Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Crop Physiology and Crop Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2025) | Viewed by 7134

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
Interests: substrate (chemical and physical properties and testing); peat alternatives; composting; peat; pyrolysis; horticulture in general; soil science

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Guest Editor
Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
Interests: horticulture; vegetable science; aromatic/medicinal plants; greenhouse crops and hydroponics; substrate/growing media evaluation; soil; fresh produce preservation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reduced arable land, increased urbanization, water shortages, and climate change all put a strain on agricultural producers. Of all organic materials, peat is the most used substrate constituent in horticulture. It is a material that is generally devoid of any significant amount of plant nutrients, has low pH, and can be screened to any particle size and mixed in different proportions to obtain the required physical properties, e.g., air space. The extraction of peat, a non-renewable resource, has prompted several environmental concerns. The use of peat urgently needs to be reduced and alternative components for the partial peat substitute are under evaluation. The closest of these to peat is coir, but there are also environmental concerns regarding coir, for example, regarding its transport from far-off places, generating carbon miles, as well as the fact that it often contains salts in exchangeable forms. Other alternative growing media or growing media components include bark, wood fibre, composted green waste, biochar, etc., which can vary a great deal depending on the source of the feedstock and processing conditions.

Growing media are a fundamental part of growing plants in greenhouses, nurseries and in urban farming structures, including green roofs, since they provide water, nutrients, and support to plants. Indeed, the properties and applications of growing media must be harmonized with the response in terms of plant performance. When selecting a growing medium, understanding its features (physical, chemical, and biological) is critical since they influence plant responses and production costs. The absence of pests and pathogens is critical; however, biostability and biological inertia are also important criteria to consider, especially when extended crop growing cycles are utilized or the growing medium is reused between growing cycles. Understanding the adaptation mechanisms and performance of the plants involved when growing media are used is important to increasing yields and producing high-quality and safe produce, which are reflected in sustainable agronomic and environmental pathways to crop production.

We invite papers which show how alternative growing media and growing media components affect the morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties of crops.

Dr. Munoo Prasad
Dr. Nikos Tzortzakis
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • growing media
  • peat alternatives
  • organic bioresources
  • biochar
  • compost
  • bark
  • plant abiotic stress
  • antioxidants

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1068 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Transplanting Success in Restoration of Degraded Areas Using Peat-Free Substrates
by Silvia Traversari, Sara Di Lonardo, Simone Orsenigo, Daniele Massa, Beatrice Nesi, Lino Zubani and Sonia Cacini
Plants 2025, 14(10), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101450 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
Native plant species used for ecological restoration in urban and degraded areas are typically cultivated by ornamental and forestry nurseries. In the face of climate change, it is crucial to produce plants that can withstand transplant stress while promoting the use of sustainable [...] Read more.
Native plant species used for ecological restoration in urban and degraded areas are typically cultivated by ornamental and forestry nurseries. In the face of climate change, it is crucial to produce plants that can withstand transplant stress while promoting the use of sustainable materials, such as peat-free substrates. Replacing peat with locally sourced organic materials offers a promising strategy to enhance plant resilience to abiotic stress while improving sustainability. This study evaluated the effects of alternative growing media on the growth and post-transplant performance of Viburnum lantana L. under standard nursery conditions. Three substrate mixtures were tested: (i) peat:pumice 70:30 v:v (PP); (ii) coconut coir dust:pumice 70:30 v:v (CP); (iii) coconut coir dust:green compost 55:45 v:v (CGC). After one year in the nursery, half of the plants were sampled in late spring for biometric, eco-physiological, and nutrient analyses, while the remaining plants were transplanted into a degraded area providing only a single irrigation event during the trial. Approximately 100 days after transplant, biometric and eco-physiological parameters were assessed. Plants grown on CGC demonstrated the highest transplant success, while those grown on PP and CP exhibited greater leaf necrosis, with PP plants also showing significant defoliation. These findings highlight CGC as a viable and sustainable alternative to peat-based substrates, particularly for post-transplant survival in degraded areas prone to drought stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)
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20 pages, 1250 KiB  
Article
Radish and Spinach Seedling Production and Early Growth in Response to Struvite Use as a Phosphorus Source
by Giannis Neofytou, Antonios Chrysargyris, Maria G. Antoniou and Nikolaos Tzortzakis
Plants 2024, 13(20), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13202917 - 18 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of [...] Read more.
To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of phosphorus. Utilizing nutrient-recovered materials like struvite can enhance circularity in agriculture and reduce its reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of struvite as a complete substitute to triple superphosphate, for radish and spinach seedling production and early growth, with or without supplementary fertigation. In addition, two rates of struvite were examined (0.68 and 1.37 g L−1 substrate) to evaluate its solubility. In the germination of radish, struvite had similar performance with conventional fertilization, while in spinach, the use of struvite decreased mean germination times. Both plants maintained comparable growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity when struvite was used, in comparison to conventional fertilizers. However, higher struvite rates under un-fertigated conditions significantly increased the chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in the spinach, while phenolics and flavonoids decreased, contingent on the fertigation applications. In the radish, struvite maintained similar MDA and H2O2 levels to conventional fertilization, while decreases occurred in the spinach, with the application of ST1 under un-fertigated conditions, compared with conventional fertilization. The P and N contents of the plants were also affected, though these effects varied depending on the plant species, fertigation applications and struvite rates. This variance can be attributed to the characteristics of struvite, the plant species and the cultivation practices. The results of this study suggest that struvite can be successfully implemented in seedling production, establishing significant prospects for its commercialization and use in nurseries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)
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14 pages, 1524 KiB  
Article
Mitigating Salt Stress with Biochar: Effects on Yield and Quality of Dwarf Tomato Irrigated with Brackish Water
by Matteo Lentini, Michele Ciriello, Youssef Rouphael, Petronia Carillo, Giovanna Marta Fusco, Letizia Pagliaro, Francesco Primo Vaccari and Stefania De Pascale
Plants 2024, 13(19), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13192801 - 6 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149
Abstract
The increase in the frequency and magnitude of environmental stresses poses a significant risk to the stability of food supplies. In coastal areas of the Mediterranean, brackish water has long been considered a limitation on horticultural production. In this scenario, the use of [...] Read more.
The increase in the frequency and magnitude of environmental stresses poses a significant risk to the stability of food supplies. In coastal areas of the Mediterranean, brackish water has long been considered a limitation on horticultural production. In this scenario, the use of biochar in agriculture could be considered a valuable tool to cope with the deleterious effects of salt stress. This work aimed to investigate, in a protected environment, the effects of different concentrations of biochar (0, 1, and 2% v/v) obtained from poplar (Populus L.) biomass on the yield and quality of dwarf San Marzano ecotype tomatoes irrigated with saline water at different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40 and 80 mM). The increase in salt concentration from 0 to 80 mM NaCl reduced the total yield (−63%) and the number of fruits (−25%), but improved the main quality parameters such as dry matter (+75%), total soluble solids (+56%), and polyphenol content (+43%). Compared to control conditions, biochar supplementation improved the total yield (+23%) and number of fruits (+26%) without altering the functional and organoleptic characteristics of the fruits. The promising results underscore the potential of biochar as a sustainable solution to amend soils in order to improve tomato production under unfavorable conditions such as high salinity. However, there is a need to clarify which adaptation mechanisms triggered by biochar amending improve production responses even and especially under suboptimal growing conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)
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13 pages, 6854 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Performance of Cocopeat and Volcanic Tuff in Soilless Cultivation of Roses
by Malik G. Al-Ajlouni, Yahia A. Othman, Nour S. Abu-Shanab and Lujain F. Alzyoud
Plants 2024, 13(16), 2293; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13162293 - 17 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1994
Abstract
Roses are increasingly being grown in soilless systems to increase productivity and reduce the challenges associated with soil-based cultivation. This study investigates the effects of using cocopeat and volcanic tuff substrates, the particle size of tuff, and substrate depth on the growth and [...] Read more.
Roses are increasingly being grown in soilless systems to increase productivity and reduce the challenges associated with soil-based cultivation. This study investigates the effects of using cocopeat and volcanic tuff substrates, the particle size of tuff, and substrate depth on the growth and flower quality of roses (Rosa hybrida L. cv. top secret) grown under greenhouse conditions. The treatments were cocopeat, tuff, cocopeat–tuff mixture, and tuff of particle size of 2 to 4 mm, 0 to 4 mm, and 0 to 8 mm at depths of 20 cm and 40 cm. The results showed that cocopeat had the highest water-holding capacity and photosynthetic rate. Tuff substrates had higher chlorophyll content throughout the growing season. Although flower numbers per plant in cocopeat and tuff from 0 to 8 mm at a depth of 20 cm were statistically similar, tuff from 0 to 8 mm had longer flowering stems and larger post-harvest flower diameters than cocopeat. An increase in the tuff depth from 20 to 40 cm decreased the flower number and main stem diameter. In conclusion, while cocopeat promotes rapid initial growth, volcanic tuff substrates, particularly tuff from 0 to 8 mm at a depth of 20 cm, provide long-term benefits for flower quality and plant health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)
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Review

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11 pages, 1143 KiB  
Review
Root Exudates in Soilless Culture Conditions
by Brechtje de Haas, Emmy Dhooghe and Danny Geelen
Plants 2025, 14(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030479 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1338
Abstract
Root metabolite secretion plays a critical role in increasing nutrient acquisition, allelopathy, and shaping the root-associated microbiome. While much research has explored the ecological functions of root exudates, their relevance to horticultural practices, particularly soilless cultivation, remains underexplored. Steering root exudation could help [...] Read more.
Root metabolite secretion plays a critical role in increasing nutrient acquisition, allelopathy, and shaping the root-associated microbiome. While much research has explored the ecological functions of root exudates, their relevance to horticultural practices, particularly soilless cultivation, remains underexplored. Steering root exudation could help growers enhance the effectiveness of plant growth-promoting bacteria. This review summarizes current knowledge on root exudation in soilless systems, examining its process and discussing environmental influences in the context of soilless cultivation. Plants in soilless systems exhibit higher total carbon exudation rates compared to those in natural soils, with exudation profiles varying across systems and species. Root exudation decreases with plant age, with most environmental adaptations occurring during early growth stages. Several environmental factors unique to soilless systems affect root exudation. For instance, nutrient availability has a major impact on root exudation. Light intensity reduces exudation rates, and light quality influences exudation profiles in a species- and environment-dependent manner. Elevated CO2 and temperature increase exudation. Factors related to the hydroponic nutrient solution and growing media composition remain insufficiently understood, necessitating further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Growing Media on Plant Performance)
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