Veterinary Sciences

16 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Investigation of Uncharacterised Cardiovascular Structures in Shallow-Diving, Semi-Aquatic Freshwater Turtles (Chelidae: Emydura macquarii)

by Rhiannon Jade Gurkin, Cleide Spronhle-Barrera, Lawrence Noble, Nate Maisel, Jo Gordon, Christopher Lam, Andrea Schaffer-White, Francesco Origgi and Viviana Gonzalez-Astudillo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050493 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

Reptiles with diving capabilities have evolved physiological adaptations as well as conformational changes to temporarily sustain life underwater. Despite the importance of both respiratory and cardiovascular systems during diving, most studies have focused on respiratory adaptations. Thus, characterisation of previously undescribed cardiovascular anatomical [...] Read more.

Reptiles with diving capabilities have evolved physiological adaptations as well as conformational changes to temporarily sustain life underwater. Despite the importance of both respiratory and cardiovascular systems during diving, most studies have focused on respiratory adaptations. Thus, characterisation of previously undescribed cardiovascular anatomical variations in diving vertebrates is of broad interest. Thirteen clinically healthy, free-ranging adult female Murray River turtles (Chelidae: Emydura macquarii) were collected for research purposes, euthanised and autopsied. Prominent, valve-like structures, comprised exclusively of smooth muscle myocytes, were identified in medium- and large-calibre muscular arteries of all individuals. Additionally, multiple intramural vascular channels, mimicking post-thrombotic recanalization, were observed within medium-calibre muscular arteries. Further, we confirmed the presence of alpha-smooth-muscle actin-positive cells lining the cardiac atria in E. macquarii. Quantitative morphometric analyses demonstrated that the valve-like structures frequently occupied a substantial proportion of the vascular lumen, in some cases exceeding 90% luminal narrowing. Their consistent presence across multiple individuals and organ systems supports the interpretation that these are physiological vascular structures rather than artefacts. This study examines the potential physiological and evolutionary roles of these vascular structures, providing a basis for further research into cardiovascular adaptations in vertebrates subjected to postural changes and diving-related haemodynamic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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12 pages, 1602 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stage-Dependent Embryolethality of Diclofenac Sodium: Quantitative Assessment of Dose–Time Interaction and Critical Windows of Susceptibility in the In Ovo Chicken Embryo Model

by Harun Kizilay and Seyma Tetik Rama

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050492 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: Diclofenac sodium is a drug with reported developmental toxicity in several non-mammalian and mammalian models. This study aims to evaluate the stage-dependent embryolethality of diclofenac sodium according to developmental stage using the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo in ovo [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Diclofenac sodium is a drug with reported developmental toxicity in several non-mammalian and mammalian models. This study aims to evaluate the stage-dependent embryolethality of diclofenac sodium according to developmental stage using the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo in ovo model, a system widely used in veterinary and avian developmental toxicology screening. The study focuses specifically on quantitatively determining the “critical sensitivity windows” between the early (day 7) and late (day 14) embryonic stages. (2) Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) were exposed to different doses (3.125–50 mg/kg) of diclofenac sodium, and mortality rates were analyzed. (3) Results: The data indicated that diclofenac toxicity is highly dependent on the developmental stage (p = 0.002). While the LD50 value for the early stage (day 7) was calculated as 20.67 mg/kg, (95% CI 6.79–860.87 mg/kg; wide interval reflecting low precision and steep response), embryos at the late stage (day 14) were found to be more resistant, with an LD50 value of 32.16 mg/kg (95% CI 27.77–37.90 mg/kg). The calculated Potency Ratio of 1.55 indicates that 7-day-old embryos are more sensitive to diclofenac. (4) Conclusions: This study provides model-specific preliminary quantitative data on the stage-dependent embryo mortality profile of diclofenac sodium in chicken embryos. The higher mortality observed on day 7 is consistent with a window of susceptibility during early organogenesis that may be associated with immature detoxification pathways (e.g., hepatic CYP450) and active organic anion transport (e.g., Oatp1d1) reported in other developmental models. However, these mechanisms were not directly measured here. These findings contribute to comparative developmental toxicology and the One Health-focused assessment of NSAID exposure in animal species, emphasizing the importance of considering “timing of exposure” in developmental toxicity assessments. Furthermore, no extrapolation to mammalian pregnancy or human clinical guidelines is implied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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17 pages, 1701 KB

Open AccessArticle

Left Atrioventricular Coupling Index in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Association with Disease Severity and Arterial Thromboembolism

by Tuğba Varlik, Didem Algan, Ryou Tanaka and Zeki Yilmaz

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050491 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

HCM is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, FATE represents a major adverse clinical outcome. Conventional echocardiographic indices typically assess atrial or ventricular parameters separately and may not fully capture the [...] Read more.

HCM is the most prevalent cardiac disease in cats and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Among its complications, FATE represents a major adverse clinical outcome. Conventional echocardiographic indices typically assess atrial or ventricular parameters separately and may not fully capture the structural relationship between the LA and LV. The left atrioventricular coupling index (LACI) is a volumetric ratio that combines LA remodeling and LV chamber size at end-diastole into a single structural index. This retrospective, cross-sectional observational study included 91 cats, classified according to ACVIM guidelines into healthy controls (n = 33), asymptomatic HCM (stage B1, n = 14; stage B2, n = 16), symptomatic HCM (stage C, n = 15), and cats with FATE (n = 13). Conventional and two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography were performed, and LACI-ED was calculated as the ratio of LA end-diastolic volume to LV end-diastolic volume. LACI-ED increased progressively with disease severity (p < 0.001), showing the highest values in symptomatic HCM and FATE cases. It correlated positively with LA size and volume (p < 0.01) and inversely with LV GLS (p < 0.01). Exploratory ROC analysis for FATE status yielded limited discriminatory performance for LACI-ED > 150% (AUC = 0.575; 95% CI: 0.402–0.736; sensitivity 46.2%; specificity 84.4%). Although LACI-ED > 150% was associated with higher odds of prevalent FATE (OR = 4.65; 95% CI: 1.405–29.215; p = 0.020), this finding should be interpreted with caution. Pairwise comparisons of ROC curve areas between LACI-ED and conventional echocardiographic parameters (LA/Ao ratio, LA diameter, and LV GLS) revealed no statistically significant differences (all p > 0.05). Although LACI-ED > 150% was associated with higher odds of prevalent FATE (OR = 6.8; p < 0.05), this finding should be interpreted with caution. This cross-sectional study evaluates associations with disease stage and thromboembolic status at the time of examination. The findings suggest that LACI-ED reflects disease severity in feline HCM, whereas its utility for thromboembolic risk assessment appears limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Animals)

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15 pages, 2954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolating and Validating Fibroblast-like Cells from the Skeletal Muscle of the Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)

by Nattaphong Akrimajirachoote, Montri Pattarapanawan, Suparat Chaipipat, Yanika Piyasanti, Kornkanok Sritabtim, Juthathip Jurutha, Kannika Siripattarapravat and Piyathip Setthawong

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050490 - 19 May 2026

Abstract

The isolation of fibroblast-like cells from crocodile skeletal muscle provides a valuable platform for studies in comparative physiology, reptilian biology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. In this article, we present an optimized protocol for isolating and characterizing fibroblast-like cells derived from the embryonic [...] Read more.

The isolation of fibroblast-like cells from crocodile skeletal muscle provides a valuable platform for studies in comparative physiology, reptilian biology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. In this article, we present an optimized protocol for isolating and characterizing fibroblast-like cells derived from the embryonic skeletal muscle of the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). The procedure improved cell yields and viability while maintaining phenotypic and genetic stability. Dorsal and tail skeletal muscle tissue was cultured in flasks pre-coated with collagen. The cells attached and began migrating from the explants within one day. Optimal culture conditions were achieved using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 or Minimum Essential Medium Alpha supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2% crocodile serum, and growth-promoting factors, incubated at 28 °C without CO₂. These conditions supported a shorter population doubling time and enhanced cell proliferation. The established cells displayed a spindle-shaped fibroblastic morphology, expressed the fibroblast-specific marker fibronectin, and maintained a stable karyotype through passage 20. The cell line remained stable and proliferative for at least 30 passages under standard culture conditions. Our study established the first standardized fibroblast-like cell line derived from C. siamensis, thus providing a foundation for future studies in reptilian physiology, cytogenetics, and regenerative biotechnology. Full article

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9 pages, 6424 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Systemic Granulomatous Mycobacteriosis in Orbiculate Batfish (Platax orbicularis) Associated with Mycobacterium marinum-like Organism in an Aquarium in South Korea

by Chi Yong Kim, Young-Hyun Goo, Sukhun Oh and Sun-Hee Do

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050489 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

In this report, we describe systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis in an orbiculate batfish from an aquarium in South Korea. Gross examination of the deceased fish showed multifocal nodular lesions in multiple internal organs including the gills, spleen, and kidney. Histopathological analysis demonstrated severe chronic [...] Read more.

In this report, we describe systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis in an orbiculate batfish from an aquarium in South Korea. Gross examination of the deceased fish showed multifocal nodular lesions in multiple internal organs including the gills, spleen, and kidney. Histopathological analysis demonstrated severe chronic systemic granulomatous inflammation, and Ziehl–Neelsen staining highlighted abundant intralesional acid-fast bacilli. Molecular analysis based on partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) genes showed that the detected organism was most closely related to Mycobacterium marinum. Because the molecular analysis was performed using partial sequences obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, definitive species-level identification was not possible. This case represents systemic granulomatous mycobacteriosis associated with a Mycobacterium marinum-like organism in orbiculate batfish in an aquarium in South Korea and emphasizes the need for continuous disease surveillance and improved diagnostic awareness of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in ornamental and public aquarium fish. Full article

26 pages, 842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of Using Natural Fermented Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics on Fattening Performance, Blood Parameters, and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress

by Sadık Serkan Aydin, Mehmet Avci, Nurcan Kirar, Ahmet Oruç, Mehmet Savrunlu and Aydin Daş

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050488 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on [...] Read more.

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on fattening performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (initial body weight: 46.72 ± 0.18 g) were used in a 42-day trial. The chicks were divided into six groups of 10 birds each, with four replicates. The study groups were divided into six groups: control (TNC) under normal environmental conditions (TN), PFJM (TNPJFM) and commercial probiotic (TNTP) supplemented in their drinking water, and control (HSC), HSPFJM, and HSTP under heat stress (HS) conditions. Temperature (34.5–36.2 °C) was applied for 42 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were 1.2 × 10¹² cfu/mL in PFJM, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the predominant species. Probiotics were added to the chicks’ drinking water at 0.5 mL/L. The control groups’ water was free of probiotics. This study revealed a decrease in body weight and body weight gain and a worse feed conversion ratio in the HSC group. The lowest carcass weight under heat stress was in the HSC group, and the highest was in the HSPFJM group. The lowest gizzard and highest bursa Fabricius percentages were in the probiotic-containing groups. Blood glucose and uric acid decreased in the HSPFJM group. In the HSC group, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased, while E. coli, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TAB), enterobacteria, and yeast increased. In the probiotic-supplemented groups, LAB increased, while E. coli, yeast, and enterobacteria decreased. The study results suggest that PJFM supplementation may positively impact intestinal health in chickens exposed to heat stress, supporting growth performance and health parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Fermentation and Animal Health: Nutrition and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 2279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Domestic Ducks’ Proventriculus Infected with Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) Jägerskiöld 1909

by Cuilan Hao, Yujiao Bai, Shenzhen Xia, Cheng Yue, Adili Abudu, Jianyong Hu and Wei Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050487 - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA [...] Read more.

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA sequencing of the gastric tissues of infected and control ducks was followed by differential expression using DESeq2, and functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction networks were constructed. There were 1983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1317 upregulated genes and 666 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG analyses showed considerable enrichment in immune response, extracellular matrix organization, and chemotaxis and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, suggesting systemic immune activation and tissue remodeling. The protein–protein interaction network indicated several hub genes that might be central to host defense. Validation by RT-qPCR showed consistent expression trends for some DEGs. These results systematically outline the transcriptomic landscape of ducks infected with Eustrongylides tubifex, offering new insights into host–parasite interactions and immune modulation. The results enhance our understanding of anti-helminth immunity in waterfowl and may inform strategies for disease control in poultry production. Full article

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24 pages, 13201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Pathways Underlying Onion-Mediated Regulation of Spleen Immune Function in Liangshan Black Sheep

by Zengwen Huang, Jing Wang, Zhiqiu Huang, Gang Lv, Hehua Wang, Chaoyun Yang, Shengwang Jiang, Guiying Hao and Yi Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050486 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black [...] Read more.

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black Sheep. Results showed that FO supplementation significantly improved systemic antioxidant capacity and immune function, indicated by a higher spleen index and increased serum concentrations of SOD, MCP-1, and IL-2 (p < 0.05). Multi-omics profiling of spleen tissues identified 169 differentially expressed proteins and 168 differential metabolites. Integrated pathway enrichment revealed calcium signaling and purine metabolism as potential core regulatory hubs for the observed immunomodulation. This molecular remodeling correlated with key molecules including protein F2R and metabolites adenosine and hypoxanthine, which may form a coordinated regulatory network. Overall, our findings suggest potential pathways linking dietary FO supplementation to enhanced splenic immune function in Liangshan Black Sheep, likely via synergistic regulation of specific signaling pathways. This work supports FO as a promising functional feed additive and provides a molecular framework for developing novel immunomodulatory strategies in livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Improve Animal Health and Immunity)

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14 pages, 1300 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Clinical, Pathological, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida Infections in Extensively Reared Rabbits in Western Romania

by Vlad Iorgoni, Livia Stanga, Paula Nistor, Alexandru Gligor, Janos Degi, Bogdan Florea, Gabriel Orghici, Ionica Iancu, Cosmin Horatiu Maris, Ioan Cristian Dreghiciu and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050485 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems [...] Read more.

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems in western Romania, with identification of Pasteurella multocida performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A total of 308 rabbits from 23 holdings were clinically examined, necropsied when applicable, and subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical signs compatible with pasteurellosis were observed in 132 rabbits (42.9%), including respiratory diseases, abscess formation, otitis, and reproductive disorders. Samples collected from affected and deceased rabbits were cultured and analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS, confirming 87 isolates as P. multocida. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 system revealed high resistance to tetracyclines (63.22%) and beta-lactams (55.17%), while higher susceptibility was observed for enrofloxacin (91.95%), gentamicin (89.66%), ciprofloxacin (86.21%), and florfenicol (80.46%). The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates highlights the need for laboratory-guided antimicrobial therapy and improved biosecurity measures in traditional rabbit holdings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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25 pages, 1794 KB

Open AccessReview

Application of Gene Editing Technology in Poultry

by Ruyu Liao, Rong Ran, Yixin Liu, Xinyi Zhou, Min Tan, Qigui Wang, Haiwei Wang and Xi Lan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050484 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals [...] Read more.

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals due to its high editing efficiency. Subsequently, the development of novel gene editing systems, such as base editors and prime editors, has provided enhanced precision and reduced off-target effects. These advancements have facilitated the transition of gene editing from laboratory research to clinical and agricultural applications. Gene editing has been extensively utilized to enhance production traits, improve disease resistance, facilitate disease detection, and establish disease models. This review outlines the development of gene editing technologies, discusses the advantages and limitations of key gene editing tools, and explores their applications in poultry. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and future prospects of gene editing in animal husbandry, including off-target effects, ethical concerns, and technical complexities. Full article

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21 pages, 1119 KB

Open AccessReview

Evidence and Clinical Applications of Natural Products in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review of Clinoptilolite, Ozone Therapy, Propolis, and Phytotherapy

by Dražen Đuričić, Ivona Žura Žaja, Alicja Kowalczyk, Ksenija Vlahović, Hrvoje Valpotić, Mislav Kovačić, Marko Pećin and Marko Samardžija

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050483 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, Google Scholar, and regional veterinary journals using predefined keywords related to natural alternatives in veterinary medicine. These studies were critically appraised due to frequent methodological limitations, including lack of randomization and control groups. From 1124 identified records, 842 studies were screened after duplicates were removed, 214 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 96 studies meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Clinoptilolite consistently improved gastrointestinal health and detoxification in livestock. Ozone therapy demonstrated broad antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, though standardized protocols are lacking. Bee-derived products, especially propolis exhibited strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with variable clinical translation. Phytotherapy emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Overall, the available evidence suggests that these natural interventions may serve as promising adjuncts in veterinary practice; however, their current application is constrained by heterogeneity, limited randomized controlled trials, and lack of standardized protocols. Consequently, they should be considered supportive rather than definitive alternatives to conventional therapies. Further well-designed, standardized clinical studies are required to confirm efficacy, optimize application, and support evidence-based integration into modern veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Veterinary Therapy: Evidence, Applications, and Integrative Approaches to Improve Animal Health and Welfare)

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19 pages, 917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70, Ki67 and Caspase 3 Are Differentially Expressed in the Canine Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Uterus and Ovaries

by Schäfer-Somi Sabine, Binli Firdevs, Kaya Duygu, Karadag Muhammed Ali, Ay Serhan, Findik Murat and Aslan Selim

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050482 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in the non-pregnant and pregnant uterus/placenta and ovaries. Tissues were obtained after ovariohysterectomy and examined by means of immunohistochemistry. There were differences between pregnant and non-pregnant tissues: the expression level of HSP70 during preimplantation in superficial cells was significantly lower than that in early diestrus, with similar results observed for Ki67. The immunosignal for HSP70 was significantly decreased during the postimplantation stage in almost all cell types, whilst the number of HSP60-positive cells did not change. In pregnant animals, the number of Ki67-positive cells significantly increased until the postimplantation stage. In the placenta and trophoblast, the expression of HSP60 and -70 was strong, while no HSP70 signal was detected in endometrial epithelial cells. The caspase 3 immunosignal in the uterus and placenta was generally weak. In the corpora lutea, HSP60, HSP70 and caspase 3 were mainly detected in theca lutein cells, while no signal for KI67 was seen. In follicles, caspase 3 and KI67 expression was low, except in granulosa cells of tertiary follicles and oocytes. We conclude that the different expression of HSPs in pregnant and non-pregnant animals may point towards different regulatory and/or protective tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

10 pages, 731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breed-Specific Dental Variations in Dogs Assessing Malocclusions Using Computed Tomography (CT)

by Hamza Habib, Mumta Soothar, Xiaoxuan Pan, Mingfei Ding, Chengli Zheng, Ming Zhang and Ziyao Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050481 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Dental malocclusions are common and often underdiagnosed situations in dogs, which might result in oral trauma, impaired mastication, and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, scientific investigations into breed-specific variations in dentition remain scarce. To evaluate breed-specific dental variations in dogs, a retrospective cross-sectional analysis was [...] Read more.

Dental malocclusions are common and often underdiagnosed situations in dogs, which might result in oral trauma, impaired mastication, and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, scientific investigations into breed-specific variations in dentition remain scarce. To evaluate breed-specific dental variations in dogs, a retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 92 clinical canine head computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in Chengdu, China, representing a range of breeds and skull morphologies. Dental alignment and occlusal relationships were calculated using standardized malocclusion classification criteria. As a result, malocclusions were found and identified in 46.7% of dogs. Among them, brachycephalic breeds indicated a high prevalence of malocclusion, with Shiba Inu dogs demonstrating the highest malocclusion rate (66.7%), whereas Golden Retrievers and Akitas showed the lowest prevalence (16.7%). Class I malocclusions characterized by dental crowding were most common (44.19%), followed by Class II malocclusions (overbite) (30.23%), and Class III malocclusions (underbite) (20.93%). Our findings demonstrated a strong association between skull morphology and dental alignment abnormalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—3rd Edition)

12 pages, 1691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Goatpox Virus Threat in Wild Ruminants: First Documented Outbreak in the United Arab Emirates, 2024

by Christiana Hebel, Ajith Kumar, Sunitha Joseph, Joerg Kinne, Nissy Annie Georgy Patteril, Florian Pfaff, Bernd Hoffmann, Rolf Schuster, Francois Le Grange and Ulrich Wernery

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050480 - 16 May 2026

Abstract

The goatpox virus (GPV) is a highly contagious pathogen primarily affecting domestic small ruminants in endemic regions of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This study reports the first confirmed outbreak of GPV in captive wild ruminants in the United Arab Emirates [...] Read more.

The goatpox virus (GPV) is a highly contagious pathogen primarily affecting domestic small ruminants in endemic regions of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This study reports the first confirmed outbreak of GPV in captive wild ruminants in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The outbreak occurred in a fenced 900-hectare mountainous reserve following a period of heavy rainfall, and Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), and Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) were affected. Clinical signs included generalized cutaneous nodules, mucopurulent nasal discharge, respiratory distress, weakness, and emaciation. Over a three-month period, 71 animals died or were euthanized. Histopathological findings were consistent with GPV infection in goats, although typical inclusion bodies were missing. Real-time PCR confirmed GPV DNA in multiple tissues with a high viral genome load. Virus isolation was successful only in lamb testis cells. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the isolates were genetically identical and clustered within the Central and Western Asia lineage, showing closest similarity to a Turkish field strain. The finding highlights the potential for cross-species transmission of GPV into wildlife and emphasizes the importance of surveillance, as well as molecular diagnostic and preventative vaccination strategies at the wildlife–livestock interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)

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19 pages, 6995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus and Bacillus Improve Egg Production in Zhedong White Geese via Gut Microbiota–Metabolite–Endocrine Axis Modulation

by Ruilong Song, Biao Wang, Wan Zhang, Xiao Zhou, Shuyan Rui, Qi Wang, Hehuan Li, Xishuai Tong, Hui Zou, Yonggang Ma, Shufang Chen and Zongping Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050479 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Enhancing egg production in geese without antibiotics remains a challenge in poultry science. This study compared the effects of Lactobacillus (LAB) and Bacillus (BAC) probiotics on laying performance, gut microbiota, and serum metabolism in Zhedong White geese. Birds were fed a control diet [...] Read more.

Enhancing egg production in geese without antibiotics remains a challenge in poultry science. This study compared the effects of Lactobacillus (LAB) and Bacillus (BAC) probiotics on laying performance, gut microbiota, and serum metabolism in Zhedong White geese. Birds were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with LAB or BAC. Egg production and quality were monitored throughout the trial. Serum metabolomics and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were integrated with KEGG enrichment and correlation analyses to uncover functional mechanisms. Both probiotics improved laying performance and egg quality. Total egg production of the LAB group was 8.5% higher than that of the BAC group (p < 0.05). The LAB group’s advantage in egg production was consistent with its stronger activation of the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway (elevated serum corticosterone and tetrahydrocorticosterone indicated an overall enhancement of steroidogenic flux). Simultaneously, the LAB group exhibited a more efficient conversion of L-phenylalanine to catecholamine precursors, which drove activation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. The BAC group showed more significant changes in nitrogen and energy metabolism pathways and a more pronounced expansion of energy-harvesting Firmicutes. These findings reveal two strain-specific regulatory pathways: LAB functions through the “aromatic amino acid–neuroendocrine–steroid hormone axis,” while BAC relies on the “gut microbiota–energy metabolism” pathway, with direct implications for the precise application of probiotics under antibiotic-free farming conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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9 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laterality and Breed Distribution of Cryptorchidism in 251 Dogs: A Retrospective Clinical Study

by Rafalska Agata and Domosławska Anna

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050478 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequently diagnosed developmental disorders of the male canine reproductive system, defined as the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Physiologically, testicular descent is typically completed by six to eight weeks of age, [...] Read more.

Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequently diagnosed developmental disorders of the male canine reproductive system, defined as the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Physiologically, testicular descent is typically completed by six to eight weeks of age, although some authors extend this period to sixteen weeks. Failure of testicular descent beyond this timeframe is considered pathological. The condition has multiple causes and affects between 1% and 10% of the canine population. Genetics is the most significant factor, indicating the hereditary basis of cryptorchidism. In addition, increasing attention has been directed toward the potential impact of environmental and epigenetic factors on the incidence of cryptorchidism, suggesting that the condition may result from complex interactions between genetic predisposition and external influences. The effect of hormones (such as INSL3 and testosterone), mechanical factors (including narrowing of the inguinal canal, abnormalities of the gubernaculum, and shortening of the spermatic cord), and environmental factors (for example, exposure to external estrogens and maternal stress during pregnancy) all contribute to the development of this disorder. Recent results have emphasized the role of the orexin system, particularly the OX2R receptor, in regulating endocrine and reproductive functions in cryptorchid testes. Computed tomography is increasingly utilized in complex cases due to its high precision in localizing retained testes. Clinically, cryptorchidism may present unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral cryptorchidism may preserve partial fertility, whereas bilateral cryptorchidism results in complete infertility. Undescended testes may be located in the abdominal cavity or inguinal canal. Major complications include an increased risk of testicular cancer (Sertoli cell tumors and seminomas) and endocrine disorders leading to feminization. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging modalities such as ultrasound. Orchiectomy, involving the removal of both the retained and normally descended testicles, is thought to be the gold standard for treatment. This method helps avoid complications and the transmission of the defect to offspring. According to Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standards, affected individuals should not be used for breeding or shows. Early detection, surgical intervention, and consistent exclusion from breeding programs are the primary strategies for reducing the incidence of this disorder in the canine population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Veterinary Reproductive Physiology, Endocrinology, Management and Diseases)

17 pages, 1434 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Hepatic Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Regulatory Differences Between Qilian and Oula Sheep

by Yaxiong Ren, Qi-Tala An, Xiaohua Du, Xia Liu, Fanhong Gao, Yuan Li, Ying Xu, Liangwei Yao and Wenhao Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050477 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Qilian sheep are an important indigenous Tibetan sheep breed adapted to cold and hypoxic environments. To explore hepatic nutrient metabolism in Qilian sheep, this study compared liver transcriptomic profiles between Qilian sheep and Oula sheep raised under similar natural grazing and management conditions. [...] Read more.

Qilian sheep are an important indigenous Tibetan sheep breed adapted to cold and hypoxic environments. To explore hepatic nutrient metabolism in Qilian sheep, this study compared liver transcriptomic profiles between Qilian sheep and Oula sheep raised under similar natural grazing and management conditions. Six 10-month-old ewes from each breed were selected, and three high-quality liver RNA samples from each group were used for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 1640 differentially expressed genes were identified using the thresholds of |log2FoldChange| > 1 and false discovery rate < 0.05, including 922 upregulated and 718 downregulated genes in Qilian sheep compared with Oula sheep. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly associated with lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid β-oxidation. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the differential expression of 11 candidate genes, including RGN, LPGAT1, BHMT2, SDS, GK, PC, MIOX, HMGCS2, PNPLA3, ACAA2, and HADHA. These results suggest that Qilian sheep and Oula sheep differ in hepatic gene expression patterns related to lipid utilization, amino acid metabolism, and energy regulation, providing candidate genes and pathways for understanding breed-associated hepatic metabolic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Improve Animal Health and Immunity)

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18 pages, 15058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferulic Acid Alleviates the Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 on Broilers by Conjugating and Down-Regulating Chicken CYP1A5 and CYP2W1

by Xinghe Wang, Weiwei Li, Jianan Dai, Meng Jia, Lingfang Na, Wenyang Xu, Changde Wu and Mingchun Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050476 - 14 May 2026

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed to AFB1 (4 mg/kg) and treated with different doses of FA (60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg) continuously for 28 days. The production performance, biochemical indicators, morphological changes, CYP450 enzymes’ expression in ER, interactions between small molecules and CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes’ protein secondary structure were investigated. The results showed the following: (I) FA promoted broiler growth and reduced AFBO production. (II) AFB1-induced changes in serological indicators (AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, TBA, TG) and biochemical parameters (GST, SOD, MDA, ROS), which were reversed by FA. (III) AFB1-induced liver morphological changes and apoptosis were obviously alleviated by FA. (IV) AFB1-induced up-regulation of CYP1A5, CYP2A6, CYP2W1, and CYP3A4 in ER were reduced by FA. (V) The binding affinity of FA to CYP1A5 is lower than that of AFB1 to CYP1A5, and the binding affinity of FA to CYP2W1 is similar to that of AFB1 to CYP2W1. (VI) The contents of α helix, β sheet, β turn, and random coil in chicken CYP1A5 were 59.6%, 7.8%, 13.6%, and 19.0% respectively, and those in chicken CYP2W1 were 32.2%, 17.1%, 16.8%, and 33.9% respectively. In conclusion, FA can promote broiler growth and alleviate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibiting and conjugating CYP450 enzymes, thus reducing AFBO formation and oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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16 pages, 1659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Safe Corridors for External Fixation Pin Insertion in the Distal Long Bones: An Ex Vivo Anatomical Study in Neonatal Simmental Calves

by Kamil Serdar İnal and Can Nacar

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050475 - 14 May 2026

Abstract

External skeletal fixation (ESF) is a versatile method for fracture management in neonatal calves but confers a significant risk of iatrogenic injury to vital structures. The aim of this ex vivo study was to systematically define safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors for transcortical [...] Read more.

External skeletal fixation (ESF) is a versatile method for fracture management in neonatal calves but confers a significant risk of iatrogenic injury to vital structures. The aim of this ex vivo study was to systematically define safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors for transcortical pin placement in the distal long bones (radius-ulna, tibia, metacarpus, and metatarsus) of Simmental calves to provide precise anatomical guidance. Six fresh Simmental calf cadavers without orthopaedic problems were included in the study. The forearm and hindlimb were disarticulated from the shoulder and hip joints, respectively. The radius-ulna, tibia, and metacarpal and metatarsal bones were dissected transversely from five anatomical levels. Safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors were determined in each section. No safe corridor was found in the proximal metaphysis and proximal diaphysis of the radius-ulna. Safe corridors were found on the medial side of the radius-ulna, from the mid-diaphysis to the distal metaphysis. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones showed lateral and medial safe corridors. The tibia provided a continuous medial safe corridor. In conclusion, precise topographic mapping is vital for safe ESF. While anatomically safe corridors are the primary choice for ESF, hazardous corridors are viable alternatives if meticulously utilized. By contrast, unsafe corridors must be strictly avoided to prevent severe iatrogenic trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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