Since the introduction of the first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, in 2008, the gain in popularity of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) has led to an increasing demand and, consequently, a larger number of network participants in general. Scaling bloc...
This systematic review examines the integration of directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based blockchain technology in smart mobility ecosystems, focusing on electric vehicles (EVs), robotic systems, and drone swarms. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we conduc...
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Federated Learning (FL) enables distributed model training while preserving data privacy. To overcome the challenges caused by centralized and synchronous model updates, we integrate Directed Acy...
To cope with the challenges posed by high-concurrency training tasks involving large models and big data, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) and shard were proposed as alternatives to blockchain-based federated learning, aiming to enhance training concurre...
With the arrival of the 5G era, the Internet of Things (IoT) has entered a new stage, and the amount of IoT data is growing rapidly. The traditional blockchain cannot handle massive amounts of data, which presents scalability challenges for blockchai...
A hybrid blockchain structure (hybrid directed acyclic graph, or H-DAG) is proposed in this article to solve the existing problem of blockchain architectures using symmetric key encryption technology by combining the characteristics of single-chain b...
The demand for the digital monitoring of environmental ecosystems is high and growing rapidly as a means of protecting the public and managing the environment. However, before data, algorithms, and models can be mobilized at scale, there are consider...
Recently, to enhance the security of the Internet of Things (IoT), research on blockchain-based encryption algorithms has been actively conducted. However, because blockchains have complex structures and process large amounts of data, there are still...
Blockchain is one of the leading data transfer technologies that eliminate the need for centralized management through consensus algorithms. This article describes the consensus algorithms, their benefits, and their applications within a micropayment...
IOTA Tangle offers a promising approach for distributed ledger technology with the capability to compete with the traditional blockchain. To enable microtransactions the Internet of things (IoT) environment, IOTA employs a direct acrylic graph that e...
As the potential of directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based distributed ledgers in IoT systems unfolds, a need arises to understand their intricate dynamics in real-world scenarios. It is well known that discrete event simulations can provide high-fidelit...
The Internet of Things (IoT) demands scalable, secure, and feeless distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) to enable seamless machine-to-machine transactions. The IOTA DLT was developed to fulfill this vision through its feeless Directed Acyclic Graph...
IOTA is a new cryptocurrency system designed for the Internet of Things based on directed an acyclic graph structure. It has the advantages of supporting high concurrency, scalability, and zero transaction fees; however, due to the particularity of t...
Blockchain technology ensures record-keeping by redundantly storing and verifying transactions on a distributed network of nodes. Permissionless blockchains have pushed the development of decentralized applications (DApps) characterized by distribute...
In the Big Data era, data provenance has become an important concern for enhancing the trustworthiness of key data that are rapidly generated and shared across organizations. Prevailing solutions employ authoritative centers to efficiently manage and...
The Internet of Things (IoT) suffers from various security vulnerabilities. The use of blockchain technology can help resolve these vulnerabilities, but some practical problems in terms of scalability continue to hinder the adaption of blockchain for...
Blockchain 3.0, an advanced iteration of blockchain technology, has emerged with diverse applications encompassing various sectors such as identity authentication, logistics, medical care, and Industry 4.0/5.0. Notably, the integration of blockchain...
In this paper, we propose a scheme that implements a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) based on Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to generate, validate, and confirm the electricity transaction in Smart Grid. The convergence of the Smart Grid and distrib...
The transformation of time series into complex networks through visibility graphs is an innovative way to study time-based events. In this work, we use visibility graphs to transform IOTA and IoTeX price volatility time series into complex networks....
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have generated a lot of interest in recent years, due to the advances in battery life and low pollution. Similarly, the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) allowed more and more devices to be interconnected. One major pr...
Information sharing in vehicular networks has great potential for the future Internet of Vehicles (IoV). Vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) can exchange perceptual information and driving experience to enable intelligent transportation applications s...
Some Internet of Things (IoT) platforms use blockchain to transport data. The value proposition of IoT is the connection to the Internet of a myriad of devices that provide and exchange data to improve people’s lives and add value to industries. The...
This paper explores a future perspective to foster the provision of balancing services to the electricity grid by distributed assets. One recent test case, initiated by the Dutch Transmission System Operator (TSO), was to operate an Electric Vehicle...
The machine learning paradigms driven by the sixth-generation network (6G) facilitate an ultra-fast and low-latency communication environment. However, specific research and practical applications have revealed that there are still various issues reg...
With the development of the power internet of things, the traditional centralized computing pattern has been difficult to apply to many power business scenarios, including power load forecasting, substation defect detection, and demand-side response....
Real-time identification of irrigation water pollution sources and pathways (PSP) is crucial to ensure both environmental and food safety. This study uses an integrated framework based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and the blockchain technology tha...
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has revolutionized network management by providing unprecedented flexibility, control, and efficiency. However, its centralized architecture introduces critical security vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a novel...
This article addresses the issues of scalability and security in blockchain networks, with a focus on sharding algorithms and decentralized data storage. Key challenges include the low throughput and high transaction latency in public networks such a...
IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform proposed for the internet of things (IoT) systems in order to tackle the limitations of Blockchain in terms of latency, scalability, and transaction cost. The main concepts used in IOTA to reach...
Advances in information technology (IT) and operation technology (OT) accelerate the development of manufacturing systems (MS) consisting of integrated circuits (ICs), modules, and systems, toward Industry 4.0. However, the existing MS does not suppo...
A systematic review of the literature is presented related to the usage of blockchain technology (BCT) for cyber-threats in the context of Industry 4.0. BCT plays a crucial role in creating smart factories and it is recognized as a core technology th...