Microorganisms

35 pages, 2232 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii Virulence and Adaptations Associated with Leafy Vegetables from Small-Scale Farm and a Shift of Microbiota to a New Niche at Markets: A Systematic Review

by Dineo Attela Mohapi and Sebolelo Jane Nkhebenyane

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010076 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

The study conducted a review of Listeria prevalence, virulence, and adaptations associated with leafy vegetables from small-scale farms and their journey to markets. PubMed, Taylor and Francis, Oxford, and Google Scholar databases were utilised to search for English-language journal articles published between January [...] Read more.

The study conducted a review of Listeria prevalence, virulence, and adaptations associated with leafy vegetables from small-scale farms and their journey to markets. PubMed, Taylor and Francis, Oxford, and Google Scholar databases were utilised to search for English-language journal articles published between January 1992 and 2025. Studies utilised multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), multiplex PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole genome sequencing WGS, confocal scanning laser microscopy technique for the detection of Listeria species, followed by transcriptomic, phenotypic analyses, strand-specific RNA-sequencing, and membrane lipid profiling. ST₅, ST₁₂₁, and ST₃₂₁ are considered predominant and virulent and have been identified in two ready-to-eat commodities, while ST₁, ST₂, and ST₂₀₄ are considered hypervirulent strains in food processing environments. Immunocompromised groups can experience severe life-threatening infections, even death. Significant economic losses due to shutdowns for sanitary procedures can occur, impacting food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Foodborne Pathogens: From Molecular to Safety Perspectives)

30 pages, 2098 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies

by Jiaxin Wang, Dongyan Xu, Shiyao Hu, Beiwen Zheng, Yiding Chen and Tao Pan

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Breast cancer, the most prevalent malignant tumor in women, is closely linked to the human microbiota. The microbiome participates throughout breast cancer pathogenesis, including its occurrence, progression, response to anti-tumor therapies, and treatment-related complications. This review examines the central hypothesis that microbiome-driven inflammatory [...] Read more.

Breast cancer, the most prevalent malignant tumor in women, is closely linked to the human microbiota. The microbiome participates throughout breast cancer pathogenesis, including its occurrence, progression, response to anti-tumor therapies, and treatment-related complications. This review examines the central hypothesis that microbiome-driven inflammatory and immune mechanisms shape breast cancer progression through two key pathways: systemic immune-inflammatory regulation and local tumor microenvironment remodeling. Furthermore, microorganisms and their metabolites modulate systemic treatments by interfering with drug metabolism and altering systemic or local immune-inflammatory environments. Targeting the microbiota represents a promising strategy for enhancing anticancer efficacy and reducing treatment-related complications. This review aims to advance the understanding of the etiology and disease progression of breast cancer from the perspective of microbial-regulated inflammation and immunity, offering new insights for its prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)

18 pages, 5384 KB

Open AccessReview

Dormancy in Non-Spore-Forming Bacteria: A Review

by Vasili M. Travkin, Nataliya E. Suzina and Inna P. Solyanikova

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010074 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Despite significant breakthroughs in the study of microbial physiology, genetics, ecology, and other disciplines related to these fields of science, there are still quite a few “white spots” in this field. The so-called “resting state” of microbial cells leaves great opportunities for researchers. [...] Read more.

Despite significant breakthroughs in the study of microbial physiology, genetics, ecology, and other disciplines related to these fields of science, there are still quite a few “white spots” in this field. The so-called “resting state” of microbial cells leaves great opportunities for researchers. In this review, we have attempted to outline this problem and define its general nature. We have discussed the physiological processes that lead to the transition of microbial cells into various non-culturable states, as well as related terminological issues. We have also outlined the range of medical concerns and the potential for bio-technology. We have attempted to present the material in a way that reflects the historical development of the problem, and therefore, we have not neglected the bibliographic references from a relatively early period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)

29 pages, 2272 KB

Open AccessReview

The Dual Role of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Context-Dependent Framework

by Shuyu Zuo, Junhui Ma, Xue Li, Zhengyang Fan, Xiao Li, Yingen Luo and Lei Su

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010073 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global health threat, and gut microbiota play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis through the gut–liver axis. However, the literature contains divergent or opposing findings: key microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids and indole derivatives, exhibit potent [...] Read more.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global health threat, and gut microbiota play a pivotal role in its pathogenesis through the gut–liver axis. However, the literature contains divergent or opposing findings: key microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids and indole derivatives, exhibit potent pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities across different studies, hindering a unified understanding of their veritable roles. To resolve this ambiguity, this review proposes a unifying “context dependency” framework. We posit that the functions of gut microbiota and their metabolites are not fixed but are dynamically determined by the host’s physiological and pathological “context,” defined here as the integrated dynamic background shaped by local metabolite concentrations, host immune status, specific receptor expression, and tumor microenvironment (TME) features. This framework is systematically substantiated through an analysis of the dichotomous effects of major microbial metabolites, including bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and indole derivatives. We further elucidate that the key “contextual factors” governing these functional outcomes include the TME, host immune status, metabolite concentration gradients, and the activation patterns of specific signaling pathways (e.g., farnesoid X receptor/takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5, aryl hydrocarbon receptor). This novel framework not only provides a theoretical foundation for integrating existing paradoxical findings but also paves the way for the future development of context-specific precision diagnostic biomarkers and targeted microbial intervention therapies for HCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota and Human Health: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Frontiers)

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17 pages, 2497 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Taxa of Filamentous Cyanobacteria from Freshwater Habitats in China: Description of Neoleptolyngbya gen. nov. with Two Species, and Pseudoleptolyngbya wuhanensis sp. nov

by Fangfang Cai, Jiaxin Chen, Shuheng Li, Xiaochuang Li and Renhui Li

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010072 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Three cyanobacterial strains (CB-4, GQSK-2, and LHH-2) with thin, simple filaments were isolated from freshwater habitats in China. In this study, a polyphasic approach, integrating 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses, p-distance calculation, 16S-23S ITS secondary structures, and morphological and ecological observations, was employed [...] Read more.

Three cyanobacterial strains (CB-4, GQSK-2, and LHH-2) with thin, simple filaments were isolated from freshwater habitats in China. In this study, a polyphasic approach, integrating 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses, p-distance calculation, 16S-23S ITS secondary structures, and morphological and ecological observations, was employed to resolve the taxonomic status of these strains. The results confirmed the existence of two new species within a novel genus (Neoleptolyngbya) and one additional new species of Pseudoleptolyngbya (Leptolyngbyaceae): Neoleptolyngbya gaoqiuensis sp. nov. (strain GQSK-2), Neoleptolyngbya chanbaensis sp. nov. (strain CB-4), and Pseudoleptolyngbya wuhanensis sp. nov. (strain LHH-2). In the 16S rRNA phylogeny, strains GQSK-2 and CB-4 formed a well-supported, independent lineage sister to the Leptolyngbyopsis clade, while strain LHH-2 clustered with two recognized Pseudoleptolyngbya species in a distinct clade. Sequence similarity analyses revealed that the 16S rRNA gene sequences of GQSK-2 and CB-4 shared a maximum similarity of 94.2% with those of phylogenetically related established genera, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence of LHH-2 exhibited a maximum similarity of 95.7% with its closest Pseudoleptolyngbya relatives, both values below the threshold for cyanobacterial species/genus delineation. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the 16S–23S ITS secondary structures between the three strains and their respective reference strains revealed significant species-specific differences, providing additional evidence for their taxonomic novelty. The discovery of these novel taxa enriches the cyanobacterial diversity in China and lays a theoretical foundation for the conservation and sustainable utilization of algae resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Ecology of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria)

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25 pages, 7572 KB

Open AccessArticle

Streambed Microbial Activity and Its Spatial Distribution in Two Intermittent Stream Networks

by Andrielle L. Kemajou Tchamba, Charles T. Bond, Brett A. Nave, Jr., Claire Utzman, Jerald Ibal, Delaney M. Peterson, C. Nathan Jones, Carla L. Atkinson, Erin C. Seybold, Robert J. Ramos, Amy J. Burgin, Lydia H. Zeglin, Yaqi You, Ken Aho, Kevin A. Kuehn and Colin R. Jackson

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010071 (registering DOI) - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Headwater streams comprise almost 90% of global river networks, and their microorganisms play critical roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. These functions, however, are affected by recurrent drying and rewetting. This study examined spatial variation in microbial enzyme activity tied to [...] Read more.

Headwater streams comprise almost 90% of global river networks, and their microorganisms play critical roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. These functions, however, are affected by recurrent drying and rewetting. This study examined spatial variation in microbial enzyme activity tied to organic carbon degradation (β-glucosidase, phenol oxidase, and peroxidase) and nitrogen (N-acetylglucosaminidase) and phosphorus (phosphatase) mineralization in water, epilithic biofilm, leaf litter, and sediment in two intermittent streams: Gibson Jack Creek (Idaho, USA) and Pendergrass Creek (Alabama, USA), representing different climactic and physiographic settings. Microbial activity was greater in Gibson Jack Creek, where the activity of leaf litter enzymes varied along the stream network, and there were strong correlations in microbial activity between different stream habitats. Microbial activity in Pendergrass Creek showed primarily within-habitat associations. Activity in water, sediment, and biofilm showed broader spatial heterogeneity in both stream networks. Ratios of microbial activity (enzyme stoichiometry) suggested that microbial communities in both systems were primarily limited by carbon and phosphorus, although there was more spatial variation in nitrogen limitation, particularly in water and sediment at Pendergrass Creek and in biofilm at Gibson Jack Creek. These findings underscore the spatial heterogeneity and environmental sensitivity of microbial processes in intermittent streams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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9 pages, 402 KB

Open AccessCase Report

by Yu-Mi Lee

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010070 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Clinical infections caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae develop infrequently. We report a case of central line-related bloodstream infection caused by S. cerevisiae in a patient with Clostridioides difficile colitis and central venous catheter placement. The administration of probiotics in C. difficile colitis was associated [...] Read more.

Clinical infections caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae develop infrequently. We report a case of central line-related bloodstream infection caused by S. cerevisiae in a patient with Clostridioides difficile colitis and central venous catheter placement. The administration of probiotics in C. difficile colitis was associated with fungemia caused by S. cerevisiae. This case suggests the potential for serious infection caused by S. cerevisiae in immunocompromised patients with C. difficile colitis. Removal of the central venous catheter may be important for a better prognosis in fungemia caused by S. cerevisiae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome in Homeostasis and Disease, 3rd Edition)

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28 pages, 1941 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Bench to Breath: Material Integrity and Performance of Filtering Facepiece Respirators and Surgical Masks After Multi-Cycle Dry-Heat Reprocessing

by Mohammad Sagor Hosen, José G. B. Derraik, Mohammad Shahbaz, William A. Anderson, Yvonne C. Anderson and Mark P. Staiger

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010069 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Dry heat inactivates pathogens on personal protective equipment without chemical residues, but its effects on material integrity and performance across multiple reprocessing cycles have not been comprehensively assessed. We evaluated five filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) models and three surgical mask (SM) models after [...] Read more.

Dry heat inactivates pathogens on personal protective equipment without chemical residues, but its effects on material integrity and performance across multiple reprocessing cycles have not been comprehensively assessed. We evaluated five filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) models and three surgical mask (SM) models after one, two, and three cycles of dry heat (80 °C, 90 min). We measured fabric and strap tensile properties as indicators of mechanical durability [Young’s modulus (E), yield strength (σ_y), ultimate tensile strength (σ_UTS), and strain at failure (ε_f)]. We also assessed particle filtration efficiency (PFE) and airflow resistance (breathability). Under the methods applied herein, all untreated SMs and FFRs performed within the range anticipated for their type. Tensile properties exhibited heterogeneous, model-specific responses to thermal stress. FFR fabrics ranged from progressive stiffening (Dräger DR-X1720C; +120% E) to marked softening (3M-8210; −82% E), while SM fabrics exhibited softening, consistent with thermal relaxation. Straps made of thermoplastic elastomer (3M-8210 and 3M-9320A+) weakened (15–31% σ_UTS decrease), whereas braided polyisoprene straps (3M-1860S and 3M-1870+) maintained their original strength. Despite these changes, all treated FFR replicates met filtration requirements across all cycles (45/45). For SMs, 24/27 treated replicates met the required PFE threshold (≥98%), but 3 treated RH-S919B replicates fell below this threshold (PFE 94.9% and 97.7% after one cycle, and PFE 97.3% after three cycles), identifying a potential model-specific vulnerability to the treatment. Breathability remained within control ranges for most models; however, the Level 2 ZA-S001B showed decreased breathability (higher airflow resistance) after two (+11.1 Pa) and three (+13.3 Pa) dry-heat cycles, whereas the Level 3 RH-S920TFG showed modest improvements in breathability (lower airflow resistance, up to −10.1 Pa). Under these laboratory conditions, up to three cycles of dry heat at 80 °C for 90 min preserved PFE and breathability in all treated FFR replicates and in most treated SM replicates. Nonetheless, there were measurable, component-specific mechanical changes (especially in some straps) that could compromise fit and durability with repeated use. These findings support dry heat at 80 °C for 90 min as a potential component of emergency PPE processing strategies, provided that model-specific quantitative fit testing and extended-wear studies confirm safe real-world reuse, regulatory approvals are met, and end-user acceptability is considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Disinfectants and Antiviral Agents)

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16 pages, 1409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scorpion Venom-Derived Peptides: A New Weapon Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

by Carla Capasso, Carla Zannella, Rosa Giugliano, Annalisa Chianese, Alessandra Monti, Federica Donadio, Emanuela Esposito, Gerardo Marino, Nunzianna Doti, Anna De Filippis and Massimiliano Galdiero

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010068 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with healthcare-related infections and is of particular concern due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and its ability to form biofilms. The global emergence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii highlights the urgent [...] Read more.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with healthcare-related infections and is of particular concern due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and its ability to form biofilms. The global emergence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two scorpion venom-derived peptides, pantinin-1 and pantinin-2, against a reference strain and a clinical isolate of A. baumannii. We found that both peptides, in the non-cytotoxic concentration range, have strong bactericidal activity, showing a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μM and 12.5 μM for pantinin 1 and 2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the peptides cause extensive damage to the bacterial membrane. Furthermore, both peptides showed potent antibiofilm activity, inhibiting adhesion and maturation, arresting biofilm expansion, and reducing the expression of key biofilm-associated genes (bap, pgaA, and smpA). Altogether, these findings indicate that pantinin-1 and pantinin-2 act through a dual mechanism, combining bactericidal and antivirulence activities. Their strong efficacy at low micromolar concentrations, together with low cytotoxicity, underscores their potential as innovative therapeutic candidates against infections caused by carbapenem-resistant, biofilm-forming A. baumannii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Antimicrobial Synergistic Interactions of Natural Products)

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11 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in the Canary Islands: Implications for One Health Surveillance and Control

by Eligia González-Rodríguez, José Alberto Montoya-Alonso, Kevin M. Santana-Hernández, Elena Carretón, Myriam R. Ventura and Eligia Rodríguez-Ponce

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010067 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally significant foodborne parasite, yet epidemiological data in Spain are limited. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of human T. gondii seroprevalence across the Canary Islands and identifies key risk factors. A total of 1223 serum samples were [...] Read more.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally significant foodborne parasite, yet epidemiological data in Spain are limited. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of human T. gondii seroprevalence across the Canary Islands and identifies key risk factors. A total of 1223 serum samples were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using ELISA. Demographic and geographic data were recorded. Overall seroprevalence was 32.3%, with no significant differences between sexes. Geographic variation was notable: the highest seroprevalence occurred in the western islands (La Palma 52.4%) and the lowest in the eastern islands (Gran Canaria 17.6%). Seropositivity increased progressively with age, ranging from 0% in children (0–15 years) to 51.3% in individuals over 60 years. Climatic factors also influenced exposure, with the temperate cold isoclimate associated with higher seroprevalence and arid zones showing more seronegative cases. Logistic regression confirmed age and isoclimate as significant predictors of seropositivity. The observed decline in prevalence compared to historical data suggests improvements in hygiene, dietary practices, and public health measures. Nevertheless, moderate-to-high risk persists, particularly among older adults and in favourable environmental conditions. These findings underscore the importance for One Health strategies, i.e., food safety and education, feral cat control and human and animal surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Zoonotic Pathogens)

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18 pages, 8998 KB

Open AccessArticle

HS-Associated Pasteurella multocida Infection Disrupts Gut Microbiota and Metabolism in Mice

by Kewei Li, Chao Jin, Haofang Yuan, Muhammad Farhan Rahim, Xire Luosong, Tianwu An and Jiakui Li

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010066 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 is a primary agent of hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in livestock, and the strain NQ01 isolated from yaks highlights its cross-species impact. In this study, a murine intranasal infection model was established using P. multocida NQ01 to assess how acute [...] Read more.

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 is a primary agent of hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in livestock, and the strain NQ01 isolated from yaks highlights its cross-species impact. In this study, a murine intranasal infection model was established using P. multocida NQ01 to assess how acute respiratory infection perturbs gut homeostasis. Mice were intranasally inoculated with NQ01, and at 36 h post-infection, ileal tissues and cecal contents were collected for histopathological examination, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and untargeted metabolomic analysis. Histopathology revealed obvious acute bronchopneumonia but no overt ileal damage. However, 16S rRNA sequencing of cecal microbiota showed significant dysbiosis: microbial diversity was reduced and community composition shifted, including decreased short-chain fatty-acid-producing taxa and increased opportunistic genera. Metabolomic profiling detected 1444 significantly altered cecal metabolites, and pathway analysis indicated marked disruption of amino acid metabolism, notably the tyrosine metabolism pathway. Key tyrosine pathway metabolites were dysregulated (e.g., elevated L-tyrosine and dopamine with reduced L-DOPA), indicating a breakdown of this metabolic pathway. These findings demonstrate that acute respiratory P. multocida infection profoundly disturbs gut microbiota and metabolism, underscoring disruption of the gut–lung axis. This study provides new insight into the systemic consequences of HS-associated P. multocida infection and offers a basis for exploring the gut–lung interaction in hemorrhagic septicemia pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gut Microbiota)

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16 pages, 2662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Silage Inoculants on the Quality and Microbial Community of Whole-Plant Corn Silage Under Different Fertilization Treatments

by Deli Dong, Gulinigeer Ainizirehong, Maierhaba Aihemaiti, Xin Huang, Yang Li, Huaibing Yao, Yuanyuan Yan, Min Hou and Weidong Cui

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010065 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of silage inoculants (FJ) and natural fermentation (CK) on the quality and microbial community of whole-plant corn silage under different fertilization treatments, including conventional fertilization (CK), liquid microbial inoculant and conventional fertilization (JJ), [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of silage inoculants (FJ) and natural fermentation (CK) on the quality and microbial community of whole-plant corn silage under different fertilization treatments, including conventional fertilization (CK), liquid microbial inoculant and conventional fertilization (JJ), and microbial organic fertilizer and conventional fertilization (YJ). After 30 days of room-temperature fermentation, parameters including pH, LA, CP, starch, ADF, NDF, and the microbial community were determined. The results showed that after 30 days of ensiling, silage inoculants significantly affected the nutritional components and fermentation parameters of whole-plant corn silage under different fertilization treatments. Furthermore, the two factors (silage inoculants and different fertilization treatments) exhibited a significant interaction effect. Simple effects analysis revealed that the significant interaction was mainly driven by a more pronounced differential effect of fertilization treatments on the nutritional indicators (starch, CP, ADF, and NDF) under silage inoculant (FJ) addition than under natural fermentation (CK) (p < 0.05). Among all silage treatments, the silage inoculants + microbial solution drip irrigation and conventional fertilization (FJJJ) group exhibited relatively superior silage quality. Specifically, the FJJJ group had the lowest contents of pH, ADF, and NDF, along with the highest contents of lactic acid (LA) and ether extract (EE). The addition of silage inoculants under different fertilization treatments consistently increased the abundance and reinforced the dominance of Lactobacillus in the microbial community. This effect was most pronounced in the FJJJ group, which showed the highest relative abundance. In contrast, the relative abundance of genera such as Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas decreased significantly. In summary, appropriate fertilization treatments combined with the addition of silage inoculants contribute to enhancing the quality of whole-plant corn silage and improve the fermentation microbial community of the silage. These findings provide a theoretical basis for producing high-quality corn silage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Utilization of Microorganisms: Fermentation and Biosynthesis)

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19 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Biofilm-Derived Compounds in Microbial and Protozoan Interactions

by Smruti Mahapatra and Serge Ankri

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010064 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Biofilms are more than just structural microbial communities. They are dynamic chemical ecosystems that synthesize a range of extracellular compounds involved in functions that extend beyond biofilm architecture. From quorum-sensing molecules like acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phenazines, indoles, and [...] Read more.

Biofilms are more than just structural microbial communities. They are dynamic chemical ecosystems that synthesize a range of extracellular compounds involved in functions that extend beyond biofilm architecture. From quorum-sensing molecules like acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phenazines, indoles, and reactive sulfur species (RSS), biofilm-derived metabolites can impact the physiology and behavior of microorganisms living in the same ecosystem, including other bacteria and protozoa. It has recently been demonstrated that such molecules may also modulate competition between microbes, promote cooperation, and impact motility, differentiation, or virulence of free-living and parasitic protozoa. This review aims to discuss biofilm compounds that mediate interspecies or interkingdom interactions and their involvement in regulating gut and environmental microbiomes functions, and host–pathogen relationships with special emphasis on protozoan activity and the infection outcome. This review will also address how this chemical dialog can be explored to identify new therapeutic interventions against microbial infections and parasitic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Biology of Entamoeba histolytica)

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43 pages, 1503 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Microbiome and Skin Health: A Systematic Review of Nutraceutical Interventions, Disease Severity, Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota

by Alia Ashkanani, Ghalya Ashkanani, Mahmoud Yousef, Mlaak Rob, Maha Al-Marri, Nesha Naseem, Sa’ad Laws and Ali Chaari

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010063 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Skin disorders are a major global cause of morbidities, and increasing evidence links several to gut microbiome dysregulation. Because of this the bidirectional gut-skin axis, nutraceuticals have been proposed as therapeutic adjuncts, but their clinical effects across skin conditions remain unclear. To understand [...] Read more.

Skin disorders are a major global cause of morbidities, and increasing evidence links several to gut microbiome dysregulation. Because of this the bidirectional gut-skin axis, nutraceuticals have been proposed as therapeutic adjuncts, but their clinical effects across skin conditions remain unclear. To understand how pro/pre/synbiotics can affect health, we conducted a systematic review to investigate disease severity indices, inflammatory and immunological markers, quality of life, and changes in gut microbiota composition. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were utilized to identify relevant randomized clinical trials. Selected articles were pre-piloted for in-depth analysis and data extraction. We included 60 randomized controlled trials involving human participants with 5 dermatological conditions, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, chronic urticaria, and melasma, treated with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics. Risk of bias was generally low across trials, with some having concerns. The SCORAD of the treated group was substantially lower than that of the placebo group in 30 of the 47 trials on atopic dermatitis. Inflammatory markers showed a range of results; some showed significant changes, while others produced contradictory results. Five trials that examined atopic dermatitis and psoriasis independently showed a significant improvement in Quality of Life. The PASI score was considerably lower in psoriasis in three of the five RCTs. Acne vulgaris, melasma, and chronic urticaria were not well documented. Major limitations included heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes, small sample sizes, and inconsistent reporting of microbiome analyses. Nutraceuticals show potential as additional treatments, but further, large scale studies are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)

12 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Assessment of Risk Factors for Giardia spp. Infection in Hospitalized Patients from Romania

by Rodica Georgiana Dărăbuş, Marius Stelian Ilie, Diana Maria Dărăbuş, Gheorghe Dărăbuş and Tudor Rareş Olariu

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010062 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the risk factors associated with Giardia spp. infection among generally hospitalized patients with various conditions specific to infectious diseases in Western Romania. A total of 312 patients, ranging in age from 2 months to 90 years [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the risk factors associated with Giardia spp. infection among generally hospitalized patients with various conditions specific to infectious diseases in Western Romania. A total of 312 patients, ranging in age from 2 months to 90 years and originating from both urban and rural settings, were included in the analysis. Fecal specimens were collected and analyzed using the Rapid-VIDITEST Crypto Giardia antigen test, a qualitative chromatographic assay for the detection of Giardia spp. Infection-related risk factors were assessed through a standardized questionnaire completed by adult patients or by the guardians of pediatric patients. The overall prevalence of Giardia spp. infection was 4.8%. Of the risk factors analyzed, only age demonstrated a statistically significant association with infection status (p < 0.05). Notably, the highest prevalence (12.5%) was recorded in the <1-year age group (2–11 months), with a marked decrease in prevalence observed among patients aged ≥60 years. Other evaluated risk factors—including area of residence, gender, contact with animals, pet ownership, hand hygiene after animal contact, type of housing (house or apartment), fruit washing practices, use of potable water, use of public transportation, international travel, and visits to playgrounds or swimming pools—did not show a statistically significant association with Giardia spp. infection among the study participants. The lack of statistical significance for several expected factors may be related to limited statistical power resulting from the low number of positive cases. These findings contribute to the current understanding of Giardia spp. transmission dynamics and may inform future research efforts aimed at elucidating relevant risk factors. Furthermore, the results may support the development of targeted public health interventions (focusing on infants and their caregivers) and prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

24 pages, 582 KB

Open AccessReview

Vector-Borne Infections in Romania: From Surveillance to Prediction

by Anca-Elena Duduveche

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010061 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Vector-borne infections are a growing public health concern in Romania, influenced by ecological diversity, climate change, and socioeconomic factors. West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis, and Lyme borreliosis represent the most significant threats, with additional risks posed by emerging pathogens, such as leishmaniasis, and [...] Read more.

Vector-borne infections are a growing public health concern in Romania, influenced by ecological diversity, climate change, and socioeconomic factors. West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis, and Lyme borreliosis represent the most significant threats, with additional risks posed by emerging pathogens, such as leishmaniasis, and the potential reintroduction of malaria. While surveillance systems exist for human cases and, to a lesser extent, vectors, these remain fragmented, underfunded, and limited in their integration across human, veterinary, and environmental health domains. By highlighting both gaps and opportunities, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on strengthening Romania’s capacity to anticipate and manage vector-borne disease threats. Transitioning from reactive surveillance to proactive, prediction-driven strategies will be critical to safeguarding public health in the context of accelerating environmental change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Surveillance in Romania: Second Edition)

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25 pages, 3802 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prebiotic Treatment During Pregnancy Prevents Social Deficits Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder-like Behavior Induced by Maternal Immune Activation

by Frederico Rogério Ferreira, Guilherme Araujo Rouvier, Lucas Hassib, Raphael de Andrade Morraye, Yago Soares Pereira da Silva, Luís Fernando Saldanha da Gama, Iuri Souza Pereira, Angelica Oliveira Gomes, Maria Julia Granero Rosa, Ana Carolina de Morais-Scussel, Greice Andreotti de Molfetta and Wilson Araujo Silva, Jr.

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010060 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Maternal exposure to infectious agents has been associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in offspring, such as autism spectrum disorder. Evidence suggests that maternal immune responses during infection can significantly impact the neurodevelopment of the offspring, potentially affecting central nervous system [...] Read more.

Maternal exposure to infectious agents has been associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in offspring, such as autism spectrum disorder. Evidence suggests that maternal immune responses during infection can significantly impact the neurodevelopment of the offspring, potentially affecting central nervous system functions in the future. Inulin is an indigestible soluble fiber that acts as a prebiotic. It promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can help inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this study aims to investigate whether inulin treatment during pregnancy can mitigate or reduce the impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the neurodevelopment of the offspring. Swiss mice were used in a dose–response study to evaluate the protective effects of inulin against maternal exposure to soluble Toxoplasma gondii antigen. Adult offspring of both sexes underwent behavioral assessments, and their gut microbiota was characterized. Both males and females in the soluble T. gondii antigen (STAg) group exhibited reduced sociability, as evidenced by the three-chamber social interaction test. Moreover, co-treatment with inulin mitigated this effect. Additionally, anhedonia was observed only in female offspring from the MIA group, but treatment with 1% and 3% inulin also mitigated this effect. The analysis of fecal microbiota showed significant differences between the STAg and inulin treatments at both the family and genus levels. Therefore, inulin appears to have a potential protective effect on the neurodevelopment of the offspring exposed to maternal antigenic challenges during pregnancy mediated by offspring microbiome modulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gut Microbiota)

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14 pages, 1958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photodynamic Decontamination of Food: Assessing Surface Challenges Against Listeria monocytogenes

by Anabel Cenit, Jun Liu, Michael Fefer and Kristjan Plaetzer

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010059 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of significant concern. While it typically causes mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis, it poses a much higher threat to immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, where it may lead to miscarriage. Numerous outbreaks have been linked to ready-to-eat foods. Although [...] Read more.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of significant concern. While it typically causes mild, self-limiting gastroenteritis, it poses a much higher threat to immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women, where it may lead to miscarriage. Numerous outbreaks have been linked to ready-to-eat foods. Although heat treatment is commonly used for microbial decontamination, it is unsuitable for fresh produce such as fruits and vegetables. Other physical (e.g., UV, gamma irradiation) and chemical (e.g., NaOCl, ozone) methods can compromise sensory qualities or face limited consumer acceptance. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) has emerged as a promising alternative, particularly when using natural photosensitizers. Because PDI efficacy depends on photosensitizer diffusion, there is a need to further explore how different and complex fruit surface structures may influence its performance. Three fruit models were therefore selected to represent distinct surface textures and were evaluated in situ: apples (smooth), strawberries (irregular), and kiwis (fuzzy and hairy surface). The influence of contamination order was also evaluated, as this factor is highly relevant to real-world supply-chain scenarios but has been largely overlooked in prior research. Additionally, the study investigated how the order of contamination affected the decontamination outcome. Sodium-magnesium-chlorophyllin (Na-Mg-Chl), an approved food additive (E140), was used as photosensitizer. Fruits were cut into 1 cm² squares and inoculated with L. monocytogenes. A 100 µM Na-Mg-Chl solution was applied either before or after bacterial inoculation. All samples were then illuminated using a 395 nm LED (radiant exposure 15 J/cm²). When L. monocytogenes was applied first, followed by the addition of Na-Mg-Chl, a 5.96 log reduction was observed in apples, a 5.71 log reduction in strawberries, and a 6.02 log reduction in kiwis. Conversely, when Na-Mg-Chl was applied prior to bacterial deposition, apples showed a 5.61 log reduction, strawberries demonstrated a 6.34 log reduction, and kiwis achieved the highest inactivation, at 6.74 log units. These results indicate that PDI consistently achieved substantial bacterial reductions across all fruit types, regardless of surface characteristics or application order. This supports PDI as a powerful method for fruit surface decontamination, reducing public health risks and economic losses while preserving product quality and consumer confidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photodynamic Inactivation in Bacterial Infections Within a One Health Setting)

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10 pages, 886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Commercial Immunoassays for Rubella Virus IgG Detection in Low-Antibody Sera Using a Recombinant Immunoblot as a Reference Method

by Carmen Ortega, Antonio Sampedro-Padilla, Pablo Mazuelas, Jose Serrano, Ana Abreu, Juan Antonio Reguera, Javier Rodríguez-Granger, Fernando Cobo, Juan Francisco Gutiérrez-Bautista and Antonio Sampedro

Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010058 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Rubella virus (RV) IgG quantification is essential for verifying immunity, particularly in prenatal care. However, substantial variability exists among commercial immunoassays, especially when testing low-antibody sera. In this study, we evaluated five commercial assays—four chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) and one Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)—using [...] Read more.

Rubella virus (RV) IgG quantification is essential for verifying immunity, particularly in prenatal care. However, substantial variability exists among commercial immunoassays, especially when testing low-antibody sera. In this study, we evaluated five commercial assays—four chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) and one Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)—using a recombinant immunoblot (IB) as the reference method. A panel of 137 serum samples with low or undetectable IgG levels was analyzed. Sensitivity ranged from 19.6% to 70.1%, while specificity exceeded 94%. Only 18.6% of immunoblot-positive samples tested positive across all assays. Marked quantitative differences were observed, with the Atellica assay yielding the highest titers and Alinity the lowest. Reclassifying equivocal results as positive improved concordance without compromising specificity. These findings suggest that current cut-off values, derived from post-infection sera, may be inadequate for vaccinated populations. A single universal threshold may lead to misclassification and underestimation of immunity. Harmonization of assay calibrations, antigenic targets, and interpretation criteria is urgently needed to ensure reliable rubella immunity assessments in clinical and public health settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

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