Veterinary Sciences

11 pages, 753 KB

Open AccessArticle

SOX Family Members Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma: Role of the SOX3 in Tumor Aggressiveness

by Renato Felipe Costa, Bárbara Andrade de Carvalho, Bruna Mendes Lima, Emerson Soares Veloso, Karen Yumi Ribeiro Nakagaki, Ivy Nayra Nascimento Gonçalves, Helen Lima Del Puerto and Enio Ferreira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090851 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aggressiveness of oral melanoma can be related to several mutations that occur during development. Based on the knowledge of the role of transcription factors of the SOX family in other neoplastic types, it is necessary to understand their behavior in oral melanomas. [...] Read more.

The aggressiveness of oral melanoma can be related to several mutations that occur during development. Based on the knowledge of the role of transcription factors of the SOX family in other neoplastic types, it is necessary to understand their behavior in oral melanomas. In this work, the expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 and its relationship with the proliferative index and histological aspects indicative of aggressiveness in canine oral melanomas were evaluated. Thirty tumors were histologically reviewed and the expression of Melan-A, SOX2, SOX3, SOX10, and Ki67 in these tumors were determined. All tumors presented histomorphological characteristics compatible with malignant tumors and immunopositivity for Melan-A. The expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 was observed in 7/30 (23.3%), 6/30 (20%), and 23/30 (76.6%) of the cases, respectively. Among the analyzed markers, the relationship between the loss of SOX3 expression in tumors with higher proliferative rates was highlighted. An inverse correlation was also observed between the expression cytoplasmic SOX10 and nuclear SOX10, suggesting a change in the location of this protein in oral melanomas. Among the SOX family proteins studied, the SOX3 protein plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation in oral melanomas, and it is suggested that the SOX2 and SOX10 proteins are constitutively expressed in these neoplasms, without a determining role for aggressiveness. New studies of this gene transcription pathway may assist in possible prognostic and predictive determinations of the SOX3 protein in oral canine melanoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

12 pages, 1476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploratory, Randomized, Dose-Response Study of the Anti-PD-L1 Antibody HFC-L1/c4G12 in Dogs with Pulmonary Metastatic Oral Malignant Melanoma

by Kenji Hosoya, Sangho Kim, Ryohei Kinoshita, Naoya Maekawa, Satoru Konnai, Satoshi Takagi, Michihito Tagawa, Yumiko Kagawa, Tatsuya Deguchi, Ryo Owaki, Yurika Tachibana, Madoka Yokokawa, Hiroto Takeuchi, Hayato Nakamura, Akinori Yamauchi, Ayano Kudo, Shintaro Kamo, Yukinari Kato, Shigeki Kanazawa, Tomoyuki Abe, Takuya Furuta, Keiichi Yamamoto, Yasuhiko Suzuki, Tomohiro Okagawa, Shiro Murata and Kazuhiko Ohashi Show full author list Hide full author list

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090850 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is a highly aggressive malignancy in dogs. The development of effective systemic therapies is urgently required to improve the treatment of canine OMM. Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been investigated in canines following their dramatic success in [...] Read more.

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is a highly aggressive malignancy in dogs. The development of effective systemic therapies is urgently required to improve the treatment of canine OMM. Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been investigated in canines following their dramatic success in human cancer treatment; however, there is still a need for extensive veterinary clinical studies to clarify and optimize their clinical benefits. Among the ICIs under development for canine cancer immunotherapy, c4G12 (HFC-L1), a canine chimeric anti-PD-L1 antibody, has shown promising efficacy in dogs with pulmonary metastatic OMM in previous clinical studies. However, the optimal dose of HFC-L1/c4G12 has not yet been determined. To explore the dose–response relationship of HFC-L1, a multicenter, randomized clinical study was conducted using three different doses (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg via intravenous infusion every 2 weeks) to treat dogs with pulmonary metastatic OMM (n = 8–9 per group). The safety profiles were similar among the dose groups, and numerically longer median overall survival was achieved in the higher dose groups (5 and 10 mg/kg) than in the 2 mg/kg group. Although the study was exploratory in nature with a small sample size, 5–10 mg/kg should be considered the preferred dose in future clinical studies using HFC-L1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 2806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pathological and Molecular Characterization of Avipoxvirus Infection in Burhinus oedicnemus in the Canary Islands

by Ana Colom-Rivero, Antonio Fernández, Lucía Marrero-Ponce, Derke Padrón-Ramírez, Lucía Caballero-Hernández, Candela Rivero-Herrera, Cristian M. Suárez-Santana and Eva Sierra

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090849 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

Avian poxvirus was diagnosed in eight wild Stone-curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) from the Canary Islands, based on a combination of pathological and molecular analysis. Affected birds exhibited lesions consistent with poxvirus infection; three of four with mild lesions (≤2 on pelvic limbs, [...] Read more.

Avian poxvirus was diagnosed in eight wild Stone-curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus) from the Canary Islands, based on a combination of pathological and molecular analysis. Affected birds exhibited lesions consistent with poxvirus infection; three of four with mild lesions (≤2 on pelvic limbs, excluding phalanges) were successfully rehabilitated and released, while four with moderate (≤2 on phalanges) to severe lesions (≥3 on phalanges) potentially faced impaired mobility, increased predation risk, and reduced foraging efficiency. Histopathology of six individuals revealed Bollinger bodies, characteristic of Avipoxvirus infection, and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of viral DNA in six cases. Three genetically distinct viral variants were identified, each associated with different phylogenetic clades and subclades, suggesting substantial viral diversity within this host species. Co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus was also detected in six of the eight birds, confirmed by molecular analysis in either skin lesions or lung tissue. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. fumigatus co-infection in Stone-curlews with Avipoxvirus. Additionally, one individual presented a tumor-like lesion, expanding the known pathological manifestations of the disease. These findings provide new insights into avian pox and highlight the importance of considering fungal co-infections in the differential diagnosis, given their potential to exacerbate disease severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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23 pages, 3553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Profiling, Tissue Distribution, and Tolerance Assessment of Bopu Powder in Laying Hens Following Long-Term Dietary Administration

by Hongting Wang, Xinhao Wang, Jiaxin Xu, Zihui Yang, Zhen Dong, Jianguo Zeng and Hua Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090848 - 2 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic profile and safety of Bopu Powder in laying hens, focusing on its principal alkaloids protopine (PRO) and allocryptopine (ALL). Nine hens received intravenous PRO (1 mg/kg·bw), ALL (1 mg/kg·bw), or saline. Blood (5–120 min post-dose) and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic profile and safety of Bopu Powder in laying hens, focusing on its principal alkaloids protopine (PRO) and allocryptopine (ALL). Nine hens received intravenous PRO (1 mg/kg·bw), ALL (1 mg/kg·bw), or saline. Blood (5–120 min post-dose) and feces (48 h collection) were analyzed via LC-Q-TOF-MS, revealing 9 ALL and 12 PRO metabolites, including two novel structures. In a separate 56-day trial, 324 hens were assigned to control, 50 mg/kg Bopu Powder (BP), or 500 mg/kg Bopu Powder (BPX) groups. Post-trial analyses showed PRO and ALL residues primarily in their kidneys (BP: PRO 11.21 ng/g, ALL 6.59 ng/g; BPX: PRO 23.62 ng/g, ALL 7.92 ng/g) and livers (BP: PRO 15.52 ng/g; BPX: PRO 269.49 ng/g, ALL 56.14 ng/g). Residues in eggs occurred exclusively in the BPX group (PRO 26.86 ng/g, ALL 12.29 ng/g). No residues were detected in other tissues (jejunum, ileum, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, muscle, fat, gizzard). Serum biochemical indicators and histopathological examinations were used to evaluate the long-term effects of Bopu Powder. The results confirmed that supplementation at doses up to 500 mg/kg did not induce any significant physiological or histopathological alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology)

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21 pages, 2227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Dual Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phallus indusiatus in a Feline Infectious Peritonitis Model Using PBMCs

by Chularat Hlaoperm, Wassamon Moyadee, Emwalee Wongsaengnoi, Wiwat Klankaew, Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn, Atchara Paemanee, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Oumaporn Rungsuriyawiboon and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090847 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive and often fatal disease caused by a virulent biotype of feline coronavirus (FCoV). Although antiviral treatments are now available, relapse and resistance remain ongoing concerns. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of P. indusiatus, a [...] Read more.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive and often fatal disease caused by a virulent biotype of feline coronavirus (FCoV). Although antiviral treatments are now available, relapse and resistance remain ongoing concerns. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of P. indusiatus, a medicinal mushroom, for its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities against FIP. The main protease (FIPV M^pro) of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was recombinantly expressed and purified to facilitate enzyme inhibition screening. P. indusiatus exhibited the strongest FIPV M^pro inhibitory activity among the 17 mushroom extracts tested (69.2%), showing a notable level of inhibition relative to standard antiviral agents such as lopinavir and ritonavir. To assess its anti-inflammatory potential, PBMCs derived from healthy cats and FIP-associated effusions (FIP fluid) were cultured and stimulated with LPS to induce inflammation. In healthy PBMCs, P. indusiatus significantly reduced nitrite levels, with effects similar to dexamethasone. However, PBMCs from FIP fluid, already in an activated state, showed no additional response. Notably, this study is the first to successfully isolate and culture PBMCs from FIP fluid, providing a new platform for future immunological research. These findings suggest that P. indusiatus possesses both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a potential dual-action therapeutic candidate for FIP. Further investigation into cytokine signaling pathways is warranted to clarify its mechanisms of action and advance future therapeutic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphometric and Histological Characterization of Chestnuts in Dezhou Donkeys and Associations with Phenotypic Traits

by Wenting Chen, Xiaotong Liu, Qifei Zhu, Junjie Liu, Abd Ullah, Yihong Liu, Jinjin Wei, Muhammad Zahoor Khan and Changfa Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090846 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Chestnuts are keratinized skin structures found on equine limbs, but their characteristics in donkeys remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize chestnut morphology and histology in Dezhou donkeys and examine correlations with phenotypic traits. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on [...] Read more.

Background: Chestnuts are keratinized skin structures found on equine limbs, but their characteristics in donkeys remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize chestnut morphology and histology in Dezhou donkeys and examine correlations with phenotypic traits. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 347 Dezhou donkeys (0.3–15 years, 79–419 kg). Chestnut dimensions were measured using precision calipers, and correlations were analyzed with age, body weight, limb measurements, and thoracolumbar vertebral counts. Histological analysis compared chestnut tissue with adjacent normal skin using standard H&E staining protocols. Results: Donkeys exclusively possessed chestnuts on forelimbs, predominantly showing regular geometric configurations. Histologically, chestnut tissue exhibited marked hyperkeratosis (>30 cellular layers vs. 4–6 in normal skin), widespread melanocyte distribution throughout the epidermis, and complete absence of cutaneous appendages. In group A, strong positive correlations were observed between chestnut width and age (r = +0.527, p < 0.01), body weight (r = +0.538, p < 0.01), and limb measurements (r > +0.589 p < 0.01). No significant correlations existed with vertebral numbers. In group B Dezhou donkeys older than 2 years, the length and width of the forelimb chestnuts showed the strongest significant correlation with right forelimb measurements, while no significant correlations were observed with other variables (age, body weight, and hindlimb measurements). Conclusions: Chestnuts in Dezhou donkeys represent specialized integumentary structures with unique histological features and strong correlations with somatic development. These findings support their potential utility as biometric markers for individual identification and indicate coordinated developmental regulation with overall growth patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences)

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11 pages, 1904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Reverse Transcriptase Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick for Rapid Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV): Pilot Study

by Saralee Srivorakul, Thunyamas Guntawang, Tidaratt Sittisak, Thanchanok Gordsueb, Kittikorn Boonsri, Rutch Khattiya, Nattawooti Sthitmatee and Kidsadagon Pringproa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090845 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is well known as a highly contagious viral infection in aquaculture, particularly affecting Tilapia worldwide. Until recently, various TiLV diagnostic methods have been used for rapid and accurate diagnostic procedures that are crucial for timely disease detection and reducing [...] Read more.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is well known as a highly contagious viral infection in aquaculture, particularly affecting Tilapia worldwide. Until recently, various TiLV diagnostic methods have been used for rapid and accurate diagnostic procedures that are crucial for timely disease detection and reducing losses. In this study, we developed an alternative method for investigating TiLV diagnosis using Reverse Transcriptase Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RT-RPA) assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD). The test was generated by specific anti-FITC and anti-Biotin capture antibodies that are compatible with the TiLV-specific primers tagged with FITC and Biotin. The test was conducted by the reverse transcriptase of target TiLV RNA and RPA amplification at 39 °C for 20 min. The products were then determined by a positive band signal via LFD. The RT-RPA-LFD assay detected the plasmid of TiLV (pTiLV) with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 3.19 copies/µL, while the RT-PCR-LFD assay detected it with an LOD of 319 copies/µL. Our findings demonstrate that RT-RPA-LFD represents a possible alternative to RT-PCR for the rapid and sensitive detection of TiLV, especially in areas with limited infrastructure. Full article

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17 pages, 1263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Pet Food and Feed Samples: A One Health Perspective

by Nikolaos D. Andritsos, Antonia Mataragka, Nikolaos Tzimotoudis, Anastasia-Spyridoula Chatzopoulou, Maria Kotsikori and John Ikonomopoulos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090844 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria, like Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, can be detected in the primary food production environment. On the other hand, and in the current context of One Health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is gaining increased attention worldwide, as it poses significant [...] Read more.

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria, like Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, can be detected in the primary food production environment. On the other hand, and in the current context of One Health, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is gaining increased attention worldwide, as it poses significant threat to public health. The purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in pet food and feed samples, by means of biochemical and/or serological testing of the microbial isolates, and then to screen for AMR against a panel of selected antibiotics. Serotyping of the isolates with multiplex polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of three of the most common clinical Salmonella serovars (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Thompson) and the major epidemiologically important L. monocytogenes serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 4b) in 15 and 9 confirmed isolates of the pathogens, respectively. Strains of Salmonella spp. showed resistance to tetracycline (n = 3) and combined AMR to tetracycline with either ampicillin (n = 2) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 3), without any multidrug resistance (MDR) being recorded whatsoever. AMR in L. monocytogenes was documented in 55.5% of the bacterial strains (n = 5) tested against ciprofloxacin, meropenem, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Alarmingly, one strain of L. monocytogenes was MDR to the latter five antibiotics and deemed resistant in three antibiotic groups (carbapenems, penicillins, tetracyclines), after exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to meropenem (MIC = 4 μg/mL), penicillin (MIC = 4 μg/mL), and tetracycline (MIC = 48 μg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, finding an MDR L. monocytogenes in pet food is something reported for the first time herein. The results presented in this study highlight the presence of important foodborne bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes, with increased AMR to antibiotics and possible MDR at the primary production and at the farm level, due to the misuse of pharmacological substances used to treat zoonotic diseases, probably resulting in detection of resistant strains of these pathogenic bacteria in animal-originated food products (e.g., meat, milk, eggs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens in Primary Animal Food Production)

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12 pages, 2858 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Evaluation of the Preoperative Antiseptic Efficacy of Ozone on Dog Skin in Comparison with Traditional Methods

by Pierre Melanie, Carlotta Niola, Federico Guerrini, Nicolò Pareto, Simone Mancini and Filippo Fratini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090843 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper aims to assess the antiseptic capacity of a double-distilled ozonated water solution and compare it to standard presurgical antiseptic protocols based on chlorhexidine and alcohol. Sixty-three canine patients undergoing different surgical procedures (such as thoracic, abdominal, proximal limb, or cervical) were [...] Read more.

This paper aims to assess the antiseptic capacity of a double-distilled ozonated water solution and compare it to standard presurgical antiseptic protocols based on chlorhexidine and alcohol. Sixty-three canine patients undergoing different surgical procedures (such as thoracic, abdominal, proximal limb, or cervical) were enrolled in the study. Following extensive preoperative clipping of the selected anatomical regions, four standardized skin areas (6 × 6 cm each) were aseptically sampled according to a predefined protocol: Area 1 received soap-based chlorhexidine followed by alcoholic chlorhexidine; Area 2 was prepared using a combination of soap-based chlorhexidine and ozonated water; Areas 3 and 4 underwent presurgical skin antisepsis with a combination of ethyl alcohol and ozonated water, and ozonated water alone, respectively. Two different samples per area were collected using bacteriological buffers in order to evaluate the bacterial count at 90 s and 180 s, respectively. Those samples were sown via streak plating on Petri dishes using PCA (plate count agar) as the medium. The determination of the total mesophilic bacterial count on Petri dishes was used to assess the efficacy of the antiseptics in different areas. Results show that ozonated bidistilled water demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy compared to other antiseptics tested in this study. Its integration into surgical protocols could enhance patient safety while controlling environmental concerns associated with the massive use of chemical antiseptics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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13 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessReview

Sarcocystosis in Farm Animals in Brazil: A One-Health Approach

by Michel dos Santos Pinto, João Alfredo Biagi Camargo Neto, Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes, Fernando Paiva, Luiz Daniel de Barros, Gustavo Felippelli, Fernando de Souza Rodrigues, Giovanni Widmer and Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090842 - 1 Sep 2025

Abstract

Sarcocystosis is a parasitic infection caused by obligate intracellular coccidia, which infect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. More than 200 Sarcocystis species have already been identified, but for many of these, the life cycle, pathogenesis, and clinical signs remain unclear. The infection is [...] Read more.

Sarcocystosis is a parasitic infection caused by obligate intracellular coccidia, which infect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. More than 200 Sarcocystis species have already been identified, but for many of these, the life cycle, pathogenesis, and clinical signs remain unclear. The infection is cosmopolitan, with high prevalence in cattle herds worldwide. Although the clinical disease in definitive hosts is considered rare, the high number of sporocysts released by them drives the incidence in production animals. Furthermore, sarcocystosis has some One Health relevance due to its zoonotic potential, especially concerning species infecting primates. Few studies have reported on the epidemiology of sarcocystosis in Brazil. However, a high prevalence of the disease was found in areas where investigations of Sarcocystis species were conducted, which highlights the potential for foodborne transmission to humans. Therefore, it is relevant to study this parasitic disease so that control and prophylaxis measures can be adopted. This study aims to review the current state of knowledge on Sarcocystis spp. in farm animals in Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Parasitic Diseases in Livestock)

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16 pages, 3462 KB

Open AccessArticle

LPS-Induced Intracellular Complement 3 Activation Regulated ATP Production in Yak Rumen Epithelial Cells

by Qiang Han, Qiqi Zhang, Duoting Wu, Zihan Yang, Jinyang Huang, Zhisheng Wang, Huawei Zou, Quanhui Peng, Yukun Meng, Yahui Jiang, Jianxin Xiao and Rui Hu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090841 - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate whether intracellular complement 3 (C3) activation regulates ATP production in yak rumen epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions and its potential mechanism. An in vitro inflammation model was established by stimulating yak rumen epithelial cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate whether intracellular complement 3 (C3) activation regulates ATP production in yak rumen epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions and its potential mechanism. An in vitro inflammation model was established by stimulating yak rumen epithelial cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, protease inhibitors targeting C3 activation enzymes were added. Additionally, to explore the downstream signaling pathway, exogenous C3a and the C3a receptor (C3aR) inhibitor C3aRY were applied to the inflammation model. After treatment with different concentrations of LPS, the gene expression levels and concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05), while a significant reduction in cellular ATP levels was observed (p < 0.05), along with a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.05). After treating the inflammation model with different protease inhibitors, the ATP content and gene expression of the ATP synthase subunit ATP5A were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Exogenous addition of the C3aR inhibitor C3aRY in the inflammation model exhibited a significant increase in ATP content and ATP5A gene expression (p < 0.05) when compared to the inflammation model. These results demonstrated that intracellular C3 activation inhibited ATP production in yak rumen epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions, likely through C3a–C3aR signaling and the cAMP/PKA pathway. Full article

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14 pages, 2266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Sperm Retrieval Efficiency and Extender Impact in Cryopreserved Canine Epididymal Semen

by Elisabeth Bernklau, Axel Wehrend and Abbas Farshad

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090840 - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in dogs is challenging due to their lower cryotolerance compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. Given the limited sperm volume obtained per individual, efficient recovery and preservation techniques are essential. (2) Methods: This study assessed sperm collection and cryopreservation [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in dogs is challenging due to their lower cryotolerance compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. Given the limited sperm volume obtained per individual, efficient recovery and preservation techniques are essential. (2) Methods: This study assessed sperm collection and cryopreservation methods from the cauda epididymis of ten dogs undergoing routine elective castration. After dissection and mincing, the cauda epididymidis tissue was incubated in 0.9% saline at 38 °C for either 10- or 30-min. Samples were analyzed for concentration and motility using AndroVision^® software (CASA; AndroVision™; Minitüb GmbH) (Tiefenbach, Germany). Additional evaluations included histological examination, hypoosmotic swelling test, live/dead staining, and morphological assessments. Three extenders, custom-made Tris-Fructose-Citrate (Tris), custom-made Uppsala, and commercial Optixcell^®, were used for cryopreservation and compared for post-thaw sperm quality. (3) Results: No significant differences were found between the 10- and 30-min incubation groups regarding sperm motility, viability, or histological integrity. The total sperm counts were 292 × 10⁶ ± 175 × 10⁶ for the 10 min group and 233 × 10⁶ ± 162 × 10⁶ for the 30 min group (p = 0.56). Histological sections revealed no significant difference in residual intraluminal spermatozoa between groups, indicating that 10 min of incubation is sufficient for effective sperm migration. Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher with Uppsala (17.2 ± 12.2%) and Optixcell^® (11.7 ± 6.5%) compared to Tris (4.7 ± 4.8%). Morphological abnormalities were lowest in samples preserved with Optixcell^® (37.5 ± 10.1%, p = 0.005). (4) Conclusion: A 10 min incubation period is adequate for efficient recovery of epididymal sperm in dogs. Among the tested extenders, Uppsala and Optixcell^® demonstrated superior cryoprotective effects, resulting in better post-thaw motility and reduced morphological abnormalities compared to Tris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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14 pages, 2609 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Adhesive, Human Bandage Contact Lens Versus Conjunctival Transposition Flap for Surgical Repair of Feline Corneal Sequestrum

by Khaled M. Ali and Ayman A. Mostafa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090839 - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Corneal sequestrum, also known as corneal mummification or necrosis, is a common complication of corneal ulceration in cats, with brachycephalic and pure-bred cats being the most affected. This prospective clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of self-adhesive, human bandage contact lenses (SHBCLs) [...] Read more.

Corneal sequestrum, also known as corneal mummification or necrosis, is a common complication of corneal ulceration in cats, with brachycephalic and pure-bred cats being the most affected. This prospective clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of self-adhesive, human bandage contact lenses (SHBCLs) versus the commonly used conjunctival transposition flap (CTF) in the management of feline corneal sequestrum. Twenty-five client-owned cats of different breeds with unilateral corneal sequestrum were investigated. All cats underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Characterization of corneal sequestrum was carried out. The corneal lesion was removed surgically via keratectomy, and the cats were then categorized into three treatment groups: G-SHBCL (10 cats), G-CTF (10 cats), and the control group (G-CO, 5 cats). The healing progress of the corneal defect and associated clinical findings were recorded in all studied groups. Eight out of ten cats (80%) treated with SBCLs showed complete healing of the corneal defect with light corneal scarring and absence of all signs of ocular pain or discomfort. In comparison with G-CTF and G-CO, no granulation tissue was observed in all cats treated with SHBCLs. Moreover, no residues of corneal sequestrum or adhesion were identified, and the degree of corneal clarity was higher in the SHBCL treatment group. In conclusion, application of SHBCLs on a corneal defect, after removal of the associated sequestrum, enhances healing of the cornea and markedly improves the corneal clarity and transparency within a short period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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13 pages, 1151 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Changes in Malondialdehyde and Free-Hemoglobin in Leukoreduced and Non-Leukoreduced Canine Packed Red Blood Cells Units During Storage

by Arianna Miglio, Aurora Barbetta, Valentina Cremonini, Olimpia Barbato, Giovanni Ricci, Valeria Toppi, Luca Avellini, Valentina Cavani and Maria Teresa Antognoni

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090838 - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Storage of Blood units determines the accumulation of harmful substances, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and free hemoglobin (fHb). These may lead to several complications, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders in recipients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of [...] Read more.

Storage of Blood units determines the accumulation of harmful substances, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and free hemoglobin (fHb). These may lead to several complications, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders in recipients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of MDA and fHb in canine leukoreduced (LR) and non-leukoreduced (NLR) packed red blood cells (pRBC) during the storage period of six weeks. Blood samples were collected from six healthy adult Weimaraner dogs (three females and three males). Whole blood was stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol additive solution (CPD-SAGM) bags and, for each donor, two pRBC units (one NLR and one LR) were produced and stored at 4 °C for 42 days. Samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, and analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) using a canine-specific ELISA method, and for free hemoglobin (fHb) using the Harboe direct spectrophotometric method. The results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in MDA accumulation in LR-pRBC compared to NLR-pRBC blood units and lower values of fHb in LR at T6. However, no significant difference in fHb levels were demonstrated. These findings suggest that leukoreduction may limit oxidative stress during blood storage, reducing the potential adverse effects of transfusions related to oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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10 pages, 1261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intra-uterine Ceftiofur on the Equine Uterine Microbiome

by Kalie F. Beckers, Chin-Chi Liu, Viviane C. L. Gomes, Christopher J. Schulz, Gary W. Childers, Carleigh E. Fedorka and Jenny L. Sones

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090837 - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial therapy is a mainstay for treating reproductive diseases, including endometritis. Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is a common antibiotic used to treat equine bacterial endometritis. It is also routinely given empirically as an intra-uterine (IU) infusion in broodmare practice. We hypothesized that ceftiofur [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial therapy is a mainstay for treating reproductive diseases, including endometritis. Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is a common antibiotic used to treat equine bacterial endometritis. It is also routinely given empirically as an intra-uterine (IU) infusion in broodmare practice. We hypothesized that ceftiofur IU would disrupt the resident microbial community within the healthy uterus of mares. To test our hypothesis, eight university-owned mares were selected for characterization of the estrual uterine microbiome before and after IU ceftiofur. Double-guarded swabs of the estrual endometrium were taken before and 3 days after both IU saline and ceftiofur in a crossover design. Isolation of DNA from endometrial swabs was performed, followed by amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene by Illumina Miseq sequencing to examine core bacterial communities present before and after ceftiofur. The uterine microbial composition of sham and ceftiofur-treated mares was not significantly different as measured by beta diversity. The only notable difference was a lower abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group after ceftiofur (0.14 ± 1.05% vs. 2.89 ± 1.07% control; p = 0.0428). In conclusion, three-day treatment of ceftiofur did not change the microbial composition acutely within the mare uterus when sampled directly after treatment. Ceftiofur may have a long-term effect on the uterine microbiome, which may require sampling several weeks post treatment. In conclusion, ceftiofur does not change the healthy uterine microbiome acutely during estrus and but should still be used judiciously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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18 pages, 3973 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Investigation of Infectious Diseases at the Domestic–Synanthropic–Wild Animal Interface Reveals Threats to Endangered Species Reintroduction in AlUla, Saudi Arabia

by Sulaiman F. Aljasir, Abdelmaged A. Draz, Bilal Aslam, Abdullah S. M. Aljohani, Madeh Sadan, Nawaf Al-Johani, Ayman Elbehiry, Waleed Al Abdulmonem, Musaad Aldubaib, Basheer Aldurubi, Abdulhakim M. Alyahya, Abdulmalik Alduhami, Abdulaziz Aljaralh, Moh A. Alkhamis, Jeffrey C. Chandler, Bledar Bisha and Osama B. Mohammed

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090836 - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

AlUla, a unique conservation and tourism hub in Saudi Arabia, is undergoing extensive biodiversity restoration efforts, including the reintroduction of threatened wild species. However, interactions among wildlife, domestic, and synanthropic animals in these reserves raise significant concerns about disease transmission to reintroduced species. [...] Read more.

AlUla, a unique conservation and tourism hub in Saudi Arabia, is undergoing extensive biodiversity restoration efforts, including the reintroduction of threatened wild species. However, interactions among wildlife, domestic, and synanthropic animals in these reserves raise significant concerns about disease transmission to reintroduced species. This study aimed to assess disease risks at the domestic–synanthropic–wildlife interface and identify infectious diseases posing the greatest threat to reintroduced species. A multi-phased prioritization system was developed to guide monitoring based on transmissibility to protected wildlife, susceptibility of reintroduced species, reservoir hosts, vector-borne potential, likelihood of occurrence, and disease severity. A comprehensive expert review identified 61 diseases important to the reintroduced wildlife. From this, 11 priority pathogens were selected for monitoring. A total of 7760 samples were collected from 1367 domestic and synanthropic animals and were analyzed using Real-Time PCR and/or ELISA. All priority pathogens, or prior exposure to these pathogens, were detected. Disease presence was affected by factors such as species, location, health status, and grazing habits. Taken together, these findings underscore the need for robust preventive measures to mitigate disease transmission risks and ensure the sustainability of AlUla’s conservation initiatives. This study also offers a model approach to support reintroduction programs and guide future conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in Animals: Molecular Insights, Diagnostic Innovations, and One Health Implications)

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17 pages, 3072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proinflammatory Cytokines, Type I Interferons, and Specialized Proresolving Mediators Hallmark the Influence of Vaccination and Marketing on Backgrounded Beef Cattle

by Hudson R. McAllister, Sarah F. Capik, Kelsey M. Harvey, Bradly I. Ramirez, Robert J. Valeris-Chacin, Amelia R. Woolums, Brandi B. Karisch, Paul S. Morley and Matthew A. Scott

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090834 - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cattle marketed through auction market systems and/or that remain unvaccinated are considered higher risk for BRD, but impacts on host response remain unclear. We sought to identify specific genomic patterns of beef calves vaccinated against BRD viruses or not and commercially marketed or [...] Read more.

Cattle marketed through auction market systems and/or that remain unvaccinated are considered higher risk for BRD, but impacts on host response remain unclear. We sought to identify specific genomic patterns of beef calves vaccinated against BRD viruses or not and commercially marketed or directly transported in a split-plot randomized controlled trial. Forty-one calves who remained clinically healthy from birth through backgrounding were selected (randomly stratified) from a larger cohort of cattle (n = 81). Treatment groups included VAX/DIRECT (n = 12), VAX/AUCTION (n = 11), NOVAX/DIRECT (n = 7), and NOVAX/AUCTION (n = 11). Blood RNA was acquired across five time points, sequenced, and bioinformatically processed via HISAT2 and StringTie2. Significant transcriptional changes (FDR < 0.05) were observed at backgrounding entry (T5) in NOVAX/AUCTION cattle exhibiting 2809 uniquely differentially expressed genes and relative activation of immune, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways with upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (e.g., IFIT3, MX2, and TRIM25) and downregulation of specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) enzymes (ALOX5 and ALOX15). VAX/AUCTION cattle exhibited modulated immune activation and preserved expression of SPM-associated genes when compared to NOVAX/AUCTION cattle. Both marketing route and vaccination shape the molecular immune landscape during high-stress transitions, with preweaning vaccination potentially modulating this response. This study provides mechanistic insight into how management practices influence immunological resilience and highlights the value of integrating transcriptomics into BRD risk mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 490 KB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors and Protection Associated with Well-Being and Psychological Distress of Veterinarians in Brazil

by Bianca S. Gresele, Jefferson L. Pereira, Anderson da S. Rosa, Helena C. Lyrio-Carvalho, Sofia M. V. Ulisses and Alexandre R. S. da Silva

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090835 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

Veterinary professionals are exposed to intense emotional and occupational demands that can compromise mental health. This nationwide cross-sectional study surveyed 1992 Brazilian veterinarians to assess their psychological distress, well-being, and coping strategies. Logistic regression identified that women, early-career professionals, and individuals with low [...] Read more.

Veterinary professionals are exposed to intense emotional and occupational demands that can compromise mental health. This nationwide cross-sectional study surveyed 1992 Brazilian veterinarians to assess their psychological distress, well-being, and coping strategies. Logistic regression identified that women, early-career professionals, and individuals with low income were more likely to experience psychological distress. Long working hours and professional dissatisfaction were significant risk factors. In contrast, adaptive coping behaviors, such as spending time with the family, sleeping at least eight hours per night, and engaging in leisure activities, were associated with better mental health outcomes. Institutional wellness programs tailored to the veterinary profession should incorporate strategies to mitigate stress and promote resilience. Although the cross-sectional design limits causal inference, the large sample size and use of validated measures provide robust insights. Future research should adopt longitudinal and interventional designs to refine the strategies that support veterinarians’ mental well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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14 pages, 306 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Tannin Blend on Beef Cattle Performance and Health During the Receiving Period and Subsequent Grazing Period

by J. Daniel Rivera, Miriam A. Snider, Cody T. Shelton, R. Cyle Jones, Grayson Gourley, G. Doug Hufstedler and F. Henry Hilscher

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090833 - 29 Aug 2025

Abstract

One hundred thirty-three high-risk crossbred beef steers and bulls (178.2 ± 20.9 kg) were used to evaluate dietary inclusion of a tannin (BXA) blend pellet during a 63 d receiving period and a 126 d grazing period compared with no dietary treatment (CON). [...] Read more.

One hundred thirty-three high-risk crossbred beef steers and bulls (178.2 ± 20.9 kg) were used to evaluate dietary inclusion of a tannin (BXA) blend pellet during a 63 d receiving period and a 126 d grazing period compared with no dietary treatment (CON). Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 with pen as the experimental unit. During receiving, no differences were noted on average daily gain (ADG) on a deads-out (p > 0.25) or deads-in (p > 0.75) basis. There were tendencies for increased DMI associated with BXA from D0–21, D23–42, and D0–42 (p < 0.13). During the grazing period, cattle fed BXA had greater ADG from D0–56, and D0–84 (p ≤ 0.05), and tended to have greater ADG from D0–28, D0–112, and D0–126 (p ≤ 0.09). Total period ADG (deads-out) did not differ between treatments (p = 0.18) nor on a deads-in basis (p = 0.20). No differences were noted in the percentage of animals treated for bovine respiratory disease (p = 0.19), death loss (p = 0.62), or percentage of animals removed as chronically morbid/dead (p = 0.90). Results indicate that BXA did not improve performance or health during the receiving period. However, this additive had positive effects during the grazing period. Full article

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