Most Recent

Background: The interplay between obesity and thyroid dysfunction is complex, characterized by adaptive hyperthyrotropinemia and peripheral hormone resistance. Metabolic and Bariatric surgery (MBS) has emerged not only as a weight-loss (WL) intervent...

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate adherence to therapy in hypoparathyroidism and related endocrine–metabolic disorders and to assess its association with biochemical outcomes, hypocalcemia episodes, and health-related quality of life (HR...

Diabetic foot complications represent a major global health burden and arise from a multifactorial interaction between neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound repair. Increasing evidence suggests that, beyond traditional vascular and meta...

Endocrines was launched five years ago with a clear goal: to offer an open, rigorous, and inclusive forum for research spanning basic, translational, and clinical endocrinology and metabolism [...]

Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) incidence is rising, particularly among Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA, 15–39 years). However, data on PTC characteristics in the AYA population, especially from the Middle East, remain limited. Thi...

Introduction: We previously showed that baboon offspring born to mothers deprived of estrogen during the second half of gestation exhibited insulin resistance prior to and after the onset of puberty. Moreover, the size of skeletal muscle myofibers an...

Background/Objectives: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse perinatal outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal thyroid autoimmunity on selected gestational and perinatal outcomes of the newbor...

Generalized lipodystrophies (GLs) are rare diseases characterized by a lack of body fat. When patients with a GL phenotype are referred with a presumptive diagnosis of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) but genetic testing for known pathogeni...

For many years, menopause-related bone loss has been attributed solely to declining estrogen levels. Recently it has been suggested that bone loss accelerates during perimenopause, often preceding declines in estradiol (E₂), proposing that follicle-s...

The ovarian corpus luteum has functional mechanisms for formation and regression in the reproductive endocrine system. The main functional events of the corpus luteum are angiogenesis and apoptosis mechanisms. The development of the corpus luteum inv...

Background/Objectives: The association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse outcomes in individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between total GWG and...

Background/Objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) in adolescents contributes to the development of metabolic and immunological alterations. These alterations can lead to chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation in adulthood. Evidence suggests that alte...

Background: Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), though findings in the literature remain conflicting. While some studies suggest an association between elevated body mass index (BMI) and thyroid mali...

Background/Objectives: Adequate sleep has a fundamental role in human health, mainly in cognitive and physiological functions. However, the daily demands of modern society have led to a constant pursuit of better living conditions, requiring more act...

Background: The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is the gold standard for diagnosing diabetes; however, its use is often limited by the need for laboratory infrastructure, trained personnel, and extended turnaround times. In contrast, glucometer-ba...

The intersection of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia, often termed diabetic sarcopenia, represents a critical yet underrecognized comorbidity that significantly impacts the quality of life and functional capacity of older adults. This p...

Remnant cholesterol, contained within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL and IDL, has emerged as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in both the general population and individuals with diabetes. Unli...

Background: Pituicytomas are rare, low-grade gliomas arising from pituicytes in the posterior pituitary or infundibulum. Due to its rarity and nonspecific clinical and radiological characteristics, it is frequently misdiagnosed as pituitary adenomas...

Background/Objectives: Anthropometric indices based on height (H), weight (W), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) can identify incident and future health risks. While BMI provides a standard for relative W (adjusted for H), there is...

Background: Obesity is a multisystemic health problem causing chronic diseases like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases, but also reproductive dysfunctions like infertility in adults or altered puberty onset in children. Exercise is a recognized inte...

Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by acting on distinct hypothalamic nuclei. This review explores recent advances in our understanding of leptin’s region-specific actions within t...

Regulatory T (Treg) cells were first identified through the observation that Foxp3 gene mutations in mice and humans can result in their dysfunction, leading to a catastrophic multi-organ autoimmune syndrome. Since then, it has become increasingly ev...

Autonomic dysfunction of the stomach typically manifests as delayed gastric emptying or gastroparesis and is seen in individuals with both type 1 and 2 diabetes. However, impaired gastric motility is only modestly associated with the presence of uppe...

Background: Central precocious puberty (CPP), defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls, is increasingly prevalent worldwide. CPP is often caused by early activation of the HPG axis, leading to accelerated growth...

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are a diverse group of rare tumor subtypes, representing less than 2% of all pancreatic tumors. Often detected late in the clinical course, they are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. He...

Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are widely used and generally well tolerated; however, their neuroendocrinological effects remain underappreciated in clinical decision-making. Beyond ovulation suppression, HCs influence brain function by modulating key...

In healthy humans, insulin at physiological concentrations exerts acute vasodilatory actions on both resistance and terminal arterioles, leading, respectively, to increased total blood flow and the microvascular network volume being perfused. The pro...

Background/Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between glycemic control and increased glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), as assessed by serum creatinine and the CKiD equation in children and adolescents with T1DM. Methods: This cross...

Background/Objectives: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes management, with time in range (TIR) emerging as a key glycemic metric. However, TIR lacks sensitivity to glycemic variability, leading to the introduction of time in...

Objective: To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and clinical, hormonal, and auxological features in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods: This retrospective study included 122 gi...

Background/Objectives: Endocrine hormones play critical roles in regulating physiological processes, and previous studies have reported their associations with psychiatric disorders. Levels of endocrine hormones and the risk of developing psychiatric...

Background/Objectives: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a rare autoimmune disorder caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. Approximately 60% of affected females develop premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) by...

Cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant, has been used primarily for lipid-lowering purposes but has also shown potential in managing hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. The objective of this review is to assess the efficacy, safety, and clinical ind...

Precocious puberty, defined as the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before age 8 in girls, presents a diagnostic challenge in distinguishing between normal variants and pathological conditions requiring intervention. Central precocious puber...

Mini-puberty refers to the transient activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis during early infancy, lasting up to six months in boys and 12–24 months in girls. This phase represents the second activation of the HP...

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), previously referred to as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), is a prevalent chronic liver condition strongly linked to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Globally, MA...

Retinoic acid (RA) exerts biological effects through RA receptors (RARs) to regulate transcription. RA also elicits rapid, RAR-independent (noncanonical) activities mediated by Cellular RA Binding Protein 1 (CRABP1) to modulate cytosolic signaling. C...

Background/Objectives: The association between sexual dysfunction and diabetes is well known, but few studies have investigated its prevalence in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in a g...

Lipedema is a chronic disease of the subcutaneous adipose tissue that mostly affects women. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood. Lipedema typically develops after major hormonal changes, such as puberty, pregnancy, and meno...

Background: Plastic pollution driven by human activities has become a critical global issue for human health. A growing literature demonstrates that micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other harmful compou...

Background: Oncocytic adenomas (OAs) of the thyroid, previously referred to as Hürthle cell adenomas, are uncommon tumors, particularly in pediatric populations, where they represent a minority of thyroid nodules. Due to their rarity and the pot...

Background: Vitamin D is essential for neonatal health, with maternal vitamin D status crucial in fetal development and neonatal outcomes. During pregnancy, vitamin D is transferred to the fetus via the placenta, forming an initial reserve. Postnatal...

Background/Objectives: Hyperprolinemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with two distinct types: I (HPI) and II (HPII). The clinical presentation varies widely, with some individuals remaining asymptomatic and others exhibiting neurological, re...

This review examines the relationship between cholesterol and bone resorption. It seeks to elucidate the dependence of bone turnover on cholesterol metabolism by highlighting the common inhibitory effect of both statins and nitrogen-containing bispho...

Background: This paper briefly reviews the most important endocrine features of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and shows their relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Introduction: Endocrine disturbances in POI cause problem...

Background/Objectives: Chronic somatic diseases are significant risk factors for the development of mental disorders. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is the most common chronic endocrine pathology in children. Treatment requires nutrition management,...

Precocious puberty (PP) is characterized by the early onset of secondary sexual characteristics and accelerated growth, which often result in compromised adult height (AH). Central precocious puberty (CPP), a subset of PP, is treated with gonadotropi...

Background/Objectives: Understanding sex-based differences in both the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of diseases is necessary to improve health care towards precision medicine. The endocrine system is deeply involved in human health, and...

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of the menstrual cycle phases on cortisol levels before and after a maximal incremental exercise test in women with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Methods: Nineteen healthy, active and eumenor...

Introduction: Early-life neurological and inflammatory disorders significantly affect long-term cognitive, social, and emotional development. The ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease’ hypothesis states that an adverse intrauterine...