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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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Article

17 pages, 9687 KiB  
Article
An Approach for Plant Leaf Image Segmentation Based on YOLOV8 and the Improved DEEPLABV3+
by Tingting Yang, Suyin Zhou, Aijun Xu, Junhua Ye and Jianxin Yin
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3438; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193438 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5059
Abstract
Accurate plant leaf image segmentation provides an effective basis for automatic leaf area estimation, species identification, and plant disease and pest monitoring. In this paper, based on our previous publicly available leaf dataset, an approach that fuses YOLOv8 and improved DeepLabv3+ is proposed [...] Read more.
Accurate plant leaf image segmentation provides an effective basis for automatic leaf area estimation, species identification, and plant disease and pest monitoring. In this paper, based on our previous publicly available leaf dataset, an approach that fuses YOLOv8 and improved DeepLabv3+ is proposed for precise image segmentation of individual leaves. First, the leaf object detection algorithm-based YOLOv8 was introduced to reduce the interference of backgrounds on the second stage leaf segmentation task. Then, an improved DeepLabv3+ leaf segmentation method was proposed to more efficiently capture bar leaves and slender petioles. Densely connected atrous spatial pyramid pooling (DenseASPP) was used to replace the ASPP module, and the strip pooling (SP) strategy was simultaneously inserted, which enabled the backbone network to effectively capture long distance dependencies. The experimental results show that our proposed method, which combines YOLOv8 and the improved DeepLabv3+, achieves a 90.8% mean intersection over the union (mIoU) value for leaf segmentation on our public leaf dataset. When compared with the fully convolutional neural network (FCN), lite-reduced atrous spatial pyramid pooling (LR-ASPP), pyramid scene parsing network (PSPnet), U-Net, DeepLabv3, and DeepLabv3+, the proposed method improves the mIoU of leaves by 8.2, 8.4, 3.7, 4.6, 4.4, and 2.5 percentage points, respectively. Experimental results show that the performance of our method is significantly improved compared with the classical segmentation methods. The proposed method can thus effectively support the development of smart agroforestry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)
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24 pages, 27698 KiB  
Article
Chemometric Analysis for the Prediction of Biochemical Compounds in Leaves Using UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR Hyperspectroscopy
by Renan Falcioni, João Vitor Ferreira Gonçalves, Karym Mayara de Oliveira, Caio Almeida de Oliveira, Amanda Silveira Reis, Luis Guilherme Teixeira Crusiol, Renato Herrig Furlanetto, Werner Camargos Antunes, Everson Cezar, Roney Berti de Oliveira, Marcelo Luiz Chicati, José Alexandre M. Demattê and Marcos Rafael Nanni
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193424 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1618
Abstract
Reflectance hyperspectroscopy is recognised for its potential to elucidate biochemical changes, thereby enhancing the understanding of plant biochemistry. This study used the UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectral range to identify the different biochemical constituents in Hibiscus and Geranium plants. Hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVIs), principal component analysis [...] Read more.
Reflectance hyperspectroscopy is recognised for its potential to elucidate biochemical changes, thereby enhancing the understanding of plant biochemistry. This study used the UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectral range to identify the different biochemical constituents in Hibiscus and Geranium plants. Hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVIs), principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation matrices provided in-depth insights into spectral differences. Through the application of advanced algorithms—such as PLS, VIP, iPLS-VIP, GA, RF, and CARS—the most responsive wavelengths were discerned. PLSR models consistently achieved R2 values above 0.75, presenting noteworthy predictions of 0.86 for DPPH and 0.89 for lignin. The red-edge and SWIR bands displayed strong associations with pivotal plant pigments and structural molecules, thus expanding the perspectives on leaf spectral dynamics. These findings highlight the efficacy of spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis in evaluating the management of biochemical compounds. A technique was introduced to measure the photosynthetic pigments and structural compounds via hyperspectroscopy across UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR, underpinned by rapid multivariate PLSR. Collectively, our results underscore the burgeoning potential of hyperspectroscopy in precision agriculture. This indicates a promising paradigm shift in plant phenotyping and biochemical evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Spectroscopic and Photosynthetic Analyses in Plants)
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11 pages, 1657 KiB  
Article
A Novel Method for Stimulating Cannabis sativa L. Male Flowers from Female Plants
by Luke C. Owen, David H. Suchoff and Hsuan Chen
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193371 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2836
Abstract
Female hemp plants are desired in floral hemp operations due to their higher cannabinoid contents. To produce feminized seeds, a critical step of inducing fertile male flowers on female plants is performed. In feminized seed production, freshly mixed STS (silver thiosulfate + sodium [...] Read more.
Female hemp plants are desired in floral hemp operations due to their higher cannabinoid contents. To produce feminized seeds, a critical step of inducing fertile male flowers on female plants is performed. In feminized seed production, freshly mixed STS (silver thiosulfate + sodium thiosulfate) is applied to female plants as an ethylene inhibitor to induce male flowers. However, the short-shelf stability of the STS buffer can cause difficulty in the application and inconsistent results. Alternative methods with improved accessibility and stable buffers will be beneficial for the hemp industry and hemp breeders. A commercially available floriculture product, Chrysal ALESCO®, contains silver nitrate, the same active ingredient as STS but with increased shelf stability. This study compares Chrysal ALESCO® to the traditional STS standard methods for male flower induction on female plants and their pollen quality. The two treatments were applied to six female hemp accessions with three replicates investigated, and the male flower counts and pollen quality were compared. No statistically significant difference was discovered in their male flower counts; the STS-treated plant produced an average of 478.18 male flowers, and the Chrysal ALESCO®-treated plant produced an average of 498.24 male flowers per plant. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and acetocarmine stains were used to investigate the pollen quality (non-aborted rate) of two chosen genotypes. FDA-stained pollen of Chrysal ALESCO® showed a significantly higher non-aborted rate than the pollen of traditional STS-treated plants (p < 0.001); however, only a marginally higher non-aborted rate was discovered by acetocarmine staining (p = 0.0892). In summary, Chrysal ALESCO® performed equally to traditional STS treatment at male flower counts and better or equally in pollen quality. With better shelf stability and easy application, ALESCO® can be a viable alternative option for stimulating male flowers on female hemp plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cannabis sativa: Advances in Biology and Cultivation)
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16 pages, 3870 KiB  
Article
Segmentation and Phenotype Calculation of Rapeseed Pods Based on YOLO v8 and Mask R-Convolution Neural Networks
by Nan Wang, Hongbo Liu, Yicheng Li, Weijun Zhou and Mingquan Ding
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183328 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4263
Abstract
Rapeseed is a significant oil crop, and the size and length of its pods affect its productivity. However, manually counting the number of rapeseed pods and measuring the length, width, and area of the pod takes time and effort, especially when there are [...] Read more.
Rapeseed is a significant oil crop, and the size and length of its pods affect its productivity. However, manually counting the number of rapeseed pods and measuring the length, width, and area of the pod takes time and effort, especially when there are hundreds of rapeseed resources to be assessed. This work created two state-of-the-art deep learning-based methods to identify rapeseed pods and related pod attributes, which are then implemented in rapeseed pots to improve the accuracy of the rapeseed yield estimate. One of these methods is YOLO v8, and the other is the two-stage model Mask R-CNN based on the framework Detectron2. The YOLO v8n model and the Mask R-CNN model with a Resnet101 backbone in Detectron2 both achieve precision rates exceeding 90%. The recognition results demonstrated that both models perform well when graphic images of rapeseed pods are segmented. In light of this, we developed a coin-based approach for estimating the size of rapeseed pods and tested it on a test dataset made up of nine different species of Brassica napus and one of Brassica campestris L. The correlation coefficients between manual measurement and machine vision measurement of length and width were calculated using statistical methods. The length regression coefficient of both methods was 0.991, and the width regression coefficient was 0.989. In conclusion, for the first time, we utilized deep learning techniques to identify the characteristics of rapeseed pods while concurrently establishing a dataset for rapeseed pods. Our suggested approaches were successful in segmenting and counting rapeseed pods precisely. Our approach offers breeders an effective strategy for digitally analyzing phenotypes and automating the identification and screening process, not only in rapeseed germplasm resources but also in leguminous plants, like soybeans that possess pods. Full article
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25 pages, 7911 KiB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of Beneficial Soil Microbial Strains for the Formulation of Biofertilizers Based on Native Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms Isolated from Northern Mexico
by Carlos Esteban Guardiola-Márquez, María Teresa Santos-Ramírez, Melina Lizeth Figueroa-Montes, Eric Oswaldo Valencia-de los Cobos, Iván Jesús Stamatis-Félix, Diego E. Navarro-López and Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3262; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183262 - 13 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2875
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) benefit plant health by enhancing plant nutrient-use efficiency and protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to isolate and characterize autochthonous PGPM from important agri-food crops and nonagricultural plants to formulate biofertilizers. Native microorganisms were isolated [...] Read more.
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) benefit plant health by enhancing plant nutrient-use efficiency and protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to isolate and characterize autochthonous PGPM from important agri-food crops and nonagricultural plants to formulate biofertilizers. Native microorganisms were isolated and evaluated for PGP traits (K, P, and Zn solubilization, N2-fixation, NH3-, IAA and siderophore production, and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum). Isolates were tested on radish and broccoli seedlings, evaluating 19 individual isolates and 12 microbial consortia. Potential bacteria were identified through DNA sequencing. In total, 798 bacteria and 209 fungi were isolated. Isolates showed higher mineral solubilization activity than other mechanisms; 399 bacteria and 156 fungi presented mineral solubilization. Bacteria were relevant for nitrogen fixation, siderophore, IAA (29–176 mg/L), and ammonia production, while fungi for Fusarium growth inhibition (40–69%). Twenty-four bacteria and eighteen fungi were selected for their PGP traits. Bacteria had significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) better effects on plants than fungi; treatments improved plant height (23.06–51.32%), leaf diameter (25.43–82.91%), and fresh weight (54.18–85.45%) in both crops. Most potential species belonged to Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Serratia, and Rahnella genera. This work validated a high-throughput approach to screening hundreds of rhizospheric microorganisms with PGP potential isolated from rhizospheric samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Soil Management and Fertilization on Crops’ Quality)
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19 pages, 6594 KiB  
Article
Effects of Salt Stress on Grain Yield and Quality Parameters in Rice Cultivars with Differing Salt Tolerance
by Zhikang Li, Tianyang Zhou, Kuanyu Zhu, Weilu Wang, Weiyang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Lijun Liu, Zujian Zhang, Zhiqin Wang, Baoxiang Wang, Dayong Xu, Junfei Gu and Jianchang Yang
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3243; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183243 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Rice yield and grain quality are highly sensitive to salinity stress. Salt-tolerant/susceptible rice cultivars respond to salinity differently. To explore the variation in grain yield and quality to moderate/severe salinity stress, five rice cultivars differing in degrees of salt tolerance, including three salt-tolerant [...] Read more.
Rice yield and grain quality are highly sensitive to salinity stress. Salt-tolerant/susceptible rice cultivars respond to salinity differently. To explore the variation in grain yield and quality to moderate/severe salinity stress, five rice cultivars differing in degrees of salt tolerance, including three salt-tolerant rice cultivars (Lianjian 5, Lianjian 6, and Lianjian 7) and two salt-susceptible rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 30 and Lianjing 7) were examined. Grain yield was significantly decreased under salinity stress, while the extent of yield loss was lesser in salt-tolerant rice cultivars due to the relatively higher grain filling ratio and grain weight. The milling quality continued to increase with increasing levels. There were genotypic differences in the responses of appearance quality to mild salinity. The appearance quality was first increased and then decreased with increasing levels of salinity stress in salt-tolerant rice but continued to decrease in salt-susceptible rice. Under severe salinity stress, the protein accumulation was increased and the starch content was decreased; the content of short branched-chain of amylopectin was decreased; the crystallinity and stability of the starch were increased, and the gelatinization temperature was increased. These changes resulted in the deterioration of cooking and eating quality of rice under severe salinity-stressed environments. However, salt-tolerant and salt-susceptible rice cultivars responded differently to moderate salinity stress in cooking and eating quality and in the physicochemical properties of the starch. For salt-tolerant rice cultivars, the chain length of amylopectin was decreased, the degrees of order of the starch structure were decreased, and pasting properties and thermal properties were increased significantly, whereas for salt-susceptible rice cultivars, cooking and eating quality was deteriorated under moderate salinity stress. In conclusion, the selection of salt-tolerant rice cultivars can effectively maintain the rice production at a relatively high level while simultaneously enhancing grain quality in moderate salinity-stressed environments. Our results demonstrate specific salinity responses among the rice genotypes and the planting of salt-tolerant rice under moderate soil salinity is a solution to ensure rice production in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereal Crop Breeding)
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16 pages, 3152 KiB  
Article
Effects of Common Biochar and Acid-Modified Biochar on Growth and Quality of Spinach in Coastal Saline Soils
by Juan Wang, Danyi Shi, Chengzhen Huang, Biyu Zhai and Shaoyuan Feng
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183232 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1585
Abstract
The rational development and efficient utilization of saline soils can alleviate the problem of insufficient arable land faced by agricultural production in China. A prominent problem is improving soil salt and water conditions for promoting land resources’ productivity in coastal areas. Biochar is [...] Read more.
The rational development and efficient utilization of saline soils can alleviate the problem of insufficient arable land faced by agricultural production in China. A prominent problem is improving soil salt and water conditions for promoting land resources’ productivity in coastal areas. Biochar is widely used for soil improvement, as it has remarkable properties. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of two kinds of biochar (common biochar and acid-modified biochar) with three addition rates (2%, 4%, and 8%) on the growth, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, and quality of spinach. The results revealed that 2% and 4% common biochar increased the plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index, effectively improving the yield of spinach and water productivity, while 8% common biochar was detrimental to the growth of spinach to some extent. Acid-modified biochar significantly benefited the growth and increased the water productivity of spinach, ensuring high yields, while also improved quality. Similarly, acid-modified biochar was less effective at high additions than at low-to-medium additions. The integrated biological response version 2 (IBRV2) values under acid-modified biochar treatments were all significantly higher than those under common biochar, but there is no significant difference among three treatments in the same biochar group, which suggested a pronounced amelioration in spinach growth within saline-alkali soil upon the incorporation of acid-modified biochar. Overall, applying acid-modified biochar at the rate of 4% exhibited enormous potential for increasing the yield and quality of spinach in saline soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer in Field Crops—2nd Edition)
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23 pages, 27887 KiB  
Article
MFBP-UNet: A Network for Pear Leaf Disease Segmentation in Natural Agricultural Environments
by Haoyu Wang, Jie Ding, Sifan He, Cheng Feng, Cheng Zhang, Guohua Fan, Yunzhi Wu and Youhua Zhang
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183209 - 8 Sep 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2054
Abstract
The accurate prevention and control of pear tree diseases, especially the precise segmentation of leaf diseases, poses a serious challenge to fruit farmers globally. Given the possibility of disease areas being minute with ambiguous boundaries, accurate segmentation becomes difficult. In this study, we [...] Read more.
The accurate prevention and control of pear tree diseases, especially the precise segmentation of leaf diseases, poses a serious challenge to fruit farmers globally. Given the possibility of disease areas being minute with ambiguous boundaries, accurate segmentation becomes difficult. In this study, we propose a pear leaf disease segmentation model named MFBP-UNet. It is based on the UNet network architecture and integrates a Multi-scale Feature Extraction (MFE) module and a Tokenized Multilayer Perceptron (BATok-MLP) module with dynamic sparse attention. The MFE enhances the extraction of detail and semantic features, while the BATok-MLP successfully fuses regional and global attention, striking an effective balance in the extraction capabilities of both global and local information. Additionally, we pioneered the use of a diffusion model for data augmentation. By integrating and analyzing different augmentation methods, we further improved the model’s training accuracy and robustness. Experimental results reveal that, compared to other segmentation networks, MFBP-UNet shows a significant improvement across all performance metrics. Specifically, MFBP-UNet achieves scores of 86.15%, 93.53%, 90.89%, and 0.922 on MIoU, MP, MPA, and Dice metrics, marking respective improvements of 5.75%, 5.79%, 1.08%, and 0.074 over the UNet model. These results demonstrate the MFBP-UNet model’s superior performance and generalization capabilities in pear leaf disease segmentation and its inherent potential to address analogous challenges in natural environment segmentation tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Application of AI in Plants)
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13 pages, 1284 KiB  
Article
Biodegradable Mulching Film vs. Traditional Polyethylene: Effects on Yield and Quality of San Marzano Tomato Fruits
by Ida Di Mola, Eugenio Cozzolino, Lucia Ottaiano, Riccardo Riccardi, Patrizia Spigno, Milena Petriccione, Nunzio Fiorentino, Massimo Fagnano and Mauro Mori
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183203 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1294
Abstract
Mulching is a common practice for improving crop yield and obtaining an out-of-season production, but when made using plastic materials it can bring environmental problems due to the management and the disposal of films at the end of the cropping seasons. To increase [...] Read more.
Mulching is a common practice for improving crop yield and obtaining an out-of-season production, but when made using plastic materials it can bring environmental problems due to the management and the disposal of films at the end of the cropping seasons. To increase the sustainability of this practice, recently, mulching films made with biodegradable organic materials have become more widely used. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a biodegradable mulching film on yield and qualitative traits of the San Marzano tomato fruits over two years (2014 and 2015). Two different types of mulching were tested: (i) black biodegradable film (MB12) and (ii) black low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were compared to bare soil (BS). Both mulching films elicited a 25% increase in yield, mainly due to the significantly higher number of fruits per square meter, compared to BS. Both mulching films also elicited a 9.9% increase in total soluble solids and a 57% increase in carotenoid content, while firmness showed the highest value in BS fruits. MB12 determined the highest value of the Hunter color ratio a/b of tomato fruits, followed by LDPE, while the lowest value was recorded in BS fruits. Both mulching films elicited an increase of 9.6%, 26.0%, and 11.7% for flavonoids, polyphenols, and AsA, respectively. In 2014, the MB12 degradation started at 71 days after transplant (DAT); in 2015, at 104 DAT. Therefore, replacing polyethylene with biodegradable film would seem to be an agronomically efficient and environmentally sustainable practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Mulching Films: A Valuable Ally for Sustainable Agriculture)
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15 pages, 826 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Use of Industrial Wastes in Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation for the Control of Fusarium Wilt in Strawberry
by Paloma Hernández-Muñiz, Celia Borrero, Javier Ordóñez-Martín, Ana M. Pastrana and Manuel Avilés
Plants 2023, 12(18), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183185 - 6 Sep 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1232
Abstract
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is proposed as an alternative to the use of chemical fumigants against Fusarium wilt in strawberry crops. Different residual wastes (rice bran, fishmeal, and residual strawberry extrudate) were assessed as amendments for ASD. Two different concentrations and two incubation [...] Read more.
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is proposed as an alternative to the use of chemical fumigants against Fusarium wilt in strawberry crops. Different residual wastes (rice bran, fishmeal, and residual strawberry extrudate) were assessed as amendments for ASD. Two different concentrations and two incubation durations were tested in growth chamber trials. The abundance of several microbial groups was noted before and after the treatments. Strawberry plants were grown in the treated soils to record Fusarium wilt disease severity. The population density of F. oxysporum increased after ASD in most amendments with rice bran and residual strawberry extrudate. Changes in Trichoderma spp., copiotrophic bacteria, and Streptomyces spp. populations were observed after anaerobiosis treatments and plant trials. A reduction in the disease severity was achieved in ASD-treated soils with 20 t/ha of rice bran at both 25 and 60 days of incubation, but not when using a 13.5 t/ha dose. Similarly, treatments using 19.3 t/ha of fishmeal for both incubation durations were able to reduce disease severity. In contrast, a severity reduction was only obtained in soils treated with 25.02 t/ha of the residual strawberry extrudate and incubated for 60 days in anaerobic conditions. Two of the three by-products tested were able to reduce Fusarium wilt symptoms in strawberry plants after an ASD-treatment period of only 25 days. Accordingly, the technique seems promising for strawberry growers in Huelva, Spain, and highly sustainable by giving value to residues produced in surrounding areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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20 pages, 2757 KiB  
Article
Selection of Soybean and Cowpea Cultivars with Superior Performance under Drought Using Growth and Biochemical Aspects
by Rafael de Souza Miranda, Bruno Sousa Figueiredo da Fonseca, Davielson Silva Pinho, Jennyfer Yara Nunes Batista, Ramilos Rodrigues de Brito, Everaldo Moreira da Silva, Wesley Santos Ferreira, José Hélio Costa, Marcos dos Santos Lopes, Renan Henrique Beserra de Sousa, Larissa Fonseca Neves, José Antônio Freitas Penha, Amanda Soares Santos, Juliana Joice Pereira Lima, Stelamaris de Oliveira Paula-Marinho, Francisco de Alcântara Neto, Évelyn Silva de Aguiar, Clesivan Pereira dos Santos and Enéas Gomes-Filho
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173134 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1662
Abstract
Identifying cultivars of leguminous crops exhibiting drought resistance has become crucial in addressing water scarcity issues. This investigative study aimed to select soybean and cowpea cultivars with enhanced potential to grow under water restriction during the vegetative stage. Two parallel trials were conducted [...] Read more.
Identifying cultivars of leguminous crops exhibiting drought resistance has become crucial in addressing water scarcity issues. This investigative study aimed to select soybean and cowpea cultivars with enhanced potential to grow under water restriction during the vegetative stage. Two parallel trials were conducted using seven soybean (AS3810IPRO, M8644IPRO, TMG1180RR, NS 8338IPRO, BMX81I81IPRO, M8808IPRO, and BÔNUS8579IPRO) and cowpea cultivars (Aracê, Novaera, Pajeú, Pitiúba, Tumucumaque, TVU, and Xique-xique) under four water levels (75, 60, 45, and 30% field capacity—FC) over 21 days. Growth, water content, membrane damage, photosynthetic pigments, organic compounds, and proline levels were analyzed. Drought stress significantly impacted the growth of both crops, particularly at 45 and 30% FC for soybean and 60 and 45% FC for cowpea plants. The BÔNUS8579IPRO and TMG1180RR soybean cultivars demonstrated the highest performance under drought, a response attributed to increased amino acids and proline contents, which likely help to mitigate membrane damage. For cowpea, the superior performance of the drought-stressed Xique-xique cultivar was associated with the maintenance of water content and elevated photosynthetic pigments, which contributed to the preservation of the photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate levels. Our findings clearly indicate promising leguminous cultivars that grow under water restriction, serving as viable alternatives for cultivating in water-limited environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Crops and Fruit Plants in Response to Stress)
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26 pages, 1115 KiB  
Article
Phytochemical Profile and Composition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): Varietal Differences and Effect of Germination under Elicited Conditions
by Iza Fernanda Pérez-Ramírez, Diana E. Escobedo-Alvarez, Magdalena Mendoza-Sánchez, Nuria E. Rocha-Guzmán, Rosalía Reynoso-Camacho, Jorge A. Acosta-Gallegos and Minerva Ramos-Gómez
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173093 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2351
Abstract
Germination is a simple process that improves the nutritional and medicinal values of seeds such as chickpeas. However, the detailed analysis of the phytochemical profile after chemical elicitation during chickpea germination is indispensable when making inferences about its biological properties. Therefore, an evaluation [...] Read more.
Germination is a simple process that improves the nutritional and medicinal values of seeds such as chickpeas. However, the detailed analysis of the phytochemical profile after chemical elicitation during chickpea germination is indispensable when making inferences about its biological properties. Therefore, an evaluation was made of the effect of the chemical inducers salicylic acid (SA, 1 and 2 mM), chitosan (CH, 3.3 and 7 μM), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 20 and 30 mM) during germination at 25 °C with 70% RH for 4 days on the content of antinutritional and bioactive compounds, including phenolics, sterols, and saponins, in three Mexican chickpea varieties (Blanoro, Patron, and San Antonio) using UPLC-ELSD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, UPLC-DAD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD-sQ-MS. The highest increase in phenolics and saponins was found in the Blanoro sprouts induced with SA 2 mM, whereas the highest phytosterol content was detected in San Antonio sprouts induced with CH 7 μM. In addition, significant increases in mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and decreases in antinutritional contents were achieved after germination with most of the elicitation conditions. More importantly, we identified new compounds in chickpea sprouts, such as the lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol, the phenolic compounds epicatechin gallate and methyl gallate, some phytosterols, and the saponin phaseoside 1, which further increased after chemical elicitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Biotic or Abiotic Stimuli on Plants)
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19 pages, 30196 KiB  
Article
High-Accuracy Maize Disease Detection Based on Attention Generative Adversarial Network and Few-Shot Learning
by Yihong Song, Haoyan Zhang, Jiaqi Li, Ran Ye, Xincan Zhou, Bowen Dong, Dongchen Fan and Lin Li
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173105 - 29 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1557
Abstract
This study addresses the problem of maize disease detection in agricultural production, proposing a high-accuracy detection method based on Attention Generative Adversarial Network (Attention-GAN) and few-shot learning. The method introduces an attention mechanism, enabling the model to focus more on the significant parts [...] Read more.
This study addresses the problem of maize disease detection in agricultural production, proposing a high-accuracy detection method based on Attention Generative Adversarial Network (Attention-GAN) and few-shot learning. The method introduces an attention mechanism, enabling the model to focus more on the significant parts of the image, thereby enhancing model performance. Concurrently, data augmentation is performed through Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to generate more training samples, overcoming the difficulties of few-shot learning. Experimental results demonstrate that this method surpasses other baseline models in accuracy, recall, and mean average precision (mAP), achieving 0.97, 0.92, and 0.95, respectively. These results validate the high accuracy and stability of the method in handling maize disease detection tasks. This research provides a new approach to solving the problem of few samples in practical applications and offers valuable references for subsequent research, contributing to the advancement of agricultural informatization and intelligence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning in Plant Sciences)
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25 pages, 6951 KiB  
Article
Alleviation of Adverse Effects of Drought Stress on Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism in Mungbean (Vigna radiata) by Sulphur and Nitric Oxide Involves Up-Regulation of Antioxidant and Osmolyte Metabolism and Gene Expression
by Huida Lian, Cheng Qin, Jie Shen and Mohammad Abass Ahanger
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3082; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173082 - 28 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
The influence of drought induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the alleviatory effect of nitric oxide (50 µM) and sulphur (S, 1 mM K2SO4) were studied in Vigna radiata. Drought stress reduced plant height, dry weight, total chlorophylls, [...] Read more.
The influence of drought induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the alleviatory effect of nitric oxide (50 µM) and sulphur (S, 1 mM K2SO4) were studied in Vigna radiata. Drought stress reduced plant height, dry weight, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and the content of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur. The foliar applications of NO and sulphur each individually alleviated the decline, with a greater alleviation observed in seedlings treated with both NO and sulphur. The reduction in intermediates of chlorophyll synthesis pathways and photosynthesis were alleviated by NO and sulphur. Oxidative stress was evident through the increased hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and activity of lipoxygenase and protease which were significantly assuaged by NO, sulphur and NO + sulphur treatments. A reduction in the activity of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase was mitigated due to the application of NO and the supplementation of sulphur. The endogenous concentration of NO and hydrogen sulphide (HS) was increased due to PEG; however, the PEG-induced increase in NO and HS was lowered due to NO and sulphur. Furthermore, NO and sulphur treatments to PEG-stressed seedlings further enhanced the functioning of the antioxidant system, osmolytes and secondary metabolite accumulation. Activities of γ-glutamyl kinase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase were up-regulated due to NO and S treatments. The treatment of NO and S regulated the expression of the Cu/ZnSOD, POD, CAT, RLP, HSP70 and LEA genes significantly under normal and drought stress. The present study advocates for the beneficial use of NO and sulphur in the mitigation of drought-induced alterations in the metabolism of Vigna radiata. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Aspects of Plant Response to Pathogens and Abiotic Stress)
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12 pages, 1932 KiB  
Article
Improvements in Protoplast Isolation Protocol and Regeneration of Different Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Cultivars
by Ester Stajič
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3074; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173074 - 27 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3731
Abstract
Protoplasts are a versatile tool in plant biotechnology since they can be used for basic biological studies as well as for breeding strategies based on genome editing. An efficient protoplast isolation protocol is essential for conducting protoplast-based studies. To optimize the protoplast isolation [...] Read more.
Protoplasts are a versatile tool in plant biotechnology since they can be used for basic biological studies as well as for breeding strategies based on genome editing. An efficient protoplast isolation protocol is essential for conducting protoplast-based studies. To optimize the protoplast isolation protocol in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), different enzyme solutions were tested for the isolation of leaf mesophyll protoplasts. In our experiments, the combination of 0.5% Cellulase Onozuka RS and 0.1% Macerozyme R-10 showed the best result. The optimized protocol proved suitable for the isolation of protoplasts from five different cabbage cultivars with yields ranging from 2.38 to 4.63 × 106 protoplasts/g fresh weight (fw) and a viability of 93% or more. After three weeks in culture, protoplasts from all of the tested cultivars formed micro-calli, but further callus growth and shoot regeneration depended strongly on the genotype and regeneration protocol used. For shoot formation, 1 mg/L BAP in combination with auxin 0.2 mg/L NAA showed the best results with a regeneration of 23.5%. The results obtained will contribute to the development of different applications of cabbage protoplasts and facilitate the breeding process of this important horticultural crop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Plant Tissue Culture)
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16 pages, 7513 KiB  
Article
Tomato Fruit Detection Using Modified Yolov5m Model with Convolutional Neural Networks
by Fa-Ta Tsai, Van-Tung Nguyen, The-Phong Duong, Quoc-Hung Phan and Chi-Hsiang Lien
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173067 - 26 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1717
Abstract
The farming industry is facing the major challenge of intensive and inefficient harvesting labors. Thus, an efficient and automated fruit harvesting system is required. In this study, three object classification models based on Yolov5m integrated with BoTNet, ShuffleNet, and GhostNet convolutional neural networks [...] Read more.
The farming industry is facing the major challenge of intensive and inefficient harvesting labors. Thus, an efficient and automated fruit harvesting system is required. In this study, three object classification models based on Yolov5m integrated with BoTNet, ShuffleNet, and GhostNet convolutional neural networks (CNNs), respectively, are proposed for the automatic detection of tomato fruit. The various models were trained using 1508 normalized images containing three classes of cherry tomatoes, namely ripe, immature, and damaged. The detection accuracy for the three classes was found to be 94%, 95%, and 96%, respectively, for the modified Yolov5m + BoTNet model. The model thus appeared to provide a promising basis for the further development of automated harvesting systems for tomato fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)
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14 pages, 4661 KiB  
Article
Taxonomic Identification and Molecular DNA Barcoding of Collected Wild-Growing Orchids Used Traditionally for Salep Production
by Aphrodite Tsaballa, George Kelesidis, Nikos Krigas, Virginia Sarropoulou, Panagiotis Bagatzounis and Katerina Grigoriadou
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173038 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2120
Abstract
Molecular DNA barcoding combined with botanical taxonomy can be used for the identification and conservation of collected Greek orchids used for salep production as well as in the regulation of fair salep trade. A modified CTAB protocol was used for DNA extraction, amplification [...] Read more.
Molecular DNA barcoding combined with botanical taxonomy can be used for the identification and conservation of collected Greek orchids used for salep production as well as in the regulation of fair salep trade. A modified CTAB protocol was used for DNA extraction, amplification of barcoding regions (ITS, matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA), and sequencing. Sequencing data were assembled using Bioedit software, and the BLAST algorithm was used on the NCBI database for species identification at the genus level. Molecular barcoding data based on genetic similarity identification was in full coherence with taxonomic classification based on morphological data. The combination of ITS and matK exhibited a greater capacity to identify a species among the Greek salep samples. Out of the 53 samples examined, 52.9% were classified as Dactylorhiza spp. and 33.3% as Anacamptis spp., whereas only 6 samples were identified as Orchis spp. (11.8%). Given that a superior-quality salep beverage comes from tubers of the latter, the number of samples classified as such in northwestern Greece is unexpectedly low. A database of 53 original reference sequences from wild-growing samples of Greek origin was generated, providing a valuable resource for the identification of other salep samples from different regions. The DNA barcoding results unveiled that salep samples from northwestern Greece are related to nine members of four different genera of Orchidaceae. All species are nationally protected and covered by the CITES convention, while many of these orchids are included in the EU Directive 92/43/EEC appendix as “Other Important Species”. Thus, expedited coordinated management actions are needed to ensure their survival in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Reproductive Ecology and Conservation Biology)
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16 pages, 2019 KiB  
Article
Effect of Plant Extracts Combinations on TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 Levels in Serum of Rats Exposed to Acute and Chronic Stress
by Ilin Kandilarov, Petya Gardjeva, Maria Georgieva-Kotetarova, Hristina Zlatanova, Natalia Vilmosh, Ivanka Kostadinova, Mariana Katsarova, Kiril Atliev and Stela Dimitrova
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173049 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2530
Abstract
Oxydative stress, anxiety and depression are associated with changes in cytokine levels. Natural products, including individual and combined plant extracts, have the potential to be used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of [...] Read more.
Oxydative stress, anxiety and depression are associated with changes in cytokine levels. Natural products, including individual and combined plant extracts, have the potential to be used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of two combined plant extracts, rich in flavonoids, on the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in rats subjected to models of acute cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress. The study utilized common medicinal plants such as Valeriana officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Crataegus monogyna, Hypericum perforatum, and Serratula coronata, which were combined in two unique combinations—Antistress I and Antistress II. The compositions of the used extracts were determined by HPLC methods. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rats’ serum were measured with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results from the acute stress model revealed that the individual extract of Crataegus monogyna decreased levels of TNF-α, while Serratula coronata, Hypericum perforatum, and Valeriana officinalis effectively reduced IL-6 levels. Both combinations, Antistress I and Antistress II, were effective in reducing TNF-α and IL-6 levels, with Antistress II also increasing IL-10 levels. In the chronic stress model, Hypericum perforatum extract decreased the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, whereas extracts of Serratula coronata and Valeriana officinalis only reduced TNF-α levels. The two combined extracts, Antistress I and Antistress II, decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels, while Antistress I also reduced the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The combinations of plant extracts used in our experiment have not been previously studied or documented in the available literature. However, based on our own experimental results, we can draw the conclusion that the combinations exhibit a more pronounced effect in reducing cytokine levels compared to the individual plant extracts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products and Phytotherapy: Advances in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology)
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30 pages, 5120 KiB  
Article
Seed Treatment with Electromagnetic Field Induces Different Effects on Emergence, Growth and Profiles of Biochemical Compounds in Seven Half-Sib Families of Silver Birch
by Ieva Čėsnienė, Diana Miškelytė, Vitalij Novickij, Vida Mildažienė and Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173048 - 24 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1993
Abstract
In the context of climate change, strategies aimed at enhancing trees’ resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are particularly relevant. We applied an electromagnetic field (EMF) seed treatment to observe changes in the establishment and content of biochemical compounds in silver birch seedlings [...] Read more.
In the context of climate change, strategies aimed at enhancing trees’ resistance to biotic and abiotic stress are particularly relevant. We applied an electromagnetic field (EMF) seed treatment to observe changes in the establishment and content of biochemical compounds in silver birch seedlings induced by a short (1 min) seed exposure to a physical stressor. The impact of EMF treatment was evaluated on seedling emergence and growth of one-year-old and two-year-old seedlings from seven half-sib families of silver birch. The effects on numerous biochemical parameters in seedling leaves, such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), amounts of photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars (TSS), level of lipid peroxidation level, antioxidant activity and activity of antioxidant enzymes, were compared using spectrophotometric methods. The results indicated that, in one-year-old seedlings, two of seven (60th and 73rd) half-sib families exhibited a positive response to seed treatment with EMFs in nearly all analyzed parameters. For example, in the 60th family, seed treatment with EMFs increased the percentage of emergence by 3 times, one-year-old seedling height by 71%, leaf TPC by 47%, antioxidant activity by 2 times and amount of chlorophyll a by 4.6 times. Meanwhile, the other two (86th and 179th) families exhibited a more obvious positive response to EMF in two-year-old seedlings as compared to one-year-old seedling controls. The results revealed that short-term EMF treatment of silver birch seeds can potentially be used to improve seedling emergence and growth and increase the content of secondary metabolites, antioxidant capacity and photosynthetic pigments. Understanding of the impact of EMFs as well as the influence of genetic differences on tree responses can be significant for practical applications in forestry. Genetic selection of plant genotypes that exhibit positive response trends can open the way to improve the quality of forest stands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Induced Resistance of Plants)
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18 pages, 19825 KiB  
Article
Lightweight Algorithm for Apple Detection Based on an Improved YOLOv5 Model
by Yu Sun, Dongwei Zhang, Xindong Guo and Hua Yang
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173032 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2035
Abstract
The detection algorithm of the apple-picking robot contains a complex network structure and huge parameter volume, which seriously limits the inference speed. To enable automatic apple picking in complex unstructured environments based on embedded platforms, we propose a lightweight YOLOv5-CS model for apple [...] Read more.
The detection algorithm of the apple-picking robot contains a complex network structure and huge parameter volume, which seriously limits the inference speed. To enable automatic apple picking in complex unstructured environments based on embedded platforms, we propose a lightweight YOLOv5-CS model for apple detection based on YOLOv5n. Firstly, we introduced the lightweight C3-light module to replace C3 to enhance the extraction of spatial features and boots the running speed. Then, we incorporated SimAM, a parameter-free attention module, into the neck layer to improve the model’s accuracy. The results showed that the size and inference speed of YOLOv5-CS were 6.25 MB and 0.014 s, which were 45 and 1.2 times that of the YOLOv5n model, respectively. The number of floating-point operations (FLOPs) were reduced by 15.56%, and the average precision (AP) reached 99.1%. Finally, we conducted extensive experiments, and the results showed that the YOLOv5-CS outperformed mainstream networks in terms of AP, speed, and model size. Thus, our real-time YOLOv5-CS model detects apples in complex orchard environments efficiently and provides technical support for visual recognition systems for intelligent apple-picking devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Application of AI in Plants)
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29 pages, 4074 KiB  
Article
Response of Aboveground Net Primary Production, Species and Phylogenetic Diversity to Warming and Increased Precipitation in an Alpine Meadow
by Jianyu Xiao, Chengqun Yu and Gang Fu
Plants 2023, 12(17), 3017; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173017 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1099
Abstract
The uncertain responses of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and plant diversity to climate warming and increased precipitation will limit our ability to predict changes in vegetation productivity and plant diversity under future climate change and further constrain our ability to protect biodiversity [...] Read more.
The uncertain responses of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and plant diversity to climate warming and increased precipitation will limit our ability to predict changes in vegetation productivity and plant diversity under future climate change and further constrain our ability to protect biodiversity and ecosystems. A long-term experiment was conducted to explore the responses of ANPP, plant species, phylogenetic α–diversity, and community composition to warming and increased precipitation in an alpine meadow of the Northern Tibet from 2014 to 2019. Coverage, height, and species name were obtained by conventional community investigation methods, and ANPP was obtained using observed height and coverage. Open–top chambers with two different heights were used to simulate low- and high-level climate warming. The low- and high-level increased precipitation treatments were achieved by using two kinds of surface area funnel devices. The high-level warming reduced sedge ANPP (ANPPsedge) by 62.81%, species richness (SR) by 21.05%, Shannon by 13.06%, and phylogenetic diversity (PD) by 14.48%, but increased forb ANPP (ANPPforb) by 56.65% and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) by 33.88%. Species richness, Shannon, and PD of the high-level warming were 19.64%, 9.67%, and 14.66% lower than those of the low-level warming, respectively. The high-level warming-induced dissimilarity magnitudes of species and phylogenetic composition were greater than those caused by low-level warming. The low- rather than high-level increased precipitation altered species and phylogenetic composition. There were significant inter-annual variations of ANPP, plant species, phylogenetic α–diversity and community composition. Therefore, climate warming and increased precipitation had non-linear effects on ANPP and plant diversity, which were due to non-linear changes in temperature, water availability, and/or soil nutrition caused by warming and increased precipitation. The inter-annual variations of ANPP and plant diversity were stronger than the effects of warming and especially increased precipitation on ANPP and plant diversity. In terms of plant diversity conservation and related policy formulation, we should pay more attention to regions with greater warming, at least for the northern Tibet grasslands. Besides paying attention to the responses of ANPP and plant diversity to climate change, the large inter-annual changes of ANPP and plant diversity should be given great attention because the large inter-annual variation indicates the low temporal stability of ANPP and plant diversity and thus produces great uncertainty for the development of animal husbandry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)
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32 pages, 6427 KiB  
Article
Spectroscopic Analyses Highlight Plant Biostimulant Effects of Baker’s Yeast Vinasse and Selenium on Cabbage through Foliar Fertilization
by Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima, Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei, Naomi Tritean, Marius Ghiurea, Luiza Capră, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Victor Faraon, Constantin Neamțu and Florin Oancea
Plants 2023, 12(16), 3016; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12163016 - 21 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1751
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to find relevant analytic fingerprints for plants’ structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) as alternative methods, particularized on cabbage treated with selenium–baker’s yeast vinasse formulation (Se-VF) included in a foliar fertilizer formula. The [...] Read more.
The main aim of this study is to find relevant analytic fingerprints for plants’ structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) as alternative methods, particularized on cabbage treated with selenium–baker’s yeast vinasse formulation (Se-VF) included in a foliar fertilizer formula. The hypothesis investigated is that Se-VF will induce significant structural changes compared with the control, analytically confirming the biofortification of selenium-enriched cabbage as a nutritive vegetable, and particularly the plant biostimulant effects of the applied Se-VF formulation on cabbage grown in the field. The TGA evidenced a structural transformation of the molecular building blocks in the treated cabbage leaves. The ash residues increased after treatment, suggesting increased mineral accumulation in leaves. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced a pectin–Iα-cellulose structure of cabbage that correlated with each other in terms of leaf crystallinity. FTIR analysis suggested the accumulation of unesterified pectin and possibly (seleno) glucosinolates and an increased network of hydrogen bonds. The treatment with Se-VF formulation induced a significant increase in the soluble fibers of the inner leaves, accompanied by a decrease in the insoluble fibers. The ratio of soluble/insoluble fibers correlated with the crystallinity determined by XRD and with the FTIR data. The employed analytic techniques can find practical applications as fast methods in studies of the effects of new agrotechnical practices, while in our particular case study, they revealed effects specific to plant biostimulants of the Se-VF formulation treatment: enhanced mineral utilization and improved quality traits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectra Analysis and Plants Research 2.0)
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18 pages, 3558 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tomato Fruit Quality and Identification of Volatile Compounds
by Jing Zhang, Sitian Liu, Xiumei Zhu, Youlin Chang, Cheng Wang, Ning Ma, Junwen Wang, Xiaodan Zhang, Jian Lyu and Jianming Xie
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162947 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4674
Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) are the most valuable vegetable crop in the world. This study identified the morphological characteristics, vitamin content, etc., from 15 tomato varieties in total, that included five each from the three experimental types, during the commercial ripening period. [...] Read more.
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) are the most valuable vegetable crop in the world. This study identified the morphological characteristics, vitamin content, etc., from 15 tomato varieties in total, that included five each from the three experimental types, during the commercial ripening period. The results showed that the hardness with peel and the moisture content of tasty tomatoes were 157.81% and 54.50%, and 3.16% and 1.90% lower than those of regular tomatoes and cherry tomatoes, respectively, while the soluble solids were 60.25% and 20.79% higher than those of the latter two types. In addition, the contents of vitamin C, lycopene, fructose, glucose, and total organic acids of tasty tomatoes were higher than those of regular tomatoes and cherry tomatoes. A total of 110 volatile compounds were detected in the 15 tomato varieties. The average volatile compound content of tasty tomatoes was 57.94% higher than that of regular tomatoes and 15.24% higher than that of cherry tomatoes. Twenty of the 34 characteristic tomato aroma components were identified in tasty tomatoes, with fruity and green being the main odor types. Ten characteristic aroma components in regular tomatoes were similar to those of tasty tomatoes; ten types of cherry tomatoes had floral and woody aromas as the main odor types. The flavor sensory score was significantly positively correlated with the content of soluble solids, fructose, glucose, citric acid, fumaric acid, and β-ionone (p < 0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with water content and firmness without peel. Regular, tasty, and cherry tomatoes were separated using principal component analysis, and the quality of tasty tomatoes was found to be better than cherry tomatoes, followed by regular tomatoes. These results provide valuable information for a comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality among tomato varieties to develop consumer guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Development and Quality Formation of Horticultural Crops)
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11 pages, 3865 KiB  
Article
Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer with Microbial Inoculum Improved Aggregate Formation and Salt Leaching in a Secondary Salinized Soil
by Yuanyuan Peng, He Zhang, Jinshan Lian, Wen Zhang, Guihua Li and Jianfeng Zhang
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162945 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1726
Abstract
Greenhouse vegetable production provides significant quantities of vegetables throughout the year and improves farmers’ income. However, over-fertilization with mineral fertilizer causes soil secondary salinization and decreases the stability of the soil structure. To improve aggregate formation and decrease salt accumulation in the soil [...] Read more.
Greenhouse vegetable production provides significant quantities of vegetables throughout the year and improves farmers’ income. However, over-fertilization with mineral fertilizer causes soil secondary salinization and decreases the stability of the soil structure. To improve aggregate formation and decrease salt accumulation in the soil profile, bio-organic fertilizers (Protaetia brevitarsis larvae frass with Bacillus amyloliticus and/or Trichoderma harziensis) were applied to partially substitute mineral fertilizer in a salinized vegetable soil. Soil nutrient condition, aggregate stability, and salt movement in the soil profile were measured in a greenhouse double-cucumber system. The results showed that soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), and available phosphorus (AP) increased significantly under bio-organic fertilizer treatments compared with control. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) and total salt content (TSC) decreased by 15.74–24.20% and 19.15–29.05%, respectively, with bio-organic fertilizers (p < 0.05). Cl−, NO3−, and SO42− content under double inoculation with B. amyloliticus and T. harziensis reduced by 31.19%, 26.30%, and 53.11%, respectively, compared to CK (p < 0.05). In addition, double inoculation was more efficient in reducing nitrate content in the soil profile than single inoculation. Soil microaggregates of 0.25–0.053 mm increased by 75.87–78.51% with bio-fertilizers compared with control, and double inoculation was the best for aggregate formation. In conclusion, the inoculation of plant-growth-promoting and salt-tolerant microorganisms with high humic acid larvae frass can alleviate salinization in vegetable soil, enhance soil nutrient content, and improve the soil structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture)
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15 pages, 8945 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Callus Induction and Shoot Regeneration from Tomato Cotyledon Explants
by Olha Yaroshko, Taras Pasternak, Eduardo Larriba and José Manuel Pérez-Pérez
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2942; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162942 - 14 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5208
Abstract
Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world. The optimization of culture media for callus formation and tissue regeneration of different tomato genotypes presents numerous biotechnological applications. In this work, we have analyzed the [...] Read more.
Cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world. The optimization of culture media for callus formation and tissue regeneration of different tomato genotypes presents numerous biotechnological applications. In this work, we have analyzed the effect of different concentrations of zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid on the regeneration of cotyledon explants in tomato cultivars M82 and Micro-Tom. We evaluated regeneration parameters such as the percentage of callus formation and the area of callus formed, as well as the initiation percentage and the number of adventitious shoots. The best hormone combination produced shoot-like structures after 2–3 weeks. We observed the formation of leaf primordia from these structures after about 3–4 weeks. Upon transferring the regenerating micro-stems to a defined growth medium, it was possible to obtain whole plantlets between 4 and 6 weeks. This hormone combination was applied to other genotypes of S. lycopersicum, including commercial varieties and ancestral tomato varieties. Our method is suitable for obtaining many plantlets of different tomato genotypes from cotyledon explants in a very short time, with direct applications for plant transformation, use of gene editing techniques, and vegetative propagation of elite cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Morphogenesis of Plants)
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21 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Structural and Functional Analysis of the MADS-Box Genes Reveals Their Functions in Cold Stress Responses and Flower Development in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)
by Juan Hu, Qianqian Chen, Atif Idrees, Wanjun Bi, Zhongxiong Lai and Yun Sun
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162929 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
MADS-box genes comprise a large family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in all aspects of plant growth and development. However, no detailed information on the evolutionary relationship and functional characterization of MADS-box genes is currently available for some representative lineages, such [...] Read more.
MADS-box genes comprise a large family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in all aspects of plant growth and development. However, no detailed information on the evolutionary relationship and functional characterization of MADS-box genes is currently available for some representative lineages, such as the Camellia plant. In this study, 136 MADS-box genes were detected from a reference genome of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) by employing a 569 bp HMM (Hidden Markov Model) developed using nucleotide sequencing including 73 type I and 63 type II genes. An additional twenty-seven genes were identified, with five MIKC-type genes. Truncated and/or inaccurate gene models were manually verified and curated to improve their functional characterization. Subsequently, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome locations, conserved motifs, gene structures, and gene expression profiles were systematically investigated. Tea plant MIKC genes were divided into all 14 major eudicot subfamilies, and no gene was found in Mβ. The expansion of MADS-box genes in the tea plant was mainly contributed by WGD/fragment and tandem duplications. The expression profiles of tea plant MADS-box genes in different tissues and seasons were analyzed, revealing widespread evolutionary conservation and genetic redundancy. The expression profiles linked to cold stress treatments suggested the wide involvement of MADS-box genes from the tea plant in response to low temperatures. Moreover, a floral ‘ABCE’ model was proposed in the tea plant and proved to be both conserved and ancient. Our analyses offer a detailed overview of MADS-box genes in the tea plant, allowing us to hypothesize the potential functions of unknown genes and providing a foundation for further functional characterizations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Horticultural Plant Genomics)
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19 pages, 3626 KiB  
Article
Salt Tolerance Evaluation of Cucumber Germplasm under Sodium Chloride Stress
by Libin Li, Lianda Du, Qiwei Cao, Zonghui Yang, Yihan Liu, Hua Yang, Xi Duan and Zhaojuan Meng
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162927 - 12 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop worldwide. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in the surface soil are the major limiting factors in coastal areas of Shandong Province in China. Therefore, to understand the mechanism used [...] Read more.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop worldwide. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in the surface soil are the major limiting factors in coastal areas of Shandong Province in China. Therefore, to understand the mechanism used by cucumber to adapt to sodium chloride (NaCl), we analyzed the phenotypic and physiological indicators of eighteen cucumber germplasms after three days under 100 and 150 mM NaCl treatment. A cluster analysis revealed that eighteen germplasms could be divided into five groups based on their physiological indicators. The first three groups consisted of seven salt-tolerant and medium salt-tolerant germplasms, including HLT1128h, Zhenni, and MC2065. The two remaining groups consisted of five medium salt-sensitive germplasms, including DM26h and M1-2-h-10, and six salt-sensitive germplasms including M1XT and 228. A principal component analysis revealed that the trend of comprehensive scores was consistent with the segmental cluster analysis and survival rates of cucumber seedlings. Overall, the phenotype, comprehensive survival rate, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis revealed that the salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive germplasms were Zhenni, F11-15, MC2065, M1XT, M1-2-h-10, and DM26h. The results of this study will provide references to identify or screen salt-tolerant cucumber germplasms and lay a foundation for breeding salt-tolerant cucumber varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Defense Strategies of Cereals Affected by Abiotic and Biotic Stresses)
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20 pages, 3643 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Soybean Lodging Using UAV Imagery and Machine Learning
by Shagor Sarkar, Jing Zhou, Andrew Scaboo, Jianfeng Zhou, Noel Aloysius and Teng Teeh Lim
Plants 2023, 12(16), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162893 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Plant lodging is one of the most essential phenotypes for soybean breeding programs. Soybean lodging is conventionally evaluated visually by breeders, which is time-consuming and subject to human errors. This study aimed to investigate the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imagery and [...] Read more.
Plant lodging is one of the most essential phenotypes for soybean breeding programs. Soybean lodging is conventionally evaluated visually by breeders, which is time-consuming and subject to human errors. This study aimed to investigate the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imagery and machine learning in assessing the lodging conditions of soybean breeding lines. A UAV imaging system equipped with an RGB (red-green-blue) camera was used to collect the imagery data of 1266 four-row plots in a soybean breeding field at the reproductive stage. Soybean lodging scores were visually assessed by experienced breeders, and the scores were grouped into four classes, i.e., non-lodging, moderate lodging, high lodging, and severe lodging. UAV images were stitched to build orthomosaics, and soybean plots were segmented using a grid method. Twelve image features were extracted from the collected images to assess the lodging scores of each breeding line. Four models, i.e., extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and artificial neural network (ANN), were evaluated to classify soybean lodging classes. Five data preprocessing methods were used to treat the imbalanced dataset to improve classification accuracy. Results indicate that the preprocessing method SMOTE-ENN consistently performs well for all four (XGBoost, RF, KNN, and ANN) classifiers, achieving the highest overall accuracy (OA), lowest misclassification, higher F1-score, and higher Kappa coefficient. This suggests that Synthetic Minority Oversampling-Edited Nearest Neighbor (SMOTE-ENN) may be a good preprocessing method for using unbalanced datasets and the classification task. Furthermore, an overall accuracy of 96% was obtained using the SMOTE-ENN dataset and ANN classifier. The study indicated that an imagery-based classification model could be implemented in a breeding program to differentiate soybean lodging phenotype and classify lodging scores effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sensor Systems and Data Analysis for Crop Phenotyping)
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18 pages, 15630 KiB  
Article
YOLOv7-Plum: Advancing Plum Fruit Detection in Natural Environments with Deep Learning
by Rong Tang, Yujie Lei, Beisiqi Luo, Junbo Zhang and Jiong Mu
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2883; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152883 - 7 Aug 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2370
Abstract
The plum is a kind of delicious and common fruit with high edible value and nutritional value. The accurate and effective detection of plum fruit is the key to fruit number counting and pest and disease early warning. However, the actual plum orchard [...] Read more.
The plum is a kind of delicious and common fruit with high edible value and nutritional value. The accurate and effective detection of plum fruit is the key to fruit number counting and pest and disease early warning. However, the actual plum orchard environment is complex, and the detection of plum fruits has many problems, such as leaf shading and fruit overlapping. The traditional method of manually estimating the number of fruits and the presence of pests and diseases used in the plum growing industry has disadvantages, such as low efficiency, a high cost, and low accuracy. To detect plum fruits quickly and accurately in a complex orchard environment, this paper proposes an efficient plum fruit detection model based on an improved You Only Look Once version 7(YOLOv7). First, different devices were used to capture high-resolution images of plum fruits growing under natural conditions in a plum orchard in Gulin County, Sichuan Province, and a dataset for plum fruit detection was formed after the manual screening, data enhancement, and annotation. Based on the dataset, this paper chose YOLOv7 as the base model, introduced the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) attention mechanism in YOLOv7, used Cross Stage Partial Spatial Pyramid Pooling–Fast (CSPSPPF) instead of Cross Stage Partial Spatial Pyramid Pooling(CSPSPP) in the network, and used bilinear interpolation to replace the nearest neighbor interpolation in the original network upsampling module to form the improved target detection algorithm YOLOv7-plum. The tested YOLOv7-plum model achieved an average precision (AP) value of 94.91%, which was a 2.03% improvement compared to the YOLOv7 model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the YOLOv7-plum algorithm, this paper evaluated the performance of the algorithm through ablation experiments, statistical analysis, etc. The experimental results showed that the method proposed in this study could better achieve plum fruit detection in complex backgrounds, which helped to promote the development of intelligent cultivation in the plum industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Application of AI in Plants)
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30 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Genebanks at Risk: Hazard Assessment and Risk Management of National and International Genebanks
by Theresa Herbold and Johannes M. M. Engels
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152874 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Genebanks are crucial for safeguarding global crop diversity but are themselves exposed to several risks. However, a scientific basis for identifying, assessing, and managing risks is still lacking. Addressing these research gaps, this study provides risk analysis for three key risk groups: natural [...] Read more.
Genebanks are crucial for safeguarding global crop diversity but are themselves exposed to several risks. However, a scientific basis for identifying, assessing, and managing risks is still lacking. Addressing these research gaps, this study provides risk analysis for three key risk groups: natural hazards, political risks, and financial risks, carried out on a sample of 80 important national and international genebanks, comprising at least 4.78 million accessions or roughly 65% of the reported total of ex situ conserved accessions worldwide. The assessment tool of Munich Re “Natural Hazards Edition” allowed a location-specific comparison of the natural hazard exposure. Results showed that genebanks in the Asia-Pacific region are most exposed to natural hazards, while institutions in African and some Asian countries are rather vulnerable to political risks. Financing is a major problem for national genebanks in developing countries, whereas the Global Crop Diversity Trust achieved considerable financial security for international genebanks. Large differences in the risk exposure of genebanks exist, making a location- and institution-specific risk assessment indispensable. Moreover, there is significant room for improvement with respect to quality and risk management at genebanks. Transferring risks of genebanks to third parties is underdeveloped and should be used more widely. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Critical Review of the Current Approaches and Procedures of Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Facilitating Use: Theory and Practice)
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17 pages, 5233 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Adaptability of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to High-Temperature Stress with Small Peptides and Biosurfactants
by Hao Chen, Yujie Song, He Li, Shah Zaman, Kai Fan, Zhaotang Ding and Yu Wang
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152817 - 29 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2273
Abstract
Tea plants are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of a high-temperature climate, which can cause reduced yield and quality and even lead to plant death in severe cases. Therefore, reducing the damage caused by high-temperature stress and maintaining the photosynthetic capacity of [...] Read more.
Tea plants are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of a high-temperature climate, which can cause reduced yield and quality and even lead to plant death in severe cases. Therefore, reducing the damage caused by high-temperature stress and maintaining the photosynthetic capacity of tea plants is a critical technical challenge. In this study, we investigated the impact of small oligopeptides (small peptides) and surfactants on the high-temperature-stress tolerance of tea plants. Our findings demonstrated that the use of small peptides and surfactants enhances the antioxidant capacity of tea plants and protects their photosynthetic system. They also induce an increase in gibberellin (GA) content and a decrease in jasmonic acid (JA), strigolactone (SL), auxin (IAA), and cytokinin (CTK) content. At the same time, small peptides regulate the metabolic pathways of diterpenoid biosynthesis. Additionally, small peptides and surfactants induce an increase in L-Carnosine and N-Glycyl-L-Leucine content and a decrease in (5-L-Glutamyl)-L-Amino Acid content, and they also regulate the metabolic pathways of Beta-Alanine metabolism, Thiamine metabolism, and Glutathione metabolism. In summary, small peptides and surfactants enhance the ability of tea plants to resist high-temperature stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tea Plants Response to Abiotic Stress)
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17 pages, 10662 KiB  
Article
Overexpression of OsPIN9 Impairs Chilling Tolerance via Disturbing ROS Homeostasis in Rice
by Qiqi Ouyang, Yanwen Zhang, Xiaoyi Yang, Chong Yang, Dianyun Hou, Hao Liu and Huawei Xu
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152809 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
The auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED (PIN) family is one of the major protein families that facilitates polar auxin transport in plants. Here, we report that overexpression of OsPIN9 leads to altered plant architecture and chilling tolerance in rice. The expression profile analysis indicated [...] Read more.
The auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED (PIN) family is one of the major protein families that facilitates polar auxin transport in plants. Here, we report that overexpression of OsPIN9 leads to altered plant architecture and chilling tolerance in rice. The expression profile analysis indicated that OsPIN9 was gradually suppressed by chilling stress. The shoot height and adventitious root number of OsPIN9-overexpressing (OE) plants were significantly reduced at the seedling stage. The roots of OE plants were more tolerant to N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) treatment than WT plants, indicating the disturbance of auxin homeostasis in OE lines. The chilling tolerance assay showed that the survival rate of OE plants was markedly lower than that of wild-type (WT) plants. Consistently, more dead cells, increased electrolyte leakage, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content were observed in OE plants compared to those in WT plants under chilling conditions. Notably, OE plants accumulated more hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and less superoxide anion radicals (O2−) than WT plants under chilling conditions. In contrast, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in OE lines decreased significantly compared to those in WT plants at the early chilling stage, implying that the impaired chilling tolerance of transgenic plants is probably attributed to the sharp induction of H2O2 and the delayed induction of antioxidant enzyme activities at this stage. In addition, several OsRboh genes, which play a crucial role in ROS production under abiotic stress, showed an obvious increase after chilling stress in OE plants compared to that in WT plants, which probably at least in part contributes to the production of ROS under chilling stress in OE plants. Together, our results reveal that OsPIN9 plays a vital role in regulating plant architecture and, more importantly, is involved in regulating rice chilling tolerance by influencing auxin and ROS homeostasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics)
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23 pages, 3580 KiB  
Article
The Knockdown of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Salt and Drought Stresses in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
by Ibtihaj El Mamoun, Sarah Bouzroud, Mohamed Zouine and Abdelaziz Smouni
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152804 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1467
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) act as key elements of the auxin-signaling pathway and play important roles in the process of a plant’s growth, development, and response to environmental conditions. We studied the implication of the SlARF2 gene in the tomato response [...] Read more.
Auxin response factors (ARFs) act as key elements of the auxin-signaling pathway and play important roles in the process of a plant’s growth, development, and response to environmental conditions. We studied the implication of the SlARF2 gene in the tomato response to salt (150 mM of NaCl) and drought (15% PEG 20000) stresses. The functional characterization of SlARF2 knockdown tomato mutants revealed that the downregulation of this gene enhanced primary root length and root branching and reduced plant wilting. At the physiological level, the arf2 mutant line displayed higher chlorophyll, soluble sugars, proline, and relative water contents as well as lower stomatal conductance and a decreased malondialdehyde content. Moreover, SlARF2 knockdown tomato mutants demonstrated higher activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) under salt and drought stresses than the wild type. Indeed, the stress tolerance of the arf2 mutant was also reflected by the upregulation of stress-related genes involved in ROS scavenging and plant defense, including SOD, CAT, dehydration-responsive element-binding protein, and early responsive to dehydration, which can ultimately result in a better resistance to salt and drought stresses. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of the Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) gene were upregulated in the arf2 mutant after stress, in correlation with the higher levels of proline. Taken together, our findings reveal that SlARF2 is implicated in salt and drought tolerance in tomato and provides some considerable elements for improving the abiotic stress tolerance and increasing the crop yields of tomato. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Auxin Research: Synthesis, Transport, Plant Growth and Practical Application)
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17 pages, 3106 KiB  
Article
Putative Daucus carota Capsanthin-Capsorubin Synthase (DcCCS) Possesses Lycopene β-Cyclase Activity, Boosts Carotenoid Levels, and Increases Salt Tolerance in Heterologous Plants
by Carolina Rosas-Saavedra, Luis Felipe Quiroz, Samuel Parra, Christian Gonzalez-Calquin, Daniela Arias, Nallat Ocarez, Franco Lopez and Claudia Stange
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2788; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152788 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids through a highly regulated pathway. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme involved directly in the synthesis of α-carotene and β-carotene through the cyclization of trans-lycopene. Daucus carota harbors two LCYB genes, of which DcLCYB2 [...] Read more.
Plant carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids through a highly regulated pathway. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme involved directly in the synthesis of α-carotene and β-carotene through the cyclization of trans-lycopene. Daucus carota harbors two LCYB genes, of which DcLCYB2 (annotated as CCS-Like) is mostly expressed in mature storage roots, an organ that accumulates high α-carotene and β-carotene content. In this work, we determined that DcLCYB2 of the orange Nantes variety presents plastid localization and encodes for a functional LCYB enzyme determined by means of heterologous complementation in Escherichia coli. Also, ectopic expression of DcLCYB2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) plants increases total carotenoid content showing its functional role in plants. In addition, transgenic tobacco T2 homozygous plants showed better performance under chronic salt treatment, while kiwi transgenic calli also presented a higher survival rate under salt treatments than control calli. Our results allow us to propose DcLCYB2 as a prime candidate to engineer carotenoid biofortified crops as well as crops resilient to saline environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotechnology for Fruit Crop Improvement: Development and Innovation)
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22 pages, 8276 KiB  
Article
Salicylic Acid as a Salt Stress Mitigator on Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Photosynthetic Pigments, and Growth of Precocious-Dwarf Cashew in the Post-Grafting Phase
by Thiago Filipe de Lima Arruda, Geovani Soares de Lima, André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo, Allesson Ramos de Souza, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Hans Raj Gheyi, Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Francisco de Assis da Silva, Mirandy dos Santos Dias, Lucia Helena Garófalo Chaves and Luciano Marcelo Fallé Saboya
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152783 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1268
Abstract
Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that has been used to mitigate the effects of saline stress on plants. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid as a salt stress attenuator on the physiology and growth of precocious-dwarf [...] Read more.
Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that has been used to mitigate the effects of saline stress on plants. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid as a salt stress attenuator on the physiology and growth of precocious-dwarf cashew plants in the post-grafting phase. The study was carried out in a plant nursery using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.4, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, and 3.6 dS m−1) and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mM), with three replications. Irrigation water with electrical conductivity levels above 0.4 dS m−1 negatively affected the relative water content in the leaf blade, photosynthetic pigments, the fluorescence of chlorophyll a, and plant growth and increased electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade of precocious-dwarf cashew plants in the absence of salicylic acid. It was verified through the regression analysis that salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.1 mM attenuated the effects of salt stress on the relative water content and electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade, while the concentration of 1.7 mM increased the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in precocious-dwarf cashew plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Water-Use Efficiency in Plant Production)
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15 pages, 2793 KiB  
Article
Effects of Different Heating Treatments on the Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds of Ecuadorian Red Dacca Banana
by Diego Armando Tuárez-García, Hugo Galván-Gámez, Cyntia Yadira Erazo Solórzano, Carlos Edison Zambrano, Raquel Rodríguez-Solana, Gema Pereira-Caro, Mónica Sánchez-Parra, José M. Moreno-Rojas and José L. Ordóñez-Díaz
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2780; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152780 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
The banana is a tropical fruit characterized by its composition of healthy and nutritional compounds. This fruit is part of traditional Ecuadorian gastronomy, being consumed in a wide variety of ways. In this context, unripe Red Dacca banana samples and those submitted to [...] Read more.
The banana is a tropical fruit characterized by its composition of healthy and nutritional compounds. This fruit is part of traditional Ecuadorian gastronomy, being consumed in a wide variety of ways. In this context, unripe Red Dacca banana samples and those submitted to different traditional Ecuadorian heating treatments (boiling, roasting, and baking) were evaluated to profile their phenolic content by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) and the antioxidant activity by ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays. A total of sixty-eight phenolic compounds were identified or tentatively identified in raw banana and treated samples, highlighting the content in flavonoids (flavan-3-ols with 88.33% and flavonols with 3.24%) followed by the hydroxybenzoic acid family (5.44%) in raw banana samples. The total phenolic compound content significantly decreased for all the elaborations evaluated, specifically from 442.12 mg/100 g DW in fresh bananas to 338.60 mg/100 g DW in boiled (23.41%), 243.63 mg/100 g DW in roasted (44.90%), and 109.85 mg/100 g DW in baked samples (75.15%). Flavan-3-ols and flavonols were the phenolic groups most affected by the heating treatments, while flavanones and hydroxybenzoic acids showed higher stability against the heating treatments, especially the boiled and roasted samples. In general, the decrease in phenolic compounds corresponded with a decline in antioxidant activity, evaluated by different methods, especially in baked samples. The results obtained from PCA studies confirmed that the impact of heating on the composition of some phenolic compounds was different depending on the technique used. In general, the heating processes applied to the banana samples induced phytochemical modifications. Even so, they remain an important source of bioactive compounds for consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recovery, Characterization, Functionality and Applications of Bioactive Compounds from Food-Plant Products and Their By-Products)
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15 pages, 637 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Salt Tolerance of Different Spring Soybean Varieties at the Germination Stage
by Xinyu Zhou, Yumei Tian, Zhipeng Qu, Jinxing Wang, Dezhi Han and Shoukun Dong
Plants 2023, 12(15), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152789 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2377
Abstract
Salinization is a global agricultural problem with many negative effects on crops, including delaying germination, inhibiting growth, and reducing crop yield and quality. This study compared the salt tolerance of 20 soybean varieties at the germination stage to identify soybean germplasm with a [...] Read more.
Salinization is a global agricultural problem with many negative effects on crops, including delaying germination, inhibiting growth, and reducing crop yield and quality. This study compared the salt tolerance of 20 soybean varieties at the germination stage to identify soybean germplasm with a high salt tolerance. Germination tests were conducted in Petri dishes containing 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol L−1 NaCl. Each Petri dish contained 20 soybean seeds, and each treatment was repeated five times. The indicators of germination potential, germination rate, hypocotyl length, and radicle length were measured. The salt tolerance of 20 soybean varieties was graded, and the theoretical identification concentration was determined by cluster analysis, the membership function method, one-way analysis of variance, and quadratic equation analysis. The relative germination rate, relative germination potential, relative root length, and relative bud length of the 20 soybean germplasms decreased when the salt concentration was >50 mmol L−1, compared with that of the Ctrl. The half-lethal salt concentration of soybean was 164.50 mmol L−1, and the coefficient of variation was 18.90%. Twenty soybean varieties were divided into three salt tolerance levels following cluster analysis: Dongnong 254, Heike 123, Heike 58, Heihe 49, and Heike 68 were salt-tolerant varieties, and Xihai 2, Suinong 94, Kenfeng 16, and Heinong 84 were salt-sensitive varieties, respectively. This study identified suitable soybean varieties for planting in areas severely affected by salt and provided materials for screening and extracting parents or genes to breed salt-tolerant varieties in areas where direct planting is impossible. It assists crop breeding at the molecular level to cope with increasingly serious salt stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Salt Stress Tolerance: From Physiology to Molecular Genetic Improvement)
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16 pages, 1182 KiB  
Article
Carbon Storage in Different Compartments in Eucalyptus Stands and Native Cerrado Vegetation
by Fabiana Piontekowski Ribeiro, Alcides Gatto, Alexsandra Duarte de Oliveira, Karina Pulrolnik, Marco Bruno Xavier Valadão, Juliana Baldan Costa Neves Araújo, Arminda Moreira de Carvalho and Eloisa Aparecida Belleza Ferreira
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142751 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3009
Abstract
This study evaluated Carbon (C) storage in different compartments in eucalyptus stands and native Cerrado vegetation. To determine C above ground, an inventory was carried out in the areas where diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at base height (Db), and total tree [...] Read more.
This study evaluated Carbon (C) storage in different compartments in eucalyptus stands and native Cerrado vegetation. To determine C above ground, an inventory was carried out in the areas where diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at base height (Db), and total tree height (H) were measured. In the stands, the rigorous cubage was made by the direct method, and in the native vegetation, it was determined by the indirect method through an allometric equation. Roots were collected by direct method using circular monoliths to a depth of 60 cm and determined by the volume of the cylinder. Samples were collected up to 100 cm deep to estimate C stock in the soil. All samples collected directly had C determined using the CHNS elemental analyzer. Gas samples were collected using a manually closed chamber, and the gas concentration was determined by gas chromatography. The results indicate high C storage in the studied areas > 183.99 Mg ha−1, could contribute to CO2 mitigation > 674.17 Mg ha−1. In addition to low emissions (<1 kg ha−1 yr−1) for the three evaluated areas, with no statistical difference in relation to the Global Warming Potential. Concerning the native cerrado vegetation conversion, the “4-year-old eucalyptus stand” seemed to restore the original soil carbon stocks in the first-meter depth, regardless of some losses that might have occurred right after establishment. Conversely, a significant loss of carbon in the soil was observed due to the alternative setting, where similar natural land was converted into agriculture, mostly soybean, and then, years later, turned into the “6-year-old eucalyptus stand” (28.43 Mg ha−1). Under this study, these mixed series of C baselines in landscape transitions have reflected on unlike C dynamics outcomes, whereas at the bottom line, total C stocks were higher in the younger forest (4-year-old stand). Therefore, our finding indicates that we should be thoughtful regarding upscaling carbon emissions and sequestration from small-scale measurements to regional scales Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)
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42 pages, 25055 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities and Climate Change on Forage Nutrition Storage in Tibetan Grasslands
by Shaowei Li and Gang Fu
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2735; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142735 - 23 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1321
Abstract
Uncertainties about the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on forage nutrition storage of grasslands can limit the adaptive management of grasslands across the whole Tibetan Plateau. The main objective was to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on [...] Read more.
Uncertainties about the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on forage nutrition storage of grasslands can limit the adaptive management of grasslands across the whole Tibetan Plateau. The main objective was to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the forage nutrition storage of grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Based on random forest models, we quantified the responses of forage nutrition storage to anthropogenic activities and climate change across the whole Tibetan grasslands from 2000 to 2020. Warming and increased precipitation did not always increase forage nutrition storage, and cooling and decreased precipitation did not always reduce forage nutrition storage. Compared to temperature and precipitation changes, radiation change had stronger contributions to potential and actual forage nutrition storage. Humankind’s activities altered the impacts of climate change on forage nutrition storage. The impacts of anthropogenic activities on forage nutrition storage increased linearly with increasing mean annual temperature and decreasing elevation but showed quadratic relationships with longitude, mean annual precipitation and radiation. The change in the impacts of humankind’s activities on forage nutrition storage was more closely related to radiation change than temperature and precipitation changes. The findings observed by this study caution that the impacts of radiation change on forage nutrition forage should be taken seriously under global change. Both climate change and humankind activities cannot always increase forage nutrition storage but may cause the degradation of forage nutrition storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)
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17 pages, 1487 KiB  
Article
Physico-Chemical Properties, Fatty Acids Profile, and Economic Properties of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Seed Oil, Extracted in Various Ways
by Audrone Ispiryan, Ramune Bobinaite, Dalia Urbonaviciene, Kristina Sermuksnyte-Alesiuniene, Pranas Viskelis, Astrida Miceikiene and Jonas Viskelis
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2706; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142706 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1646
Abstract
In Europe, the green course is becoming increasingly relevant, and there are more and more suggestions for its improvement. The valorization of food waste attracts increasing attention and is one important current research area. The aim of this study was to examine oils [...] Read more.
In Europe, the green course is becoming increasingly relevant, and there are more and more suggestions for its improvement. The valorization of food waste attracts increasing attention and is one important current research area. The aim of this study was to examine oils from 16 raspberry variety seeds and to compare their yields and fatty acid contents. The next task was to extract oil from the raspberry variety ‘Polka’ by four different methods and to compare the yield, colors, fatty acids content and composition, and kinematic and dynamic viscosity. The last task was to analyze the economic profitability of oil extraction by different methods. This study demonstrates the potential of different varieties of raspberry by-products and shows the influence of different oil extraction methods on the fatty acid composition of the oil and the economic potential of such products. The analysis revealed that the predominating fatty acid in the raspberry variety ‘Polka’ seed oil was linoleic acid (44.0–44.8%), followed by α-linolenic acid (37.9–38.1%) and oleic acid (10.2–10.6%). Of the 16 raspberry cultivars tested, ‘Polka’ seed oil had the least linoleic (ω-6) (44.79%) and the most α-linolenic (ω-3) fatty acids and the best ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids—1.2:1. Raspberry variety ‘Polka’ seed oil contains a lot of carotenoids; their total amount depending on the extraction method varies from 0.81 mg/100 g (extracted with subcritical CO2) to 3.25 mg/100 g (extracted with supercritical CO2). The oil yield can be increased by grinding the seeds into a finer fraction. The most expensive method of oil production is supercritical CO2 extraction, and the cheapest method with the fastest payback of equipment is the cold-pressing method. The results of the research have revealed the influence of different oil recovery methods on the yield of oil, the composition of the fatty acid, colors, and viscosity. The results are very important for producers wishing to commercialize raspberry seed oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)
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16 pages, 2919 KiB  
Article
A Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Region Associated with Seed Protein Content in Cowpea
by Yilin Chen, Haizheng Xiong, Waltram Ravelombola, Gehendra Bhattarai, Casey Barickman, Ibtisam Alatawi, Theresa Makawa Phiri, Kenani Chiwina, Beiquan Mou, Shyam Tallury and Ainong Shi
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2705; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142705 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., 2n = 2x = 22) is a protein-rich crop that complements staple cereals for humans and serves as fodder for livestock. It is widely grown in Africa and other developing countries as the primary source [...] Read more.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., 2n = 2x = 22) is a protein-rich crop that complements staple cereals for humans and serves as fodder for livestock. It is widely grown in Africa and other developing countries as the primary source of protein in the diet; therefore, it is necessary to identify the protein-related loci to improve cowpea breeding. In the current study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 161 cowpea accessions (151 USDA germplasm plus 10 Arkansas breeding lines) with a wide range of seed protein contents (21.8~28.9%) with 110,155 high-quality whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify markers associated with protein content, then performed genomic prediction (GP) for future breeding. A total of seven significant SNP markers were identified using five GWAS models (single-marker regression (SMR), the general linear model (GLM), Mixed Linear Model (MLM), Fixed and Random Model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU), and Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK), which are located at the same locus on chromosome 8 for seed protein content. This locus was associated with the gene Vigun08g039200, which was annotated as the protein of the thioredoxin superfamily, playing a critical function for protein content increase and nutritional quality improvement. In this study, a genomic prediction (GP) approach was employed to assess the accuracy of predicting seed protein content in cowpea. The GP was conducted using cross-prediction with five models, namely ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rrBLUP), Bayesian ridge regression (BRR), Bayesian A (BA), Bayesian B (BB), and Bayesian least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (BL), applied to seven random whole genome marker sets with different densities (10 k, 5 k, 2 k, 1 k, 500, 200, and 7), as well as significant markers identified through GWAS. The accuracies of the GP varied between 42.9% and 52.1% across the seven SNPs considered, depending on the model used. These findings not only have the potential to expedite the breeding cycle through early prediction of individual performance prior to phenotyping, but also offer practical implications for cowpea breeding programs striving to enhance seed protein content and nutritional quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Markers and Molecular Breeding in Horticultural Plants)
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14 pages, 3064 KiB  
Article
A Genomic Evaluation of Six Selected Inbred Lines of the Naturalized Plants of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) in Korea
by Jeehyoung Shim, Su Young Hong, Jae-Hyuk Han, Yeisoo Yu, Eunae Yoo, Jungsook Sung, Joong Hyoun Chin and O New Lee
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2702; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142702 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. Silymarin in achene is a widely used herbal product for chronic liver disease. There is growing interest in natural medicine using milk [...] Read more.
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. Silymarin in achene is a widely used herbal product for chronic liver disease. There is growing interest in natural medicine using milk thistle in Korea, but the raw material completely relies on imports. Despite its economic importance, phenotypic evaluations of native resources of milk thistle in Korea have not been carried out. In addition, genomic research and molecular marker development are very limited in milk thistle. In this study, we evaluated 220 milk thistle resources consisting of 172 accessions collected from the domestic market, and 48 accessions isolated from 6 accessions distributed by the National Agrobiodiversity Center in Korea. Six plant characteristics (height, seed weight, number of flowers, seed weight per flower, spine length, and color at harvest) were measured, and six samples (M01–M06) were selected to represent the genetic diversity of the population for genomic research. To develop PCR-based and co-dominant insertion/deletion (InDel) markers, we performed genome-wide InDel detection by comparing the whole-genome resequencing data of the six selected accessions with the reference genome sequence (GCA_001541825). As a result, 177 InDel markers with high distinguishability and reproducibility were selected from the 30,845 InDel variants. Unknowingly imported alien plant resources could easily be genetically mixed, and jeopardized seed purity can cause continuous difficulties in the development of high value-added agricultural platforms utilizing natural products. The selected plant materials and 177 validated InDel markers developed via whole-genome resequencing analysis could be valuable resources for breeding, conservation, and ecological studies of natives to Korea, along with acceleration of Silybum marianum industrialization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects of Genetic and Molecular Research in Plant)
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15 pages, 4895 KiB  
Article
Differences in the Suitable Distribution Area between Northern and Southern China Landscape Plants
by Chen Wang, Qianqian Sheng, Runan Zhao and Zunling Zhu
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2710; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142710 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1331
Abstract
Climate change, a global biodiversity threat, largely influences the geographical distribution patterns of species. China is abundant in woody landscape plants. However, studies on the differences in the adaptive changes of plants under climate change between northern and southern China are unavailable. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Climate change, a global biodiversity threat, largely influences the geographical distribution patterns of species. China is abundant in woody landscape plants. However, studies on the differences in the adaptive changes of plants under climate change between northern and southern China are unavailable. Therefore, herein, the MaxEnt model was used to predict changes in the suitable distribution area (SDA) and dominant environmental variables of 29 tree species under two climate change scenarios, the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) 126 and 585, based on 29 woody plant species and 20 environmental variables in northern and southern China to assess the differences in the adaptive changes of plants between the two under climate change. Temperature factors dominated the SDA distribution of both northern and southern plants. Southern plants are often dominated by one climatic factor, whereas northern plants are influenced by a combination of climatic factors. Northern plants are under greater pressure from SDA change than southern plants, and their SDA shrinkage tendency is significantly higher. However, no significant difference was observed between northern and southern plants in SDA expansion, mean SDA elevation, and latitudinal change in the SDA mass center. Future climate change will drive northern and southern plants to migrate to higher latitudes rather than to higher elevations. Therefore, future climate change has varying effects on plant SDAs within China. The climate change intensity will drive northern landscape plants to experience greater SDA-change-related pressure than southern landscape plants. Therefore, northern landscape plants must be heavily monitored and protected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Vegetation to Global Climate Change)
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24 pages, 3494 KiB  
Article
Effects of Single and Combined Drought and Salinity Stress on the Root Morphological Characteristics and Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Different Winter Wheat Varieties
by Yuanyuan Fu, Penghui Li, Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani, Sumei Wan, Yang Gao and Xingpeng Wang
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2694; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142694 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1926
Abstract
Water shortages and crop responses to drought and salt stress are related to the efficient use of water resources and are closely related to food security. In addition, PEG or NaCl stress alone affect the root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr). However, the effects of [...] Read more.
Water shortages and crop responses to drought and salt stress are related to the efficient use of water resources and are closely related to food security. In addition, PEG or NaCl stress alone affect the root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr). However, the effects of combined PEG and NaCl stress on Lpr and the differences among wheat varieties are unknown. We investigated the effects of combined PEG and NaCl stress on the root parameters, nitrogen (N) and carbon content, antioxidant enzymes, osmotic adjustment, changes in sodium and potassium, and root hydraulic conductivity of Yannong 1212, Heng 4399, and Xinmai 19. PEG and NaCl stress appreciably decreased the root length (RL), root surface area (RS), root volume (RV), K+ and N content in shoots and roots, and Lpr of the three wheat varieties, while the antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), osmotic adjustment, nonstructural carbon and Na+ content in shoots and roots, etc., remarkably remained increased. Furthermore, the root hydraulic conductivity had the greatest positive association with traits such as RL, RS, and N and K+ content in the shoots of the three wheat varieties. Moreover, the RL/RS directly and actively determined the Lpr, and it had an extremely positive effect on the N content in the shoots of wheat seedlings. Collectively, most of the root characteristics in the wheat seedlings decreased under stress conditions, resulting in a reduction in Lpr. As a result, the ability to transport nutrients—especially N—from the roots to the shoots was affected. Therefore, our study provides a novel insight into the physiological mechanisms of Lpr. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Signaling in Cereals, Especially Wheat)
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20 pages, 17378 KiB  
Article
Phenylpropanoid Content of Chickpea Seed Coats in Relation to Seed Dormancy
by Veronika Sedláková, Sanja Ćavar Zeljković, Nikola Štefelová, Petr Smýkal and Pavel Hanáček
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2687; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142687 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1560
Abstract
The physical dormancy of seeds is likely to be mediated by the chemical composition and the thickness of the seed coat. Here, we investigate the link between the content of phenylpropanoids (i.e., phenolics and flavonoids) present in the chickpea seed coat and dormancy. [...] Read more.
The physical dormancy of seeds is likely to be mediated by the chemical composition and the thickness of the seed coat. Here, we investigate the link between the content of phenylpropanoids (i.e., phenolics and flavonoids) present in the chickpea seed coat and dormancy. The relationship between selected phenolic and flavonoid metabolites of chickpea seed coats and dormancy level was assessed using wild and cultivated chickpea parental genotypes and a derived population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The selected phenolic and flavonoid metabolites were analyzed via the LC-MS/MS method. Significant differences in the concentration of certain phenolic acids were found among cultivated (Cicer arietinum, ICC4958) and wild chickpea (Cicer reticulatum, PI489777) parental genotypes. These differences were observed in the contents of gallic, caffeic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric, salicylic, and sinapic acids, as well as salicylic acid-2-O-β-d-glucoside and coniferaldehyde. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, naringenin, kaempferol, isoorientin, orientin, and isovitexin. When comparing non-dormant and dormant RILs, significant differences were observed in gallic, 3-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and sinapic acids, as well as the flavonoids quercitrin, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, and morin. Phenolic acids were generally more highly concentrated in the wild parental genotype and dormant RILs. We compared the phenylpropanoid content of chickpea seed coats with related legumes, such as pea, lentil, and faba bean. This information could be useful in chickpea breeding programs to reduce dormancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Legume Crops Research)
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24 pages, 6203 KiB  
Article
Signaling Cross-Talk between Salicylic and Gentisic Acid in the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Interaction with Sangiovese Vines
by Eliana Nutricati, Mariarosaria De Pascali, Carmine Negro, Piero Attilio Bianco, Fabio Quaglino, Alessandro Passera, Roberto Pierro, Carmine Marcone, Alessandra Panattoni, Erika Sabella, Luigi De Bellis and Andrea Luvisi
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142695 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1366
Abstract
“Bois noir” disease associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ seriously compromises the production and survival of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe. Understanding the plant response to phytoplasmas should help to improve disease control strategies. Using a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, [...] Read more.
“Bois noir” disease associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ seriously compromises the production and survival of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe. Understanding the plant response to phytoplasmas should help to improve disease control strategies. Using a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, this work, therefore, investigated the phytoplasma–grapevine interaction in red cultivar Sangiovese in a vineyard over four seasonal growth stages (from late spring to late summer), comparing leaves from healthy and infected grapevines (symptomatic and symptomless). We found an accumulation of both conjugate and free salicylic acids (SAs) in the leaves of ‘Ca. P. solani’-positive plants from early stages of infection, when plants are still asymptomatic. A strong accumulation of gentisic acid (GA) associated with symptoms progression was found for the first time. A detailed analysis of phenylpropanoids revealed a significant accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, flavan 3-ols, and anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, which are extensively studied due to their involvement in the plant response to various pathogens. Metabolomic data corroborated by gene expression analysis indicated that phenylpropanoid biosynthetic and salicylic acid-responsive genes were upregulated in ‘Ca. P. solani-positive plants compared to -negative ones during the observed period. Full article
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16 pages, 3811 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic Profiling of Cold Stress-Induced Differentially Expressed Genes in Seedling Stage of Indica Rice
by Tao Yan, Meng Sun, Rui Su, Xiaozhong Wang, Xuedan Lu, Yunhua Xiao, Huabing Deng, Xiong Liu, Wenbang Tang and Guilian Zhang
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142675 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1697
Abstract
Cold stress significantly constrains the growth, development, productivity, and distribution of rice, particularly the indica cultivar, known for its susceptibility to cold, limiting its cultivation to specific regions. This study investigated the genes associated with cold responsiveness in the roots of two indica [...] Read more.
Cold stress significantly constrains the growth, development, productivity, and distribution of rice, particularly the indica cultivar, known for its susceptibility to cold, limiting its cultivation to specific regions. This study investigated the genes associated with cold responsiveness in the roots of two indica cultivars, SQSL (cold-tolerant) and XZX45 (cold-susceptible), through transcriptome dynamics analysis during the seedling stage. The analysis identified 8144 and 6427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in XZX45 and SQSL, respectively. Among these DEGs, 4672 (G2) were shared by both cultivars, while 3472 DEGs (G1) were specific to XZX45, and 1755 DEGs (G3) were specific to SQSL. Additionally, 572 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) from 48 TF families, including WRKY, NAC, bHLH, ERF, bZIP, MYB, C2H2, and GRAS, were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of DEGs in the G3 group, particularly in the “response to cold” category, highlighting the crucial role of these specific genes in response to cold stress in SQSL. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated pronounced enrichment of DEGs in the G3 group in metabolic pathways such as “Pyruvate metabolism”, “Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis”, and “Starch and sucrose metabolism”, contributing to cold tolerance mechanisms in SQSL. Overall, this study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying cold responses in the indica cultivar, informing future genetic improvement strategies to enhance cold tolerance in susceptible indica rice cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops II)
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17 pages, 4631 KiB  
Article
Abscisic Acid Enhances Trehalose Content via OsTPP3 to Improve Salt Tolerance in Rice Seedlings
by Nenghui Ye, Yuxing Wang, Huihui Yu, Zhonge Qin, Jianhua Zhang, Meijuan Duan and Ling Liu
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142665 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that imposes constraints to plant growth and production. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been well-proven to function as a central integrator in plant under salt stress, and trehalose (Tre) has emerged as an excellent osmolyte [...] Read more.
Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that imposes constraints to plant growth and production. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been well-proven to function as a central integrator in plant under salt stress, and trehalose (Tre) has emerged as an excellent osmolyte to induce salt tolerance. However, the interacting mechanism between ABA and Tre in rice seedlings under salt stress is still obscure. Here, we found that the application of exogenous Tre significantly promoted the salt tolerance of rice seedlings by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the expression of OsNCED3 was significantly induced by salt stress. The overexpression of the OsNCED3 gene enhanced the salt tolerance, while the knockout of OsNCED3 reduced the salt tolerance of the rice seedlings. Metabolite analysis revealed that the Tre content was increased in the OsNCED3-overexpressing seedlings and reduced in the nced3 mutant. The application of both ABA and Tre improved the salt tolerance of the nced3 mutant when compared with the WT seedling. OsTPP3 was found to be induced by both the ABA and salt treatments. Consistent with the OsNCED3 gene, the overexpression of OsTPP3 enhanced salt tolerance while the knockout of OsTPP3 reduced the salt tolerance of the rice seedlings. In addition, the Tre content was also higher in the OsTPP3-overexpressing seedling and lower in the tpp3 mutant seedling than the WT plant. The application of exogenous Tre also enhanced the salt tolerance of the tpp3 mutant plant. Overall, our results demonstrate that salt-increased ABA activated the expression of OsTPP3, which resulted in elevated Tre content and thus an improvement in the salt tolerance of rice seedlings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops II)
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14 pages, 4147 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Ripening Stages on the Accumulation of Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of the Fruit Extracts of Solanum Species
by Jūratė Staveckienė, Jurgita Kulaitienė, Dovilė Levickienė, Nijolė Vaitkevičienė and Viktorija Vaštakaitė-Kairienė
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142672 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the ripening stage on the accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in fruits of Solanum species. The experiment included two factors: I—four different Solanum species (S. melanocerasum, S. nigrum, [...] Read more.
The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the ripening stage on the accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in fruits of Solanum species. The experiment included two factors: I—four different Solanum species (S. melanocerasum, S. nigrum, S. villosum, and S. retroflexum) and II—three ripening stages. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the individual phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), and the spectrophotometric method was applied to determine antioxidant activity. The results revealed that the accumulation of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in fruits of Solanum species depends on the stage of ripening and species. All studied Solanum species fruits had the highest content of total phenolic acid at ripening stage III and the greatest antioxidant activity at ripening stage I. Fully ripe fruits of S. melanocerasum contained significantly more total flavonoids, whereas S. nigrum contained significantly more total phenolic acids than other investigated Solanum species fruits. The significantly highest antioxidant activity was found in S. melanocerasum fruits at ripening stage I. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources of Berry and Medicinal Plants Volume II)
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19 pages, 4077 KiB  
Article
Bryophyte Diversity and Distribution Patterns along Elevation Gradients of the Mount Etna (Sicily), the Highest Active Volcano in Europea
by Marta Puglisi and Saverio Sciandrello
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142655 - 15 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
Mt Etna in Sicily hosts a bryophyte floristic richness of 306 taxa, corresponding to 259 mosses, 43 liverworts, and 4 hornworts. Species richness shows a hump-shaped relationship with the elevation, with a peak at 1200–1700 m a.s.l. Chorotype patterns clearly change along an [...] Read more.
Mt Etna in Sicily hosts a bryophyte floristic richness of 306 taxa, corresponding to 259 mosses, 43 liverworts, and 4 hornworts. Species richness shows a hump-shaped relationship with the elevation, with a peak at 1200–1700 m a.s.l. Chorotype patterns clearly change along an altitudinal gradient, from the Mediterranean, located at 0–300 m a.s.l., to Arctic-montane and boreo-Arctic montane at 1800–2700 m a.s.l., showing a correlation with the bioclimatic belts identified for the Mt Etna. In regard to the life form pattern, the turf species are the most represented in each elevation gradient, except at 2300–2700 m a.s.l. where the tuft species are prevalent. The life strategy pattern shows the colonists as the prevailing species, featured by an increasing trend up to 2200 m of elevation; above this limit, they are exceeded by the perennial stayers. Furthermore, taking into consideration the red-listed species (at the European and/or Italian level), as well as the species of phytogeographical interest, it was possible to identify the high bryophyte conservation priority areas; these areas are located in thermo-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean bioclimatic belts, the latter corresponding to the oldest substrates of the volcano where some of the most interesting bryophyte glacial relicts find refuge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses and Adaptations of Bryophytes to a Changing World)
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