the world. Their adaptability to different climatic conditions, their ease of care and feeding, their high utilization of poor pasture areas with low yield and quality, the ease of...

  • Review
  • Open Access
92 Citations
15,818 Views
17 Pages

Pain Management in Farm Animals: Focus on Cattle, Sheep and Pigs

  • Paulo V. Steagall,
  • Hedie Bustamante,
  • Craig B. Johnson and
  • Patricia V. Turner

21 May 2021

Pain causes behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine changes and is a common cause of animal welfare compromise in farm animals. Current societal and ethical concerns demand better agricultural practices and improved welfare for food animals. These...

  • Review
  • Open Access
20 Citations
7,417 Views
28 Pages

Positive Welfare Indicators in Dairy Animals

  • Maria Papageorgiou and
  • Panagiotis E. Simitzis

18 November 2022

Nowadays, there is growing interest in positive animal welfare not only from the view of scientists but also from that of society. The consumer demands more sustainable livestock production, and animal welfare is an essential part of sustainability,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
6,602 Views
9 Pages

Developing an Ethically Acceptable Virtual Fencing System for Sheep

  • Danila Marini,
  • M. Dennis Meuleman,
  • Sue Belson,
  • T. Bas Rodenburg,
  • Rick Llewellyn and
  • Caroline Lee

27 February 2018

To ensure animal welfare isn’t compromised when using virtual fencing, animals must be able to associate a benign conditioned stimulus with an aversive stimulus. This study used an associative learning test to train 30, four-year-old, Merino x Suffol...

  • Review
  • Open Access
54 Citations
7,677 Views
20 Pages

Welfare Assessment on Pasture: A Review on Animal-Based Measures for Ruminants

  • Chiara Spigarelli,
  • Anna Zuliani,
  • Monica Battini,
  • Silvana Mattiello and
  • Stefano Bovolenta

2 April 2020

Outdoor and extensive farming systems allow animals to behave in a natural way and are often perceived as welfare friendly. Nonetheless, the natural environment poses multiple challenges to the welfare of animals, sometimes hampering their capacity t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,453 Views
9 Pages

The outbreak of a previously unknown and new disease in the United Kingdom, known as ‘Schmallenberg disease’, a disease associated with abortions, stillbirths and fetal deformities in naïve ewes, was reported for the first time in So...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,249 Views
23 Pages

15 April 2023

The development and substance of animal welfare policy is subject to a range of social, cultural, economic, and scientific influences that commonly vary within and between countries. Discrepancies in policy can create confusion and mistrust among sta...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,225 Views
14 Pages

Text Mining Analysis to Evaluate Stakeholders’ Perception Regarding Welfare of Equines, Small Ruminants, and Turkeys

  • Emanuela Dalla Costa,
  • Vito Tranquillo,
  • Francesca Dai,
  • Michela Minero,
  • Monica Battini,
  • Silvana Mattiello,
  • Sara Barbieri,
  • Valentina Ferrante,
  • Lorenzo Ferrari and
  • Elisabetta Canali
  • + 1 author

8 May 2019

Welfare of animals significantly depends on how stakeholders perceive their needs and behave in a way to favor production systems that promote better welfare outcomes. This study aimed at investigating stakeholders’ perception of the welfare of...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,625 Views
17 Pages

18 April 2023

Background: According to EU legislation, animal-based indicators (ABMs) are used to evaluate the efficacy of stunning methods to ensure that animals do not regain consciousness. EFSA has provided a list of ABMs for electrical and mechanical stunning...

  • Article
  • Open Access
225 Views
31 Pages

Towards Decision Support in Precision Sheep Farming: A Data-Driven Approach Using Multimodal Sensor Data

  • Maria P. Nikolopoulou,
  • Athanasios I. Gelasakis,
  • Konstantinos Demestichas,
  • Aphrodite I. Kalogianni,
  • Iliana Papada,
  • Paraskevas Athanasios Lamprou,
  • Antonios Chalkos,
  • Efstratios Manavis and
  • Thomas Bartzanas

Precision livestock farming (PLF), by integrating multimodal sensor data, provides opportunities to enhance welfare monitoring and management in small ruminants. This study evaluated whether environmental, physiological, and behavioral measurements&m...

  • Concept Paper
  • Open Access
60 Citations
8,880 Views
7 Pages

25 April 2019

The use of technology to optimize the production and management of each individual animal is becoming key to good farming. There is a need for the real-time systematic detection and control of disease in animals in order to limit the impact on animal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
6,241 Views
18 Pages

A Cross-Sectional Epizootiological Study and Risk Assessment of Foot-Related Lesions and Lameness in Intensive Dairy Sheep Farms

  • Marios Moschovas,
  • Aphrodite I. Kalogianni,
  • Panagiotis Simitzis,
  • Georgios Pavlatos,
  • Stavros Petrouleas,
  • Ioannis Bossis and
  • Athanasios I. Gelasakis

29 May 2021

Foot-related lameness, foot-diseases and lesions are emerging issues in dairy sheep; however, relevant epizootiological studies are scarce, and risk factors have not been elucidated. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were (i) to address th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
15,700 Views
42 Pages

The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review

  • Juan García-Díez,
  • Sónia Saraiva,
  • Dina Moura,
  • Luca Grispoldi,
  • Beniamino Terzo Cenci-Goga and
  • Cristina Saraiva

20 February 2023

From the point of public health, the objective of the slaughterhouse is to guarantee the safety of meat in which meat inspection represent an essential tool to control animal diseases and guarantee the public health. The slaughterhouse can be used as...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
10,796 Views
33 Pages

17 May 2013

It is a difficult task to improve animal production by means of genetic selection, if the environment does not allow full expression of the animal’s genetic potential. This concept may well be the future for animal welfare, because it highlights the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,973 Views
17 Pages

Pathophysiology of Penetrating Captive Bolt Stunning in Horned and Polled Sheep and Factors Determining Incomplete Concussion

  • Troy John Gibson,
  • Anne Lisa Ridler,
  • Georgina Limon,
  • Christopher Lamb,
  • Alun Williams and
  • Neville George Gregory

13 January 2025

Penetrating captive bolt (PCB) is widely used for stunning and on-farm dispatch of livestock, yet its efficacy can vary, with the potential for animal welfare compromise. This study investigated the pathophysiology of PCB-induced trauma in horned and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,906 Views
13 Pages

Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

  • Fabio Castagna,
  • Roberto Bava,
  • Vincenzo Musolino,
  • Cristian Piras,
  • Antonio Cardamone,
  • Cristina Carresi,
  • Carmine Lupia,
  • Antonio Bosco,
  • Laura Rinaldi and
  • Domenico Britti
  • + 3 authors

21 October 2022

Parasites, in particular, gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent one of the main burdens affecting small ruminant farming and pose a serious threat to their health, welfare, productivity, and reproduction. The correct management of animals and t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,947 Views
12 Pages

Adaptation Response in Sheep: Ewes in Different Cortisol Clusters Reveal Changes in the Expression of Salivary miRNAs

  • Isabella Manenti,
  • Irene Viola,
  • Ugo Ala,
  • Paolo Cornale,
  • Elisabetta Macchi,
  • Paola Toschi,
  • Eugenio Martignani,
  • Mario Baratta and
  • Silvia Miretti

20 October 2023

Farm procedures have an impact on animal welfare by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that induces a wide array of physiological responses. This adaptive system guarantees that the animal copes with environmental variations and it in...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
42 Citations
13,175 Views
8 Pages

20 July 2018

Poor production and handling practices continue to persist that are both detrimental to animal welfare and financially burdensome. These practices continue to persist for three reasons: (1) a segmented marketing chain where a producer is not held fin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,363 Views
12 Pages

Refinement in Post-Operative Care for Orthopaedic Models: Implementing a Sheep Walking Cast (SWC) for Effective Tibial Fracture Management

  • Ivonne Jeanette Knorr,
  • Leonie Tix,
  • Wenjia Liu,
  • Steven R. Talbot,
  • Mareike Schulz,
  • Laura Bell,
  • Babette Kögel,
  • Rene Tolba and
  • Lisa Ernst

In the healthcare system, lower leg fractures remain relevant, incurring costs related to surgical treatment, hospitalization, and rehabilitation. The duration of treatment may vary depending on the individual case and its severity. Casting as a post...

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