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Microorganisms
Volume 14
Issue 1
10.3390/microorganisms14010075
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies

by
Jiaxin Wang
1,
Dongyan Xu
1,
Shiyao Hu
1,
Beiwen Zheng
2,3,
Yiding Chen
1,* and
Tao Pan
1,*
1
Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
2
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
3
Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250022, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 November 2025 / Revised: 22 December 2025 / Accepted: 24 December 2025 / Published: 29 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiomes)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Breast cancer, the most prevalent malignant tumor in women, is closely linked to the human microbiota. The microbiome participates throughout breast cancer pathogenesis, including its occurrence, progression, response to anti-tumor therapies, and treatment-related complications. This review examines the central hypothesis that microbiome-driven inflammatory and immune mechanisms shape breast cancer progression through two key pathways: systemic immune-inflammatory regulation and local tumor microenvironment remodeling. Furthermore, microorganisms and their metabolites modulate systemic treatments by interfering with drug metabolism and altering systemic or local immune-inflammatory environments. Targeting the microbiota represents a promising strategy for enhancing anticancer efficacy and reducing treatment-related complications. This review aims to advance the understanding of the etiology and disease progression of breast cancer from the perspective of microbial-regulated inflammation and immunity, offering new insights for its prevention and treatment.
Keywords: breast cancer; immune; inflammation; microbiome; mechanism breast cancer; immune; inflammation; microbiome; mechanism

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, J.; Xu, D.; Hu, S.; Zheng, B.; Chen, Y.; Pan, T. The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies. Microorganisms 2026, 14, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075

AMA Style

Wang J, Xu D, Hu S, Zheng B, Chen Y, Pan T. The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies. Microorganisms. 2026; 14(1):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Jiaxin, Dongyan Xu, Shiyao Hu, Beiwen Zheng, Yiding Chen, and Tao Pan. 2026. "The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies" Microorganisms 14, no. 1: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075

APA Style

Wang, J., Xu, D., Hu, S., Zheng, B., Chen, Y., & Pan, T. (2026). The Impact of Microbiome on Breast Cancer and Regulatory Strategies. Microorganisms, 14(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010075

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