Plants

21 pages, 5021 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trees Are a Major Foraging Resource for Honeybees in the City

by Karen Koelzer, Alexandra Ribarits, Karin Weyermair, Johannes M. Bouchal, Josef Mayr and Martina Weber

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3094; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213094 - 3 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

Large cities are typically characterized by a mosaic of green spaces that hold a remarkable variety of native and “exotic” plants. Urban beekeeping has gained increasing popularity. In order to characterize the “urban” in the honey, pollen diversity in 50 honey samples from [...] Read more.

Large cities are typically characterized by a mosaic of green spaces that hold a remarkable variety of native and “exotic” plants. Urban beekeeping has gained increasing popularity. In order to characterize the “urban” in the honey, pollen diversity in 50 honey samples from 18 apiary locations in Vienna, Austria, was microscopically analyzed. The relative abundances of each plant taxon were determined by counting out 500 individual pollen grains per sample. In total, 202 taxa could be identified, with a median of 46 per sample. Taxa richness and diversity differed significantly across three years but did not so between urban and suburban apiaries. Despite trees comprising only roughly a quarter of all taxa, the amount of tree pollen was disproportionally high. The invasive Ailanthus altissima was predominant in 15 out of 50 samples. Other important non-native and/or ornamental trees included Sophora japonica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Castanea sativa, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Liriodendron tulipifera. Urban honey from Central Europe may typically comprise pollen taxa from Europe, East Asia, and North America alike. The results of this study show that intentionally planted, managed urban green spaces can support stable foraging resources for pollinators in cities. Full article

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17 pages, 6728 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Profiling of Two Camellia japonica Cultivars with Different Heat Tolerance Reveals Heat Stress Response Mechanisms

by Yue Tan, Yinzhu Cao, Fenglian Mou, Bin Liu, Huafeng Wu, Shihui Zou, Lijiao Ai and Shunzhao Sui

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213089 - 2 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

Camellia (Camellia japonica) is a semi-shaded plant that is highly vulnerable to heat stress. To investigate the mechanisms underlying heat stress in C. japonica, two C. japonica cultivars, “Xiaotaohong” and “Zhuapolian”, which exhibit significant differences in heat tolerance, were selected [...] Read more.

Camellia (Camellia japonica) is a semi-shaded plant that is highly vulnerable to heat stress. To investigate the mechanisms underlying heat stress in C. japonica, two C. japonica cultivars, “Xiaotaohong” and “Zhuapolian”, which exhibit significant differences in heat tolerance, were selected from four common cultivars. The selection methods included phenotypic observations and physiological index detection, including relative electric conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, relative water content (RWC), and chlorophyll content. RNA-seq analysis yielded 980 million reads and identified 68,455 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two C. japonica cultivars during heat stress compared to the control samples. Totals of 12,565 and 16,046 DEGs were differentially expressed at 16 h and 32 h, respectively, in “Xiaotaohong” during heat stress. In “Zhuapolian”, 40,280 and 37,539 DEGs were found at 16 h and 32 h, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that both cultivars were enriched in the “plant hormone signal transduction” and “circadian rhythm” pathways at two stages, indicating the critical role these pathways play in the heat stress response. The differences in the tolerance between the two cultivars are likely linked to pathways such as “plant hormone signal transduction”, “photosynthesis”, and “circadian rhythm”. Some members of heat shock proteins (HSPs) are associated with the heat stress response. It is speculated that transcription factor families contributing to the tolerance differences include AP2/ERF, C3H, bHLH, bZIP, and MYB-related with a small number of heat shock factors (HSFs) also induced by the stress. In conclusion, these results reveal the changes in the physiological indices and molecular networks of two C. japonica cultivars under heat stress. This study lays the foundation for the breeding of superior heat-resistant C. japonica cultivars and for further molecular research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 2312 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Greek Oregano Accessions Subjected to Advanced Extraction Techniques

by Christina Panagiotidou, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Maria Irakli and Paschalina Chatzopoulou

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213087 - 2 Nov 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2865

Abstract

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent [...] Read more.

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The phytochemical profile of the oregano extracts, as determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), was used to compare the three extraction approaches. The results showed that oregano phenolic extracts obtained by MAE held the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and carvacrol, as determined by LC-MS analysis, followed by those extracted by UAE and ASE. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities, especially the MAE extracts. Oregano extracts produced by various extraction techniques were subjected to a multivariate data analysis to highlight differences in phytochemical profiles, and their correlation to antioxidant activity. According to our findings, it was evident that MAE offers more efficient and effective extraction of bioactive compounds in terms of obtaining phytochemical-rich oregano extracts, with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

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22 pages, 11121 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Induction and Characteristics of Callus Cultures of the Medicinal Plant Tussilago farfara L.

by Monika Bojko, Magdalena Kędra, Agata Adamska, Zuzanna Jakubowska, Monika Tuleja and Beata Myśliwa-Kurdziel

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3080; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213080 - 1 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4513

Abstract

Tussilago farfara L. is a traditional medicinal plant valued for its potentially health-promoting metabolites. Its herbal raw material has been recognized and used since ancient times and continues to be widely used in traditional medicine. Introducing this plant species to in vitro cultivation [...] Read more.

Tussilago farfara L. is a traditional medicinal plant valued for its potentially health-promoting metabolites. Its herbal raw material has been recognized and used since ancient times and continues to be widely used in traditional medicine. Introducing this plant species to in vitro cultivation is a challenging task, but once the protocol is developed, such cultures can provide an abundant and inexhaustible source of plant material. In this study, we report the successful induction and growth of vigorous T. farfara callus in vitro. Callus induction was achieved on MS solid media with the combination of indole-3-acetic acid (3 mg/L) and benzyl aminopurine (2 mg/L) in darkness, whereas it appeared inefficient under light conditions and in suspension culture. We present a detailed description of callus growth kinetics, morphological analysis, photosynthetic activity, and biochemical parameters (including protein content and photosynthetic pigments) supported by histological studies. Furthermore, we observed the potential for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. This method for the in vitro propagation of T. farfara, along with callus culture maintenance, offers a wide range of applications in pharmacy for the production of valuable metabolites. Moreover, it could benefit the environment by reducing the depletion of natural populations of this species and may serve as an alternative strategy for species conservation in light of global warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Techniques on Plant Propagation and Genetic Improvement)

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21 pages, 3934 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Advances in Iberian Medieval Agriculture: Plant Remains from the Islamic Site of Castillo de Valtierra (Navarre, Northern Spain)

by Antonio Peralta-Gómez, Leonor Peña-Chocarro and Jesús Lorenzo Jiménez

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213047 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2579

Abstract

There has been a notable lack of archaeological research into the medieval period in Iberia, particularly in comparison to earlier periods. Consequently, the majority of our current understanding of agricultural practices and plant food sources in this region is derived from textual sources. [...] Read more.

There has been a notable lack of archaeological research into the medieval period in Iberia, particularly in comparison to earlier periods. Consequently, the majority of our current understanding of agricultural practices and plant food sources in this region is derived from textual sources. However, there has been a notable increase in interest in archaeobotanical studies in medieval contexts over the past decade. In this context, this paper presents the results of a study of plant remains from Castillo de Valtierra (Navarre), with the objective of providing insights into agricultural practices and dietary habits during the Islamic period. In this area (the Ebro Valley), the Islamic period is divided as follows: Emiral period 756–929 AD, Caliphal period 929–ca.1012 AD, Taifal period ca.1012–1119 AD. This period was followed by the Christian period from 1119 AD onwards. Samples were collected from a variety of contexts in a systematic manner. A total of 2574 remains were recovered, and 57 taxa were identified. The findings of this study demonstrate that the community that inhabited Valtierra was primarily engaged in agricultural activities and had access to a diverse range of crops sourced from various productive areas, including cereal fields, home gardens, and forests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vegetation History and Archaeobotany)

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16 pages, 4405 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Single or Blended Application of Non-Microbial Plant-Based Biostimulants and Trichoderma atroviride as a New Strategy to Enhance Greenhouse Cherry Tomato Performance

by Lorena Vultaggio, Michele Ciriello, Emanuela Campana, Pietro Bellitto, Beppe Benedetto Consentino, Youssef Rouphael, Giuseppe Colla, Fabiana Mancuso, Salvatore La Bella, Simona Napoli and Leo Sabatino

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213048 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1914

Abstract

The need to increase yield and enhance the sustainability of crop production systems has led to the development and employment of natural products, such as plant biostimulants. In recent years, a number of reports have researched the effects of biostimulants on plant performance; [...] Read more.

The need to increase yield and enhance the sustainability of crop production systems has led to the development and employment of natural products, such as plant biostimulants. In recent years, a number of reports have researched the effects of biostimulants on plant performance; however, few studies have focused on the mutual application of microbial and/or non-microbial biostimulants. This research, conducted in the framework of the SO.MI.PR.O.N regional project, aimed to investigate the single or mutual application of three biostimulants, a tropical plant extract (PE), a vegetal protein hydrolysate (PH), and Trichoderma atroviride, on ‘Creativo’ F1 cherry tomato plants cultivated during two growing cycles (2022–2023 and 2023–2024). Our results showed that plants treated with the combination Tricho + PE + PH had statistically significant higher fresh shoot biomass (+64.2%, 1647.0 g plant⁻¹), total fruit production (+37.9%, 1902.5 g plant⁻¹), marketable fruit production (+52.9%, 1778.5 g plant⁻¹), and average weight of marketable fruits (+53.1%, 17.0 g) compared to control plants (untreated plants). Furthermore, biostimulant treatments, especially T. atroviride, variably enhanced cherry tomato fruits’ qualitative traits, such as firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and total polyphenols compared to control plants. Overall, the best combinations to increase tomato fruit qualitative features were PE + PH, Tricho + PE, and Tricho + PH. From an economic point of view, the best treatment for achieving the highest net return was PE. This study underlines that biostimulant features (yield, qualitative aspects, and economic profitability) can be supported through the application of specific biostimulant combinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biostimulant Use on Horticultural Crops)

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32 pages, 2011 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Friends and Foes: Bacteria of the Hydroponic Plant Microbiome

by Brianna O. Thomas, Shelby L. Lechner, Hannah C. Ross, Benjamin R. Joris, Bernard R. Glick and Ashley A. Stegelmeier

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213069 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7360

Abstract

Hydroponic greenhouses and vertical farms provide an alternative crop production strategy in regions that experience low temperatures, suboptimal sunlight, or inadequate soil quality. However, hydroponic systems are soilless and, therefore, have vastly different bacterial microbiota than plants grown in soil. This review highlights [...] Read more.

Hydroponic greenhouses and vertical farms provide an alternative crop production strategy in regions that experience low temperatures, suboptimal sunlight, or inadequate soil quality. However, hydroponic systems are soilless and, therefore, have vastly different bacterial microbiota than plants grown in soil. This review highlights some of the most prevalent plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and destructive phytopathogenic bacteria that dominate hydroponic systems. A complete understanding of which bacteria increase hydroponic crop yields and ways to mitigate crop loss from disease are critical to advancing microbiome research. The section focussing on plant growth-promoting bacteria highlights putative biological pathways for growth promotion and evidence of increased crop productivity in hydroponic systems by these organisms. Seven genera are examined in detail, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Paenibacillus, and Paraburkholderia. In contrast, the review of hydroponic phytopathogens explores the mechanisms of disease, studies of disease incidence in greenhouse crops, and disease control strategies. Economically relevant diseases caused by Xanthomonas, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Ralstonia, Clavibacter, Pectobacterium, and Pseudomonas are discussed. The conditions that make Pseudomonas both a friend and a foe, depending on the species, environment, and gene expression, provide insights into the complexity of plant–bacterial interactions. By amalgamating information on both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria in hydroponics, researchers and greenhouse growers can be better informed on how bacteria impact modern crop production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Improvement for Climate Resilience and Global Food Security)

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24 pages, 2656 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbe-Friendly Plants Enable Beneficial Interactions with Soil Rhizosphere Bacteria by Lowering Their Defense Responses

by Alexander Arkhipov, Ziyu Shao, Sean R. Muirhead, Muchineripi S. Harry, Maria Batool, Hooman Mirzaee, Lilia C. Carvalhais and Peer M. Schenk

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3065; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213065 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2189

Abstract

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria presents a promising addition to conventional mineral fertilizer use and an alternative strategy for sustainable agricultural crop production. However, genotypic variations in the plant host may result in variability of the beneficial effects from these plant–microbe interactions. [...] Read more.

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria presents a promising addition to conventional mineral fertilizer use and an alternative strategy for sustainable agricultural crop production. However, genotypic variations in the plant host may result in variability of the beneficial effects from these plant–microbe interactions. This study examined growth promotion effects of commercial vegetable crop cultivars of tomato, cucumber and broccoli following application with five rhizosphere bacteria. Biochemical assays revealed that the bacterial strains used possess several nutrient acquisition traits that benefit plants, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, biofilm formation, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. However, different host cultivars displayed genotype-specific responses from the inoculations, resulting in significant (p < 0.05) plant growth promotion in some cultivars but insignificant (p > 0.05) or no growth promotion in others. Gene expression profiling in tomato cultivars revealed that these cultivar-specific phenotypes are reflected in differential expressions of defense and nutrient acquisition genes, suggesting that plants can be categorized into “microbe-friendly” cultivars (with little or no defense responses against beneficial microbes) and “microbe-hostile” cultivars (with strong defense responses). These results validate the notion that “microbe-friendly” (positive interaction with rhizosphere microbes) should be considered an important trait in breeding programs when developing new cultivars which could result in improved crop yields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Rhizosphere Microorganisms: Plant–Microbial Interactions and Sustainable Agriculture)

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15 pages, 2557 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Applying Organic Amendments on Soil Aggregate Structure and Tomato Yield in Facility Agriculture

by Wen-Qu Tao, Qian-Qian Wu, Jie Zhang, Ting-Ting Chang and Xin-Na Liu

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3064; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213064 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Amendment significantly improves soil structure and promotes crop growth. To combat soil degradation and low crop yields in facility agriculture, it is crucial to study the optimal application rate of amendments. This study analyzed the effects of biochar, vermicompost, and mineral-source potassium fulvic [...] Read more.

Amendment significantly improves soil structure and promotes crop growth. To combat soil degradation and low crop yields in facility agriculture, it is crucial to study the optimal application rate of amendments. This study analyzed the effects of biochar, vermicompost, and mineral-source potassium fulvic acid on the stability of aggregate structure, soil nutrient content, and tomato yield in cambisols, providing a theoretical basis for improving the soil quality of plastic greenhouses in Southern China. A pot experiment on tomato cultivation was carried out in yellow-brown soil in plastic greenhouses. The experiment included eight treatments: 1% biochar (B1); 3% biochar (B3); 5% biochar (B5); 3% vermicompost (V3); 5% vermicompost (V5); 0.1% mineral-source potassium fulvic acid (F1); 0.2% mineral-source potassium fulvic acid (F2); and the control condition without adding soil amendments (CK). The results showed that the biochar and vermicompost treatments effectively reduced soil bulk density and increased total soil porosity. Compared to the control, treatments with soil amendments significantly increased soil pH and had different effects on soil nutrients: F2 showed the most significant improvement in the content of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, with an increase of 133.33%, 834.59%, and 74.34%, respectively; B3 treatment had the highest increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while B5 treatment had the highest organic matter content. Compared to the CK, the particle size of the biochar treatment was mainly 0.053~0.25 mm, while the V3, F1, and F2 mainly occurred with a particle size > 0.25 mm; and V3 has the best aggregate stability. Biochar, vermicompost, and mineral potassium fulvic acid can all promote tomato yield, with the F2 and V3 treatments having a yield increase effect of over 30%. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a highly significant positive correlation between geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD), water-stable macroaggregate content (R_0.25), and a positive correlation between alkaline-dissolved nitrogen, available phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon content, and aggregate stability indicators. Adding 0.2% mineral-source potassium fulvic acid optimizes cambisols’ properties, enhances aggregate formation and stability, boosts tomato yield, and shows great application potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility Management for Plant Growth and Development)

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21 pages, 3979 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Flourish to Nourish: Cultivating Soil Health for Sustainable Floriculture

by Peihua Zhang, Jie Zhou, Di He, Yiran Yang, Zhenhong Lu, Chunmei Yang, Dongdong Zhang, Fan Li and Jihua Wang

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213055 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3709

Abstract

Despite its rapid growth and economic success, the sustainability of the floriculture industry as it is presently conducted is debatable, due to the huge environmental impacts it initiates and incurs. Achieving sustainability requires joint efforts from all stakeholders, a fact that is often [...] Read more.

Despite its rapid growth and economic success, the sustainability of the floriculture industry as it is presently conducted is debatable, due to the huge environmental impacts it initiates and incurs. Achieving sustainability requires joint efforts from all stakeholders, a fact that is often neglected in discussions that frequently focus upon economically driven management concerns. This review attempts to raise awareness and collective responsibility among the key practitioners in floriculture by discussing its sustainability in the context of soil health, as soil is the foundation of agriculture systems. Major challenges posed to soil health arise from soil acidification and salinization stimulated by the abusive use of fertilizers. The poisoning of soil biota by pesticide residues and plastic debris due to the excessive application of pesticides and disposal of plastics is another significant issue and concern. The consequence of continuous cropping obstacles are further elucidated by the concept of plant-soil feedback. Based on these challenges, we propose the adoption and implementation of several sustainable practices including breeding stress-resistant and nutrient-efficient cultivars, making sustainable soil management a goal of floriculture production, and the recycling of plastics to overcome and mitigate the decline in soil health. The problems created by flower waste materials are highlighted and efficient treatment by biochar synthesis is suggested. We acknowledge the complexity of developing and implementing the proposed practices in floriculture as there is limited collaboration among the research and operational communities, and the policymakers. Additional research examining the impacts the floriculture industry has upon soils is needed to develop more sustainable production practices that can help resolve the current threats and to bridge the understanding gap between researchers and stakeholders in floriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Sustainable Horticulture: Resilience, Resource Protection and Rewards)

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22 pages, 7986 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

From Supernatural to Ornamental: Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L., Family Adoxaceae) in Sweden

by Ingvar Svanberg, Erik de Vahl, Navarana Ingvarsdóttir Olsen and Sabira Ståhlberg

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213068 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3145

Abstract

Black elder, Sambucus nigra, is a non-native but now partly naturalized shrub in Sweden; it has been cultivated here at least since the Middle Ages. Previously, this plant was associated with a supernatural being to whom sacrifices were made, and its fruits [...] Read more.

Black elder, Sambucus nigra, is a non-native but now partly naturalized shrub in Sweden; it has been cultivated here at least since the Middle Ages. Previously, this plant was associated with a supernatural being to whom sacrifices were made, and its fruits were used in folk medicine and wood for fuel and crafts. Traditional economic uses vanished with industrialization and urbanization and black elder was mostly planted as an ornamental shrub in urban parks. At the end of the 1970s, however, it made a sudden comeback: city dwellers started to gather flowers to make a refreshing non-alcoholic cordial. This diachronic study of Sambucus nigra spanning over a millennium reflects various attitudes and uses within the context of a changing human society. In addition to the simple but popular cordial, side dishes and desserts made of its fragrant flowers are becoming increasingly popular in modern Swedish cuisine. Globally it has also been (re)discovered and the utilization of this plant is growing: its flowers are used to add flavor to soft drinks, salads, desserts and various dishes; berries are used for medicine and in cooking, especially with meats, and its future uses seem to be limited only by human imagination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants and Peoples: Quo Vadis?)

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21 pages, 4246 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Taxonomic, Physiological, and Biochemical Characterization of Asterarcys quadricellularis AQYS21 as a Promising Sustainable Feedstock for Biofuels and ω-3 Fatty Acids

by Nam Seon Kang, Sung Min An, Chang Rak Jo, Hyunji Ki, Sun Young Kim, Hyeon Gyeong Jeong, Grace Choi, Ji Won Hong and Kichul Cho

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213008 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2173

Abstract

Asterarcys quadricellularis strain AQYS21, a green microalga isolated from the brackish waters near Manseong-ri Black Sand Beach in Korea, shows considerable potential as a source of bioactive compounds and biofuels. Therefore, this study analyzed the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this strain; [...] Read more.

Asterarcys quadricellularis strain AQYS21, a green microalga isolated from the brackish waters near Manseong-ri Black Sand Beach in Korea, shows considerable potential as a source of bioactive compounds and biofuels. Therefore, this study analyzed the morphological, molecular, and biochemical characteristics of this strain; optimized its cultivation conditions; and evaluated its suitability for biodiesel production. Morphological analysis revealed characteristics typical of the Asterarcys genus: spherical to ellipsoidal cells with pyrenoid starch plates and mucilage-embedded coenobia. Additionally, features not previously reported in other A. quadricellularis strains were observed. These included young cells with meridional ribs and an asymmetric spindle-shaped form with one or two pointed ends. Molecular analysis using small-subunit rDNA and tufA sequences confirmed the identification of the strain AQYS21. This strain showed robust growth across a wide temperature range, with optimal conditions at 24 °C and 88 µmol m⁻²s⁻¹ photon flux density. It was particularly rich in ω-3 α-linolenic acid and palmitic acid. Furthermore, its biodiesel properties indicated its suitability for biodiesel formulations. The biomass of this microalga may serve as a viable feedstock for biodiesel production and a valuable source of ω-3 fatty acids. These findings reveal new morphological characteristics of A. quadricellularis, enhancing our understanding of the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Taxonomy of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae)

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19 pages, 4021 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Chlorella vulgaris as a Biostimulant on the Growth and Drought Tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana

by Jinyoung Moon, Yun Ji Park, Yeong Bin Choi, To Quyen Truong, Phuong Kim Huynh, Yeon Bok Kim and Sang Min Kim

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3012; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213012 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4124

Abstract

Microalgae have demonstrated biostimulant potential owing to their ability to produce various plant growth-promoting substances, such as amino acids, phytohormones, polysaccharides, and vitamins. Most previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of microalgal biostimulants on plant growth. While biomass extracts are commonly [...] Read more.

Microalgae have demonstrated biostimulant potential owing to their ability to produce various plant growth-promoting substances, such as amino acids, phytohormones, polysaccharides, and vitamins. Most previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of microalgal biostimulants on plant growth. While biomass extracts are commonly used as biostimulants, research on the use of culture supernatant, a byproduct of microalgal culture, is scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of Chlorella vulgaris culture as a biostimulant and assess its effects on the growth and drought tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana, addressing the gap in current knowledge. Our results demonstrated that the Chlorella cell-free supernatant (CFS) significantly enhanced root growth and shoot development in both seedlings and mature Arabidopsis plants, suggesting the presence of specific growth-promoting compounds in CFS. Notably, CFS appeared to improve drought tolerance in Arabidopsis plants by increasing glucosinolate biosynthesis, inducing stomatal closure, and reducing water loss. Gene expression analysis revealed considerable changes in the expression of drought-responsive genes, such as IAA5, which is involved in auxin signaling, as well as glucosinolate biosynthetic genes, including WRKY63, MYB28, and MYB29. Overall, C. vulgaris culture-derived CFS could serve as a biostimulant alternative to chemical products, enhancing plant growth and drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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37 pages, 3352 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Photosynthetic Electron Flows and Networks of Metabolite Trafficking to Sustain Metabolism in Photosynthetic Systems

by Neda Fakhimi and Arthur R. Grossman

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3015; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213015 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3084

Abstract

Photosynthetic eukaryotes have metabolic pathways that occur in distinct subcellular compartments. However, because metabolites synthesized in one compartment, including fixed carbon compounds and reductant generated by photosynthetic electron flows, may be integral to processes in other compartments, the cells must efficiently move metabolites [...] Read more.

Photosynthetic eukaryotes have metabolic pathways that occur in distinct subcellular compartments. However, because metabolites synthesized in one compartment, including fixed carbon compounds and reductant generated by photosynthetic electron flows, may be integral to processes in other compartments, the cells must efficiently move metabolites among the different compartments. This review examines the various photosynthetic electron flows used to generate ATP and fixed carbon and the trafficking of metabolites in the green alga Chlamydomomas reinhardtii; information on other algae and plants is provided to add depth and nuance to the discussion. We emphasized the trafficking of metabolites across the envelope membranes of the two energy powerhouse organelles of the cell, the chloroplast and mitochondrion, the nature and roles of the major mobile metabolites that move among these compartments, and the specific or presumed transporters involved in that trafficking. These transporters include sugar-phosphate (sugar-P)/inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters and dicarboxylate transporters, although, in many cases, we know little about the substrate specificities of these transporters, how their activities are regulated/coordinated, compensatory responses among transporters when specific transporters are compromised, associations between transporters and other cellular proteins, and the possibilities for forming specific ‘megacomplexes’ involving interactions between enzymes of central metabolism with specific transport proteins. Finally, we discuss metabolite trafficking associated with specific biological processes that occur under various environmental conditions to help to maintain the cell’s fitness. These processes include C4 metabolism in plants and the carbon concentrating mechanism, photorespiration, and fermentation metabolism in algae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Signaling Events in Algae in Response to Abiotic Factors and Biotic Interactions)

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29 pages, 5494 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Profile of Phenolic Compounds Identified in Pitaya Fruits, Health Effects, and Food Applications: An Integrative Review

by Vinicius Serafim Coelho, Daniela Gomes de Moura, Lara Louzada Aguiar, Lucas Victor Ribeiro, Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva, Vinícius Tadeu da Veiga Correia, Angelita Cristine Melo, Mauro Ramalho Silva, Ana Cardoso Clemente Filha Ferreira de Paula, Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo and Julio Onesio Ferreira Melo

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213020 - 28 Oct 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5927

Abstract

Objective: This integrative review aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in pitayas (dragon fruit). Methods: We employed a comprehensive search strategy, encompassing full-text articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from databases indexed in ScienceDirect, Capes Periodics, Scielo, [...] Read more.

Objective: This integrative review aimed to identify the phenolic compounds present in pitayas (dragon fruit). Methods: We employed a comprehensive search strategy, encompassing full-text articles published between 2013 and 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from databases indexed in ScienceDirect, Capes Periodics, Scielo, and PubMed. The study’s selection was guided by the question, “What are the main phenolic compounds found in pitaya fruits?”. Results: After screening 601 papers, 57 met the inclusion criteria. The identified phytochemicals have been associated with a range of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties. Additionally, they exhibit promising applications in the management of cancer, diabetes, and obesity. These 57 studies encompassed various genera, including Hylocereus, Selenicereus, and Stenocereus. Notably, Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus emerged as the most extensively characterized species regarding polyphenol content. Analysis revealed that flavonoids, particularly kaempferol and rutin, were the predominant phenolic class within the pulp and peel of these fruits. Additionally, hydroxycinnamic and benzoic acid derivatives, especially chlorogenic acid, caffeic, protocatechuic, synaptic, and ellagic acid, were frequently reported. Furthermore, betalains, specifically betacyanins, were identified, contributing to the characteristic purplish-red color of the pitaya peel and pulp. These betalains hold significant potential as natural colorants in the food industry. Conclusion: Therefore, the different pitayas have promising sources for the extraction of pigments for incorporation in the food industry. We recommend further studies investigate their potential as nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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15 pages, 6827 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Commercialized “Smudge Sticks” Used as Incense in the Netherlands: An Inventory of Plants and Trends Behind a New Age Fashion

by Isabela Pombo Geertsma, Berber E. Zandstra, Anastasia Stefanaki and Tinde R. van Andel

Plants 2024, 13(21), 3003; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213003 - 27 Oct 2024

Viewed by 4059

Abstract

Incense is essential in religious ceremonies, even in relatively new religious and spiritual movements such as New Age and Neopaganism. These garner little attention from ethnobotanists, although they trigger an international trade in wild-harvested plants. In this paper, we studied the botanical ingredients [...] Read more.

Incense is essential in religious ceremonies, even in relatively new religious and spiritual movements such as New Age and Neopaganism. These garner little attention from ethnobotanists, although they trigger an international trade in wild-harvested plants. In this paper, we studied the botanical ingredients of smudge sticks (dried plant bundles burned for purification) in the Netherlands, and people’s motivations to use them posing the following questions: what plant species are included in smudge sticks? what are they used for? and are exotic plants preferred over native Dutch plant species? We visited online and physical shops in Dutch cities, acquiring a total of 29 different smudge sticks containing at least 15 species. We held semi-structured interviews with 11 users, vendors, and herbal experts, and collected data from 33 questionnaires. Salvia apiana L. was most frequently found, along with North American species of the genus Artemisia. The rise of the New Age movement resulted in North American ritual plant species being easily available in (online) shops in the Netherlands and smudge sticks being used for personal protection and cleansing. Despite the smudge sticks’ commercial demand, there is no data regarding the pressure on wild populations of species used in these bundles. For the preservation of these species it is crucial that scientific monitoring of their harvest is undertaken in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology)

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26 pages, 1912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Developmental Cycle of Spirodela polyrhiza Turions: A Model for Turion-Based Duckweed Overwintering?

by Paul Ziegler

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2993; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212993 - 26 Oct 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Duckweeds are widely distributed small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants (the Lemnaceae) found on quiet freshwater surfaces. Species inhabiting temperate climates may have to cope with long periods of severe cold during the winter season. Several duckweeds form compact resting structures from the [...] Read more.

Duckweeds are widely distributed small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants (the Lemnaceae) found on quiet freshwater surfaces. Species inhabiting temperate climates may have to cope with long periods of severe cold during the winter season. Several duckweeds form compact resting structures from the assimilatory fronds of the growing season that can bridge inhospitable conditions in a quiescent state. Of these, turions separate from the mother fronds and overwinter on the water body bottom in a dormant state. They can surface, germinate, and sprout to resume active growth upon warming in the spring. The turions of the largest duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, have been intensively examined as to ultrastructure, the factors governing their formation and release from dormancy, and the signals driving their germination and sprouting and the accompanying starch degradation. Comparative transcriptomics of assimilatory fronds and dormant turions are revealing the molecular features of this developmental cycle. The results illustrate an elegant sequence of reactions that ensures aquatic survival of even severe winters by frost avoidance in a vegetative mode. Since little is known about other duckweed resting fronds, the S. polyrhiza turion developmental cycle cannot be considered to be representative of duckweed resting fronds in general but can serve as a reference for corresponding investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Duckweed: Research Meets Applications—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 9942 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improved Protocol for Efficient Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Medicago sativa L.

by Suma Basak, Dipika Parajulee, Seema Dhir, Ankush Sangra and Sarwan K. Dhir

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212992 - 26 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3815

Abstract

Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) is a globally recognized forage legume that has recently gained attention for its high protein content, making it suitable for both human and animal consumption. However, due to its perennial nature and autotetraploid genetics, conventional plant breeding requires a [...] Read more.

Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) is a globally recognized forage legume that has recently gained attention for its high protein content, making it suitable for both human and animal consumption. However, due to its perennial nature and autotetraploid genetics, conventional plant breeding requires a longer timeframe compared to other crops. Therefore, genetic engineering offers a faster route for trait modification and improvement. Here, we describe a protocol for achieving efficient transient gene expression in alfalfa through genetic transformation with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens pCAMBIA1304 vector. This vector contains the reporter genes β-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP), along with a selectable hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, all driven by the CaMV 35s promoter. Various transformation parameters—such as different explant types, leaf ages, leaf sizes, wounding types, bacterial concentrations (OD_600nm), tissue preculture periods, infection periods, co-cultivation periods, and different concentrations of acetosyringone, silver nitrate, and calcium chloride—were optimized using 3-week-old in vitro-grown plantlets. Results were attained from data based on the semi-quantitative observation of the percentage and number of GUS spots on different days of agro-infection in alfalfa explants. The highest percentage of GUS positivity (76.2%) was observed in 3-week-old, scalpel-wounded, segmented alfalfa leaf explants after 3 days of agro-infection at a bacterial concentration of 0.6, with 2 days of preculture, 30 min of co-cultivation, and the addition of 150 µM acetosyringone, 4 mM calcium chloride, and 75 µM silver nitrate. The transient expression of genes of interest was confirmed via histochemical GUS and GFP assays. The results based on transient reporter gene expression suggest that various factors influence T-DNA delivery in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of alfalfa. The improved protocol can be used in stable transformation techniques for alfalfa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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25 pages, 12175 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Stress Response Genes in Microtuberization of Potato Solanum tuberosum L.: Contributions to Osmotic and Combined Abiotic Stress Tolerance

by Lisset Herrera-Isidron, Braulio Uribe-Lopez, Aaron Barraza, José Luis Cabrera-Ponce and Eliana Valencia-Lozano

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2996; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212996 - 26 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2739

Abstract

Wild Solanum species have contributed many introgressed genes during domestication into current cultivated potatoes, enhancing their biotic and abiotic stress resistance and facilitating global expansion. Abiotic stress negatively impacts potato physiology and productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development may help solve [...] Read more.

Wild Solanum species have contributed many introgressed genes during domestication into current cultivated potatoes, enhancing their biotic and abiotic stress resistance and facilitating global expansion. Abiotic stress negatively impacts potato physiology and productivity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development may help solve this global problem. We made a transcriptomic analysis of potato microtuberization under darkness, cytokinins, and osmotic stress conditions. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 404 genes with high confidence. These genes were involved in important processes like oxidative stress, carbon metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleosome assembly. From this network, we selected nine ancestral genes along with eight additional stress-related genes. We used qPCR to analyze the expression of the selected genes under osmotic, heat–osmotic, cold–osmotic, salt–osmotic, and combined-stress conditions. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 60.61% of the genes analyzed were associated with osmotic, cold–osmotic, and heat–osmotic stress. Seven out of ten introgression/domestication genes showed the highest variance in the analysis. The genes H3.2 and GAPCP1 were involved in osmotic, cold–osmotic, and heat–osmotic stress. Under combined-all stress, TPI and RPL4 were significant, while in salt–osmotic stress conditions, ENO1, HSP70-8, and PER were significant. This indicates the importance of ancestral genes for potato survival during evolution. The targeted manipulation of these genes could improve combined-stress tolerance in potatoes, providing a genetic basis for enhancing crop resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potato Physiology, Genetics and Breeding)

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17 pages, 4452 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Responses of Two Carex rigescens Varieties to Salt Stress

by Yiming Wu, Kai Zhu, Chu Wang, Yue Li, Mingna Li and Yan Sun

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2984; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212984 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1351

Abstract

Salt stress severely inhibits crop growth and production. The native turfgrass species Carex rigescens in northern China, exhibits extraordinary tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. However, little is known about its specific metabolites and pathways under salt stress. To explore the molecular metabolic mechanisms [...] Read more.

Salt stress severely inhibits crop growth and production. The native turfgrass species Carex rigescens in northern China, exhibits extraordinary tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. However, little is known about its specific metabolites and pathways under salt stress. To explore the molecular metabolic mechanisms under salt stress, we conducted metabolome analysis combined with transcriptome analysis of two varieties of Carex rigescens with differing salt tolerances: salt-sensitive Lvping NO.1 and salt-tolerant Lvping NO.2. After 5 days of salt treatment, 114 and 131 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) were found in Lvping NO.1 and Lvping NO.2, respectively. Among them, six amino acids involved in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway, namely, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, threonine, and serine, were accumulated after treatment. Furthermore, most DAMs related to phenylalanine biosynthesis, metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis increased under salt stress in both varieties. The expression profiles of metabolism-associated genes were consistent with the metabolic profiles. However, genes including HCT, β-glucosidases, and F5H, and metabolite 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, of the two varieties may account for the differences in salt tolerance. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in Carex rigescens and reveals potential metabolites and genes to improve crop resilience to saline environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Biology of Turfgrass—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2344 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vanilla planifolia: Artificial and Insect Pollination, Floral Guides and Volatiles

by Sahar Van Dyk, Williams Barry McGlasson, Mark Williams, Robert Spooner-Hart and Paul Holford

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212977 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 4209

Abstract

The natural pollinator of the major species of commercially-grown vanilla, Vanilla planifolia, is unknown, and the crop requires hand pollination to achieve significant levels of fruit set; however, the traditional technique (using a toothpick) is costly, as it requires skilled personnel. To [...] Read more.

The natural pollinator of the major species of commercially-grown vanilla, Vanilla planifolia, is unknown, and the crop requires hand pollination to achieve significant levels of fruit set; however, the traditional technique (using a toothpick) is costly, as it requires skilled personnel. To overcome this problem, two native Australian bees, Tetragonula carbonaria and Austroplebeia australis, and the blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, were trialled as pollinators. Three alternatives to the toothpick method were also trialled. The appearance of vanilla flowers under ultraviolet radiation was examined to determine the presence of cryptic pollination guides, and the chemical composition of nectar from extrafloral nectaries and aroma volatiles from the flowers were characterised. None of the three insects effected pollination due to their small size and behaviour; other insect pollinators need to be identified. The alternative mechanical methods of pollination trialled resulted in fruit set; however, the percentages of fruit set were lower than the traditional toothpick method, and the fruit were of inferior quality. The nectar produced predominantly consisted of sucrose and melezitose. Melezitose is a strong attractant of various ant species, which may explain the concentration of ants around the nectaries and the apparent lack of nectar production in part of this study. The aroma volatiles included monoterpenoids, terpenes, sesquiterpenoids, aromatics, nitrogen-containing compounds and fatty acids, the most abundant being a-pinene and eucalyptol. Illumination of the flowers with UV-A radiation revealed fluorescence from the stamens, the column and the callus, which is located on the labellum. These observations may aid the identification and use of potential pollinators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Sustainable Horticulture: Resilience, Resource Protection and Rewards)

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13 pages, 1914 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utilizing Short Interspersed Nuclear Element as a Genetic Marker for Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat

by Purnima Kandpal, Karminderbir Kaur, Raman Dhariwal, Simranjeet Kaur, Gagandeep Kaur Brar, Harpinder Randhawa and Jaswinder Singh

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2981; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212981 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 16533

Abstract

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a complex abiotic stress caused by multiple exogenous and endogenous variables that results in random but significant quality and yield loss at the terminal crop stage in more than half of the wheat-producing areas of the world. Systematic research [...] Read more.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a complex abiotic stress caused by multiple exogenous and endogenous variables that results in random but significant quality and yield loss at the terminal crop stage in more than half of the wheat-producing areas of the world. Systematic research over more than five decades suggests that addressing this challenge requires tools beyond the traditional genetic manipulation approach. Previous molecular studies indicate a possible role of epigenetics in the regulation of seed dormancy and PHS in crops, especially through RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathways mediated by Argonaute (AGO) proteins. In this study, we explore the role of the AGO802B gene associated with PHS resistance in wheat, through the presence of a SINE retrotransposon insertion. The current study found the SINE insertion at 3′UTR of the TaAGO802B present in 73.2% of 41 cultivars analyzed and in 92.6% of the resistant cultivar subset. The average expression of TaAGO802B in cultivars with the SINE insertion was 73.3% lower than in cultivars without insertion. This study also indicated a significant positive correlation between the PHS score and methylation levels in the cultivars. The resistant cultivars with the SINE insertion recorded 54.7% lower methylation levels than susceptible cultivars. Further analysis of a DH population (Sadash × P2711) reveals that SINE insertion co-segregates with PHS resistance. This sets forth the SINE insertion in TaAGO802B as a genetic marker for screening wheat germplasm and as an efficient tool for breeding PHS-resistant wheat cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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18 pages, 5297 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study on Shear Strength of Soil–Root Systems of Different Vegetation Types

by Shengqi Jian, Yixue Niu, Xueli Zhang, Yi Wei and Jun Gao

Plants 2024, 13(21), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13212963 - 23 Oct 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2654

Abstract

The root systems of vegetation significantly contribute to enhancing slope stability. The shear strength of soil–root systems is a crucial parameter for assessing slope stability. This study focuses on six types of vegetation in the Yellow River Basin of China (woodland: Populus przewalskii [...] Read more.

The root systems of vegetation significantly contribute to enhancing slope stability. The shear strength of soil–root systems is a crucial parameter for assessing slope stability. This study focuses on six types of vegetation in the Yellow River Basin of China (woodland: Populus przewalskii and Broussonetia papyrifera; shrubland: Periploca sepium and Ziziphus jujuba; grassland: Artemisia hedinii and Setaria viridis), employing in situ shear tests and the Wu–Waldron model (Wu model) to investigate the shear strength of soil–root systems. The results show that the shear stress–displacement curves for P. przewalskii, B. papyrifera, and Z. jujuba are higher and steeper, with clear inflection points. The tensile strength of the roots from the six vegetation types decreases as the root diameter increases. According to the Wu model, the additional root cohesion is ranked as follows: A. hedinii > B. papyrifera > P. przewalskii > Z. jujuba > P. sepium > S. viridis. Based on the in situ shear tests, the shear strength increments are ranked as follows: Z. jujuba > B. papyrifera > P. przewalskii > A. hedinii > P. sepium > S. viridis. Overall, the additional root cohesion obtained by the Wu model in each soil layer is greater than the shear strength increment measured from the in situ shear tests. In the 0–30 cm soil layers, the soil–root systems of Z. jujuba, B. papyrifera, P. przewalskii, and A. hedinii exhibit a better shear strength, whereas P. sepium and S. viridis perform poorly. A principal component analysis reveals that the shear strength of the soil–root systems of different vegetation types is primarily influenced by the soil moisture content and root mass density. Z. jujuba, B. papyrifera, P. przewalskii, and A. hedinii are recommended for ecological restoration projects in the Yellow River Basin of China. Full article

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15 pages, 7940 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Potential to Ensure Safe Production of Water Spinach in Heavy Metals-Contaminated Soil by Substituting Chemical Fertilizer with Organic Fertilizer

by Hao Qi, Zhong Zhuang, Jiang Liu, Siyu Huang, Qiqi Wang, Qi Wang, Huafen Li and Yanan Wan

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202935 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3056

Abstract

Organic fertilizers are widely used to improve soil quality. However, their potential for ensuring the safe production of vegetables in soils with varying levels of heavy metals pollution remains inadequately explored. Here, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate the effects of substituting [...] Read more.

Organic fertilizers are widely used to improve soil quality. However, their potential for ensuring the safe production of vegetables in soils with varying levels of heavy metals pollution remains inadequately explored. Here, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate the effects of substituting chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer on the HMs accumulation in water spinach by simulating soils with different levels of HMs pollution. The results showed that the organic fertilizer significantly increased the soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter (OM). Furthermore, it led to a reduction in the soil DTPA–Cd and DTPA–Pb levels by 3.3–20.6% and 22.4–47.3%, respectively, whereas the DTPA–As levels increased by 0.07–7.7 times. The organic fertilizer effectively reduced the Cd and Pb content in water spinach below the safety limits when the added Cd content in the soil was less than 2 mg/kg and the Pb content was equal to or less than 90 mg/kg. However, its efficacy in reducing As accumulation in water spinach was limited, emphasizing the need for caution when using organic fertilizers in As-contaminated soils. Our results provide valuable insights for the scientific and precise utilization of organic fertilizers, thereby contributing to the safe production of vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Agricultural Product Quality)

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18 pages, 931 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Supercritical CO₂ and Conventional Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Different Cultivars of Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.) Pomace

by Indrė Čechovičienė, Kiril Kazancev, Ewellina Hallmann, Eglė Sendžikienė, Marcin Kruk, Jonas Viškelis and Živilė Tarasevičienė

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2931; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202931 - 19 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and [...] Read more.

The main objective of this work was to extract bioactive compounds from different cultivars of blackberry pomace using conventional Soxhlet and supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) extraction methods. For Soxhlet extraction, two different solvents, ethanol and n-hexane, were used. Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined by GC, carotenoids and chlorophylls by HPLC, and volatile organic compounds were identified with an e-nose based on GC. The yield of the extract was influenced by the extraction, while the qualitative content of the extracts was also dependent on the cultivar. While there were no differences in the types of fatty acids extracted, their content varied significantly depending on the cultivar, extraction method, and their interaction. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) were the most prevalent in all cultivars of blackberry pomace extracts. The linoleic acid content varied from 33.33 to 64.77% depending on the variety, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 varied from 3.17% to 5.71%. Significantly higher quantities of carotenoids and chlorophylls were obtained in Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane in all extracts. The major carotenoid in the ‘Orkan’ and ‘Polar’ extracts was lutein, while in the ‘Brzezina’ extract, it was β-carotene. The extraction method has a significant impact on the flavor profile of the extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry for Natural Product Extraction: Cleaner and Efficient Approaches)

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20 pages, 1250 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Radish and Spinach Seedling Production and Early Growth in Response to Struvite Use as a Phosphorus Source

by Giannis Neofytou, Antonios Chrysargyris, Maria G. Antoniou and Nikolaos Tzortzakis

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202917 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2300

Abstract

To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of [...] Read more.

To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of phosphorus. Utilizing nutrient-recovered materials like struvite can enhance circularity in agriculture and reduce its reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of struvite as a complete substitute to triple superphosphate, for radish and spinach seedling production and early growth, with or without supplementary fertigation. In addition, two rates of struvite were examined (0.68 and 1.37 g L⁻¹ substrate) to evaluate its solubility. In the germination of radish, struvite had similar performance with conventional fertilization, while in spinach, the use of struvite decreased mean germination times. Both plants maintained comparable growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity when struvite was used, in comparison to conventional fertilizers. However, higher struvite rates under un-fertigated conditions significantly increased the chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in the spinach, while phenolics and flavonoids decreased, contingent on the fertigation applications. In the radish, struvite maintained similar MDA and H₂O₂ levels to conventional fertilization, while decreases occurred in the spinach, with the application of ST1 under un-fertigated conditions, compared with conventional fertilization. The P and N contents of the plants were also affected, though these effects varied depending on the plant species, fertigation applications and struvite rates. This variance can be attributed to the characteristics of struvite, the plant species and the cultivation practices. The results of this study suggest that struvite can be successfully implemented in seedling production, establishing significant prospects for its commercialization and use in nurseries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)

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22 pages, 3096 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ascophyllum nodosum Extract Improves Olive Performance Under Water Deficit Through the Modulation of Molecular and Physiological Processes

by Maria Celeste Dias, Rui Figueiras, Marta Sousa, Márcia Araújo, José Miguel P. Ferreira de Oliveira, Diana C. G. A. Pinto, Artur M. S. Silva and Conceição Santos

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2908; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202908 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

The olive tree is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate, but how orchards based on intensive practices will respond to increasing drought is unknown. This study aimed to determine if the application of a commercial biostimulant improves olive tolerance to drought. Potted plants [...] Read more.

The olive tree is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate, but how orchards based on intensive practices will respond to increasing drought is unknown. This study aimed to determine if the application of a commercial biostimulant improves olive tolerance to drought. Potted plants (cultivars Arbequina and Galega) were pre-treated with an extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (four applications, 200 mL of 0.50 g/L extract per plant), and were then well irrigated (100% field capacity) or exposed to water deficit (50% field capacity) for 69 days. Plant height, photosynthesis, water status, pigments, lipophilic compounds, and the expression of stress protective genes (OeDHN1—protective proteins’ dehydrin; OePIP1.1—aquaporin; and OeHSP18.3—heat shock proteins) were analyzed. Water deficit negatively affected olive physiology, but the biostimulant mitigated these damages through the modulation of molecular and physiological processes according to the cultivar and irrigation. A. nodosum benefits were more expressive under water deficit, particularly in Galega, promoting height (increase of 15%) and photosynthesis (increase of 34%), modulating the stomatal aperture through the regulation of OePIP1.1 expression, and keeping OeDHN1 and OeHSP18.3 upregulated to strengthen stress protection. In both cultivars, biostimulant promoted carbohydrate accumulation and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). Under good irrigation, biostimulant increased energy availability and iWUE in Galega. These data highlight the potential of this biostimulant to improve olive performance, providing higher tolerance to overcome climate change scenarios. The use of this biostimulant can improve the establishment of younger olive trees in the field, strengthen the plant’s capacity to withstand field stresses, and lead to higher growth and crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Plants)

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15 pages, 1464 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Application of a Foliar Spray Containing Methylobacterium symbioticum Had a Limited Effect on Crop Yield and Nitrogen Recovery in Field and Pot-Grown Maize

by Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues, Carlos Manuel Correia and Margarida Arrobas

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2909; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202909 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2628

Abstract

In this study, the effectiveness of an inoculant containing a nitrogen (N)-fixing microorganism (Methylobacterium symbioticum) was evaluated on maize (Zea mays L.) grown both in the field (silage maize) and in pots over two years (2021 and 2022). The field [...] Read more.

In this study, the effectiveness of an inoculant containing a nitrogen (N)-fixing microorganism (Methylobacterium symbioticum) was evaluated on maize (Zea mays L.) grown both in the field (silage maize) and in pots over two years (2021 and 2022). The field trial included the following two treatments: with (Yes) and without (No) the inoculant. The pot experiment was designed as a factorial arrangement with two factors: the application of the inoculant (Yes and No) and N applied to the soil (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g pot⁻¹). In the field, total dry matter yield (DMY) did not differ significantly between treatments, although the average DMY was higher in the inoculant treatment. In pots, the total DMY varied significantly across all N rates but was only significantly affected by the inoculant application in 2022. N fixation estimates in the field were 58.8 and 14.5 kg ha⁻¹ for 2021 and 2022, respectively, representing 23.7% and 9.1% of the N recovered in the aboveground plant parts. In pots, the estimated fixed N values were −49.2 and 199.2 mg pot⁻¹ in 2021 and 2022, respectively, which corresponded to −5.2% and 18.5% of the N found in the aboveground plant parts. Considering the average values obtained across the four cultivation conditions, there was a positive outcome for the treated plants. However, these values cannot be considered significant when compared to nitrogen removal in maize crops. A commercial product should provide an unequivocal and quantitatively relevant contribution to plant nutrition, which did not appear to be the case. Thus, for this inoculant to provide reliable guarantees of positive outcomes for farmers and become a useful tool in promoting more sustainable agriculture, further studies appear necessary. These studies should aim to determine in which crops and under what cultivation conditions the application of the inoculant is truly effective in enhancing N fixation and improving crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Formulations to Increase Crop Production, from Laboratory to Fields (2nd Edition))

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32 pages, 1338 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cyclic Isothiocyanate Goitrin Impairs Lotus japonicus Nodulation, Affects the Proteomes of Nodules and Free Mesorhizobium loti, and Induces the Formation of Caffeic Acid Derivatives in Bacterial Cultures

by Seungwoo Jeong, Vadim Schütz, Fatih Demir, Matthias Preusche, Pitter Huesgen, Laurent Bigler, Filip Kovacic, Katharina Gutbrod, Peter Dörmann and Margot Schulz

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2897; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202897 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

The continuous release of glucosinolates into the soil by Brassicaceae root exudation is a prerequisite to maintaining toxic levels of breakdown products such as isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs influence plant and microbial diversity in ecosystems, while fungi and Rhizobiaceae are particularly injured. Studies explaining [...] Read more.

The continuous release of glucosinolates into the soil by Brassicaceae root exudation is a prerequisite to maintaining toxic levels of breakdown products such as isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs influence plant and microbial diversity in ecosystems, while fungi and Rhizobiaceae are particularly injured. Studies explaining the molecular mechanisms of the negative effects are presently limited. Therefore, we investigated the early effects of cyclic ITC goitrin on proteomes of the host and symbiotic Mesorhizobium loti in the nodules of Lotus japonicus and of free-living bacteria. In the nodules, many host proteins had a higher abundance, among them, peroxidases and pathogenesis-related PR-10 proteins functioning in the abscisic-acid-activated signaling pathway. In the microsymbiont, transporter proteins as a prominent group are enhanced; some proteins involved in N-fixation decreased. The proteomes give a report about the loss of immunity suppression resulting in the termination of symbiosis, which initiates nodule senescence. Free-living M. loti are severely damaged, indicated, i.a., by a decrease in transporter proteins, the assumed candidates for goitrin protein complex formation, and high proteolysis. The production of chicoric acid by the accompanying bacteria is inhibitory for M. loti but connected to goitrin elimination, as confirmed by mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. In summary, the nodulation process is severely affected by goitrin, causing nodule dysfunction and failed nodule development. N deficiency conditions leads to yellowish leaves and leaf abscission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Allelopathy: Mechanisms and Applications in Regenerative Agriculture 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 1378 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Morphophysiological Adaptations of Aquatic Macrophytes in Wetland-Based Sewage Treatment Systems: Strategies for Resilience and Efficiency under Environmental Stress

by Leila Teresinha Maranho and Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202870 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5510

Abstract

There is a common misconception that aquatic macrophytes face significant challenges in wetland-based sewage treatment systems. This study aims to correct this perception by focusing on the crucial morphophysiological adaptations of aquatic macrophytes that enable them to thrive in wetland-based sewage treatment systems, [...] Read more.

There is a common misconception that aquatic macrophytes face significant challenges in wetland-based sewage treatment systems. This study aims to correct this perception by focusing on the crucial morphophysiological adaptations of aquatic macrophytes that enable them to thrive in wetland-based sewage treatment systems, particularly under environmental stress. These adaptations are vital for improving the efficiency and resilience of wastewater treatment processes, offering sustainable solutions in the face of variable environmental conditions and complex contaminant mixtures. The review emphasizes the role of macrophytes as natural engineers, capable of enhancing pollutant removal and system stability through their unique structural and functional traits. By understanding these adaptations, the review aims to guide the optimization of wetland design and management, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and effective wastewater treatment practices. The findings underscore the importance of species selection and the integration of nature-based solutions in environmental management, advocating for policies that support the use of macrophytes in modern wastewater management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Macrophytes in Inland Waters: From Knowledge to Management (2nd Edition))

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27 pages, 2386 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Detection Methods for Pine Wilt Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Sana Tahir, Syed Shaheer Hassan, Lu Yang, Miaomiao Ma and Chenghao Li

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2876; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202876 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a highly destructive forest disease that necessitates rapid and precise identification for effective management and control. This study evaluates various detection methods for PWD, including morphological diagnosis, molecular techniques, and remote [...] Read more.

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a highly destructive forest disease that necessitates rapid and precise identification for effective management and control. This study evaluates various detection methods for PWD, including morphological diagnosis, molecular techniques, and remote sensing. While traditional methods are economical, they are limited by their inability to detect subtle or early changes and require considerable time and expertise. To overcome these challenges, this study emphasizes advanced molecular approaches such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) coupled with CRISPR/Cas12a, which offer fast and accurate pathogen detection. Additionally, DNA barcoding and microarrays facilitate species identification, and proteomics can provide insights into infection-specific protein signatures. The study also highlights remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based hyperspectral analysis, for their capability to monitor PWD by detecting asymptomatic diseases through changes in the spectral signatures of trees. Future research should focus on combining traditional and innovative techniques, refining visual inspection processes, developing rapid and portable diagnostic tools for field application, and exploring the potential of volatile organic compound analysis and machine learning algorithms for early disease detection. Integrating diverse methods and adopting innovative technologies are crucial to effectively control this lethal forest disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Forest Trees)

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17 pages, 1915 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Utilisation of Fucus vesiculosus Algae Extracts in the Production of Microgreens Hordeum vulgare L. with an Increased Content of Selected Bioactive Compounds

by Barbara Drygaś, Tomasz Piechowiak, Joanna Kreczko, Natalia Matłok, Bogdan Saletnik and Maciej Balawejder

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202871 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

Algae extracts may be a promising alternative to harmful chemicals and pesticides used commercially in the cultivation of plants with higher nutritional and health-promoting values. The cultivation of barley microgreens (Hordeum vulgare L.) was facilitated by the use of aqueous extracts from [...] Read more.

Algae extracts may be a promising alternative to harmful chemicals and pesticides used commercially in the cultivation of plants with higher nutritional and health-promoting values. The cultivation of barley microgreens (Hordeum vulgare L.) was facilitated by the use of aqueous extracts from Fucus vesiculosus algae, which served as a biostimulant. Seeds for experiments were produced in accordance with EU standards, certified as organic and used to grow plants in a controlled pot experiment. A qualitative analysis of the extract, which was used to irrigate the plants, was also performed in this study, as well as stimulating properties by activating the system protecting against oxidative stress. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFV) and enzymes involved in their formation such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as enzymes involved in the removal of reactive oxygen species such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in the obtained microgreen samples. Antioxidant activity against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was also evaluated. A noticeable increase in SOD content and antioxidant activity against DPPH was observed in barley microgreen samples after extract treatment. These results suggest that the use of extracts of this beneficial alga can enhance the antioxidant activity of the barley microgreens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activity of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 7111 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predicting the Invasion Risk of the Highly Invasive Acacia mearnsii in Asia under Global Climate Change

by Anil Poudel, Pradeep Adhikari, Prabhat Adhikari, Sue Hyuen Choi, Ji Yeon Yun, Yong Ho Lee and Sun Hee Hong

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2846; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202846 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2995

Abstract

Acacia mearnsii, among the 100 worst invasive weeds worldwide, negatively impacts native biodiversity, agriculture, and natural ecosystems. Global climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, enhances the risk of A. mearnsii invasion in Asia, making it crucial to identify [...] Read more.

Acacia mearnsii, among the 100 worst invasive weeds worldwide, negatively impacts native biodiversity, agriculture, and natural ecosystems. Global climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, enhances the risk of A. mearnsii invasion in Asia, making it crucial to identify high-risk areas for effective management. This study performed species distribution modeling using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm to predict the potential introduction and spread of A. mearnsii under various climate scenarios based on shared socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). Currently, only 4.35% of Asia is invaded, with a high invasion risk identified in six countries, including Bhutan, Lebanon, and Taiwan, where more than 75% of their areas are threatened. Under future climate scenarios, 21 countries face invasion risk, among which 14 countries, such as Georgia, Laos, Republic of Korea, and Turkey, are at moderate to very high risk, potentially encompassing up to 87.89% of their territories. Conversely, Northern Asian countries exhibit minimal changes in invasion risk and are considered relatively safe from invasion. These findings underscore that climate change will exacerbate invasion risks across Asia, emphasizing the urgent need for robust management strategies, including stringent quarantine measures and control efforts, to mitigate the threat of A. mearnsii expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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15 pages, 1906 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development, Chlorophyll Content, and Nutrient Accumulation in In Vitro Shoots of Melaleuca alternifolia under Light Wavelengths and 6-BAP

by Antony Cristhian Gonzales-Alvarado and Jean Carlos Cardoso

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2842; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202842 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

In vitro cultivation of Melaleuca could contribute to the cloning of superior genotypes. Studies of factors affecting micropropagation are needed, such as the interaction with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and plant growth regulators added to the culture media. This study aimed at better understanding [...] Read more.

In vitro cultivation of Melaleuca could contribute to the cloning of superior genotypes. Studies of factors affecting micropropagation are needed, such as the interaction with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and plant growth regulators added to the culture media. This study aimed at better understanding the effects of spectra on the development and physiology of melaleuca cultivated in vitro, as well as the interaction of LEDs with the main cytokinin used in micropropagation, N6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). 6-BAP, spectra, and their interaction had a significant effect on most of the variables analyzed, altering the in vitro development and chlorophyll concentrations in the plants, as well as changing different variables in the culture medium, such as pH, EC, and levels of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and P, and nutrient accumulation in the shoots. The results demonstrate that the main effects of adding BAP to the in vitro cultivation of melaleuca are an increase in the number of shoots, which resulted in greater fresh and dry masses; a reduction in height and chlorophyll content; complete inhibition of adventitious rooting; higher consumption of Mg, and lower consumption of Ca and P from the culture medium; higher content of Fe, and lower content of P, S, Mn, Cu and B in the in vitro shoot tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of In Vitro Culture Techniques in Plants)

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14 pages, 319 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Growth, Ecophysiological Responses, and Leaf Mineral Composition of Lettuce and Curly Endive in Hydroponic and Aquaponic Systems

by Lucia Vanacore, Christophe El-Nakhel, Giuseppe Carlo Modarelli, Youssef Rouphael, Antonio Pannico, Antonio Luca Langellotti, Paolo Masi, Chiara Cirillo and Stefania De Pascale

Plants 2024, 13(20), 2852; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202852 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2775

Abstract

Against the backdrop of climate change, soil loss, and water scarcity, sustainable food production is a pivotal challenge for humanity. As the global population grows and urbanization intensifies, innovative agricultural methods are crucial to meet rising food demand, while mitigating environmental degradation. Hydroponic [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of climate change, soil loss, and water scarcity, sustainable food production is a pivotal challenge for humanity. As the global population grows and urbanization intensifies, innovative agricultural methods are crucial to meet rising food demand, while mitigating environmental degradation. Hydroponic and aquaponic systems, has emerged as one of these solutions by minimizing land use, reducing water consumption, and enabling year-round crop production in urban areas. This study aimed at assessing the yield, ecophysiological performance, and nutritional content of Lactuca sativa L. and Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum grown in hydroponic and aquaponic floating raft systems, with Oreochromis niloticus L. integrated into the aquaponic system. Both species exhibited higher fresh biomass and canopy/root ratios in hydroponics compared to aquaponics. Additionally, hydroponics increased the leaf number in curly endive by 18%. Ecophysiological parameters, such as the leaf net photosynthesis rate, actual yield of PSII, and linear electron transport rate, were also higher in hydroponics for both species. However, the nutritional profiles varied between the two cultivation systems and between the two species. Given that standard fish feed often lacks sufficient potassium levels for optimal plant growth, potassium supplementation could be a viable strategy to enhance plant development in aquaponic systems. In conclusion, although aquaponic systems may demonstrate lower productivity compared to hydroponics, they offer a more sustainable and potentially healthier product with fewer harmful compounds due to the reduced use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and the absence of chemical residue accumulation. However, careful system management and monitoring are crucial to minimize potential contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

14 pages, 4977 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Skin Diseases and for Cosmetic Purposes in Norway

by AmalaChukwu M. Ijeabuonwu, Jurga Bernatoniene and Zivile Pranskuniene

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192821 - 9 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5729

Abstract

Skin diseases in Norway represents an important area of study due to their incidence and prevalence, yet ethnobotanical research in this context remains scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Norwegian traditional medicine regarding the treatment of skin [...] Read more.

Skin diseases in Norway represents an important area of study due to their incidence and prevalence, yet ethnobotanical research in this context remains scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Norwegian traditional medicine regarding the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes through a comparative analysis with EMA monographs. Participants were surveyed using semi-structured interviews. The two samples comprised 22 individuals from Bodø and 26 individuals from other Norwegian communities, all of whom use medicinal plants for the treatment of skin diseases and cosmetic purposes. The indications for skin diseases identified in the study were compared with the European Union herbal monographs published by the European Medicines Agency. Fieldwork was conducted between June 2022 and September 2023, during which 42 plant species from 22 families were recorded. More than half of these plant species (65.38%) were used without European Medicines Agency-approved medical indications. From a public safety perspective, ensuring the safety of self-treatment for skin diseases is a critical research focus for future ethnobotanical studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants as Food and Medicine)

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15 pages, 1233 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ethnobotanical Inventory of Plants Used by Mountainous Rural Communities in NW Portugal

by Alexandre Sá, Teresa Letra Mateus, Nuno V. Brito, Cristiana Vieira and Ângela M. Ribeiro

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192824 - 9 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

Mountains matter. Rural subsistence communities living in areas with high biodiversity, such as mountains, are hotspots of ecological knowledge. However, modern lifestyles may threaten this unique cultural heritage. Our study aimed to document and analyze information on plants used to fulfill the everyday [...] Read more.

Mountains matter. Rural subsistence communities living in areas with high biodiversity, such as mountains, are hotspots of ecological knowledge. However, modern lifestyles may threaten this unique cultural heritage. Our study aimed to document and analyze information on plants used to fulfill the everyday needs of the people in three rural communities in NW Portugal. Fieldwork was carried out for a period of one year and information was collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. A total of 98 species, belonging to 46 families, were identified, and 142 vernacular names were recorded. Ethnobotanical richness was similar among the studied communities. The five most frequently cited species were: Pterospartum tridentatum, Erica arborea, Ruta graveolens, Zea mays and Chamaemelum nobile. Phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes comprise nearly 81% of the list. The top three uses categories (total 14) were: medicine, fuel and ritual. Digestive, skin and respiratory symptoms were the most often conditions treated with plants. Medicinal plants were used fresh and dried, mostly as infusions. The insights gathered here are important for the preservation of the cultural heritage of the local communities. Moreover, the data are of considerable scientific interest because it provides the fundaments for future studies that aim to validate/invalidate specific uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology)

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31 pages, 42225 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Insights into Photosynthetic, Biochemical, and Ultrastructural Mechanisms in Hibiscus and Pelargonium Plants

by Renan Falcioni, Werner Camargos Antunes, Roney Berti de Oliveira, Marcelo Luiz Chicati, José Alexandre M. Demattê and Marcos Rafael Nanni

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2831; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192831 - 9 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3333

Abstract

Understanding photosynthetic mechanisms in different plant species is crucial for advancing agricultural productivity and ecological restoration. This study presents a detailed physiological and ultrastructural comparison of photosynthetic mechanisms between Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. Ex Aiton) [...] Read more.

Understanding photosynthetic mechanisms in different plant species is crucial for advancing agricultural productivity and ecological restoration. This study presents a detailed physiological and ultrastructural comparison of photosynthetic mechanisms between Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale (L.) L’Hér. Ex Aiton) plants. The data collection encompassed daily photosynthetic profiles, responses to light and CO₂, leaf optical properties, fluorescence data (OJIP transients), biochemical analyses, and anatomical observations. The findings reveal distinct morphological, optical, and biochemical adaptations between the two species. These adaptations were associated with differences in photochemical (A_MAX, E, C_i, iWUE, and α) and carboxylative parameters (VC_MAX, ΓCO₂, g_s, g_m, Cc, and AJ_MAX), along with variations in fluorescence and concentrations of chlorophylls and carotenoids. Such factors modulate the efficiency of photosynthesis. Energy dissipation mechanisms, including thermal and fluorescence pathways (ΦPSII, ETR, NPQ), and JIP test-derived metrics highlighted differences in electron transport, particularly between PSII and PSI. At the ultrastructural level, Hibiscus exhibited optimised cellular and chloroplast architecture, characterised by increased chloroplast density and robust grana structures. In contrast, Pelargonium displayed suboptimal photosynthetic parameters, possibly due to reduced thylakoid counts and a higher proportion of mitochondria. In conclusion, while Hibiscus appears primed for efficient photosynthesis and energy storage, Pelargonium may prioritise alternative cellular functions, engaging in a metabolic trade-off. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism in Higher Plants and Algae)

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18 pages, 2405 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) MicroRNAs by Next-Generation Sequencing and Their Implications in Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

by Andrea G. Uriostegui-Pena, Almendra Reyes-Calderón, Claudia Gutiérrez-García, Aashish Srivastava, Ashutosh Sharma and Sujay Paul

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192806 - 8 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds believed to contribute to the pharmacological properties of plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation and are thought to play an important role in regulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the extent of miRNA [...] Read more.

Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds believed to contribute to the pharmacological properties of plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation and are thought to play an important role in regulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the extent of miRNA involvement in secondary metabolism remains minimal. Nigella sativa (black cumin/black seed) is a popular medicinal and culinary plant known for its pharmaceutical properties; however, its genomic information is scarce. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was employed to obtain the miRNA profile of N. sativa, and their involvement in secondary metabolite biosynthesis was explored. A total of 25,139,003 unique reads ranging from 16 to 40 nucleotides were attained, out of which 240 conserved and 34 novel miRNAs were identified. Moreover, 6083 potential target genes were recognized in this study. Several conserved and novel black cumin miRNAs were found to target enzymes involved in the terpenoid, diterpenoid, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid, flavonoid, steroid, and ubiquinone biosynthetic pathways, among others, for example, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase, gibberellin 3 beta-dioxygenase, trimethyltridecatetraene synthase, carboxylic ester hydrolases, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, isoprene synthase, peroxidase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, etc. Furthermore, sequencing data were validated through qPCR by checking the relative expression of eleven randomly selected conserved and novel miRNAs (nsa-miR164d, nsa-miR166a, nsa-miR167b, nsa-miR171a, nsa-miR390b, nsa-miR396, nsa-miR159a, nsa-miRN1, nsa-miRN29, nsa-miRN32, and nsa-miRN34) and their expression patterns were found to be corroborated with the sequencing data. We anticipate that this work will assist in clarifying the implications of miRNAs in plant secondary metabolism and aid in the generation of artificial miRNA-based strategies to overproduce highly valuable secondary metabolites from N. sativa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis in Plants)

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23 pages, 2582 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Salicylic Acid on Physiological Responses of Pepper Plants Pre-Subjected to Drought under Rehydration Conditions

by Fabrício Custódio de Moura Gonçalves, Luís Paulo Benetti Mantoan, Carla Verônica Corrêa, Nathália de Souza Parreiras, Luiz Fernando Rolim de Almeida, Elizabeth Orika Ono, João Domingos Rodrigues, Renato de Mello Prado and Carmen Sílvia Fernandes Boaro

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192805 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2088

Abstract

Capsicum annuum L. has worldwide distribution, but drought has limited its production. There is a lack of research to better understand how this species copes with drought stress, whether it is reversible, and the effects of mitigating agents such as salicylic acid (SA). [...] Read more.

Capsicum annuum L. has worldwide distribution, but drought has limited its production. There is a lack of research to better understand how this species copes with drought stress, whether it is reversible, and the effects of mitigating agents such as salicylic acid (SA). Therefore, this study aimed to understand the mechanisms of action of SA and rehydration on the physiology of pepper plants grown under drought conditions. The factorial scheme adopted was 3 × 4, with three water regimes (irrigation, drought, and rehydration) and four SA concentrations, namely: 0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM. This study evaluated leaf water percentage, water potential of shoots, chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration at different times of day, water conditions (irrigation, drought, and rehydration), and SA applications (without the addition of a regulator (0) and with the addition of SA at concentrations equal to 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). In general, exogenous SA application increased stomatal conductance (gs) responses and modified the fluorescence parameters (ΦPSII, qP, ETR, NPQ, D, and E) of sweet pepper plants subjected to drought followed by rehydration. It was found that the use of SA, especially at concentrations of 1 mM in combination with rehydration, modulates gs, which is reflected in a higher electron transport rate. This, along with the production of photosynthetic pigments, suggests that H₂O₂ did not cause membrane damage, thereby mitigating the water deficit in pepper plants. Plants under drought conditions and rehydration with foliar SA application at concentrations of 1 mM demonstrated protection against damage resulting from water stress. Focusing on sustainable productivity, foliar SA application of 1 mM could be recommended as a technique to overcome the adverse effects of water stress on pepper plants cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Plants)

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25 pages, 47764 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficient Regeneration of Transgenic Rice from Embryogenic Callus via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation: A Case Study Using GFP and Apple MdFT1 Genes

by Van Giap Do, Seonae Kim, Nay Myo Win, Soon-Il Kwon, Hunjoong Kweon, Sangjin Yang, Juhyeon Park, Gyungran Do and Youngsuk Lee

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192803 - 6 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3832

Abstract

Genetic transformation is a critical tool for gene manipulation and functional analyses in plants, enabling the exploration of key phenotypes and agronomic traits at the genetic level. While dicotyledonous plants offer various tissues for in vitro culture and transformation, monocotyledonous plants, such as [...] Read more.

Genetic transformation is a critical tool for gene manipulation and functional analyses in plants, enabling the exploration of key phenotypes and agronomic traits at the genetic level. While dicotyledonous plants offer various tissues for in vitro culture and transformation, monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, have limited options. This study presents an efficient method for genetically transforming rice (Oryza sativa L.) using seed-derived embryogenic calli as explants. Two target genes were utilized to assess regeneration efficiency: green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the apple FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene (MdFT1). Antisense MdFT1 was cloned into a vector controlled by the rice α-amylase 3D (Ramy3D) promoter, while eGFP was fused to Cas9 under the Ubi promoter. These vectors were introduced separately into rice embryogenic calli from two Korean cultivars using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic seedlings were successfully regenerated via hygromycin selection using an in vitro cultivation system. PCR confirmed stable transgene integration in the transgenic calli and their progeny. Fluorescence microscopy revealed eGFP expression, and antisense MdFT1-expressing lines exhibited notable phenotypic changes, including variations in plant height and grain quality. High transformation efficiency and regeneration frequency were achieved for both tested cultivars. This study demonstrated the effective use of seed-derived embryogenic calli for rice transformation, offering a promising approach for developing transgenic plants in monocot species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Plant Biotechnology: In Vitro Propagation and Plant Transformations)

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23 pages, 3358 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Methods for Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils In Vitro—A Review

by Radka Hulankova

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2784; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192784 - 4 Oct 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 20964

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) have been gaining popularity in the past decades among researchers due to their potential to replace conventional chemicals used in the fight against pests, pathogenic and spoilage microbes, and oxidation processes. EOs are complex mixtures with many chemical components, the [...] Read more.

Essential oils (EOs) have been gaining popularity in the past decades among researchers due to their potential to replace conventional chemicals used in the fight against pests, pathogenic and spoilage microbes, and oxidation processes. EOs are complex mixtures with many chemical components, the content of which depends on many factors—not just the plant genus, species, or subspecies, but also chemotype, locality, climatic conditions, phase of vegetation, method of extraction, and others. Due to this fact, there is still much to study, with antimicrobial effect being one of the key properties of EOs. There are many methods that have been frequently used by researchers for in vitro evaluation; however, although the research has been going on for decades, an internationally accepted standard is still missing. Most of methods are based on time-proven standards used for the testing of antibiotics. Due to the specific properties of EOs and their components, such as volatility and hydrophobicity, many modifications of these standard procedures have been adopted. The aim of this review is to describe the most common methods and their modifications for the testing of antimicrobial properties of EOs and to point out the most controversial variables which can potentially affect results of the assays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils)

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17 pages, 2163 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Distribution of Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Root Structure of Plantago lanceolata L. under Different Defoliation Frequencies and Intensities

by Verónica M. Merino, René I. Aguilar, M. Jordana Rivero, Iván P. Ordóñez, Luis F. Piña, María Dolores López-Belchí, Mauricio I. Schoebitz, Felipe A. Noriega, Claudia I. Pérez, Andrew S. Cooke and Lubia M. Guedes

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2773; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192773 - 3 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1985

Abstract

Plantago lanceolata L. (plantain) increases herbage dry matter (DM) production and quality during warm and dry conditions due to its deep roots and drought tolerance and reduces nitrogen losses in grazing systems compared to traditional pastures. However, plantain density usually declines after the [...] Read more.

Plantago lanceolata L. (plantain) increases herbage dry matter (DM) production and quality during warm and dry conditions due to its deep roots and drought tolerance and reduces nitrogen losses in grazing systems compared to traditional pastures. However, plantain density usually declines after the third growing season, mainly due to defoliation management. The effects of defoliation frequency and intensity on water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves and below-ground plant responses need further research to optimize grazing strategies for improved productivity and sustainability of grazing systems. Our study investigated the effects of defoliation frequencies (15, 25, and 35 cm of extended leaf length, ELL) and intensities (5 and 8 cm of residual heights) on morphological traits and WSC concentrations in plantain biomass under controlled environmental conditions. Defoliation frequency significantly influenced morphological and chemical characteristics and biomass distribution more than residual height. Less frequent defoliations promoted above-ground herbage DM production, reproductive stems, and root biomass. Root architecture showed adaptations in response to defoliation frequency, optimizing resource acquisition efficiency. Frequent defoliation reduced high molecular weight WSC concentrations in leaves, affecting regrowth capacity and DM mass. A defoliation frequency of 25 cm ELL (~15 days) balances herbage production and root development, promoting long-term pasture sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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16 pages, 5498 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Some Nutritional Value Aspects of Barley and Oat and Their Impact in Human Nutrition and Healthy Life

by Diana Camelia Batîr Rusu, Danela Murariu, Roxana Gheorghita and Mariana Graur

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192764 - 2 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a general concern regarding the increasing global talk about functional foods that respond to our demands and needs as consumers in order to maintain health and body weight through a correctly balanced diet. Cereals are key elements of nutrition and [...] Read more.

Nowadays, there is a general concern regarding the increasing global talk about functional foods that respond to our demands and needs as consumers in order to maintain health and body weight through a correctly balanced diet. Cereals are key elements of nutrition and a healthy diet, and they also play a significant role in health promotion due to the useful nutrient content. Therefore, this work aims to identify barley and oat genotypes suitable for human nutrition and to achieve practical results for their widespread use in preventing or treating certain chronic diseases by analyzing the nutritional and physical properties of 52 genotypes of oat and barley conserved in Suceava Gene Bank, Romania. The first part of this manuscript is the presentation of these accessions and the evaluation of their most important properties. For oat and barley cultivars, detailed processing was carried out, involving the computation of variation amplitude, coefficients of correlation and cluster analyses, both for biochemical (protein, lysine and tryptophan contents) and physical (test weight and seed weight) properties. The results indicated high variability between oat and barley varieties. Thus, according to the results, the 26 varieties of oat exhibited almost double the content of lysine compared to barley seeds, while tryptophan had higher values in barley than in oat seeds. Overall, both species play an essential role in human nutrition, barley being important because of its high protein content and higher productivity compared to oats, which, although not as productive, have better quality seeds due to their higher lysine content. The results presented are not only of scientific interest but also have practical implications for agriculture, food safety, nutrition and human health. The documented information will facilitate new studies needed to contribute to improving human nutrition and health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants as a Novel Dietary Supplement and Medicine)

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15 pages, 1381 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical Markers in Italian Propolis: Chrysin, Galangin and CAPE as Indicators of Geographic Origin

by Elisabetta Miraldi, Giorgio Cappellucci, Giulia Baini, Elia Silvia Pistone, Marika Allodi, Gabriele Costantino, Chiara Spaggiari and Marco Biagi

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2734; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192734 - 29 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

Knowledge of the chemical composition of propolis is crucial for understanding the characteristics of products of different origins, but also for quality control and regulatory purposes. To date, official monographs or official analyses that allow researchers to evaluate propolis in a proper way [...] Read more.

Knowledge of the chemical composition of propolis is crucial for understanding the characteristics of products of different origins, but also for quality control and regulatory purposes. To date, official monographs or official analyses that allow researchers to evaluate propolis in a proper way have not yet been released. This study focuses on the characterization of twenty-seven Italian propolis samples and the identification of chemical markers that define its geographical provenance. Total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) content, alongside the quantification of pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), were identified as potential markers. Additionally, DPPH assays were conducted to evaluate the antiradical activity of propolis samples. Our findings demonstrated that TPs, TFs and pinocembrin differed in propolis of different origins, especially in samples from the islands. However, the quantification of the sum of chrysin and galangin and CAPE provided a clearer distinction of the geographical origin of the propolis samples. In contrast, the DPPH assay did not prove useful for this purpose, as most results were similar and, therefore, not significant. This study lays the groundwork for future research on propolis. These findings could contribute to the development of more refined methods for distinguishing propolis origins, enhancing the understanding, valuation and quality control of this natural product in various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profile and Properties Analysis of Propolis)

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28 pages, 570 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Harnessing Multi-Omics Strategies and Bioinformatics Innovations for Advancing Soybean Improvement: A Comprehensive Review

by Siwar Haidar, Julia Hooker, Simon Lackey, Mohamad Elian, Nathalie Puchacz, Krzysztof Szczyglowski, Frédéric Marsolais, Ashkan Golshani, Elroy R. Cober and Bahram Samanfar

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2714; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192714 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3411

Abstract

Soybean improvement has entered a new era with the advent of multi-omics strategies and bioinformatics innovations, enabling more precise and efficient breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the application of multi-omics approaches in soybean—encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and phenomics. We first [...] Read more.

Soybean improvement has entered a new era with the advent of multi-omics strategies and bioinformatics innovations, enabling more precise and efficient breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the application of multi-omics approaches in soybean—encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and phenomics. We first explore pre-breeding and genomic selection as tools that have laid the groundwork for advanced trait improvement. Subsequently, we dig into the specific contributions of each -omics field, highlighting how bioinformatics tools and resources have facilitated the generation and integration of multifaceted data. The review emphasizes the power of integrating multi-omics datasets to elucidate complex traits and drive the development of superior soybean cultivars. Emerging trends, including novel computational techniques and high-throughput technologies, are discussed in the context of their potential to revolutionize soybean breeding. Finally, we address the challenges associated with multi-omics integration and propose future directions to overcome these hurdles, aiming to accelerate the pace of soybean improvement. This review serves as a crucial resource for researchers and breeders seeking to leverage multi-omics strategies for enhanced soybean productivity and resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Soybean Improvement: Multi-Omics Strategies, Cutting-Edge Techniques and Bioinformatics Innovations)

22 pages, 3870 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy with Natural Compounds: Synergistic Activity of Tannic Acid and Nerol with Commercial Antibiotics against Pathogenic Bacteria

by Guillermo Lorca, Diego Ballestero, Elisa Langa and María Rosa Pino-Otín

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2717; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192717 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

The search for synergies between natural products and commercial antibiotics is a promising strategy against bacterial resistance. This study determined the antimicrobial capacity of Nerol (NE) and Tannic Acid (TA) against 14 pathogenic bacteria, including ESKAPE pathogens. TA exhibited the lowest Minimum Inhibitory [...] Read more.

The search for synergies between natural products and commercial antibiotics is a promising strategy against bacterial resistance. This study determined the antimicrobial capacity of Nerol (NE) and Tannic Acid (TA) against 14 pathogenic bacteria, including ESKAPE pathogens. TA exhibited the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) at 162.5 µg/mL against Pasteurella aerogenes and 187.5 µg/mL against Acinetobacter baumannii (WHO priority 1). NE showed its lowest MIC of 500 µg/mL against both Pasteurella aerogenes and Salmonella enterica. A total of 35 combinations of NE and 13 of TA with eight commercial antibiotics were analyzed. For NE, combinations with Streptomycin and Gentamicin were effective against Salmonella enterica, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus agalactiae, with antibiotic MIC reductions between 75.0 and 87.5%. TA showed six synergies with Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, and Streptomycin against Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Pasteurella aerogenes, with MIC reductions between 75.0 and 93.7%. Additionally, 31 additive effects with antibiotics for NE and 8 for TA were found. Kinetic studies on these synergies showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth, suggesting that natural products enhance antibiotics by facilitating their access to targets or preventing resistance. Given their safety profiles recognized by the EPA and FDA, these natural products could be promising candidates as antibiotic enhancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Botanical Metabolites as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents)

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27 pages, 2419 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Abiotic Stress on Rice and the Role of DNA Methylation in Stress Response Mechanisms

by Ming Yin, Shanwen Wang, Yanfang Wang, Ronghua Wei, Yawei Liang, Liying Zuo, Mingyue Huo, Zekai Huang, Jie Lang, Xiuqin Zhao, Fan Zhang, Jianlong Xu, Binying Fu, Zichao Li and Wensheng Wang

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192700 - 26 Sep 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5284

Abstract

With the intensification of global climate change and the increasing complexity of agricultural environments, the improvement of rice stress tolerance is an important focus of current breeding research. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of various abiotic stresses on rice [...] Read more.

With the intensification of global climate change and the increasing complexity of agricultural environments, the improvement of rice stress tolerance is an important focus of current breeding research. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of various abiotic stresses on rice and the associated epigenetic responses (DNA methylation). Abiotic stress factors, including high temperature, drought, cold, heavy metal pollution, and high salinity, have a negative impact on crop productivity. Epigenetic changes are key regulatory factors in plant stress responses, and DNA methylation is one of the earliest discovered and thoroughly studied mechanisms in these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. The normal growth of rice is highly dependent on the environment, and changes in the environment can lead to rice sterility and severe yield loss. Changes in the regulation of the DNA methylation pathway are involved in rice’s response to stress. Various DNA methylation-regulating protein complexes that function during rice development have been identified. Significant changes in DNA methylation occur in numerous stress-responsive genes, particularly those in the abscisic acid signaling pathway. These findings underscore the complex mechanisms of the abiotic stress response in rice. We propose the effective improvement of tolerance traits by regulating the epigenetic status of rice and emphasize the role of DNA methylation in abiotic stress tolerance, thereby addressing global climate change and ensuring food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Plant Regulation against Environmental Stress)

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19 pages, 2715 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hops across Continents: Exploring How Terroir Transforms the Aromatic Profiles of Five Hop (Humulus lupulus) Varieties Grown in Their Countries of Origin and in Brazil

by Marcos Edgar Herkenhoff, Oliver Brödel and Marcus Frohme

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192675 - 24 Sep 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Humulus lupulus, or hops, is a vital ingredient in brewing, contributing bitterness, flavor, and aroma. The female plants produce strobiles rich in essential oils and acids, along with bioactive compounds like polyphenols, humulene, and myrcene, which offer health benefits. This study examined [...] Read more.

Humulus lupulus, or hops, is a vital ingredient in brewing, contributing bitterness, flavor, and aroma. The female plants produce strobiles rich in essential oils and acids, along with bioactive compounds like polyphenols, humulene, and myrcene, which offer health benefits. This study examined the aromatic profiles of five hop varieties grown in Brazil versus their countries of origin. Fifty grams of pelletized hops from each strain were collected and analyzed using HS-SPME/GC-MS to identify volatile compounds, followed by statistical analysis with PLS-DA and ANOVA. The study identified 330 volatile compounds and found significant aromatic differences among hops from different regions. For instance, H. Mittelfrüher grown in Brazil has a fruity and herbaceous profile, while the German-grown variety is more herbal and spicy. Similar variations were noted in the Magnum, Nugget, Saaz, and Sorachi Ace varieties. The findings underscore the impact of terroir on hop aromatic profiles, with Brazilian-grown hops displaying distinct profiles compared to their counterparts from their countries of origin, including variations in aromatic notes and α-acid content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants as Food and Medicine)

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16 pages, 1477 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stimulation of Arabidopsis thaliana Seed Germination at Suboptimal Temperatures through Biopriming with Biofilm-Forming PGPR Pseudomonas putida KT2440

by Chandana Pandey, Anna Christensen, Martin N. P. B. Jensen, Emilie Rose Rechnagel, Katja Gram and Thomas Roitsch

Plants 2024, 13(19), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192681 - 24 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2124

Abstract

This study investigated the germination response to temperature of seeds of nine Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. They are characterized by a similar temperature dependency of seed germination, and 10 °C and 29 °C were found to be suboptimal low and high temperatures for all [...] Read more.

This study investigated the germination response to temperature of seeds of nine Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. They are characterized by a similar temperature dependency of seed germination, and 10 °C and 29 °C were found to be suboptimal low and high temperatures for all nine ecotypes, even though they originated from regions with diverse climates. We tested the potential of four PGPR strains from the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus to stimulate seed germination in the two ecotypes under these suboptimal conditions. Biopriming of seeds with only the biofilm-forming strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440 significantly increased the germination of Cape Verde Islands (Cvi-0) seeds at 10 °C. However, biopriming did not significantly improve the germination of seeds of the widely utilized ecotype Columbia 0 (Col-0) at any of the two tested temperatures. To functionally investigate the role of KT2440’s biofilm formation in the stimulation of seed germination, we used mutants with compromised biofilm-forming abilities. These bacterial mutants had a reduced ability to stimulate the germination of Cvi-0 seeds compared to wild-type KT2440, highlighting the importance of biofilm formation in promoting germination. These findings highlight the potential of PGPR-based biopriming for enhancing seed germination at low temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Plant–Microbe Interactions)

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