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Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition)

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A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 5842

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Biyun Guo

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Guest Editor

Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
Interests: estuarine dynamics; coastal and estuarine circulations, sediment transport; marine remote sensing; environment remote sensing; watershed hydrological processes; riverbed evolution. geographic information system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Chunyan Li

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Guest Editor

Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Interests: physical oceanography; transport processes; sediment transport; flushing of bays; coastal and estuarine circulations; innovative observations; modeling of coastal ocean processes; weather induced oceanographic and estuarine response and impact to the coast; storm surges; cold front induced oceanic and coastal processes; arctic estuarine dynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the second volume in a series of publications dedicated to “Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere/special_issues/32JX05YZ4L).

The ocean, land and atmosphere are important components of the five spheres of the climate system, and sea–land–air interaction is an important driving force of climate change. Due to the complexity of the interaction processes between them, the mechanism of the interaction is yet to be understood. Nowadays, simulation and prediction ability in climate models in all countries are low, which directly restricts the improvement of climate prediction level. Therefore, in the context of global change, studying the mechanism and influence of sea–land–air interaction is a key way to understand climate anomalies, properly respond to global change, improve climate prediction levels, and improve disaster prevention and reduction.

This Special Issue invites contributions describing ocean–atmosphere–land interactions and their responses to climate change. Of special interest are processes of ocean–atmosphere dynamics and simulation methods, extreme weather events caused by climate change and their mechanisms, and the response of the marine environment to climate change. It is also concerned with the coupling mechanisms of land surface hydrology and climate (Including the impacts of climate change on hydrology and water resources, river geomorphological processes in response to global climate, and changes in river runoff, water, and sediment under the influence of climate change.). Additionally, it is also concerned with models and predictions of future atmosphere–ocean–land surfaces (hydrology, soil, ecology, etc.).

Prof. Dr. Biyun Guo
Prof. Dr. Chunyan Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

climate change
ocean-atmosphere interaction
extreme weather
ecosystem
hydrology
river runoff
marine environment
geomorphic process
carbon cycle

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Terrestrial Net Ecosystem Productivity on the Tibetan Plateau: Characteristics, Climate Drivers and Future Changes

by Yiming Li, Mingwang Li, Yiming Su, Qiong Li and Shouji Pang

Atmosphere 2026, 17(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17030317 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 485

Abstract

Variations in terrestrial carbon flux influence atmospheric CO₂ exchange and related climate feedback, with Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) serving as a key metric for assessing ecosystem carbon source–sink dynamics. Given the vital ecological barrier function of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), understanding the spatiotemporal variability of NEP and its climatic controls is essential for elucidating carbon sink and climate interactions under ongoing climate change. The spatiotemporal dynamics of NEP across the TP from 1979 to 2018 are investigated using the process-based Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0). And climate sensitivity experiments are conducted to quantify the relative contributions of different climate factors to NEP variability. Furthermore, future changes in NEP for the period 2025–2100 under multiple Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios are projected. The results indicate that the TP functioned predominantly as a net carbon sink during the historical period, with a multi-year mean NEP of 23.96 g C m² yr⁻¹. Spatially, NEP showed a significantly increasing gradient from the northwest to the southeast. During 1979–2018, NEP exhibited an overall decreasing trend across most regions of the TP. Air temperature was identified as the dominant controlling factor, accounting for approximately 68% of the interannual NEP variability, followed by solar radiation (21%) and precipitation (11%). The dominant climatic drivers of NEP variation differ among regions: air temperature predominates in the southwestern and southeastern regions, radiation dominates in the northwestern and central areas, and precipitation exerts a controlling effect in the northern and western regions. Future projections suggest that NEP remains positive under all SSP scenarios, indicating that the TP is likely to persist as a carbon sink throughout the 21st century. This study provides important reference for the development of ecological protection, restoration planning, and regional carbon neutrality strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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23 pages, 7665 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

First Observation of Offshore Gradient of CO₂ and CH₄ Concentration in Southeast China from 21° N to 32° N Based on Shipborne Campaign

by Yiwei Xu, Jie Wang, Libin Zhu, Na Ma, Jie Qin, Jiandong Xia, Wenjie Hu, Chen Deng, Lewei Zeng, Wilson B. C. Tsui and Xiaoquan Song

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020214 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 604

Abstract

A shipborne campaign was conducted in China’s southeastern coastal waters (21° N–32° N) from 14 to 31 January 2024 to investigate atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations and their offshore gradients. Advanced instrumentation enabled high-precision measurements, validated by canister sampling with strong correlations to reference data. The voyage employed a dual-route design: a northbound baseline along the mainland coast and a southbound route with offshore excursions up to 80 nm, facilitating the first quantification of GHG gradients in the continental shelf region. Baseline concentrations from the northbound route revealed regional variability: CO₂ levels ranged from 422.75 ± 9.96 ppm (Fujian) to 445.62 ± 1.51 ppm (Zhejiang), while CH₄ levels spanned 2005.78 ± 5.89 ppb (Fujian) to 2064.59 ± 13.93 ppb (Zhejiang). Southbound analysis at 10 nm intervals showed CO₂ gradients transitioning from positive to negative at ~30 nm and back to positive at ~70 nm, whereas CH₄ exhibited complex behavior, including a positive–negative–positive transition at 30–40 nm and consistent increase beyond 50 nm. Under winter monsoon conditions, transport flux analysis identified eastward CO₂ fluxes of 3819.55–6587.77 g·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and CH₄ fluxes of 6.42–11.42 g·m⁻²·s⁻¹. Southward transport diminished along the coast, with CO₂ fluxes declining from 5741.07 to 879.76 g·m⁻²·s⁻¹ and CH₄ fluxes from 9.84 to 1.49 g·m⁻²·s⁻¹ between Zhoushan and Hong Kong. The Taiwan Strait demonstrated a funneling effect, enhancing southward transport. These findings address data gaps in ocean regions and provide insights for future GHG monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 3589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Volumetric X-Band Radar Analysis of Acoustic Precipitation Enhancement: A Stratiform Precipitation Case over the Bayinbuluke Basin

by Jinzhao Wang, Guoxin Chen, Jie Zhao and Tiejian Li

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020170 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Acoustic precipitation enhancement (APE) is an emerging non-chemical weather-modification technique, yet quantitative three-dimensional evidence of its impact on rainy clouds remains scarce. This study investigates a stratiform precipitation event over the Bayinbuluke Basin in the central Tianshan Mountains of northwestern China, 29–30 August 2024, using an X-band phased-array weather radar (X-PAR) coordinated with an upward-directed acoustic source. Rapid volumetric scans and sector-aligned range-height indicators were combined to reconstruct the three-dimensional cloud structure before, during, and after acoustic operation. During acoustic operation, the results were stronger and more persistent than during the non-operation period, with localized values exceeding 40 dBZ. Within the 3 km influence zone, low-level reflectivity increased across all azimuthal sectors with clear directional dependence. Dual-ratio analysis showed statistically significant enhancement in the windward sector (247°,

D R

= 1.91,

p

= 0.0004) and the leeward sector (137°,

D R

= 1.51,

p

= 0.008), indicating that acoustic-induced responses extended beyond the primary radiation sector and propagated downstream with cloud advection. These results, based on a single stratiform precipitation case, demonstrate that volumetric X-PAR observations can detect localized cloud-structure responses during acoustic operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 5416 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Ocean–Atmosphere Processes of Typhoon Chan-Hom and Their Impact on Intensity, Rainfall and SST Cooling

by Guiting Song, Venkata Subrahmanyam Mantravadi, Chen Wang, Xiaoqing Liao, Yanmei Li and Shahriyor Nurulloyev

Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010091 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 618

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of Chan-Hom (2015) typhoon-induced variations in enthalpy flux (EF) and moisture flux (MF) on intensity variations and rainfall. Chan-Hom (2015) made landfall at Zhoushan, then changed its direction and moved towards Korea. This analysis used ERA5 reanalyzed data, encompassing daily surface latent and sensible heat flux, along with wind measurements at a height of 10 m. Furthermore, wind components and specific humidity data from the 1000–200 hPa level in ERA5 were utilized to compute the MF and MF convergence, in accordance with the equations outlined in the methodology. This study examines the correlation among typhoon intensity, precipitation, MF, and EF. The mechanism by which Typhoon Chan-Hom has caused a decline in sea surface temperature (SST) was analyzed. Typhoons need a higher EF that can affect them before landfall to maintain their intensity. The highest LHF was observed (340 W/m²) prior to typhoon landfall, indicating that LHF responds to intensity-induced wind during Chan-Hom. Typhoon-induced rainfall is mainly controlled by the MF convergence, rather than the typhoon intensity. The spatial and temporal distributions of MF and MF convergence (MFC) during typhoon formation to landfall reveal that the symmetric MFC is dominated by typhoon intensity; a symmetrical structure is observed when the intensity is high. MFC includes wind convergence and moisture advection. Wind convergence dominates the MFC during typhoons, but moisture advection forms at the eyewall. MF during the typhoon’s landfall can relate to the amount of rainfall that occurred over the land. However, the rainfall pattern changed after landfall, and the typhoon changed its direction. SST cooling observed in the study area is mainly due to the upwelling process with strong cyclonic winds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 25657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Divergence in Long-Term Trends of the Marine Heatwave over the East China Sea

by Qun Ma, Zhao-Jun Liu, Wenbin Yin, Ming-Xuan Lu and Jun-Bo Ma

Atmosphere 2025, 16(10), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16101150 - 1 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1307

Abstract

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) pose a serious threat to the marine ecosystems and fishery resources in the East China Sea (ECS). Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature High Resolution version 2 data, this study investigated the regional divergence in long-term trends of MHWs in the ECS from 1982 to 2023. The principal findings were as follows. Concerning MHWs, the coastal waters of China from northern Jiangsu coast to northeast of Taiwan Island experienced a relatively high annual average frequency, the longest duration, largest number of total days, strongest intensity, and the most pronounced seasonal signals. Additionally, the areas along the Kuroshio path showed significant levels of frequency, duration, and total days, but with comparatively weak intensity. In the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, EOF1 of the total days and cumulative intensity exhibited notable variation along the path of the Kuroshio and its offshoots, and in Chinese coastal areas. EOF2 showed significantly more conspicuous variation in areas extending from the Yangtze River Estuary to the northern Jiangsu coast. Furthermore, the MHW indices generally showed a positive trend in the ECS from 1982 to 2023. Importantly, the regions with high annual average MHW indices were also characterized by a significantly positive increasing trend. Moderate (79.10%) and strong (19.94%) events were most prevalent, whereas severe (0.82%) and extreme (0.14%) events occurred infrequently. The enhanced solar radiation and the reduced latent heat loss were the main contributing factors of MHWs in the ECS. These findings provide valuable insights into the ecological environment and resources of the ECS as a marine pastoral area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 4355 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Evaluation of ERA5’s Applicability in Nearshore Western Atlantic Regions During Hurricanes—“ISAIAS” 2020

by Zhiyong Xu, Biyun Guo, Guiting Song, Venkata Subrahmanyam Mantravadi, Wenjing Xu, Cheng Wan and John Sikule Sabuyi

Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080967 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1553

Abstract

Hurricanes cause significant destruction, disrupting transportation, and resulting in loss of life and property. High-precision marine meteorological data are essential for understanding hurricanes. ERA5 provides high temporal resolution and global coverage of analytical data; however, the accuracy of the data during hurricanes is uncertain. To investigate the applicability of ERA5 during hurricanes, this study used buoy data as reference values and assessed the applicability of ERA5 sea-surface wind speed (WS), sea-surface temperature (SST), and sea-surface pressure (SSP) during the 2020 Atlantic hurricane “ISAIAS” through spatial distribution and error analysis. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation and consistency between the trends of ERA5 and reference values. The average correlation coefficients for SSP, WS, and SST are 0.953, 0.822, and 0.607, respectively. Nearshore topography has a significant impact on data accuracy, resulting in greater errors compared to open-water areas. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ERA5 data during hurricanes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean–Atmosphere–Land Interactions and Their Roles in Climate Change (2nd Edition))

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