Diversity

8 pages, 2347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Rotifera in Freshwaters of Bolivia: An Updated Checklist

by Carla E. Fernández, Melina Campero, Francisca Acosta, Pablo E. Prado, Mabel Maldonado, Edgar Goitia, Georgia Stamou, Evangelia Michaloudi and Carlos López

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090589 - 18 Sep 2024

Abstract

Biodiversity records are of great importance, especially in light of the biodiversity crisis. Here, we present a study on the diversity of rotifers in Bolivia based on an extensive investigation of the literature published so far. Through this approach and an analysis of [...] Read more.

Biodiversity records are of great importance, especially in light of the biodiversity crisis. Here, we present a study on the diversity of rotifers in Bolivia based on an extensive investigation of the literature published so far. Through this approach and an analysis of samples from 207 water bodies of the country, we updated the checklist of reported species. This study revealed a total of 195 species of rotifers previously reported; we identified 153 species in our samples, with 84 of them being reported for the first time in Bolivia. Thus, a total of 279 species are known at present in this country. Our findings suggest that Bolivia has a rich and diverse rotifer community, with many species likely to be unique to the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Zooplankton in Freshwater Subhabitats: Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2507 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Genetic Diversity, Kinship, and Polychromatism in the Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus ocellatus of Fiji

by Kerstin Glaus and Sharon A. Appleyard

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090588 - 18 Sep 2024

Abstract

The spotted eagle ray Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1923) has a widespread Indo-West Pacific distribution and displays substantial population genetic structuring. Genetic data are crucial for understanding the species’ diversity, connectivity, and adaptation. However, molecular genetic information on A. ocellatus from Melanesia is lacking, [...] Read more.

The spotted eagle ray Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1923) has a widespread Indo-West Pacific distribution and displays substantial population genetic structuring. Genetic data are crucial for understanding the species’ diversity, connectivity, and adaptation. However, molecular genetic information on A. ocellatus from Melanesia is lacking, which impedes our understanding of gene flow among geographic regions. In this study, we sampled 45 A. ocellatus, primarily from Fiji’s largest fish market in the capital, Suva. Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding was used for species identification, and DArT-seqTM technology was applied to assess the nuclear genetic diversity. Barcoding of the COI gene showed a 98.6% to 99.8% similarity to A. ocellatus reference sequences in the Barcode of Life Data System, and the 45 individuals were represented by three major evolutionary haplotype clusters. Genotyping resulted in 24,313 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) which were quality-filtered to 7094 SNPs per individual. The observed heterozygosity level was 0.310. The inbreeding coefficient was positive, and genotyping identified one full-sibling pair and one half-sibling pair from the 45 individuals. Additionally, eagle rays exhibit polychromatic patterns, and at least three ventral pattern variations were recorded in specimens from the market. Collectively, our main findings characterize the genetic profile of A. ocellatus in Fiji and can help to understand the diversification of this species within the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Connectivity, Species Diversity and Conservation Biology of Chondrichthyes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Trees on the Diversity of Forest Communities Worldwide Are Greater than Those of Ectotrophic Mycorrhiza Trees

by Zihao Li, Wenxin Liu, Xinyu Xue, Rui Qi, Xueying Li, Qian Li, Nuonuo Xu, Fengqin Liu, Yizhen Shao, Yongzhong Ye, Yun Chen, Dongwei Wei and Zhiliang Yuan

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090587 - 17 Sep 2024

Abstract

The interaction between woody plants and mycorrhizal fungi is an important biological interaction; however, the driving factors behind the diversity of mycorrhizal trees formed through the symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and woody plants remain unclear. In this study, we collected and compiled the [...] Read more.

The interaction between woody plants and mycorrhizal fungi is an important biological interaction; however, the driving factors behind the diversity of mycorrhizal trees formed through the symbiosis of mycorrhizal fungi and woody plants remain unclear. In this study, we collected and compiled the woody plant data of 34 forest dynamic plots containing 3350 species from habitats around the world and divided them into AM and EcM trees. We tested the contribution of AM and EcM trees to tree diversity and its components in forest communities worldwide. Our results showed that AM trees rather than EcM trees affect the tree diversity of forest communities, and that the diversity of AM trees has a significant latitudinal gradient pattern. Climate variables, especially temperature, are strongly correlated with the diversity patterns for AM trees rather than EcM trees. Topography is the most significant factor affecting the diversity of EcM trees. Our findings highlight the importance of AM trees for the tree diversity of forest communities worldwide. Our findings have important implications for understanding the response of complex woody plant communities with different types of mycorrhizal symbiosis to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Insect-Microbe Interactions and Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 10641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic of a Massively Constructed Specimen of Iguanodon galvensis (Ornithopoda, Iguanodontidae) from the Early Barremian (Early Cretaceous) of Eastern Spain

by Josué García-Cobeña, Francisco J. Verdú and Alberto Cobos

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090586 - 17 Sep 2024

Abstract

Styracosternan ornithopods are plenty abundant in the Lower Cretaceous fossil record of Europe. In particular, Iguanodon, the second genus of dinosaurs described worldwide, has been found in UK, Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain, evidencing a wide geographical distribution. Currently, the genus Iguanodon [...] Read more.

Styracosternan ornithopods are plenty abundant in the Lower Cretaceous fossil record of Europe. In particular, Iguanodon, the second genus of dinosaurs described worldwide, has been found in UK, Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain, evidencing a wide geographical distribution. Currently, the genus Iguanodon comprises two species, the type species I. bernissartensis from the late Barremian–Aptian of Europe and I. galvensis from the early Barremian of Teruel, Spain. The latter species is well known mainly from perinate and juvenile specimens. Here, axial and appendicular fossils of an adult, large and massively constructed ornithopod from the lower Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) Camarillas Formation of Galve (province of Teruel, Spain) are described. Fossil dimensions and some osteological evidence reveal that the specimen was a large (roughly 10 m long) ornithopod. An autapomorphic feature in the ischium and other characters allow us to ascribe this specimen to I. galvensis. In addition, postcranial co-ossification and fusion of the neurocentral suture indicate that the specimen was skeletally mature. Part of the material studied here was unknown in adults of I. galvensis, providing a better knowledge of the axial and appendicular region of this species. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Distribution of Culicoides Biting Midges in Temperate Forests

by Rasa Bernotienė, Rimgaudas Treinys and Dovilė Bukauskaitė

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090585 - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Culicoides biting midges are small dipterous insects known as biological vectors of arboviruses, protozoa, and filaria parasites worldwide. Many studies on Culicoides focus on trapping them at ground level, without considering the best trap heights for different vector species. This implies that we [...] Read more.

Culicoides biting midges are small dipterous insects known as biological vectors of arboviruses, protozoa, and filaria parasites worldwide. Many studies on Culicoides focus on trapping them at ground level, without considering the best trap heights for different vector species. This implies that we might overlook insects positioned higher in the canopy. From June to August, we used UV traps to catch Culicoides biting midges at three different heights in three temperate mature forest areas in east Lithuania, Baltic region of Europe. We conducted this study to test the differences in midge numbers, male and female proportions, and female parity at each height. We caught the majority of biting midges (80.6%) at the mid-canopy and high-canopy. A higher number of female Culicoides midges than males was caught, with the proportion of males varying based on height and reaching its lowest point at ground level. No significant difference between the proportion of nulliparous and parous females caught at different height was detected. Culicoides pictipennis and C. festivipennis were the most common species of biting midge we found. They were found in the mid-canopy (86.8%) and the high-canopy (50.0%), respectively. Culicoides kibunensis was next, found at ground level (66.2%), and C. punctatus was found at the high canopy strata (63.0%). Each species’ abundance was seasonal dependent. Information on the vertical distribution of vector species in the temperate forest ecosystem is an important step in understanding patterns of vector borne disease transmission in wildlife. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife in Natural and Altered Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Invasive Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) Has Weak Impact on Native Understory Plant and Saprophagous Macroarthropod Communities

by Gabrielle Roberge, Ira Tanya Handa, Tristan Juette and Daniel Kneeshaw

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090584 - 14 Sep 2024

Abstract

Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus Miller) is an invasive alien plant species (IAPS) rapidly expanding in North America but is largely understudied compared to the common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). Our study investigated the effects of a 27-year-old F. alnus invasion on [...] Read more.

Glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus Miller) is an invasive alien plant species (IAPS) rapidly expanding in North America but is largely understudied compared to the common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). Our study investigated the effects of a 27-year-old F. alnus invasion on native understory plant and saprophagous macroarthropod communities in a wet deciduous woodland in Southern Québec, Canada. We hypothesized a decreased taxonomic diversity and a change in community composition of both indicator taxa with increasing F. alnus density. The understory plant and saprophagous macroarthropod communities were characterized, respectively, through vegetation surveys and pitfall trapping across a density gradient of 43 plots invaded by F. alnus. Our results demonstrated that F. alnus did not exert a strong influence on species community composition, although the homogenization of understory plant communities was observed. Despite several decades of F. alnus invasion at our study site, the consequences on the selected indicator taxa were overall relatively small, suggesting that the magnitude of effects is variable. We suggest that further investigation at a larger scale should be performed to evaluate the effect of F. alnus on a broad diversity of indicators and understand any context dependency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Invasion)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating the Origins of Stranded Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Eastern Mediterranean through Mitochondrial DNA Mixed-Stock Analysis

by Arzu Kaska, Tugçe Binen, Dogan Sözbilen, Robin Snape, Annette Broderick, Brendan Godley, Damla Beton, Meryem Ozkan, Carlos Carreras and Yakup Kaska

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090583 - 14 Sep 2024

Abstract

It is widely recognized that the examination of haplotypes among sea turtles inhabiting nesting beaches holds significant importance. Yet, an effective conservation effort of a population also requires an investigation of the origin of sea turtles that strand on the shore, especially as [...] Read more.

It is widely recognized that the examination of haplotypes among sea turtles inhabiting nesting beaches holds significant importance. Yet, an effective conservation effort of a population also requires an investigation of the origin of sea turtles that strand on the shore, especially as many of these result from interactions with fisheries. In consideration of this, we analyzed the haplotypes of 542 stranded individuals from the Eastern Mediterranean and identified a total of 9 different haplotypes. Two of these were new haplotypes, one individual was found in Marmaris, Türkiye, and the other in a stranded species in northern Cyprus. Mixed-stock analysis demonstrated that the majority of the individuals stranded in western Türkiye originated from nesting beaches in the same area (33%), followed by Dalyan, Türkiye (25%), and Cyprus (21%). The partial mixed-stock analysis of individuals stranded in the Dalyan–Dalaman region of Türkiye revealed that most originated from Dalaman (45%) and Dalyan (21%), followed by western Greece (11%). The partial mixed-stock analysis for the Eastern Mediterranean showed that the majority of individuals originated from western Türkiye (69%), followed by Cyprus (11%) and Dalyan (7%). These findings, by quantifying the relative contributions of each region, provide valuable insights for guiding conservation efforts regarding Caretta caretta in the Mediterranean marine environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eucarid and Peracarid Fauna of the Valencia Seamount, a Deep-Isolated Seamount of the Western Mediterranean: Colonisation Capacity and Historical Changes

by Joan E. Cartes

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090582 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Seamounts can have a strong influence on the distribution and diversity of species, creating an oasis effect that may favour diversification. In order to assess how and to what extent supra- and epibenthic crustaceans can colonise these environments, the eucarid and peracarid fauna [...] Read more.

Seamounts can have a strong influence on the distribution and diversity of species, creating an oasis effect that may favour diversification. In order to assess how and to what extent supra- and epibenthic crustaceans can colonise these environments, the eucarid and peracarid fauna collected from the summit of the Valencia Seamount (VS), a small deep seamount (summit depth: 1056 m), rising from a depth of ca. 1850 m, in the oligotrophic Balearic Basin, was analysed. Based on a first sampling (beam trawls, plankton nets and stomach contents), and a faunal reconstruction from a sediment core (MC2, at 1151 m), the supra(epi)benthic crustaceans at the VS summit (to 1300 m) were composed of nine Eucarida and 25 Peracarida. Polycheles typhlops, Munida tenuimana, and Aristeus antennatus were the dominant species among eucarids. Among Peracarida the most abundant species were the Mysida Boreomysis arctica, the Amphipoda Rhachtropis caeca, and the Isopoda Munnopsurus atlanticus. Among Decapoda, a species with a wide amplitude in their depth distribution and small eggs (i.e., with planktotrophic larvae), showed a higher colonisation capacity. In the absence of larvae, the colonisation of peracarids depends on the amplitude of their depth distribution and only those species that reach the highest depths in the entire Balearic Basin, at least 1600–1800 m, were able to colonise the summit of VS. The natatory capacity of the species also has some influence and whole groups with low natatory capacity, such as the Desmosomatidae, were completely absent on the VS summit; however, they are distributed throughout the Balearic Basin to depths (up to about 1500 m) exceeding the depth of the seamount summit. Therefore, colonisation by peracarids must not have occurred by swimming through the entire water column, but by swimming along or just above the bottom. Remains of some suprabenthic species (mainly the isopod M. atlanticus) in MC2 and another core collected in NW Mallorca (MC3, 1114 m), i.e., out of the VS, showed how isopod diversity and size distribution changed historically. Also, after the 1960s, a decrease in primary production due to a decrease in rainfall and river runoff associated with river damming could have reduced the abundance of M. atlanticus. These types of historical studies can be useful in interpreting long-term changes in deep-sea communities and optimising the management of these vulnerable areas. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Initial Genetic Assessment of the Emblematic Pumas of the Torres del Paine UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

by L. Mark Elbroch, Byron V. Weckworth, Kristine Pilgrim, Omar Ohrens, Nicolás Lagos, Stephanny Arroyo-Arce, Mauricio Montt, Dania Goic and Michael K. Schwartz

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090581 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Physical and genetic isolation are recognized as significant threats to wildlife, especially in large carnivores inhabiting fragmented landscapes. We conducted an initial genetic assessment of pumas (Puma concolor) using 19 microsatellite loci for the emblematic puma population in the Torres del [...] Read more.

Physical and genetic isolation are recognized as significant threats to wildlife, especially in large carnivores inhabiting fragmented landscapes. We conducted an initial genetic assessment of pumas (Puma concolor) using 19 microsatellite loci for the emblematic puma population in the Torres del Paine UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in southernmost Chile, which exhibits some distinctive phenology that some local people speculate may be due to isolation and inbreeding depression. We extracted DNA from 385 scats collected in the field, of which 96 were identified as puma, representing 20 unique individuals. Torres del Paine pumas exhibited an H_o (0.51) only slightly lower than H_e (0.53), with 2 of the 19 loci significantly out of Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium. Tests for a recent bottleneck of the population were not significant. The small sample size of individuals notwithstanding, these results seemingly do not support high levels of inbreeding. We also identified individual pumas in the field and assessed them for observable cowlicks (twirls of fur on their backs), a trait some have associated with genetic inbreeding depression in other puma populations. A total of 7 of 39 pumas exhibited cowlicks, consistent with geographic patterns of cowlicks within the species. Our tests exploring population structure among local pumas provided the most support for a single-population cluster, but we explored secondary structures as well, given its conservation implications. We encourage additional sampling in the region to further explore population structure and connectivity and determine the conservation status of the region’s pumas to guide the development of best strategies to ensure their persistence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 10142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dispersal Ecology of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Northern Greece: Onset, Ranging, Temporary and Territorial Settlement

by Lavrentis Sidiropoulos, D. Philip Whitfield, Konstantinos Poirazidis, Elisabeth Navarrete, Dimitris P. Vasilakis, Anastasios Bounas, Elzbieta Kret and Vassiliki Kati

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090580 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Natal dispersal is a crucial period for raptors with serious implications for individuals’ survival and population demography. In this study we analyzed data from 18 GPS-tracked golden eagles in order to describe their dispersal ecology in northern Greece, where the species feeds mostly [...] Read more.

Natal dispersal is a crucial period for raptors with serious implications for individuals’ survival and population demography. In this study we analyzed data from 18 GPS-tracked golden eagles in order to describe their dispersal ecology in northern Greece, where the species feeds mostly on tortoises. Young eagles in our population dispersed at 176 days post fledging, spent their first year of independence relatively close (40–60 kms) to their natal ranges and exhibited a variable temporary settlement behavior. Overall dispersal range sizes did not differ seasonally, but temporary settlement area range sizes were significantly larger in winter. Three eagles survived to territorial settlement and occupied ranges 20–60 kms from their natal areas. The application and refinement of the Scottish GET dispersal ranging model suggested that eagles used areas that had higher topographical relief and lower canopy cover during their natal dispersal. Habitat heterogeneity seems to also be influential during temporary settlement. Our study is the first to provide both such insights for golden eagles in southern eastern Europe and a method for delineating temporary settlement areas for the species. Our findings can be explained in terms of food and habitat availability. We highlight the importance of conserving heterogeneous open areas of complex topography and applying proactive management measures within temporary settlement areas for our population’s conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Ecology of Raptors—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Contribution to the Study of the Flora and Vegetation of Mnemba Island, Zanzibar

by Alan Barrett, Lorraine Raby Bronkhorst and Leslie Brown

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090579 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Swahili coastal forests, spanning the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines and the Zanzibar Archipelago, are integral to the biodiverse Eastern Arc and Coastal Forest region. These forest ecosystems face considerable anthropogenic threats. This study contributes to the available knowledge on the floral composition and [...] Read more.

Swahili coastal forests, spanning the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines and the Zanzibar Archipelago, are integral to the biodiverse Eastern Arc and Coastal Forest region. These forest ecosystems face considerable anthropogenic threats. This study contributes to the available knowledge on the floral composition and plant community assemblages of Mnemba Island, a small sandy cay in the Zanzibar Archipelago, which helps to establish baseline data for conservation purposes. Two main coastal forest plant communities were identified: (1) the Casuarina cunninghamiana–Suriana maritima open to closed sandy dry coastal forest, and (2) the Eugenia capensis–Mimusops obtusifolia coastal forest. A total of 91 different plant species belonging to 54 plant families were identified for the island. Community 2, an indigenous forest, supports diverse bird breeding colonies and is a crucial habitat for the threatened Aders’ duiker. Understory development is limited due to the historical Suni antelope overpopulation. Environmental factors like salt spray, allelochemicals, herbivore browsing, and climate fluctuations influence the vegetation abundance and composition. The study underscores differences in species diversity and composition between the planted Casuarina community and the natural atoll vegetation. The natural vegetation shows affinities with the Zanzibar–Inhambane edaphic coral-rag scrub forest and the transitional rainforest. Several species characteristic of Indian Ocean atolls were identified, providing insights into invasion ecology and conservation strategies. The study contributes conceptually to our understanding of vegetation dynamics in island ecosystems by highlighting the interplay between plant communities, environmental processes, and human activities. The fragile yet resilient nature of Mnemba’s unique ecosystem is emphasised, offering insights for conservation management, long-term monitoring, and adaptive approaches tailored to island environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Diversity on Islands)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 17092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Assessment of White Flowering Nectar Source Trees and Location of Bee Colonies in Rural and Suburban Environments Using Deep Learning

by Atanas Z. Atanasov, Boris I. Evstatiev, Asparuh I. Atanasov and Ivaylo S. Hristakov

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090578 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Environmental pollution with pesticides as a result of intensive agriculture harms the development of bee colonies. Bees are one of the most important pollinating insects on our planet. One of the ways to protect them is to relocate and build apiaries in populated [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution with pesticides as a result of intensive agriculture harms the development of bee colonies. Bees are one of the most important pollinating insects on our planet. One of the ways to protect them is to relocate and build apiaries in populated areas. An important condition for the development of bee colonies is the rich species diversity of flowering plants and the size of the areas occupied by them. In this study, a methodology for detecting and distinguishing white flowering nectar source trees and counting bee colonies is developed and demonstrated, applicable in populated environments. It is based on UAV-obtained RGB imagery and two convolutional neural networks—a pixel-based one for identification of flowering areas and an object-based one for beehive identification, which achieved accuracies of 93.4% and 95.2%, respectively. Based on an experimental study near the village of Yuper (Bulgaria), the productive potential of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) areas in rural and suburban environments was determined. The obtained results showed that the identified blooming area corresponds to 3.654 m², out of 89.725 m² that were scanned with the drone, and the number of identified beehives was 149. The proposed methodology will facilitate beekeepers in choosing places for the placement of new apiaries and planning activities of an organizational nature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Diversity of Bees in Urban Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Presence and Absence of Beehives as a Management Tool for Reducing Elephant-Induced Tree Mortality

by Robin M. Cook and Michelle D. Henley

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090577 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Beehives have previously been used to protect large trees from elephant impact in sub-arid savannas, thus improving the persistence of large trees as habitats for other species. This brief report aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the presence and absence of beehives as [...] Read more.

Beehives have previously been used to protect large trees from elephant impact in sub-arid savannas, thus improving the persistence of large trees as habitats for other species. This brief report aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the presence and absence of beehives as a management tool for reducing elephant-induced tree mortality. The study was conducted in three phases: Phase 1 (2015–2020) involved actively maintaining beehives on marula trees (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra), Phase 2 (2020–2022) the systematic reduction in the number of active beehives, and Phase 3 (2022–2024) the removal of all beehives. The persistence rates of the trees with beehives were compared to those without beehives. We found that beehives significantly improved the persistence of the trees in the presence of elephants. During Phase 1, only 10% of the trees with beehives died compared to 34% of the trees with no beehives. In Phase 2, with a reduced number of active beehives, the mortality rates increased slightly for both trees with beehives and those without. However, in Phase 3, after the removal of all the beehives, the mortality rates significantly increased for all the trees monitored as part of the study. We also found that the mortality rate of the original trees with no beehives increased when beehives were removed from the study site, whilst the mortality rate of the original beehive trees without beehives in Phase 3 (8.7%) surpassed that of the 8.1% prior to the hanging of beehives. These findings highlight the effectiveness of beehives as a tree protection method against elephant impact and how beehives can improve the persistence of tree populations co-occurring with elephants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 9127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revalidation of the Arboreal Asian Snake Genera Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and Rhadinophis Vogt, 1922, with Description of a New Genus and Tribe (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae)

by Van Wallach, Rune Midtgaard and Emma Hsiao

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090576 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

Based on the latest molecular phylogenies of Gonyosoma sensu lato, which recovered five clades with robust support, we utilize morphological characters to demonstrate the distinctiveness of each clade, resulting in the resurrection of three genera (Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and [...] Read more.

Based on the latest molecular phylogenies of Gonyosoma sensu lato, which recovered five clades with robust support, we utilize morphological characters to demonstrate the distinctiveness of each clade, resulting in the resurrection of three genera (Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and Rhadinophis Vogt, 1922) and a proposal of a new genus and a new tribe. A synopsis of the group, with descriptions and diagnoses, is provided for the five genera and eight species in addition to distribution maps and illustrations of the head of each taxon. An artificial key to the species and genera in the new tribe is presented in addition to the estimated origin times for each clade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Animal Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 13159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Could Some Lost Fishing Gears Be Suitable Substrata for Benthic Invertebrates? The Case of Some Colonizer Sponge Assemblages in the Western Mediterranean Sea

by Gabriele Costa, Renata Manconi, Gabriele Sanna, Nicola Arrostuto, Nicola Fois, Claudio Sechi, Paolo Tomassetti and Serena Lomiri

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090575 - 13 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study presents novel information on sponge (Porifera) colonization of artificial substrates in the framework of the LIFE EU Strong Sea Life Project, focusing on the northwestern Sardinian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea). Five abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gears (ALDFGs) of the local [...] Read more.

This study presents novel information on sponge (Porifera) colonization of artificial substrates in the framework of the LIFE EU Strong Sea Life Project, focusing on the northwestern Sardinian Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea). Five abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gears (ALDFGs) of the local artisanal fishery from circum-seas of the Asinara Island Marine Protected Area (MPA) were focused. The composition, taxonomic richness, relative abundance, and lifestyle of sponge assemblages are reported. Taxonomic richness is notably high with 2 classes and 13 orders comprising 26 families, 36 genera, and 47 species of Porifera displaying miniaturized body size and dominant encrusting to massive/erect growth forms. New records at species level are reported for the MPA, the Sardinian Sea, and the Western Mediterranean Sea. The successful colonization of the recovered ghost fishing gears by sponges highlights that adaptive strategies of these basal metazoans support their ability to settle and persist on synthetic materials. This dataset contributes to the inventory of (i) recovered ALDFGs in MPAs, (ii) exogenous substrata as suitable substrata for sponge settlement, and (iii) species richness of an MPA and (iv) promotes the biodiversity assessment of the plastisphere in a global context of ocean pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patterns Of Marine Benthic Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1033 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Mangrove-Based Carbon Market Projects: 15 Considerations for Engaging and Supporting Local Communities

by Daria Agnieszka Karpowicz, Midhun Mohan, Michael S. Watt, Jorge F. Montenegro, Shalini A. L. King, Pandi P. Selvam, Manickam Nithyanandan, Barakalla Robyn, Tarig Ali, Meshal M. Abdullah, Willie Doaemo and Ewane Basil Ewane

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090574 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

Mangroves provide numerous ecological, social, and economic benefits that include carbon sequestration, habitat for biodiversity, food, recreation and leisure, income, and coastal resilience. In this regard, mangrove-based carbon market projects (MbCMP), involving mangrove conservation, protection, and restoration, are a nature-based solution (NbS) for [...] Read more.

Mangroves provide numerous ecological, social, and economic benefits that include carbon sequestration, habitat for biodiversity, food, recreation and leisure, income, and coastal resilience. In this regard, mangrove-based carbon market projects (MbCMP), involving mangrove conservation, protection, and restoration, are a nature-based solution (NbS) for climate change mitigation. Despite the proliferation of blue carbon projects, a highly publicized need for local community participation by developers, and existing project implementation standards, local communities are usually left out for several reasons, such as a lack of capacity to engage in business-to-business (B2B) market agreements and communication gaps. Local communities need to be engaged and supported at all stages of the MbCMP development process to enable them to protect their ecological, economic, and social interests as custodians of such a critical ecosystem. In this paper, we provided 15 strategic considerations and recommendations to engage and secure the interests of local communities in the growing mangrove carbon market trade. The 15 considerations are grouped into four recommendation categories: (i) project development and community engagement, (ii) capacity building and educational activities, (iii) transparency in resource allocation and distribution, and (iv) partnerships with local entities and long-term monitoring. We expect our study to increase local participation and community-level ecological, social, and economic benefits from MbCMP by incorporating equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms in a B2B conservation-agreement model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Conservation of Mangroves)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life on the Wire—Plant Growth on Power Lines in the Americas

by Gerhard Zotz and Alfredo Cascante-Marín

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090573 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

There are a number of rather anecdotal reports of plant growth on power cables in the Americas, but until now there has been no systematic attempt to gauge the geographical extension of this phenomenon nor a documentation of the diversity of species found [...] Read more.

There are a number of rather anecdotal reports of plant growth on power cables in the Americas, but until now there has been no systematic attempt to gauge the geographical extension of this phenomenon nor a documentation of the diversity of species found there. Using observations from the participatory science data platform iNaturalist and the scientific literature, we document almost 700 occurrences of more than 40 species of vascular plants and three lichen species on power cables with a geographical distribution over 7000 km from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Based on these observations we discuss the ecological conditions of plant growth on power cables in terms of climate; elevational distribution; and the morphological, physiological, and life history traits that allow the observed set of species to thrive on this anthropic structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2024 Feature Papers by Diversity’s Editorial Board Members)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 5470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem

by Po-Yuan Hsiao, Kuo-Wei Lan, Wen-Hao Lee, Ting-Yu Liang, Cheng-Hsin Liao and Nan-Jay Su

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090572 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

Taiwan Bank (TB) is located in the southern Taiwan Strait (TS). The uplifted continental slope and bottom currents in this area result in the formation of upwelling areas, which serve as crucial fishing grounds. Climate-induced fluctuations in fish populations occur in the TS. [...] Read more.

Taiwan Bank (TB) is located in the southern Taiwan Strait (TS). The uplifted continental slope and bottom currents in this area result in the formation of upwelling areas, which serve as crucial fishing grounds. Climate-induced fluctuations in fish populations occur in the TS. However, how predation and competition affect the interspecies relationships in the TB ecosystem warrants clarification. In this study, we collected high-grid-resolution data on fishery activity (2013–2019) and constructed ecosystem models using Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE). Three mass-balanced models for determining the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the TB ecosystem were constructed using EwE. A range of groups, including representative pelagic, benthic, and reef species, were collected for analyzing the relationship between migratory and sedentary species in terms of ecosystem structure variation due to climate change. The results demonstrated that the total system throughput (TST) was 10,556–11,122 t km⁻² year⁻¹, with an average transfer efficiency of 12.26%. According to the keystoneness index, calculated through mixed trophic impact analysis, Polydactylus sextarius and Scomber japonicus were the key species with top–down control and relatively high impact on the ecosystem in normal years. The keystone species also shifted to the predator fish Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis during El Niño and La Niña events, respectively. Moreover, total biomass, TST, consumption, and respiration were noted to increase during ENSO events. However, during La Niña events, the diversity and connectance indexes were relatively low but pelagic species’ biomass was relatively high, whereas the biomass of most benthic and reef species was relatively high during El Niño events. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Soil Seed Banks in Sedge Peatlands across an Altitude Gradient

by Qi Chen, Guodong Wang, Ming Wang, Meiling Zhao, Yusong Yuan, Jingci Meng, Yantong Zhao, Nanlin Hu, Tao Zhang and Bo Liu

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090571 - 12 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a key component of the ecosystem, soil seed banks (SSBs) play a vital role in the evolution and renewal of plant communities. Although the pattern and mechanisms of influence of SSBs along the altitudinal gradient have been reported, most studies have focused [...] Read more.

As a key component of the ecosystem, soil seed banks (SSBs) play a vital role in the evolution and renewal of plant communities. Although the pattern and mechanisms of influence of SSBs along the altitudinal gradient have been reported, most studies have focused on forest, grassland and alpine meadow ecosystems. The pattern and factors of SSBs across the altitudinal gradient in sedge peatlands remain largely unknown. Through vegetation surveys and seed germination experiments, we studied the changes in aboveground vegetation and SSBs in sedge peatlands at altitudes ranging from 300 m to 1300 m in the Changbai Mountains, China, and discussed the direct and indirect effects of climatic factors, soil properties and aboveground vegetation on SSBs. The results showed that the richness and density of the SSBs of sedge peatlands decreased with the altitude. Similarly, aboveground vegetation richness and density declined with altitude. A Spearman correlation analysis showed that SSB richness and density were mainly correlated with mean annual temperature, soil total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen and the plant composition and richness of aboveground vegetation. A structural equation model analysis showed that climatic factors and aboveground vegetation directly affected seed bank richness, while soil properties indirectly affected it by directly affecting aboveground vegetation. Climatic factors, soil properties and aboveground vegetation directly affected SSB density, and soil properties indirectly affected it by directly affecting aboveground vegetation. This finding enhances our understanding of the altitude patterns of the SSBs in sedge peatlands and the response to future climate and environmental changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Diversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Diversity

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI