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Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd...
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Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2026) | Viewed by 15970

Editors

Dr. Nina Nikolova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Climatology, Hydrology and Geomorphology, Faculty of Geology and Geography, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: atmospheric circulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Martin Gera

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Astronomy, Physics of the Earth, and Meteorology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University Bratislava, 81499 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: flight safety in relation to meteorological conditions; lidar; low-level wind shear; microburst; gust front; turbulence, windborne aerosol particles; runway surface condition; data mining methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is a follow-up of the first Special Issue, entitled “Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation” (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere/special_issues/4MWXVJ5G29) published in Atmosphere.

Atmospheric circulation is one of the main climate-forming factors that determine changes in the regime and territorial distribution of climatic elements. On the other hand, changes in air temperature affect baric centers in the atmosphere and lead to changes in atmospheric circulation characteristics. Knowledge of the role of atmospheric circulation in changes in air temperature and precipitation can contribute to a better determination of the extent of the anthropogenic influence on climate change. Scientific research shows that, due to climate change, extreme weather and climate phenomena such as high temperatures, heat waves, intense precipitation, and droughts are becoming more frequent and intense. At the regional and local level, the manifestation of extreme phenomena is influenced by the specific features of relief and atmospheric circulation, which determines the importance of regional studies of climate and climate-forming factors.

The aim of this Special Issue is to contribute to the clarification of causal relationships in the climate system, specifically, of the relationships among air temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation at the global, regional, and local levels. Special attention will be paid to the circulation mechanisms leading to the occurrence of extreme temperatures and precipitation.

The results from original research works and review papers analyzing the peculiarities of the spatial and temporal variabilities of air temperature and precipitation in relation to global, regional, and local circulation patterns will be published in the Special Issue.

Dr. Nina Nikolova
Dr. Martin Gera
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • temperature and precipitation variabilities
  • extreme high/low temperature
  • heavy rainfalls
  • drought
  • atmospheric teleconnection
  • large scale/regional/local circulation processes
  • cyclones/anticyclones

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 3366 KB  
Article
Observed Change in Precipitation and Extreme Precipitation Months in the High Mountain Regions of Bulgaria
by Nina Nikolova, Kalina Radeva, Simeon Matev and Martin Gera
Atmosphere 2026, 17(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17010093 - 16 Jan 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
Precipitation in high mountain areas is of critical importance as these regions are major sources of freshwater, supporting river basins, ecosystems, and downstream communities. Changes in precipitation regimes in these regions can have cascading impacts on water availability, agriculture, hydropower, and biodiversity. The [...] Read more.
Precipitation in high mountain areas is of critical importance as these regions are major sources of freshwater, supporting river basins, ecosystems, and downstream communities. Changes in precipitation regimes in these regions can have cascading impacts on water availability, agriculture, hydropower, and biodiversity. The present study aims to give new information about precipitation variability in high mountain regions of Bulgaria (Musala, Botev Peak, and Cherni Vrah) and to assess the role of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns for the occurrence of extreme precipitation months. The study period is 1937–2024, and the classification of extreme precipitation months is based on the 10th and 90th percentiles of precipitation distribution. The temporal distribution of extreme precipitation months was analyzed by comparison of two periods (1937–1980 and 1981–2024). The impact of atmospheric circulation was evaluated by correlation between the number of extreme precipitation months and indices for the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO). Results show a statistically significant decrease in winter and spring precipitation at Musala and Cherni Vrah, and a persistent drying tendency at Cherni Vrah across all seasons. The frequency of extremely wet months in winter and autumn has sharply declined since 1981, whereas extremely dry months have become more common, particularly during the cold season. Precipitation erosivity also exhibits station-specific responses, with Musala and Cherni Vrah showing reduced monthly concentration, while Botev Peak retains pronounced warm-season erosive rainfall. Circulation analysis indicates that positive NAOI phases favor dry extremes, while positive WeMOI phases enhance wet extremes. These findings reveal a shift toward drier and more seasonally uneven conditions in Bulgaria’s alpine zone, increasing hydrological risks related to drought, water scarcity, and soil erosion. The identified shifts in precipitation seasonality and intensity offer essential guidance for forecasting hydrological risks and mitigating soil erosion in vulnerable mountain ecosystems. The study underscores the need for adaptive water-resource strategies and enhanced monitoring in high-mountain areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd Edition))
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15 pages, 3075 KB  
Article
Influence of Atmospheric Circulation on Seasonal Temperatures in Serbia
by Suzana Putniković
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080969 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1599
Abstract
An objective classification scheme by Jenkinson and Collison is applied to the period 1961–2010 to statistically model the temperatures over Serbia. The originally identified 26 weather types (WTs) are reorganised into 10 basic types. This discussion includes the synoptic characteristics, frequency and trends [...] Read more.
An objective classification scheme by Jenkinson and Collison is applied to the period 1961–2010 to statistically model the temperatures over Serbia. The originally identified 26 weather types (WTs) are reorganised into 10 basic types. This discussion includes the synoptic characteristics, frequency and trends of the 10 WTs as well as the trends of seasonal mean, maximum and minimum temperatures in Serbia. In this area, the anticyclonic weather type is predominant throughout the year, and its negative trend is significant in summer and autumn. The relationship between air temperature and atmospheric circulation types is investigated by analysing the mean and anomalies of mean, maximum and minimum temperatures for each individual atmospheric circulation type and by stepwise regression. The multiple regression models developed for six stations using circulation WTs as predictors showed the best performance in modelling winter mean temperatures for Zlatibor and Loznica compared to the other stations, while the models for other seasons proved to be inadequate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd Edition))
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21 pages, 4261 KB  
Article
Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Patterns in Caucasus Landscapes
by Mariam Elizbarashvili, Nazibrola Beglarashvili, Mikheil Pipia, Elizbar Elizbarashvili and Nino Chikhradze
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070889 - 19 Jul 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7632
Abstract
The Caucasus region, characterized by its complex topography and diverse climatic regimes, exhibits pronounced spatial variability in temperature and precipitation patterns. This study investigates the seasonal behavior of air temperature, precipitation, vertical temperature gradients, and inversion phenomena across distinct landscape types using observational [...] Read more.
The Caucasus region, characterized by its complex topography and diverse climatic regimes, exhibits pronounced spatial variability in temperature and precipitation patterns. This study investigates the seasonal behavior of air temperature, precipitation, vertical temperature gradients, and inversion phenomena across distinct landscape types using observational data from 63 meteorological stations for 1950–2022. Temperature trends were analyzed using linear regression, while vertical lapse rates and inversion layers were assessed based on seasonal temperature–elevation relationships. Precipitation regimes were evaluated through Mann-Kendall trend tests and Sen’s slope estimators. Results reveal that temperature regimes are strongly modulated by landscape type and elevation, with higher thermal variability in montane and subalpine zones. Seasonal temperature inversions are most frequent in spring and winter, especially in western lowlands and enclosed valleys. Precipitation patterns vary markedly across landscapes: humid lowlands show autumn–winter maxima, while arid and semi-arid zones peak in spring or late autumn. Some landscapes exhibit secondary maxima and minima, influenced by Mediterranean cyclones and regional atmospheric stability. Statistically significant trends include increasing cool-season precipitation in humid regions and decreasing spring rainfall in arid areas. These findings highlight the critical role of topography and landscape structure in shaping regional climate patterns and provide a foundation for improved climate modeling, ecological planning, and adaptation strategies in the Caucasus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd Edition))
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18 pages, 4231 KB  
Article
Trends of Extreme Precipitation Events in Serbia Under the Global Warming
by Ivana Tošić, Antonio Samuel Alves da Silva, Lazar Filipović, Milica Tošić, Irida Lazić, Suzana Putniković, Tatijana Stosic, Borko Stosic and Vladimir Djurdjević
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040436 - 9 Apr 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4120
Abstract
This paper examines extreme precipitation events (EXPEs) and their trends based on daily precipitation values observed at 14 stations in Serbia for the period 1961–2020. The following EXPEs were investigated: RR10mm (heavy precipitation days), RR20mm (very heavy precipitation days), Rx1day (highest 1-day precipitation [...] Read more.
This paper examines extreme precipitation events (EXPEs) and their trends based on daily precipitation values observed at 14 stations in Serbia for the period 1961–2020. The following EXPEs were investigated: RR10mm (heavy precipitation days), RR20mm (very heavy precipitation days), Rx1day (highest 1-day precipitation amount), Rx3day (highest 3-day precipitation amount), Rx5day (highest 5-day precipitation amount), R95p (very wet days) and R99p (extremely wet days). A positive trend for all EXPEs was dominant in Serbia from 1961 to 2020. All annual Rx1day time series show a positive trend, which is significant at 12 out of 14 stations. The highest values of all EXPEs were observed in 2014, when the annual precipitation totals were the highest at almost all stations in Serbia. To examine the potential influence of global warming, the mean values of the EXPEs were calculated for two periods: 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. In the second period, higher values were determined for all EXPEs than in the first period. The large-scale variability modes, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the East Atlantic Oscillation (EA), and the East Atlantic–West Russia (EAWR) pattern, were correlated with the EXPEs. A negative correlation was found between the EXPEs and the NAO and the EAWR, and a positive correlation between the EXPEs and the EA pattern. For future research, the contribution of high-resolution data will be examined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship to Atmospheric Circulation (2nd Edition))
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